1

Pr
ovi
dedbyabhi
shekkumarmi
shr
a,CLC,
8299556360
Lor
dSi
rThomasJamesBabi
ngt
onMacaul
ay(
Fat
herofI
PC,
1860)

Kri
shna
Mur ariYadav
Assistant
Professor,
LC-I,Faculty
ofLaw,
Cont
ent
s Universit
yofDel hi
,
DelhiCont actno.-
7985255882
Kri
shnamur ari
576@g
mail.com

S.No.Topi
c P.No.

1 El
ement
sofCri
me 2-10
2 Ri
ght
sofPr
ivat
eDef
ence 11-23

3 Sect
ion299,
Sect
ion300&Di
ff
erencesbet
weenCul
pabl
e 24-
43
Homici
deandMurder
4 Secti
ons301-304A 44-
48
5 Kidnappi
ngandAbduct
ion 49-
56

6 RapeandUnnat
uralof
fences 57-
80

7 Joi
ntLi
abi
l
ity 81-87

8 Of
fencesagai
nstpr
oper
ty 88-
107

9 At
tempt 108-
117

Pr
ovi
dedbyabhi
shekkumarmi
shr
a,CLC,
8299556360
 2

El
ement
sofCr
ime
Therearefourel
ementsofcri
menamely
;(1)Humanbeing(
2)MensRea/Gui
l
tyMi
nd(
3)
Actusreus/Prohi
bit
edact,and(
4)I
njur
ytosoci
etyorhumanbei
ng.

Act
usnonf acitreum ,nisimenssi trea( CommonLawDoct r
ine)
Actusnonf acitreum,nisimenssi treameanst heacti tselfdoesnotmakeamangui lt
y,
unlessthemi ndisalsogui l
ty.Thistheorywasdev elopedbeCommonLawCour t
s.Fi
rst
ti
meconceptofMensReawasdi scussedbyJust i
ceCoke.I ncaseofFowl erv.Padget
(1798)Lor d Keny on heldt hatact us reus and mens r ea both ar
e essenti
alsfor
commi ssionofcr ime.Therear efouressent i
alingredientsofcr ime,namely,
(1)Human
Being(2)Gui l
tyMi nd(3)Pr ohibi
tedact ,(4)Ani njurytohumanbei ngorsociet
y.This
maxi m denot
est hatguilt
ymi ndandpr ohibi
tedactbot har epartandparcelofcri
me.It
i
sr ulet hatwithoutguilt
ymi nd,cri
mecannotbecommi tt
ed.Thereareal socert
ain
excepti
ons.
I
fmaxi m appl
i
es– I ncaseofapplicati
onoft hi
smaxi m,accusedpersonwoul
dbe
benefi
tedandtherewoul
dbeut mostprobabi
l
ityoftowinthecasebecausepr
osecut
or
wouldbeboundt opr
oveprohi
bit
edactandguilt
ymi nd.
Ifmaxi
m don‘
tappl
ies-Itwoul
dbeveryeasyforprosecutort
owinthecasebecausehe
wouldbeboundt oproveonlyoneconditi
oni.e.prohibi
tedact
.Topr ovegui
ltmind
alway
sverydi
ffi
cul
t.I
tinsuchcaset
herewouldbeal otofharmforaccused.
Meani
ngofAct usr
eus-Act usr
eusmeansphy si
calcondi
ti
onofpenall i
abil
it
y.Act
us
Reusi
sdefinedasar esul
tofvolunt
aryhumanconductwhichlaw pr
ohibit
s.Iti
sthe
doi
ngofsomeactbythepersontobeheldli
abl
ean‗act‘
isawil
ledmov ementofbody.

Meani
ngofMensRea-
MensReameansgui l
tymindoranev i
lmal
a-f
ideorinf
ormationofi
l
legalact.Itcanbe
i
dent
if
iedasi
ntent
ion,knowl
edge,
reasont
obeliev
e,negl
igenceandr
ecklessnessetc.

Excepti
onofActusnonf acitreum , ni
simenssitrea
Sometimesoffenceisconsti
tutedevenwithoutgui
lt
ymi nditiscal
ledstri
ctli
abil
i
ty.
Therearecert
ainexcepti
onsofAct usnonfacitr
eum , ni
simenssi trea.These
except
ionsarefoll
owing-
(1)Cri
minalLi
bel(2)Publi
cNuisance(Hickli
nTest)(3)Cont emptofCour t(4)Abduct
ion(
5)
Bigamy(6)Statut
oryoff
ences(7)Bigamy.
SchoolsofMensRea( Int
er pret
ationofstatut
es)
Therearetwoschoolsregardi
ngi nt
erpr
etati
onofstatut
esi
ncontextofmensr ea.
TheseSchool
sare(1)PresumptionofExist
enceofMensRea,and(
2)Presumpt
ionof
AbsenceofMensRea.Bothpresumpti
onsarerebut
tabl
e.
 3

(1)Pr esumpt i
onofRequi rementofMensRea-I nev erySt atutemensr eashoul dbe
treatedaspar tofcr imeunl esscontraryisshown.Exi stenceofMensReai spr esumed.
IncaseofQ.v .Tol soncour tacquitt
edl adyont hegr oundofheri nnocent .Shegot
mar riageaf t
erfullinqui r
y.ButCour talsoaccept edt hatbyst atutemensr eamaybe
excluded.Thi stheor ywasl edbyJust i
ceWr i
ghti ncaseofSher rasv .DeRut zen( 1895) .
IncaseofSher rasv .DeRut zen(1895)Just i
ceWr ightsai d―Inev erystatutemensr eais
tobei mpl i
edunl esscont raryisshown‖ .I ncaseofBr endv .Wood( 1946) ,Justice
Goddar d,―Thegener alruleapplicablet ocr iminalcasei sact usnonf acitreum ni si
menssi trea…Itisoft heoft heutmostimpor tancef ort heprotect ionoft hel i
bertyoft he
subjectt hatacour tshoul dal waysbeari nmi ndt hat,unlessthest atute,eitherclearlyor
bynecessar yi mplicat i
on r ul
esoutmensr ea asa const it
uentpar tofa cr ime,a
defendantshoul dnotbef oundgui l
tyofanof f
enceagai nstthecr i
mi nallawunl esshe
hasgotagui lt
ymi nd” .Pri
ncipleofmensr eawasr evivedbyJust i
ceGoddar d.Int he
1
caseofNat huLalv .St at
eofM. P( 1965)Supr emeCour tacquittedt heaccusedont he
basisofabsenceofmensr ea.

(2)Pr esumpt i
onofNon- r
equi r
ementofMensRea-Accor dingtosecondSchool ,st
atute
mustbei nter
pret
edi nabsenceofmensr eaunl essr equi
rementofmensr eahasbeen
specifical
lymentioned.Ont hebasi softhistheor yJust i
ceBl ackburndeci dedt heR. v.
Prince( 1875)andheconv i
ctedt heaccusedwhohadnogui l
tymi nd.Accusedbel ieved
thatt hegirlwas18y earwhi ler ealageofgi rlwas14y ear.Att hatti
met akingofgi rl
belowt heageof16y earsoutofkeepi ngofl awf ulguar dianwascr ime.Appear anceof
Girlwasageof18y ears.Cour tdeni edtoacceptAct usnonf acitr
eum , ni
simenssi trea
(Common Law Doct ri
ne).Thi st heorywas l ed byJust ice Kennedyi n Hobbes v .
2
Winchest erCorporation( 1910) .Int hecaseofSt ateofMahar ashtrav .M. H.George
(1964)Supr emeCour tconv i
ct edt heaccused.Just iceK. SubbaRaodel i
v eredmi norit
y
opinion.

I
ntent
ion

Ther
ear
etwoel
ement
snamel
y;
(
1)Desireofconsequence,and
(
2)Foresightofconsequences.

Knowl
edge

Thereareonlyoneel
ementsnamely;For
esi
ghtofconsequences.I
nknowledgedesir
e
ofconsequencesismissi
ng.I
tispr
esumedthatever
ysoundper sonhasknowledge.
 4

1
Thi
scasewasdeci
dedbySupr
emeCour
tonMarch22,1965.
2
Thi
scasewasdeci
dedbySupr
emeCour
tonAugust24,1964.
 5

Mot
ive

Neit
herbadmotiv
enorgoodmot i
veisrel
evanttoconstit
uteoff
ence.Iti
srelevantunder
sect
ion8ofIndi
anEv i
denceAct.Motiv
epr omptsaper sontodosomet hing.Somet i
me
off
enceiscommittedwit
hmotiv
eandsomet imeswithoutmotive.I
ntent
ionreferstothe
i
mmedi at
eobject,whil
emotiver ef
erstot heulter
iorobjectwhichi satt her ootof
i
ntenti
on.

Negl
i
gence

Negli
gencei snottaki
ng care,wherethereisa dutytotakecar
e.Negl
i
genceor
Carel
essnessindi
cat
esast at
eofmi nd,vi
z.absenceofadesi
ret
ocauseapart
icul
ar
consequence.

Reckl
essness

Reckl
essnessoccur
swhent heactordoesnotdesi
ret
heconsequence,
butf
oreseest
he
possi
bil
i
tyandconsciousl
ytakest
her i
sk.

SomeLeadi
ngCases

Ther
ear
esomel
eadi
ngcasesr
elat
edt
oel
ement
sofcr
ime–

3
Fowl
erv
.Padget(1798)(
Lor
dKeny
on)
Actus reus (
prohibi
t )and mens r
ed act ea (gui
l
ty mi nd)both ar
e essential
sf or
commi ssi
onofcr i
me.Lor dKenyonsai
d,―Itisaprincipl
eofnatur
aljust
ice,andofour
l
aw, hatact
t usnonf aci
treum ni
simenssitr
ea.Theintentandtheactmustbot hconcur
4
toconstit
utet
hecrime‖.Thiscasewasr el
atedt
obankr uptcy
.
R.v
.Pr
ince5(
1875)(
Blackbur
n)
Facts-Henr yPrincewaschar gedundersect ion556 oft heOf fencesAgainstt he
7
PersonsAct,1861.Thi ssectionwasr elatedt
oabduct i
on.Ther ewasnoanycat egory
ofoffenceli
kekidnappingundert hi
sAct. Atthatti
meunl awf ull
ytaki
ngofagi r
lbelow
theageofsi xt
eeny earswithoutpermissionoflawfulguar
dianwasanof f
ence.Itwas
provedthatthepr i
sonertookt hegirlwhoseagewasbel ow t heageofsi xt
eeny ears
from outofpossessionoflawfulguardi
ans

3
(1798)7TLR509( 514):
101ER1103
4
KDGaur ,Text
bookonI ndianPenalCode,107(LexisNexi
s,Gurgaon,6thedn.,2016)
.
5
(1875)L.R.2C. C.
R.154
6
Sect
ion55ofOf f
encesAgai nstt
hePersonsAct,1861-Abduct ionofagi r
lundersi
xteeny ear
sofage-
Whosoev ershallunlawf
ullytakeorcausetobet akenanyunmar r i
edgirl,bei
ngundertheageofsi xt
een
years,outofthepossessionandagainstthewil
lofherf at
herormot her,orofanyotherpersonhavi
ngthe
 6

l
awf ulcareorchar geofher ,
shallbegui
lt
yofami sdemeanor ,andbeingconv
ictedthereofshal
lbeliable,
atthedi scr
eti
onoft hecour t
,tobeimpri
sonedf oranyt er
m notexceedingtwoyears,withorwithouthard
l
abour .
7
Offences Against the Persons Act
, 1861 is avai
labl
e at:
htt
p://www. l
egislat
ion.gov
.uk/ukpga/
1861/100/pdfs/ukpga_18610100_en.
pdf (Visi
ted on August 31,
2018.
 7

8
withoutt
heirper
missi
on. Realageofgirlwas14y ear
s.Actusreuswaspr esentbut
mensr eawasabsent.Accusedpr ov
edthathet ookthegir
lwhowasl ooki
ngageof18
yearsandhetookwithconsentandaf t
erherreplyi
ngthatheragewas18y ears.Hedid
i
ngoodf ai
th.
Decisi
on-Cour tdeniedthesedef enses.Thissecti
onhadnotment ionaboutmensr ea
i
.e.int
ention,knowl edge,reasont obeli
eveetc.JusticeBlackburndeniedappl
yi
ngt he
maxim Act usnonf acitr
eum, nisimenssitreaandheldt hatt
hepr ov
isi
ondidnotrequi
re
guil
tyintentionorknowl edgesoCour tcouldnoti nsertrequir
ementofi nt
enti
onor
knowledgeonl yont hebasi sofmaxi m.SoPr incewasconv i
ctedevenwi t
houtguilt
y
mind.Pri
nci pleofstri
ctli
abil
itywasfoll
owed.
R.v son9(
.Tol 1889)(
Wil
l
s)
Facts– Mr s.Tol sonmar r
iedinSept1880.Herhusbandwentmi ssingi
nDecember
1881.Shewast ol dt
hathehadbeenonashi pthatwasl ostatsea.Sheal soinquired
fr
om elderbrotherofherhusband.Sixyear
slater,bel
ievi
ngherhusbandt obedead, she
marri
ed another .Alltheci r
cumst
anceswer ewel lknown t o second husband.Her
husbandreturnedaf t
er11mont hsfr
om thedateofmar r
iage.Shewaschar gedwi t
ht he
10
off
enceofbi gamyundersect i
on57ofOf fencesAgai nstt hePer sonsAct ,1861.
Reasonwast hatshehadgotsecondmar ri
agewi t
hin7y ears.Shedidi ngoodfaith.Thi s
secti
onwassi lentregardi
ngguil
tymind.

Held:She was af forded the def ence ofmi stake as itwas r easonablei nt he
ci
rcumst ancestobel
iev ethatherhusbandwasdead.Shewasacqui tt
ed.
Reason-Honestandr easonablemi stakestandsinfactofthesamef ooti
ngasabsence
ofther easoni
ngfaculty,asininfancy;preservat
ionofthatfaculty,
asinl unacy.These
excepti
ons applyequal lyin case ofst atut
oryoffences unless t
heyar e excluded
expresslyorbenecessar yimplicati
on.TheCour tappli
edtheAct usnonf acitr
eum,ni si
menssi trea.

Justi
ceWil
ls,sai
d―Al though,pri
maf eandasagener
aci alrule,
ther
emustbeami ndat
faul
tbef
oretherecanbeacr i
me,itisnotaninfl
exi
bler
ule,andast at
utemayrel
ateto
suchasubject-matterandmaybesof r
amedast omakeanactcr i
minalwhet
herther
e
hasbeenanyintent
iont obreakthelaworotherwi
setodowr ongornot
‖.
Sher
rasv .DeRutzen11(1895)(Wri
ght)
Fact-
Sect
ion16(2)oftheLicensingAct,1872,prohi
bit
edalicensedv i
ctual
l
er(vict
ual
ler
meanssuppli
eroffoodsfitforhumanbei ng)fr
om supply
ingliquort
oapol i
ceconstable
whil
eonduty.Itwasheldthatsecti
ondidnotappl ywherealicensedvi
ctual
lerbonafi
de
bel
ievedt
hatthepoli
ceofficerwasoffduty.

8
S.
N.Mi
shr
a,I
ndi
anPenalCode…(
Cent
ral
LawPubl
i
cat
ions,
All 20thedn,
ahabad, 2017)
.
 8
9
(1889)23QBD168: (1886-1890)Al
lERRep26.
10
Off
ences Against t
he Persons Act, 1861 i
s av
ail
abl
e at
:
http:
//www.l
egi
slat
ion.
gov.uk/ukpga/
1861/100/pdf
s/ukpga_18610100_
en.
pdf(
Visi
tedonAugust31,
2018.
11
(1895)1QB918
 9

JusticeWr i
ghtsaid-( 1)―Ther eisapr esumpt i
ont hatmensr ea,anev i
lintent i
on,or
knowl edgeoft hewrongfulnessoft heact,isanessent ialingredienti
nev er
yoff ence.‖
(2)―I nev erystat
utemensr eai stobei mpl i
edunl esscont r
aryisshown‖
(3)―Ther eisapr esumpt i
ont hatmensr ea,anev ilintenti
on,oraknowl edgeoft he
wrongf ulness oft he act,i s an essent iali ngredienti n ev ery off
ence;butt hat
presumpt i
oni sli
abletobedi splacedei therbyt hewor dsoft hestatutecreat i
ngt he
offenceorbyt hesubject
-mat terwithwhi chitdeal s,andbot hmustbeconsi dered. ‖
Hobbsv .Winchest erCor p.(1910)Kennedy
Kennedysai d,―Yououghtt oconst ruethest atutel i
teral
lyunl essthereissomet hingto
showt hatmensr eaisrequired.‖
Br endv .Wood( 1946)( Goddar d)-Rev i
val
ofMensr ea

GoddardC.J.―Itis….
..
..
..
..
..
..oft
heut mosti
mpor t
ancef
ortheprotecti
onoft heliber
ty
ofthesubj
ectthatacour dal
tshoul way sbearinmindthat
,unl
esst hestatute,eit
her
cl
earl
yorbynecessaryimpli
cati
onrulesoutmensreaasaconsti
tuentpartofacr i
me, a
def
endantshoul
dnotbef oundguil
tyofanof f
enceagai
nstthecri
mi nall
awunl esshe
hasgotaguil
tymind‖.

TheI
ndo-
Chi
naSt
eam Nav
igat
ionCo.Lt
d.v
.Jasj
i
tSi
ngh,
Addl
.(Febr
uar
y3,
1964)

ChiefJust i
ce Gaj endragadkarsai d,―The i ntention ofthe legi
slaturei n pr ovi
ding
fort heprohibi
ti
onpr escri
bedbysect i
on52Aoft heSeaCust omsActi s,interali
a,to
putanendt oillegalsmuggl ing whichhast heef f
ectofdisturbingv er yr udelythe
nati
onaleconomyoft hecount ry
.Itiswel l
-known,f orexample,thatsmuggl ingofgol d
has become a ser i
ous probl
em i nt his countryand operations ofsmuggl i
ng are
conductedbyoper atorswhowor konani nter
nationalbasi
s.Theper sonswhoact ually
carryoutthephy sicalpartofsmuggl inggoldbyonemeansoranot herar egener al
lyno
mor ethanagentsandpr esumably,behindthem st andsawell-knitOr ganisationwhi ch,
formot i
vesofprof itmaking,undertakesthisacti
vity.‖

Ranj
i
tD.
Udeshi
vs.St
ateofMahar
asht
ra(
August19,
1964)

LadyChatt
erl
ey‘
sLover
.Sellerwasconvi
ctedundersect
ion292f
orsell
i
ngt
hisbook,
al
thoughhehadnoknowledgeofthi
sbook.St
ri
ctli
abi
li
tywasi
mposed.

St
ateOfMaharasht
raV.M. H.Geor
ge(August24,1964)
Facts-MayerHansGeorge,aGermanSmuggl er,l
eftZur
ichbyplaneon27thNov ember
1962with34kil
osofgoldconceal
edonhi spersontobedeliv
eredinManila.Theplane
t
h
arr
iveinBombayont he28 butt herespondentdidnotcomeoutoft hepl ane.The
customsauthor
iti
esexaminedthemani festoft heair
craf
tt oseei fanygol dwas
 10

consignedbyanypassenger,andnotf
indi
nganyent
ryt
heyent
eredt
hepl
ane,
sear
ched
therespondent
,recov
eredthegoldand
 11

char
gedhi m withanof f
enceunderss.8( 1)and23( 1-A)ofthe For
eignExchange
t
h
Regul
ati
onAct ,
1947readwi t
hanot i
ficati
ondated8 Nov ember1962oft heReserv
e
t
h
BankofIndi
awhichwaspubl i
shedintheGazetteofIndiaon24 Nov ember .
Deci
sion-Thiscaseisrel
atedtoeconomi ccondit
ionofcount r
y.SoSupremeCour tdi
d
notappl
ythemaxim andappliedt
hestr i
ctl
iabi
l
itypri
nciple.

Major
it
yOpini
on-N.AyyangarandJ.
R.Raj
agopalaMudhol
karconv
ict
edtheaccused.
Minor
it
yOpini
on-Justi
ceK.SubbaRaosaidthatM.
H.Georgehadnoint
ent
ionto
commitcr
imeinI
ndia.Sohewasnotguil
ty.

12
Nat
huLalv
.St
ateofM.
P. (22Mar
ch,
1965)

Facts-Theappel lantisadealerinf oodgrai

nsatDhari nMadhy aPradesh.Hewas
prosecutedi ntheCour toftheAdditi
onalDist
ri
ctMagi strat
e,Dhar,forhavi
ngi nstock
885maundsand21/ 4seersofwheatf orthepurposeofsal ewithoutali
cenceandf or
havingtherebycommi t
tedanoffenceundersection7oft heEssenti
alCommodi ti
esAct,
1955.Theappel l
antpleadedthathedi dnotintenti
onall
ycontravenethepr ov
isi
onsof
thesaidsect i
onont hegroundthathest or
edthesaidgr ainsaf
terapplyi
ngforal i
cence
andwasi nthebeli
efthatitwoul
dbei ssuedtohim.

Reason – Supr emeCour tsaid,―Mensr eai sanessent ialingr

edientofacr i
minal
offence.Doubt lessast atut emayexcl udet
heel ementofmensr ea,butitisasoundr ul
e
ofconst ructi
onadopt edi nEngl andandal soaccept edinIndiatoconst rueast at
utory
provisi
oncr eatinganof fencei nconformit
ywi ththecommonl awr athert hanagainstit
13
unlessthest atuteexpr essl yorbynecessaryimpl i
cati
onexcludedmensr ea. ‖
14
Decision-Hewasacqui ttedbecausehehadwi thoutanygui l
tymind. Unl essstatute
expresslyexclude, lawshoul dbeconst r
uedasi ncludi
ngmensr ea.
EffectofDeci sion -Af tert hi
scasesect i
on 7 ofEssent ialCommodi ti
esActwas
amendedi n1967andmensr eawasexcl uded.―whet herknowingl y
,i ntenti
onall
yor
otherwise‖wer ei nser
ted.

St
ateofM. P.v.NarayanSingh15(25July1989)
Fact
s–Essent i
alCommodi t
iesAct,1955wer eamendedi n1967.Ther espondentswho
werelorr
ydr i
vers,
cleaner
sandcool i
ewer ecarr
yingfert
il
iserbagsintr
ucksf r
om Indore
(MadhyaPr adesh)toMaharashtra.Theywer einter
ceptedataSal esTaxBar r
iernear
theborderofMahar asht
raStat
e.Thedocument sseizedfrom thelor
rydriv
erscontained
thei
nvoicesandot her

Pr
ovi
dedbyabhi
shekkumarmi
shr
a,CLC,
8299556360
 12

12
AI
R1966SC43.
13
S.
N.Mi shra,I
ndi
anPenalCode21(Cent
ralLawPubli
cat
ions,Al
lahabad,…edn,
2006).14S.N.Mi
shr
a,I
ndi
anPenalCode22(Centr
alLawPubli
cati
ons,All
ahabad,
…
edn,2006).15AI
R1989SC1789.
 13

recor
ds,butdi dnotincludeper mit
sissuedundert heFert
il
iser
s( MovementCont
rol
)
Order,1973.Consequent l
y,theywer e pr
osecuted underthe Fert
il
iser(Mov
ement
Contr
ol )Order
,1973readwi thsecti
on3and7oft heoftheEssenti
alCommoditi
esAct,
1955f orexporti
ngferti
lisersfrom MadhyaPr adeshtoMahar ashtr
awi t
houtavali
d
permit.Theywerechargedundersect i
on511.

Decision–Ther earef oll

owingdecisionsofSupr emeCour tonf oll
owingpoi nts-
(1)MensRea - The wor ds used in secti
on 7 (1)ar e ―ifanyper son cont r
avenes
whetherknowi ngly,intenti
onall
yorot herwiseanyOr dermadeundersect i
on3‖ .The
secti
on i s compr ehensively worded so t hat itt akes wi thi
ni t
sf ol
d not onl y
contrav enti
ons done knowi ngly or i nt
entional
ly but even ot herwise,i .
e.,done
unintent i
onall
y.Theel ementofmensr eai nexportoff ert
il
iserbagswi t
houtav ali
d
permi tisthereforenotanecessar yingredientforconvicti
ngaper sonf orcontraventi
on
ofan or dermade underSec.3 i ft he factum ofexpor torat temptt o exportis
establishedbyt heev i
denceonr ecord.
Section 7 i s comprehensi
vel
y wor ded so thatittakes wi t
hini t
sf old notonly
contrav enti
ons done knowingly or i nt
enti
onal
ly but even ot herwise i.e. done
uni
nt ent i
onall
y.Theelementofmensr eainexportoffert
il
iserbagswi thoutav ali
d
permi tistherefor
enotanecessaryingredi
entforconvi
cti
ngaper sonf orcontraventi
on
ofan or dermade underSec.3 i ft he f
actum ofexportorat temptt o exportis
establishedbyt heev
idenceonrecor
d.

(
2)At
tempt–Thi
swascaseofat
tempt
.What
everhasbeendonewasbey
ondpr
epar
ati
on.

(3)Onlyconvicti
onbutnotpuni shment- SupremeCour tsetasidetheorderofacquitt
al
byTr i
alCourtandHi ghCourtandconv ictedtheaccused.Butdi dnotpassanyor derof
punishment.Reasonwast hatmor ethanf i
fteenyearshav egonebysi ncet heywere
acquitt
edbyt heTrialMagi
strate.Thel
ear nedcounselfort heappel
lantStat
ewasmor e
i
nterestedinhav i
ngt hecorrectposit
ionofl aw setoutt haninsecuri
ngpuni shment
ordersfort
her espondent
sint hetwoappeal sf ort
heoffencecommi tt
edbyt hem.
 14

I
MPORTANTMAXI
MSRELATEDTOCRI
MINALLAW

Pr
oReo
Wheneverany penall aw is appl
ied orconst r
ued ,and thatl aw i
s givi
ng t
wo
i
nter
pret
ati
on,one lenientt othe offenderand one str
icttot he of
fender,that
i
nter
pret
ati
onwhichislenientorf
avorabletotheoff
enderwi
llbeadopted.

Nullum Cr imenSi neLege, Nul laPoenaSi neLege

(
Nocr imewi thoutlaw, nopuni shmentwi thoutl aw)
Accor di ngt ot hi smaxi mt heremustbenocr i
meorpuni shment ,excepti naccor dance
withf ixedpr edet ermi nedl aw.Thi smaxi m conv eysf ourdiff
erentr ules,namel y,
(1)Nonr etroact i
v i
tyofpenall aws-
Itmeanspenall awswhi char eagai nstt heinterestofaccusedwi llnotbeappl iedfrom
retrospect ive ef fect.But i t does not pr ohibit accused f or m t aking benef it of
retrospect ivel aws.I nt hecaseofRat tanLalv .St ateofPunj ab( 1965) Supr emeCour t
alsoi nter pretedar t
icle20( 1)andsai dt hat―Expostf actolawswhi char ebenef i
cialto
theaccusedi snotpr ohibitedbyAr t.20( 1)oft he Const it
ution.I nt his case Just ice
Subba Rao sai d,―The obj ect of cr i
mi nall aw i smor etor eformt hei ndiv
idual
offendert hant opuni shhi m.
(2)Penalst atut esmustbeconst ruedst rictl
y
Penal stat utesmustbeconst ruedst ri
ctly.Itdirectl
yaf f
ectsFundament alRights.Soi tmustbe
const ruedst rict l
y .
(3)Cer taintyi nl egislation-
Itshoul dnotbeconst ruedi nsuchawayast ocov ereveryact.
(4)Accessi bil
ityoft hel aws
Lawsar ebi ndi ngov erev erypeopl e.Soi tmustbepubl ishedinpr operwaysot hatevery
peopl emayknowi t.Har lav .StateofRaj asthan( 1952)Supr emeCour tsai d,―Itwoul d
beagai nstt hePr i
nci pleofnat uraljust i
cet oper mitthesubj ect sofaSt atetobe
penal i
zedbyl awsofwhi cht heyhadnoknowl edgeandofwhi cht heycoul dnotev en
witht heexer ci seofduedi ligencehav eacqui r
ed anyknowl edge.Nat uraljustice
requiredt hatbef oreal awcanbeoper ativeitmustbepr omul gatedandpubl ished.‖
 15

St
agesofCr
ime
I
faper soncommi tsacr i
mev ol
untar
ily
,itinvolv
esf ourimportantst ages,vi
z.(1)
I
ntenti
onofCont emplation(2)Prepar
ation;(
3)At t
empt ;and(4)Commi ssi
onofCr i
me
oraccomplishment/execut ion.Thefir
sttwost ageswoul dnotattractculpabi
l
itybut
16
thethi
rdandf our
th stageswoul dcer
tai
nlyatt
ractculpabil
i
ty.

(
1)I
ntent
ion-
I
ntent
ioni
sment
alst
atus,
whi
chcannotbet
raced,
somer
eint
ent
ioni
snotpuni
shabl
e.

(2)Prepar
ati
on-General
l
yprepar
ati
onisal
sonotpuni
shabl
e.Butt
herearesome
excepti
onalcaseswhenatt
hestageofpr
epar
ati
on;of
fencei
spunishabl
e,namel
y,
I
.Pr
epar
ati
ont
owagewaragai
nstt
heGov
ernment(
Sect
ion122)
I
I.Anyonecommi tsdamagestot
heproper
tyanddest
ruct
ionofpr
oper
tywithi
nthe
ter
ri
tor
iesofourcount
ryandt
hecount
rywhichi
swithpeacewit
hourgover
nment(Sec.
126)
I
II
.Pr epar
ati
onf
orcount
erf
eit
ingofcoi
nsorGov
ernmentSt
amps(
Sect
ions233t
o
235)
,255and257.
I
V.Possessi
ngcounter
fei
tcoins,
falsewei
ghtsormeasur
ement
sandf
orged
document
s(Sect
ion242,243,
259, 266and474)
V.Maki
ngpr
epar
ati
ont
ocommi
tdacoi
ty(
Sect
ion399)
.
(
3)At
tempt–At
tempti
scal
l
edi
nchoat
ecr
ime(
incompl
etecr
ime)
.Iti
spuni
shabl
e.
(4)Execut
ionofOf
fence–Whenanof
fenderachi
evedhi
sdesi
redgoal
i.
e.cal
l
ed
executi
onofanoff
ence.

16
St
ateofMadhy
aPr
adeshv
.Nar
ayanSi
ngh&Or
s,AI
R1989SC1789
 16

Ri
ghtofPr
ivat
eDef
ence
(
Sect
ions96t
o106of
I
PC)
Kri
shnaMur ari
YadavAssi stant
Professor,
LC- I,
FacultyofLaw,
Universi
tyofDel hi
,Del
hi
Contactno.-7985255882
Kri
shnamur ar i
576@gmail
.co
m

NeedofRi
ghtofPr
ivat
eDef
ence
17
Self-hel pi st hef ir
struleofcr iminallaw. Statehasl i
mi tedresour cesandi tcannot
protectev eryper sonineveryci r
cumst ances.Att hesamet imei tcannotexpect edwhen
offencei sgoi ngt obecommi tt
ed.Inar oom husbandandwi f
eissl eeping.Forexampl e
i
tmi ghtbet hatsuddenst rugglest ar
tsont hei ssueofext ra-mat r
imoni alrelati
onof
eit
herpar tyandhusbandst artstobeathi swi fe.Inthi
scircumst anceswi fehasr i
ghtof
privatedef ence.Bentham inhi sbook„ Pr i
nci pl
eofPenalLaws‟el aboratedneedofr ight
ofpr iv atedef enceandsai d, “Therightofdef encei sabsol
ut el
ynecessar y
.Thev igil
ance
ofMagi stratescannev ermakeupf orthev i
gi l
anceofeachi ndiv
idualonhi sownbehal f.
Thef earoft hel awcannev err estr
ai nbadmanast hefearoft hesum t otalofi ndividual
resistance.Takeawayt hi
sr i
ghtandy oubecomei nsodoi ngtheaccompl iceofal lbad
18
men. ” Soi thasbeenpr ov i
dedt hati fanacti sdonei nexer ci
seofr ightofpr ivate
defencet hatactwoul dnotbeanof fence( sect i
on96) .
InthecaseofMunshiRam andOt hersv.DelhiAdmini
str
ation19Just
iceK.
S.Hegdesai d,
“Ther i
ghtofpr i
vat
edef enceservesasoci alpurposeandt hatri
ghtshoul
dbel i
berally
construed.Suchar i
ghtnotonlywi llbearestrai
ninginf
luenceonbadchar act
ersbuti t
willencouragetherightspir
iti
naf reeci
ti
zen.Thereisnot hi
ngmor edegradi
ngtot he
humanspi ritt
hantor unawayinthef aceofperil
.”
20
Nat
ureofRi
ght(
DeoNar
ainv
.St
ateofU.
P.)
21
InthecaseofDeoNar ai
nv.St
ateofU.
P. (1972)nat ur
eofri
ghtofpri
vatedefencewas
discussed.Supreme Cour
tsaid,―Thi
sr ightr est
s on t
he pri
nci
plet hatwherea
crime isendeavoredt
obecommi t
tedbyf orce,iti
slawf
ultorepelthatfor
cei nsel
f-
defence.Theri
ghtof
 17
17
KDGaurText
, bookonIndianPenalCode254(Lexi
sNexi
s,Gur 6thedn.
gaon, ,2016) .
18
VSur
eshandDNagasil
a,PSAPill
ai‟
sCrimi
nalLaw151,
(Lexi
sNexis,NewDelhi,9thedn.Four
thr
epr
int2007)
.
19
AI
R1978SC702.Thi
scasewasdeci dedonNovember27,1967.
20
AI
R1973SC473.Thi
scasewasdeci dedonDecember11,1972.
21
AI
R1973SC473.Thi
scasewasdeci dedonDecember11,1972.
 18

pri
vatedefenceisavai
l
abl
eforpr
otect
ionagai
nstappr
ehendedunl
awf
ulaggr
essi
onand
notforpunishi
ngtheaggr
essorf
ortheoff
encecommi t
t m.I
edbyhi ti
saprevent
iveand
notapuniti
v er
ight
.
Incaseofexci
tementordistur
bedmentalequil
i
bri
um iti
sdif
ficul
ttoexpectpar
ti
es
faci
nggraveaggr essi ocool
ont l
yweigh,asifingoldenscales,andcalmlydetermine
withacomposedmi ndastowhatpr
ecisekindandsev eri
tyofblow wouldbel egall
y
suff
ici
entf
oreffectiv
elymeeti
ngt
heunlawfulaggr
ession.
‖

Ownbody&pr
oper
tyorbody&pr
oper
tyofanot
herper
son
Rightofpr i
vat
edef encei sonlyf ordef enceratherthanf oraggr ession.Thi
sr i
ghtis
avail
ableforownbodyaswel lasbodyofanot herper son( secti
on97) .Incaseof
propert
ythisrightisav ai
lableinl i
mitedcases.Thi sr i
ghti salsoav ai
l
ableagainsta
personwhocannotcommi tcri
mef orexampl epersonofunsoundmi ndorpersondoing
actinmistakeoffact(section98).Butt hisri
ghtissubjecttocer t
ainlimit
ati
ons(secti
on
99).Itmaybeusedev ent hereisri
skf orinnocentperson( Secti
on106) .

Deat
horHar
m
Inexer
ciseofr i
ghtofprivat
edefenceincert
aincasesei
therhar
m ordeathmaybe
caused(sect
ions100and103) .I
nothercaseonlyharm canbecaused,causi
ngof
deathi
snotallowed(sect
ions101and104)
.

Commencementandcont
inuance
Rightofpr i
vat
e defence ofbodyand pr
oper
tycommences f
rom the r
easonabl
e
apprehensi
onofdangerofbodyorpr
oper
tyast
hecasemaybe(
secti
ons102and105).

Schemeofr
ightofpr
ivat
edef
encei
nIPC

ChapterIV(Sect
ions76- 106)deals‗ Gener
alExcept
ions‘.Ri
ghtofpriv
atedefencei
s
partoft
hischapt
er.r
ightofpri
vat
edef encehasbeenprovidedundersecti
ons96to106.
Secti
ons96to106maybedi vi
dedintothreecat
egori
esnamel y;
1)Commonsect
( ions-Sect
ions96,
97,
98,
99,
&106
2)Sect
( ionsr
elat
edt
obody-Sect
ions100,
101&102
3)Sect
( ionsr
elat
edt
opr
oper
ty-Sect
ions103,
104&105.
Commonsect
ionsar
eappl
i
cabl
eei
therr
ightofpr
ivat
edef
encei
srel
atedt
obodyorpr
oper
ty.
 19

Compar
ebet
weensect
ionsofbodyandpr
oper
ty
Ther
ear
efol
l
owi
ngcompar
isonbet
weenbot
h-
(
1)Secti
on100(
Body
)-103(
Proper
ty)-
Cir
cumst
ancesi
nwhi
chdeat
horanyhar
m maybe
caused
(
2)Sect
ion101(
Body
)-104(
Proper
ty)-Ci
rcumst
ancesi
nwhi
chhar
m maybecaused&
(3)Secti
on102(Body
)-105(
Proper
ty)-Commencementandcont
inuanceofr
ightof
pri
vatedefence.
Burdenofpr oof(Preponder anceofprobabil
iti
es)
Secti
on105ofI ndianEv i
denceActi srelevantforthi s.I
nt hecaseofSt ateofU. P.vs.
22
Ram Swar up v ict
im hadst art
edt orunawayev ent houghhewasshotdead.I nthi
s
case Supreme Cour tsai dthatt he ri
ghtofpr i
v ate defence consti
tutes a general
excepti
ont otheof fencesdef i
nedi nthePenalCode.Thebur denwhi chrestsont he
accused to provet he excepti
on isnotoft he same r igourast he bur den ofthe
prosecut
iontopr ovethechar gebeyondar easonabl edoubt .I
tisenoughf oraccusedto
showasi naci vi
lcasethatthepr eponder
anceofpr obabi l
iti
esisinfavourofhisplea.

Commonsect
ions-Sect
ions96,
97,
98,
99,
&106

Sect
ion96
Section96say s“Not
hingi sanoff
encewhichi sdoneint
heexerci
seoftheri
ghtof
pri
vatedefence.”Thi
ssect i
onisdeclar
ator
ynat ur
e.I
fany
oneexceedshispowerin
exerciseofri
ghtofpriv
at edef
enceandmat ter
scomesunderexcept
ion2ofsect
ion
300,itwil
lamounttoculpabl
ehomici
de.

Sect
ion9723
Secti
on97i sgenus.Thi ssect ioncont ainst woclauses.Fir
stclausedeal sr i
ghtof
pri
vatedef enceagai nstanyof fenceaf fecti
ngt hehumanbody( Secti
ons299- 377).
Second cl ause dealsr ightofpr i
vat
e def ence inrespectofpr operty(mov able or
i
mmov able)whenof fencei srel
at edtoTRMC( Tr
inmoolCongress)(T-Theft
,R-Robbery,
M-Mischief ,C-Crimi
nalTr espass)orat temptt ocommi ttheseoffences.Thereareonl y
fouroffencesr ightofpri
v at
edef enceisav ail
ableincase

22
AI
R1974SC1570.
23
Secti
on97-Rightofpri
vat
edefenceoft
hebodyandofpr oper
ty.
—Everypersonhasari ,subj
ght ectto
therest
ri
cti
onscontai
nedinsect
ion99,
t end— Fi
odef r
st-Hi
sownbody,andthebodyofanyot
herperson,
agai
nstanyoffenceaff
ecti
ngthehumanbody;Secondl
y—Thepropert
y,whethermovabl
eori
mmov able,
 20

ofhimsel
forofanyotherper
son,agai
nstanyactwhi
chi
sanoff
encefall
i
ngunderthedefi
nit
ionofthef
t,
robber
y,mischieforcr
imi
naltr
espass,orwhichisanatt
emptto committ
heft,robber
y,mischi
efor
cri
minalt
respass.
 21

ofpropert
y.Ifanyoff
encewhi chderi
vesfrom t
heseof f
encesev eni
nthatcaseri
ghtof
pri
vatedefencewouldbeav ai
labl
e.Incaseofcriminalmisappropr
iat
ionorbreachof
tr
ustrightofpr i
vat
edef encei snotavai
labl
ebecauset hesear enotcov er
edunder
secti
on97( 2)
.Theser i
ghtsarenotabsolute.Thesear esubjecttosecti
on99oft he
Code,1860.Bodyorpropertymaybeofownorofot her.

Sect
ion9824
Secti
on98i sext ensi
onofsect ion97.Section98makesr ightofpriv
atedef encev er
y
wider.Thissect i
oni sapplicableinallcir
cumst ancesei t
herr i
ghtofprivat
edef enceis
rel
atedtoper sonorpr oper t
yofhi sownorot her
.Rulei sthatri
ghtofprivat
edef enceis
avail
ableonlyagai nstoffences.Butsection98decl aresthatev enincert
aincasesr i
ght
ofpr i
vatedef encewoul dbeav ail
abl
eagai nstacts.Forexampl epersonofunsound
mindcannotcommi tanof fenceduet oundersect i
on84buthi sactmi ghtcause
reasonableappr ehensionofdeat hofanotherperson.Soagai nstsuchactofper sonof
unsoundmi nd, anotherpersonhasr i
ghtofprivat
edefence.
Ther
ear
efol
l
owi
ngexcept
ionalcaseswhenr
ightofpr
ivat
edef
encei
sav
ail
abl
e
agai
nstact
s–Whenanact
,whi
chwoul
dot
her
wisebeacer
tai
nof
fence,i
snott
hat
of
fence,
(
1)byr
easonoft
hey
out
h,Sect
( ion82)
(
2)t
hewantofmat
uri
tyofunder
st ng,
andi (Sect
ion83)
(
3)t nd,
heunsoundnessofmi (Sect
ion84)
(
4)t
hei
ntoxi
cat
ionoft
heper
sondoi
ngt
hatact
,,
(Sect
ions85&86)
25
(
5)byr
easonofanymi
sconcept
ionoff s,
act (
Sect
ion76and79)
ever
yper sonhasthesamer ightofpr
ivat
edef
enceagai
nstt
hatactwhi
chhewoul
d
haveift
heactwerethatof
fence.
Il
l
ustrat
ions-Therearetwoil
lust
rat
ions.Fi
rsti
ll
ustr
ationisbasedonsect
ion84and
secondill
ustr
ati
onisbasedonsecti
on76.Theseil
l
ustrati
onsar
e-
(a)Z,undert
heinf
luenceofmadness,
att
empt
stoki
llA;
Zisgui
lt
yofnooffence.ButA
hasthesamer i
ghtofpri
vatedef
encewhi
chhewoul
dhaveifZweresane.
(b)Aentersbynightahousewhichheislegal
l
yentitl
edt
oenterZ,i
ngoodf ai
th,
taki
ng
Af orahouse-
breaker
,att
acksA.HereZ,byattacki
ngAunderthi
smisconcepti
on,
commi t
snoof f
ence.

24
Sect
ion98-Ri
ghtofpr
ivat
edefenceagainsttheactofapersonofunsoundmi
nd,etc.
—Whenanact
,
whichwouldot
herwi
sebeacer t
ainoffence,isnotthatof
fence,byreasonoft
hey out
h,t
hewantof
 22

mat ur
it
yofunder
standi
ng,theunsoundnessofmindortheint
oxicat
ionoft
hepersondoi
ngthatact
,orby
reasonofanymi sconcept
ionont hepartofthatperson,ever
yper sonhasthesamer i
ghtofpriv
ate
defenceagai
nstt
hatactwhichhewoul dhavei
ftheactwerethatoff
ence.
25
KDGaur
,Text
bookonI
ndi
anPenalCode262(Lexi
sNexi
s,
Gur 6thedn.
gaon, ,2016)
.
 23

ButAhasthesameri
ghtofpri
vat
edef
enceagai
nstZ,
whi
chhewoul
dhav
eifZwer
enot
act
ingundert
hatmi
sconcept
ion.

Sect
i Act
on99( sagai
nstwhi
cht
her
eisnor
ightofpr
ivat
edef
ence)
Sect
ion99maybedi
vi
dedi
ntof
ourpar
ts.
Fir
stpar tdeal sthatwhenr ightofpr iv
atedef enceisnotav ailableagai nstpubli
cser vant.
Accor dingt othispar tsifcondi t
ionsment ionedi nthispar tar enotbei ngf ul
fi
ll
edt hen
ri
ghtofpr ivatedef encei sal soav ai
labl
eev enagai nstpubl icserv ant.Forexampl ei f
thereisr easonableappr ehensi onthatpolicei saboutt okillt henot herpersonhasr i
ght
tokillthatper son.Butt hisr ightisnotav ail
ableforst agemanager .Ifyouhav ecreat ed
suchci rcumst ancesi nwhi chpol iceisaboutt okilly
oui nhi ssel fdef enceandi ncount er
youki llhi mt henr ightt opr ivatedefencei snotav ail
ablef ory ou.Secondpar tcov ers
thosemat terswhichhadbeendoneont hedi rect
ionofpubl icser vant.Thirdpartcov ers
thosemat tersi nwhi chper sonhast imet or ecoursepr ot ectionofpubl i
caut hori
ties.
Fourthpar tdeal sthatt hi
sr ightmustnotbeusedt ot aker ev enge.Itmustbeusedonl y
forthepur poseofpr otecti
on.
(
1)Publ
i
cSer
vant
Thereisnor i
ghtofpri
vat
edefenceagainstanactwhi
chdoesnotr easonabl
ycausethe
apprehensi
onofdeathorofgrievoushurt,i
fdone,
orattemptedtobedone, byapubli
c
servantacti
ngingoodf ait
hundercolourofhi soff
ice,thoughthatact,maynotbe
str
ictl
yjust
if
iabl
ebylaw.
Explanat
ion1-Aper sonisnotdepr
ivedoftherightofpri
vat
edef enceagai
nstanact
done,orattemptedtobedone,byapubl i
cservant,assuch,unl
essheknowsorhas
reasontobeli
eve,t
hattheper
sondoi
ngtheactissuchpubli
cservant.
KanwarSinghv .DelhiAdmi ni
str
ation26-Ar ai
dingpartypossessingauthori
tyu/s418,
DelhiMunici
palCorporat
ionActsei zedt hestraycattl
ebelongingtotheaccused.The
accusedresist
edthesei zureoft hecat tl
eandi nfl
i
ctedinjuri
esont her aidi
ngparty
.
Sincetherai
dingpartywer epubli
cser vantsdischargi
ngtheirlawfulduti
es,theywere
j
ustif
iedinlaw toseizet hecattl
e,nor ightofprivat
edef encewasav ai
labletothe
accused.Hewasconv ict
ed.

(
2)Per
sondoi
ngont
hedi
rect
ionofpubl
i
cser
vant
Thereisnorightofpri
vatedef nstanactwhi
enceagai chdoesnotr
easonabl
ycausethe
apprehensi
onofdeat horofgr i
evoushurt
,ifdone,oratt
emptedtobedone,byt he
di
recti
onofapubl icservantact
ingingoodfai
thundercol
ourofhisof
fi
ce,t
houghthat
di
recti
onmaynotbest r
ictl
yjust
ifi
abl
ebylaw.
 24

26
AI
R1965SC871.
 25

Explanati
on2— Aper sonisnotdeprivedoftheri
ghtofpr i
vat
edefenceagainstanact
done, oratt
empt edtobedone,byt hedir
ect
ionofapubl i
cservant
, essheknows,
unl or
hasr easontobeliev
e,t heper
hatt sondoingtheactisacti
ngbysuchdirect
ion,orunl
ess
suchper sonstatestheauthori
tyunderwhichheact s,orifhehasauthor
ityinwrit
ing,
unlesshepr oducessuchauthor
ity
,ifdemanded.

(
3)Ti
mef
orr
ecour
set
othepr
otect
ionoft
hepubl
i
caut
hor
it
ies
Thereisnori
ghtofpr
ivat
edef
enceincasesi
nwhi
cht
her
eist
imet er
ohav ecour
set
o
theprot
ect
ionoft
hepubli
caut
hori
ti
es.
27
GurdattaMalv s.StateofU. P. Therewasal anddi sputebetweentheaccusedandt he
deceased.Therewaspr olongedci vill
it
igat
ionwher einthedeceasedhadest abli
shedhi
s
ri
ghtoft it
leandphy si
calpossessi onofthepr opert
y.Hewental ongwi t
hhi sment o
harvestthecropwit hpolicepr otecti
on.Insuchasi t
uation,i
twasheldt hattheaccused
hadampl etimet ohav erecour setoaut hor
iti
esandhadnor i
ghttoassaultthedeceased
toclai
m possessionoft hepr oper ti
es.Hencet heyhadnor i
ghtofpri
vatedef ence.
Ri
ghtofsel
fdefenceofeitherbodyorpr
oper
tycanonl
ybeatt
het
imewhent
her
eis
28
i
mminentdangerorhar
m.
(
4)Ext
entt
owhi
cht
her
ightmaybeexer
cised.
Therightofpri
vatedef
enceinnocaseextendst
othei
nfl
i
ctngofmor
i ehar
mthani
tis
necessaryt
oinfl
ictf
orthepur
poseofdef
ence.
29
DeoNar
ainv
.St
ateofU.
P. (1972)

SupremeCour tsaid,―Ifablowwi thal at

hiisai
medatav ul
ner abl
epartli
ket heheadit
cannotbel ai
ddownasasoundpr oposit
ionoflawthatinsuchcasest hevictimisnot
j
ustif
iedi nusinghi sspearindef endi
nghi msel
f.I nsuchmoment sofexci tementor
dist
urbedment alequil
ibri
um iti
sdi f
ficul
ttoexpectpart
iesfaci nggraveaggressionto
cooll
ywei gh,asi fingoldenscales,andcalmlydeter
minewi thacomposedmi ndasto
whatpr eci
sekindandsev eri
tyofblowwoul dbelegal
lysuffi
cientforeff
ecti
velymeeting
theunlawfulaggr essi
on.‖

Sect
ion100(
Sev
enci
rcumst
anceswhendeat
hisal
l
owed)
Secti
on 100-When the ri
ghtofpr i
vate def
ence oft he bodyextends t
o causi
ng
death.
—The ri
ghtofpr i
vate def
ence oft he body extends,underthe r
est
ri
cti
ons
ment i
onedint
helastprecedi
ngsection,t
ot hev ol
untar
ycausingofdeathorofany
otherharmtot
heassail
ant,
ift
he
27
AI
R1965SC257.UGCNET-2008.
28
VSur
eshandDNagasi
l
a,PSAPill
ai‟
sCr
imi
nalLaw151,
(Lexi
sNexi
s,NewDel
hi9thedn.Four
, thr
epr
int2007)
.
 26
29
AI
R1973SC473.Thi
scasewasdeci
dedonDecember11,
1972.
 27

off
ence which occasi
ons the exer
cise oft
he r
ightbe ofanyoft
he descr
ipt
ions
herei
naf
terenumerated,namel
y:—
Fi
rst(
Death)-
Suchanassaultasmayreasonabl
ycauset
heappr
ehensi
ont
hatdeat
hwi
l
l
ot
herwisebet
heconsequenceofsuchassault
.
Secondly(Gri
evoushurt
)-Suchanassaul
tasmayr easonabl
ycausetheappr
ehensi
on
thatgr
ievoushurtwi
ll
otherwi
sebetheconsequenceofsuchassaul
t.
Thi
r y(
dl Rape)-
Anassaul
twi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofcommi
tt
ingr
ape.
Four
t y(
hl Unnat
urall
ust
)-Anassaul
twi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofgr
ati
fyi
ngunnat
urall
ust
.
Fi
ft
hly(
Kidnappi
ngorabduct
ing)-
Anassaul
twi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofki
dnappi
ngorabduct
ing.
Si
xt y(
hl Wr ongf
ull
yconfi
nement)-Anassaul
twi ththei
ntent
ionofwrongful
l
yconfi
ning
aperson,underci
rcumstanceswhichmayreasonablycausehimtoapprehendt
hathe
wi
llbeunabletohaverecourset
othepubl
i
caut hori
ti
esforhi
srel
ease.
”
Sevent y(
hl Aci
dat t
ack)(
Ins.in2013)-Anactoft hrowingoradmini
ster
ingacidoran
att
emptt ot
hroworadministeraci
dwhichmayr easonablycauset
heapprehensi
onthat
gri
evoushurtwi
llot
herwi
sebet heconsequencesofsuchact.
Fi
rst(
Deat
h)
“Suchanassaultasmayr easonabl
ycauset
heappr
ehensi
ont
hatdeat
hwi
l
lot
her
wise
betheconsequenceofsuchassault
”
Deathmaybecausedbyaper sonwhoi snotcompetentt
ocommi tanoff
ence.For
exampleper
soncomeundersectionss.82,83,84and85.Evenhisdeathmaybe
causedinpr
ivat
edef
ence.Deat
hmayal socomeundersecti
ons299,300,304Aand
304B.

Amj
adKhanv
.St
ate30( Gol
1952)( denScal
es)(
Reasonabl
eappr
ehensi
on)

Acommunalr iotbrokeoutatKat nionthe5thofMar ch,1950,bet weensomeSi ndhi

refugeesresi
denti nt het ownandt helocalMusli
ms.I twasenought hatt hemobhad
actuall
ybrokeni nt
oanot herpartofthehouseandl ootedit
,thatthewomanandchi ldren
ofhisf ami
lyfledtot heappel l
ant(AmjadKhan)forprotecti
onint err
oroft heirl
iv
esand
thatthemobwasact uallybeati
ngathi sowndoor swi t
ht hei
rl at
hisandt hatMusl i
m
shopshadal readybeenl ootedandMusl i
mskill
edint headj
oininglocali
ty.Theset hings
cannotbewei ghedi nt oofineasetofscalesoringoldenscales.
Accused was j
usti
fi
ed t
o use r
ightt
o pri
vat
e def
ence because t
her
ereasonabl
e
apprehensi
onofhi
sdeat
handdeathofhi
sfamil
y.
 28
30
AI
R1952SC165
 29

y(
Secondl Gr
iev
oushur
t)(
Sect
ion320)
―Suchanassaul
tasmayr easonabl
ycausetheappr
ehensi
ont
hatgr
iev
oushur
twi
l
l
ot
herwi
sebetheconsequenceofsuchassault
‖
Thi
r y(
dl Rape)(
Ss.375&376)
“
Anassaul
twi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofcommi
tt
ingr
ape”
31
YeshwantRaov .Stat
eofM. P. (1992)
Minordaughteroftheaccusedhadgonet othetoil
etont herearsi
deofthehouse.The
deceasedgr i
ppedherandhadsexuali nt
ercoursewi thher.Theaccusedseeinghis
minorgirlbei
ngrapedbyt hedeceasedhi tthedeceasedwi thaspade.Daughterwas
minorso herconsentwasi mmat er
ialand actoft hedeceased would amountto
commi tt
ingrapeundersecti
on376andhencet hefatherindefenceofthebodyofhis
daughterwasjusti
fi
edinexercisinghisri
ghtofprivat
edef ence.

Four
t y(
hl Unnat
urall
ust
)(Sect
ion377)
“
Anassaul
twi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofgr
ati
fyi
ngunnat
urall
ust
”
Fi
ft
hly(
Kidnappi
ngorabduct
ing)(
Sect
ions359and362)
“
Anassaul
twi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofki
dnappi
ngorabduct
ing”
32
Vi
shwaNat
hv.St
ateofU.
P. (1959)

Theaccused‘ ssisterwasst ayingwit

hherf atherandbr other(accused)becauseshedi d
notwantt oli
vewi thherhusband.Husband,wi tht hr
eeot hers,wentt ot hequar t
erof
wife‘sfat
herandhewenti nsideandcameoutdr agginghi sreluct
antwi febehindhi m.
Shecaughthol doft hedoorandhusbandst artedpul l
ingher .Atthisbr othershoutedt o
hisfatherthatsister‘
shusbandwasadamantandt hereuponhi sf atherr epli
edthathe
shouldbebeat en.Theappel lanttookoutakni fefrom hi spocketandst abbedonce.The
knifepenetrat
edt heheartofsi st
er‘
shusbandandhedi ed.TheCour theldt hatappel
lant
hadt herightofpr i
vatedefenceofper sonundert hefifthclauseofs.100anddi dnot
causemor eharmt hanwasnecessar yandacqui thim.

Si
xt y(
hl Wr
ongf
ull
yconf
inement
)(Sect
ion340)

31
AI
R1992SC1683.
 30
32
AI
R1960SC67.Thi
scasewasdeci
dedonSept
ember3,
1959.
 31

“
Anassaul
twiththeint
enti
onofwr ongful
lyconfi
ningaperson,underci
rcumstances
whi
chmayreasonabl
ycausehimtoappr ehendthathewi
llbeunabletohaverecourse
t
othepubl
i
cauthori
ti
esforhi
srel
ease.”
Sev
ent
hly(
Aci
dat
tack)(
Ins.I
n2013)(
Ss.326Aand326B)
.
“Anactoft hrowingoradminist
eri
ngacidoranatt
empttothr
ow oradmini
steraci
d
whichmayr easonabl
ycausetheapprehensi
ont
hatgr
iev
oushur
twil
lother
wisebethe
consequencesofsuchact
.”

Sect
ion101
Secton101-Whensuchr
i ightextendstocausinganyhar m otherthandeath.-Ifthe
off
encebenotofanyoft hedescr i
pti
onsenumer atedinthelastpr
ecedingsecti
on,the
ri
ghtofpri
vat
edefenceofthebodydoesnotext endt othevol
untarycausingofdeathto
theassai
lant
,butdoesext end,underther
estri
ctionsment i
onedinsect ion99,t
ot he
vol
untar
ycausingt
ot heassail
antofanyharm ot
hert handeath.
Combi nedreadi
ngofsections100and101denot est hatinsevencir
cumstancesas
mentionedinsecti
on100ei t
herhar m ordeathmaybecausedandi nothercasesonly
har
m canbecausedi nexerciseofr i
ghtofpri
vat
edefence.Forexampleinthepresence
ofreasonableappr
ehensi
onofr ape,i
nexerci
seofr i
ghtofpr i
vat
edefenceeit
herharm
ordeathmaybecaused.Buti ncaseofreasonabl
eappr ehensi
onofhurt,
onlyharm can
becaused.Causingdeathi snotal l
owedbecauseof fenceofv ol
unt
arycausingharm
hasnotbeenment i
onedinsect i
on100.
Sect
ion102
Secti
on102-Commencementandcont inuanceoft herightofpr
ivat
edefenceofthe
body-Ther ightofpri
v at
edefenceofthebodycommencesassoonasar easonabl
e
apprehensionofdangert othebodyarisesf om anat
r temptorthreattocommi tt
he
off
encet hought heoffencemaynothav ebeencommi tt
ed;anditconti
nuesaslongas
suchappr ehensionofdangertothebodycontinues.
33
DeoNar
ainv
.St
ateofU.
P. (1972)

Facts–Ther ewer edi

sput esandlegalproceedingswithrespecttotit
leandpossession
ofthepl otsit
uatedinGhazi purdist
ri
ct.OnSept ember17t h1965af ter12noont here
wasacl ashbet weent hepar tyoft heaccused( DeoNar ain)andt hepart
yoft he
complainant.I
nthisclashlathi
sandspearwer eusedf r
om bot hsi
des.Theblowofl athi
wasai medatav ol
unerablepartli
ketheheadofDeoNar ain.Inconsi
qenceofthisDeo
Naraininhispriv
atedef enceinfl
i
ctedaf at
alspearinjuryont hechestofthedeceased.
Allt
heset hi
ngswer egoingoni nexci
tement.TrialCourtand
 32

33
AI
R1973SC473
 33

HighCour tconvi
ctedt heappel l
antforexceedi
ngtheri
ghtofpr i
vatedefence.I
twas
saidthatmerelyusingofl athididnotj
usti
fyforusui
ngthespear.Supr
emeCour tsai
d
thatTrialCourtandHi ghCour tdi
dnotunder st
andsecti
ons100and102.Supr eme
Courtacquit
tedtheaccusedont hegroundthathehadnotexceededhisri
ghtandther
e
wasreasonableappr ehensionofdeath.

ReasonofDeci sionofSupr emeCour t–Ther ear ef ol

lowi ngr easonsofdeci sionoft hiscase–
(1)Immi nentdanger- Thethr eatmustr easonabl ygi v
er iset othepr esentandi mminent ,
andnotr emot eordi stant,
danger .Thisr i
ghtr estsont hegener alpr i
nciplet hatwher ea
cri
mei sendeav or edt obecommi ttedbyf or ce,itisl awf ultorepelt hatf or ceinsel f-
defense.Deohadusedi nselfdef ence.Useofl at
hi atheadwasi mmi nentdanger .
(2)Golden Scal es -―…. In such moment s of exci tement of di sturbed ment al
equil
ibri
um i ti ssomewhatdi ffi
culttoexpectpar ti
esf acinggr aveaggr essi ont ocool ly
weigh,asi fingol denscal es,andcal mlydet erminewi thacomposedmi ndast owhat
preciseki ndandsev erit
yofbl owwoul dbel egallysuf fici
entf oreffecti
v elymeet ingt he
unlawfulaggr ession.‖Att het imeoff ighti
nganyonecannotbeexpect edt ocal m and
decidehowmuchf orcehav et ousei nselfdef ence.
(3)Pr event i
veRi ght-Ther ightofpr ivatedef encei sav ail
ablef orprot ectionagai nst
apprehendedunl awfulaggr essionandnotf orpuni shing,t heaggr essorf ort heof f
ence
commi t
tedbyhi m.I ti sapr eventiveandnotpuni tiver i
ght .What everDeohaddone,he
haddoneonl ytodef endhi msel f.

St
ateofU.
P.v up34(
.Ram Swar 1974)(Mel
onCase)

Facts-Atabout7a. m.ont hatdayGangaRam isallegedtohav egonetothemar ketto

purchaseabasketofmel ons.Thedeceaseddecli
nedt oselli
tsayi
ngthatitwasalready
mar kedforanothercust
omer .Hotwor
dsfoll
oweddur ingwhichthedeceased,assert
ing
hi
saut horit
y,saidthathewast heThekedaroft hemar ketandhi swor dwasf i
nal
.
Offendedbyt hi
sshowofaut hori
ty,
GangaRam isallegedtohavelefti
nahuf f
.

Anhourl aterGangaRam wentbackt ot hemar ketwithhisthreesons,Ram Swar up,

SomiandSubhash.GangaRam hadakni fe,Ram Swar upbadagunandt hetwoothers
carri
edl at
hi s.Theyt hrewachal lengesayingthattheywantedt oknowwhoseaut horit
y
prevail
edi nt hemar ket .Theyadv ancedaggressi
velytothegaddioft hedeceasedwho,
takenbysur pr
ise,attempt edt or ushinaneighbouringkothar
i.Butt hatwasmucht oo
l
atef orbef orehecoul dretreat,Ram Swar upshothim deadatpoi nt-
blankrange.I
twas
atallstagesundi sputedt hatGangaRam andRam Swar upwentt othemar ketatabout
8a. m.thatoneoft hem wasar medwi t
hagunandt hatashotf i
redf r
om thatgunby
Ram Swar upcaused, thedeat hofMuni mji.
 34

Deci
sion–Ram Swar
upwasconv
ict
edundersect
ion302.
 35

TheCour tsaid-
(1)No r i
ghtf or st age manager - ―The r i
ghtof pr i
vat e def ence i sar i
ghtof
def ence,notofr etri
bution.Itisav ailableinf aceofi mmi nentper i
ltothosewhoacti n
goodf aithandi nnocasecant her ightbeconcededt oaper sonwhost age-managesa
situationwher eint her i
ghtcanbeusedasashi el
dt ojustifyanactofaggr ession.For
exampl ei faper songoeswi thagunt okillanother ,
theintendedv icti
mi sent i
tl
edt oact
i
nsel f-defenceandi fbesoact st herei snor i
ghti nthef or mert okillhimi nor derto
pr eventhi mf rom act i
ngi nself-defence.‖
( 2)Bur denofpr ov e-Sect ion105ofI ndianEv i
denceActi sr elevantforthis.I
nt hiscase
Supr emeCour tsai dthatt her i
ghtofpr i
v atedef enceconst itutesagener alexceptionto
theof f
encesdef inedi nthePenal Code.Thebur denwhi chr est sont heaccusedt oprove
theexcept i
oni snotoft hesamer i
gourast hebur denoft hepr osecutiont opr ovethe
char gebey ondar easonabl edoubt .Itisenoughf oraccusedt oshowasi naci vi
lcase
thatt hepr eponder anceofpr obabiliti
esi sinf avourofhispl ea.
Itisr esponsi bil
it
yoft heaccusedt opr ov ethathi sactcomeundergener alexceptionof
whi chr ightofpr ivatedefencei spar t.
(3)Onl yf ordef ence-Ther ightofpr ivatedef encei sarightofdef ence,notofr etri
buti
on.

35
Ki
shanv
.St
ateofM.
P. (Nov
.19,
1973)
Fact
s–Therewasdisput
eregar
dinguseofbricks.Ther
ewer ef
ourbr
other
s-(
1)Ki
shan(
2)
Damrul
al(
3)Ganesh&(4)HarCharan.Theyr
eachedatt hehomeofBucha.
Buchawasdr aggedoutofhishouseuptoanearl
yneem tree.Therehewasgiv ena
beatingbyfistsandkicksbytheappel
l
antandhisthr
eebrothersBuchacontr
ivedto
extr
icatehimselffr
om thei
rgri
pandpickedupaKhut ail
yi
ngnear by.Hegavet hr
ee
blowsont heheadofHarChar anwit
htheKhut
ai.HarChar
anf el
ldownont heground
andbecameunconsci ous.
ThereaferKi
t shanandhi sremai ni
ngtwobrothers,GaneshandDamrul
al,caughthol
d
ofBucha.Theappel
lantsnatchedt heKhut
aifrom thehandofBuchaandgav etwoor
thr
eeblowsonhishead.Buchaf ell
downont hegroundandbecameunconscious.
Lat
eronHarChar ed.Ki
anandBuchadi shanwaspr
osecut
edf
ormur
der
.
Content
ionofAppel
l
ant-Ar
gument
sofKi
shanwast
hathedi
dinexer
ciseofr
ightof
pr
ivatedef
ence.
Reject
ionofContenti
on–TheCour trej
ect
edt hisar
gumentonthebasisthatappel
l
ant
al
ongwi thhist
hreebr ot
hers,Ganesh,Damr ul
alandHarCharanwenttot hehouseof
Bucha,pull
edhim outofhi shouseupt ot heneem t r
eeandtheresubject
edhimt o
punchingandki
cking.Sotheywereaggressors.Theytookt
hel
awi nthei
rownhands.
 36

35
AI
R1974SC244.
 37

Buchacont r
ivedtoescapefrom thei
rgrip,caughthol
dofthekhutaiandstr
uckthree
bl
owsont heheadofHarChar an.Buchawast henacti
ngi
nexerci
seoftheri
ghtofself
-
defence.Therefor
e,hewasnotanaggr essor.Theappel
lantcoul
dnotclai
mt ohav e
beatenBuchai nexer
ciseoft
her i
ghtofself
-def
ence
Deci
sion-
Hewasconv
ict
edf
ormur
der
.

JamesMar
ti
nv.St
ateofKer
ala36
JamesMar tin&hi
sfat
herXav
ierwaschar
gedf
orss.302,
307and326andf
orsome
otherof
fences.
TherewasBhar atBandhon15. 3. 1998sponsor edbysomepol iti
calparti
es.Jamesand
hisfat herXav ierhadt heirresidence,besidesabr eadfactor
yandaf l
ourmi llinthe
samecompoundi nsubur bofKochi .Someact ivi
stsunlawful
l
yent eredint oresidence
andpr essur
izedf orclosingt heoper ationofflourmi l
l
.Bandhactivi
stswhogoti ntothe
placebyscal ingov ert hel ockedgat eandt hattheirentr
ywasunl awfult oo,besides
i
nt i
mi dati
ngandassaul t
ingwor kerandmaki nghi mf l
eewi t
houtshut tingdownt he
machi nes.Ther ewer er easonabl eapprehensionofcausingdeath.Int hecircumst ances,
theinev it
ableconcl usioni sthatt heact sdonebyt heaccusedwer ei nther easonable
l
imi t
sofexer ciseofhi sr ightofpr ivatedefenceandhewasent i
tl
edt ot hepr otecti
on
affordedi nl
awundersect ion96.
Sel
f-
preser
vat
ionisinst
inct-Self
-pr
eservat
ioni sthepri
meinst
inctofever
yhuman
bei
ng.Theri
ghtofpr
ivat
edefenceisarecognizedri
ghti
nthecr
imi
nallaw.
HartalorBandhdonotaut hori
zetov i
olatet herightofot herperson–Supr emeCour tsai
d,
―Wepar twitht hecasei tneedst obenot edthati nthenameofHar talorBandhor
stri
kenoper sonhasanyr ighttocausei nconv eniencetoanyot herpersonort ocausei n
anymannerat hreatorappr ehensionofr i
skt olif
e,liberty,propert
yofanyci t
izenor
destructi
onofl i
feandpr operty
,andt hel eastanygov ernmentorpubl icpr oper
ty.I ti
s
hight i
met hattheaut hori
ti
esconcer nedt akeser i
ousnot eoft hisrequi r
ementwhi l
e
deali
ngwi ththosewhodest roypubli
cpr oper t
yint henameofst ri
ke,har talorbandh.
Thosewhoatt i
mesmayhav eevengenui nedemandst omakeshoul dnotl oosesi ghtof
theov erallsit
uat i
onel udi
ngcont rolandr eachingunmanageabl eboundsendanger i
ng
l
ife,li
bertyandpr opertyofci ti
zensandpubl i
c,enabl i
ngant i
-socialf orcest ogai n
controlresulti
ngi nallarounddest r
uctionwi t
hcount erproduct i
veresult
satt heexpense
ofpubl i
cor derandpubl i
cpeace.Noper sonhasanyr i
ghtt odest r
oyanot her '
sproper t
y
i
nt hegui seofbandhorhar t
alorstri
ke,i rrespecti
veoft hepr oclai
medr easonabl eness
ofthecauseort hequest i
onwhet hertherei sorwasanyl egalsancti
onfort hesame.
Thecaseathandi sonewhichl edtothedest
ruct
ionofproper
tyandl ossofliv
es,
becauseofi rresponsi
bleandil
legalact
sofsomei nthenameofbandhorhar talor
str
ike.Unlesst hosewhoorgani
zecanbeconf i
dentofenf
orci
ngeffect
ivecont
rolover
anypossibleturnofevents,
they
 38

36
(
2004)2SCC203
 39

shouldthi
nkt wicet ohazar dt hemsel v
esi ntosuchr iskpronev enturesendangeri
ng
publi
cpeaceandpubl i
cor der .Thequest ionwhet herbandhorhar t
alorstri
kehasany
l
egalsancti
tyisofl it
tl
econsequencei nsuchmat t
ers.Allthemor esowhent hedays
aresuchwher eev enlaw-enf orcingauthor i
ties/thoseinpoweral sopr eci
pit
atetogain
poli
ti
caladvantageatt her i
skand costoft hei
ropponent s.Unl esssuchact sare
control
l
edwithi ronhands,i nnocentcitizensar eboundt osuf ferandt heyshallbethe
vi
ctimsofthehi ghhandedact sofsomef anaticswi thqueernot i
onsofdemocr acyand
fr
eedom ofspeechorassoci ation.Thatpr ovidesf ornolicenset ot akelaw i
ntotheir
ownhands.Anysof torlenientappr oachf orsuchof fenderswoul dbeanaf f
ronttorul
e
oflawandchallengetopubl icor derandpeace. ”
Deci
sion–Supr
emesetasi
det
heconv
ict
ionandsent
ence.
 40

Sect
ion299,
Sect
ion300&Di
ff
erencesbet
weenCul
pabl
eHomi
cideandMur
der
Kri
shnaMur ari
YadavAssi stant
Professor,
LC- I,
FacultyofLaw,
Universi
tyofDel hi
,Del
hi
Contactno.-7985255882
Kri
shnamur ar i
576@gmail
.co
m

st
HOMI CIDE-(
1 St age)Homi ci
demeanski l
l
ingofhumanbeing.Allhomi ci
desarenot
punishabl
e,forexample,anyhomici
dewhichcomesunderchapterI
V( Secti
ons76-
106)
ofIPC.Her e,thereisar el
ati
onbetweencauseanddeathbutgui l
tymi ndisabsent
.
Actusnonf acitreum,nisimenssitr
ea.Itmeans,t
heactit
selfdoesnotmakeaman
gui
lty,unl
esshisintent
ionwasso.
Whenahomicideiscommittedwit
hguilt
ymind,
thathomi
cidewoul
dbeei
thercul
pabl
e
homici
deormur der.Soi
ti ssai
dt hatal
lhomici
deisnotcul
pabl
ehomici
de,butall
cul
pabl
ehomicideishomi
cide.
37
Pr
epar
ati
ont
ocommi
tmur
deri
snotpuni
shabl
eof
fence.
CULPABLEHOMI CI
DE– (2nd Stage)Whenhomici
deisdonewi thguil
tyint
ent
ionor
knowl
edgeanddegr
eeofi
ntentionorknowl
edgei
shigher
,theni
tiscul
pablehomi
cide.
MURDER-3rd St
ageWhenhomi ci
deisdonewi t
hguilt
yi nt
ent
ionorknowl
edgeand
degr
eeofintent
ionorknowl
edgei
shi
ghest
,theni
tismurder.
Dif
ferencebetweenCulpabl
eHomi ci
deandMurderdependsupondegr
eeofi ntent
ion
andknowl edge.Sonow Iam goingtosearchhow i
ncaseofmur derther
ei smor e
degreeofintent
ionandknowl
edgethandegr
eeofCul
pableHomici
de.
Fi
rstofal
lwehav
etounder
standCul
pabl
eHomi
cide(
Sect
ion299)andMur
der(
300)
.
Therearetwocondit
ionsmustbef
ulf
il
lednamel
y(1)Ther
emustbecauseef
fect
rel
ati
onshi
p,and(
2)Guil
tyMi
nd.

Sect
ion299
(
1)Cause-
eff
ectr
elat
ionshi
p-
ercausesdeat
―Whoev h(Sect
i nganact(
on46)bydoi Sect
ions32&33)
 41

Pr
ovi
dedbyabhi
shekkumarmi
shr
a,CLC,
8299556360

37
U.
P.H.
J.S.Pr
e.2009
 42

(
2)Gui
l
tyMi
nd-
(a)Int
enti
ontocausedeat
h-wi
t hei
ht ntent
ion(
Desi
reandf
oresi
ghtofconsequences)
ofcausi
ngdeath,
or
(b)Int
enti
ontocausebodi
lyi
njur
y-witht
hei
ntent
ionofcausi
ngsuchbodi
lyi
njur
yasis
l
ikel
ytocausedeath(ther
eisnoi nt
enti
ont
ocausedeat h,onl
yint
ent
ionistocause
bodi
lyinj
ury
)or

(c)Knowledge-
withtheknowl
edge(
for
esi
ghtofconsequences)t
hathei
sli
kel
ybysuch
acttocausedeath,
commi
tst
heof
fenceofcul
pabl
ehomi
ci
de.
‖

I
ll
ust r
at i
ons
Therear ethreeil
lustr
ations.Fir
still
ust r
at i
oni sr elatedt ost icksandt urfov erapit.Itis
38
notintendedt oki
llparti
cularperson. Secondi ll
ustrationi sr elatedwher eAknowsZt o
bebehi ndabushbutBdoesnotknowi t.Thi rdi l
lustrationi sr elatedtoshoot ingatf owl
withintenttokil
landst ealit
.Hewasdoi ngwi thouti ntentionorknowl edget okil
lhuman
being.Hewasnotgui lt
yofcul pablehomi cide.
Explanat i
on
Therear ethreeexplanationsclari
fi
est hecul pablehomi cide.Fi rstExplanationisrelated
toBIDIDIandaccel er
ationofdeat h,secondExpl anat ioni sr elatedtopr operr emedi es
andski lf
ultr mentandt
eat hir
dExpl anat ioni sr elatedt ochi ldwhohasbeenbr ought
for
thev enthoughhehasnott akenbr eath.
Theseex pl
anati
onscl ar i
fyi
ngt hatmer elyaccel erationofdeat h,resortingofpr oper
remediesandski lfult
reat mentandchi ldnotbor ncompl etelycannotbet akendef ence.
Evenint hesecir
cumst ancesper sonsshal lbel iableforcul pablehomi ci
de.

Fi
rstCondi
ti
on
(1)There mustbe cause and ef
fectr
elat
i p/ Causa causans (
onshi Immedi
ate or
operat
ingcasue)
39
()Mot
i iSinghandAnr.v.Stat
eofUP, (
DOJ.
Jan.23,1963)
.(Pr
imarycauseandt he
deat
hshouldnotbet ooremote.Youhavetoprovethatbyactofaccused,deat
hof
vi
cti
m hasoccur
red)
.

38
Empor
erv
s.M.
S.Mur
thy(
Hal
vaCase)1912,
Mad.H.
C.
39
AI
R1964SC900
 43

Deceasedhadbeeni nj
uredduri
ngt heoccurr
enceandhadbeent akent othehospital
wherehisdy i
ngdecl
arat
ionwasr ecorded.Heleftt
hehospi t
alanddi ed20day sl at
er.
Beforeanypostmort
em examinat
ioncouldbeheld,hisbodywascr emated.Prosecutor
couldnotprovewhatthereasonofcauseofdeat hofv i
cti
m waswhet heri
twasi njury
causedbyaccusedornegli
genceintakingmedici
neafterdi
schargeofhospi t
al.
Mot
iSi
nghandJagdambawer
eacqui
tt
ed.

(
I)Jogi
I nderSi
nghv
.St
at ab40(
eofPunj 1979)
ThedeceasedRupi nderSinghhadt easedthesi st
erofaccused.Inretali
ati
onaccused
reachedatt hehouseofdeceased.Seei ngthesethingsdeceasedstartedtorunaway .
Accusedt r
iedtoholddeceased.Accusedwer eabout15t o20f eetf
rom vict
im whenhe
j
umpedi nt
owel l.Ther
ewasnocause&ef fectrelat
ionshi
p.Herecauseandef fect
means, t
heremustbedeat hofvict
im byactofaccused.
I
fthi
scondi
ti
oni
snotf
ulf
il
led,
nof
urt
herquest
ionr
egar
dingi
ntent
ionorknowl
edge.
SecondCondi
ti
on
(
2)Ther
eMustBeGui
l
tyMi
nd.
Actmustbedonewi t
hgui l
tymind.Therear
ethreedegr eesofmensr ea-(
i)Int
entionto
causedeath,
or(i
i)Intenti
ontocausesuchbodi l
yinjuryasisl
ikelytocauset ocauset o
causedeath,
or(i
ii
)Wi ththeknowledgetheheislikelybysuchactt ocausedeat h.Here
‗l
ikel
y‘worddenotespr obabil
i
ty.Byaidi
ngsomespeci alwords,thi
spr obabil
i
tywoul d
beconvert
edint
ocer t
ainty.Thencul
pablehomici
dewoul dbeconv er
tedintomur der.
I
nabsenceofgui l
tymi ndpersonwouldnotbel i
abl
eforCH.Exampl e–Di sput
ewas
goi
ngbetweenhusbandandwi f
e.Wifewasal ongwit
hbaby .Husbandst ruckablowon
herbodyrat
herthanv i
talpar
tofherbody .Accident
lythatblow st
ruckbabyandbaby
di
ed.Husbandwasnotdoi nglawfulwork.Sohewouldnotgetbenef itofsection80.He
hadnoint
enti
ont ocausedeathofwi f
eorhisblowwasnotsuf f
ici
entt ocausedeathof
herwif
e.Thereismatteroftr
ansferofmal i
ceundersection301.Sot hatpersonwould
41
beli
abl
eonlyforgri
evoushurt
.Ratherthancausingofculpabl
ehomi cide.

Empor
erv
s.M.
S.Mur
thy(
Hal
vaCase)1912,
Mad.H.
C.

Facts-Accusedwasnoti ntendedtokil
lRaj
alakshmi.Hewasi ntendedtokil
lAppal a
Narasimhul
u,( on whose life he had ef
fected lar
ge i
nsur ances withoutAppal a
Narasimhul
u'
sknowl edge,andi nor
dertoobtainthesumsf orwhi chhewasi nsured),
gavehim somesweet meat(halva)i
nwhichapoi soncont
ainingarsenicandmer curyin
solubl
eform hadbeenmi xed.Appalaaft
ereatingsomepoi sonoussweet meat( halv
a)
remaini
nghalvahethrew.Without
40
AI
R1979SC1876
 44
41
U.
P.A.
P.O.
(Speci
al)2007.
 45

knowl edgeofaccusedt hegi rltookthehalv

aandeatandsubsequent l
ydied.Hewas
l
iablef ormur derundersection302.Buti nthi
scasesect i
on299wasal sodiscussed
verythor oughl
y.
InthiscaseSupr emeCour tdiscussedfol
lowi
ngimpor t
antpoints–
(1)Int enti
ont ocausepar t
icularpersonisnotnecessar y(2)Contr
ibut
oryact i
onof
vict
im doesnotr esol
vetheaccusedf r
om hisresponsi
bil
i
ty.(3)Cont
ri
butoryactionof
thir
dpar t
yisalsonotrel
evant.

(
1)Deat
hofPar
ti
cul
arper
son-I
ntent
iont
ocausedeat
hofpar
ti
cul
arper
soni
snot
necessar y .Itbecomesv eryclearaf t
ercumul at iver eadi ngsofSect i
ons299t o301and
i
llust r
at ionsoft hesesect i
ons.I tist obeobser vedt hatt hesect i
ondoesnotr equi rethat
theof f
endershoul di nt endt oki ll(orknow hi msel ft obel ikelytoki ll)anypar ti
cular
per son.I tisenoughi fhe―causest hedeat h‖ofanyone,whet hertheper soni ntended
tobeki ll
edoranyoneel se.
Il
lust ration-Thi siscl earf rom t hef ir
sti l
lust r
at i
ont ot hesect ion,―Al ay sst icksandt urf
ov erapi t,witht hei ntent ionoft herebycausi ngdeat h,orwi ththeknowl edget hatdeat h
i
sl ikel yt obet herebycaused
Zbel i
ev i
ngt hegr oundt obef ir
m, tr
eadsoni t,f all
si nandi ski l
l
ed.Ahascommi ttedt he
of f
enceofcul pabl ehomi cide.‖
(2)Cont ributoryact ionofv ictim ort hirdpar t
y -Nori si tnecessar ythatt hedeat hshoul d
becauseddi rectlybyt heact ionoft heof fender ,wi thoutcont r
ibutor yact ionbyt he
per sonwhosedeat hi scausedorbysomeot herper son.Thatcont ri
but oryact i
onbyt he
per sonwhosedeat hi scausedwi l
lnotnecessar ilypr eventt heactoft heof fenderf rom
bei ng cul pablehomi cide,ev eni fthedeat hcoul d nothav eoccur red wi thoutsuch
cont r
ibut or yaction, iscl earf rom t heabov eil
lust ration, andt hatcont ri
but oryact ionbya
thirdper sonwi llnotnecessar ilypr ev entt heactoft heof fenderf rom bei ngcul pable
homi cide, eveni fthedeat hcoul dnothav eoccur r
edwi thoutsuchcont ributoryact ion, i
s
clearf rom t hesecondi ll
ust rati
on, vi
z.AknowsZt obebehi ndabush.Bdoesnotknow
i
t .A, i
nt endi ngt ocause, orknowi ngitt obel i
kel yt ocause, Z‘sdeat h,inducesBt ofir
eat
thebush.Bf i
resandki l
lsZ.Her eBmaybegui lt
yofnoof fence;butAhascommi tted
theof fenceofcul pabl ehomi cide.
Thel anguageoft hesect ionandt hei l
l
ust r
at ionshow t hatnei thert hecont r
ibutory
act ion ofAppal a Nar asimhul ui nt hrowi ng awaypar toft he sweet meat ,nort he
cont r
ibut or yactionoft hegi rlinpi cki
ngi tupandeat ingi tpreventhol dingt hati twast he
accusedt hatcausedt hegi rl‘
sdeat h.
GaneshDool eyCase( 1879)
(Somet i
mesev engr ossnegl i
gencemayamountt oknowl edge)
Asnakechar merexhi bitedi npubl i
cav enomoussnakewhosef angsheknewhadnot
beenext r actedandt oshowhi sownski llbutwi thouti ntentiont ocausehar mt oany one,
placedt hesnakeont heheadoft heoneoft hespect ator
s.Thespect atorint r
yingt o
pushof ft hesnakewasbi ttenanddi edi nconsequence.Thesnakechar merwashel d
 46

gui
l
tyofcul
pabl
ehomi
cidenotamounti
ngt omur
der.
MensreaandactusreusRel
ati
onshi
p
 47

Pal
aniGoundanv .Emper or1919, Mad.H. C.
Husbandst r uckav i
olentblowont heheadwi thploughshar e.Shebecameunconsci ous.
Itwasnotshownt obeabl owl ikelyt ocausedeat h.Het houghtthatshehaddi ed.Sofor
conceal mentofev i
dence,hehangedher .Shedi edduet ohangi ng.Hewasnotl i
able
eit
herf orcul pablehomi cideormur der.Hewasl i
ableonl yforcausingofgr i
evoushurt
andconceal ingev idence.Hehadnei therintent i
onnorknowl edgetokillhiswife.
I
nReThav amaniCase, 1943Mad.H. C.
Therear etwost agesoft hef actsoft hecase.
Fir
stst age-I nthef i
rststaget her ewasi ntentiontocausedeat h.Theyhi tthewoman.
Theyt houghtt hatshehaddi ed.I nr ealityshewasmer elyunconscious.
Secondst age-Af terbelievi
ngherdeat htheyt hrewinwel ltoconceal evidence.Shedi
ed
i
nwel l.
Secondst agewascont inuationoff i
r ststage.Sohewasgui ltyofmur der.
Emper orvs.Dhi raji
a( 1940)
Shej umpedi nt
ot hewel lwi t
hexcuse.Excusewast hatshedi dduet ofearofher
husbandwhower er unningbehi ndher .Allahabad Hi ghCour theldt hatev er
ysane
personshal lbepr esumedt ohav eknowl edgeabouthi s/herownconduct .Shehaddone
withexcuse.Soshewasl i
ableonl yf orcul pablehomi cideratherthanmur der.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenCul
pabl
eHomi
cide(
CH)andMur
der

AccordingtoSirJamesFitzjamesStephen(FatherofIndianEv i
denceAct)ofCHand
Murderist heweakestpartoft heCodebecausei nbothcasesdeat hofpersonis
i
nvolv
edaswel lasi nt
enti
onandknowl edge.Therear etwol eadi
ngcasesonewas
deci
dedbyJusticeMelvi
l(Rv .Govi
nda,Jul
y18, 1876,BombayHi ghCourt)andanot
her
deci
dedbyJust i
ceRanjitSinghSarkari
a(StateofA.P.v .R.Punnayya,Sept
ember15,
1976,SupremeCourt
).

Therear etwot y
pesofhomi cidenamel y;lawfulhomicide(Sections76t o106)and
unlawfulhomi cide(299,300,301,304A,304B,305,306, 307,308,309) .Al
lhomi ci
dei s
notcul pablehomi ci
de(unlawf ulhomi cide).Butallcul
pablehomicidei shomicide. Al l
cul
pabl ehomi cideisnotmur ders,butallmur der
sar ecul
pablehomi cide.
Exampl e–Supposet herear et hr
eechi ldrennamel yA,BandC.Ageofal li
s18y ears
(Homi cide).Butattheshar pageof18y earsAdi edbutBandCcompl et
edageof60
Years( CulpableHomi cide).Butatt heshar pageof60y earsBdi ed,butBst i
llsurv
iving
andcompl etedageof90y ear s(Mur der).
Ageof18y ear
si sequal t
o-Homi cide.
Age of60 y earsi s equalt o -Cul pable
Homi cide.Ageof90 y earsi sequalt o-
Mur der.
 48

Ci sper sonwhocompl etedageof90y ears.Butbef or ecompl eti

ngageof90y ears,he
hadt ocompl eteageof18y ear s( Homi cide).Hehadal socompl et
edageof60y ears
(Culpabl eHomi cide).Af tercompl et i
ngageof60y ear s,heal socompl etedageof90
years.Soal lmur deri sCHbutal lCHi snotmur der .Al lculpablehomi cidei shomi cide
butall homi cideisnotcul pablehomi cide.
Diff
erenceamongHomi ci
de,Cul pabl eHomi cideandMur derdependsuponment al
conditionofhumanbei ng.Ifper soni sdoi ngwi t
houti nt enti
ont ocommi twr ongt hatwi l
l
amountonl yHomi cide.Forexampl edeat hcausedbyper sonundersect ion100or103
i
smer el ycul pablehomi cide.
Ifhomi cidei scausedwi thgui ltymi ndt hatwi l
lamountt ocul pablehomi cide.Ifthereis
higherdegr eeofgui lt
ymi ndt hatcul pabl ehomi cideamountmur der.Ther ear ef i
ve
except ions ofmur der .Al lexcept ions ar e mur derbutt hey hav e been putunder
categor iesofcul pablehomi cidebecauseofspeci al r
easons.
Di
v isionofCul pableHomi cideandmur der
Itmaybedi videdont hebasi soft wogr oundsment alcondi t
ionandnat ureofi nj
ur y
.
Ment alcondi tion-Cul pabl eHomi cideandmur dermaybedi v idedintotwopar tsont he
groundofment alcondi ti
onnamel y;
(1)Cul pabl eHomi cideandmur dercausedwi hi
t nt ent ionand
(2)Cul pabl eHomi cideandmur dercausedwi hknowl
t edge.
NatureofI njury-Cul pableHomi cideandmur dermaybedi videdi ntotwopar tsont he
groundofnat ureofi njurynamel y;
(1)Intent iont ocausedeat hor
(2)Intent iont ocausebodi l
yinjur y,and
(3)Knowl edgeofact .
Rv .Gov inda,
(
Just
iceMel
vi
l,
BombayHi
ghCour
t,Jul
y18,
1876)
Facts– TheCour tobser ved―I nt hepresentcaset hepr i
soner,ay oungmanof18,
appear stohav eki ckedhi swi f
e,(agirlof15)andt ohav estr
uckhersev er
alti
meswi t
h
hisfistont heback.Thesebl owsseem t ohavecausedhernoser i
ousi njury.She,
howev er,fel
lont hegr ound,andIt hinkthatt heev idenceshowst hatt hepr i
sonerthen
putonekneeonherchest ,andst r
uckhert woort hreet i
mesont hef ace.Oneort woof
thesebl ows,whi ch,f rom t hemedi calevidence,Ibel ievetohav ebeenv iol
entandt o
havebeendel iv
er edwi t
ht heclosedf i
st,tookef fectont hegi r
l‘
sl efteye,pr oduci
ng
contusion( Awoundi nwhi chtheski nisnotbr oken;of tenhavingbr okenbl oodv essel
s
anddi scolourati
on)anddi scol
orati
on.Theskul lwasnotf r
actured,butt heblowcaused
anext ravasation( discharge)ofbl oodont hebr ain,andt hegi rldiedi nconsequence
eit
heront hespot ,orv er
yshor t
lyafterwards.‖
Deci
sion-Pri
sonerwasconvict
edofcul
pablehomici
denotamount
ingt
omur
der
,and
hewassentencedtot
ranspor
tat
ionf
orsevenyear
s.
 49

Rat
io-Just
iceMelvi
lmadedi f
fer
encesbetweenCH andmur der.Forconveni
encehe
di
vi
dedguiltymindforcul
pabl
ehomi ci
deunderthr
eecategori
esnamel y
;(a),(
b)and
(c)
.Hemadet hr
eecategor
iest
omakedi f
fer
encenamel
y;
1)I
( ntent
iont
ocausedeat
h,(
C.H.–(
a), der–Fi
Mur rst
ly)
(
2)I
ntent
iont
ocausebodi
l
yinj
ury
,( H.–(
C. b), der–Secondl
Mur y&Thi
rdl
y)
(
3)Knowl
edgeofact
.( H.–(
C. c), der–Four
Mur thl
y)

(
1)I
ntent
iont
ocausedeat
h-S.299(
a)andS.
300

(
Fir
stl
y)I
ncaseofi
ntent
iont
ocausedeat
hcul
pabl
ehomi
cidei
s

al
way
smur
der
.

Just
ic S.299(a)-Intent
iont
ocausedeath-Ont hi
s S.300( First
ly-I
) ntent
ion to
e point,ther
ei s no dif
fer
ence.It means causedeat h.
Melvl homi
i ci
de i
s commi tt
ed withint
enti
on to ―(a)and( 1)showt hatwheretherei
s
cause deat h, t
hat homicide i
s always anint
entiontokill
,theoffenceis
mur der
. al
way s
murder.
‖

(
2)I
ntent
iont
ocausebodi
l
yinj
ury-(
S.299(
b)&S.
300–(
Secondl
y)&(
Thi
rdl
y)

I
nsect i
on299onl y(b)cat egoryt
alksaboutintenti
ont ocausebodil
yinjur
ywhileS.
300–
Secondly&Thi rdl
ydeal si nt
enti
ontocausebodi l
yi njur
y.Insecton300–Secondl
i y&
Thir
dlycertainspecifi
cwor dshavebeenwhi chincreasethegravi
tyofguil
tymind.
2 (b) Secondly
(b)I
ntenti
ont ocausebodi l
yinjur
y+by ( Secondly)I
ntent
ion to cause bodi ly i
njur
y +
suchbodi l
yi njur
y,i
tislikelytocauseto Of fenderknowst hatbysuchbodilyi
njur
y,i
tisl
ikely
cause tocauset ocause.(I
ntent
ion+knowledge+li
kel
y )
.
(Int
enti
on+Li kel
y). Her e knowl edge of of f
ender has enhanced
Hereknowl edgei smi ssing. p r
o babi
li
ty
ofdeath.
(b) Thirdl
y
 50

(b)Intenti
ont ocausebodi l
yi nj
ury+by Thirdl
y-Wi ththeintentionofcausi ngbodi l
yinj
uryto
suchbodi lyinjur
y,itisl
ikelytocauseto anyper son,andthebodi lyinjuryintendedt obe
cause.( I
ntenti
on+Li kel
y). i
nfli
ctedi ssuffi
cientint heor dinarycour seof
(thedi sti
ncti
onl iesbet weenabodi y nat
l uretocausedeat h.Byusi ngt hewor dssuffi
cient
i
nj ur
yl i
kelytocausedeat handabodi l
yint heor di
narycour seofnat ure,enhancedt he
i
nj ur
ysuf fici
entint heor dinarycour
se gravit
yofpr obabili
ty.(1)StateofA. P.v.R.Punnayya.
ofnat uretocausedeat h.) JRanj i
tSinghSar karia.(2)VirsaSi nghv .TheState
ofPunjab, Justi
ceVi vian
Bose.
 51

(
3)Knowl
edgeofact
.( 299–(
S. c),
S.300–Four
thl
y)
Exi
stenceofI
D(Car
d)andal
lpr
obabi
l
ityt
ocausedeat
henhancet
hegr
avi
tyofknowl
edge.

3 Knowl
edge(c) Knowledge(
Fourt
hly)
Nointent
ion, Knowl
edge+ Knowledge+Imminentl
yDanger ous(
ID)+al
lprobabi
li
ty
only Li
kel
ytocausedeat
h tocausedeath+withoutexcuse.Forexampl
e-Terr
ori
st
knowledg att
ack
e
Withoutanyexcuse
(1)Emperorv .Dhi
raj
ia.Dhir
aji
ahasdonewi t
hexcuse.
Soshewasl iableonl
yf orcul
pabl
ehomicide.
(2)Gyarsi
baiw/ oJagannathv.TheStat
e.Gy ar
sibaihas
donewi t
houtexecuse.SoShewasl i
ableformurder.

Concl
usi
on–
Ther
ear
efol
l
owi
ngst
ages-
Homi ci
de-(1)Ther emustbedeat h,(
2)Thatdeathmustbecausedbyactofaccused.
(Cause-ef fectrelati
onshi
p).Cul pabl
eHomi cide-Cause-
effectrelat
ionshi
pmustbe
resultofgui
ltymi
ndasment i
onedi n299.Murder–Culpabl
ehomi cidemaycomeunder
thecat egor
yofmur derifcondit
ionsment i
onedundersection300ar ebeingful
fi
ll
ed.
Mur dermayconv ertinto CH onl yinfiv
eexcept i
onalcir
cumstancesment i
oned in
section300
 52

Di
ff
erencesbet
weenSect
ion299andSect
ion300

Homi cide CH Mur der

Chapter 299 300
IV(Sections76
-
106)
1 Intent i
ont ocausedeat hr ather I nt
ent iont ocausedeat hrathert hanbodi ly
thanbodi lyi njury i
njur y
Intent
ion To ( a)Intention t o cause deat h( J. (Fi
rst l
y )Intent i
ont ocausedeat h.Just i
ce
CauseDeat h Mel v i
l,Ont hispoi nt,t hereisno Mel vil
-
difference- .I tmeanshomi cidei s Rv .Gov inda( 1876)
commi t
ted wi t
h i ntention t o ―( a)and( 1)showt hatwher etherei san
cause deat h,t hathomi cide i sintent iont oki ll
, theof fencei salway s
alway s mur der .‖
mur der.
2 Intent i
ont ocausebodi lyinjury Int
ent iont ocausebodi l
yinjury
(b) Secondl y&Thi rdly
Intent
ion t o (b)Intent i
ont ocausebodi lyinjury( Secondl y)Intent i
ont ocausebodi lyinjury+
cause bodi l
y +bysuchbodi l
yinj ury,itisl i
kely Of fenderknowst hatbysuchbodi lyinjur
y ,i
tis
i
njury r at
her tocauset ocause l
ikely t o cause t o cause. (I ntenti
on +
thandeat h (Intention knowl edge+ l ikely ). Her e knowl edge of
+Likel y). offenderhasenhanced
Her eknowl edgei smi ssing. probabi l
ityofdeat h.
(b)I ntentiont ocausebodi l
yi nj
uryThi rdly-Wi t
ht hei ntentionofcausi ngbodi l
y
+bysuchbodi lyinjur y,itislikelyinjur yt o anyper son,and t he bodi lyi nj
ury
to cause to i
ntended t o bei nf l
icted is suf fi
cienti nt he
cause.( I
nt ent i
on+Li kely). ordinar ycour seofnat uret ocausedeat h;By
(the di stinct i
on l ies bet ween a usi ng t he wor ds suf fi
cienti nt he ordinary
bodi lyinjuryl ikelyt ocausedeat h cour se ofnat ure,enhanced t he gravityof
andabodi lyi njurysuf f
icientin pr obabi l
ity.
theor dinar ycour seofnat ureto St ateofA. P.v .R. Punnay ya.
causedeat h. ) JRanj i
tSi nghSar kar ia.
InVi rsaSi nghv .TheSt ateofPunj ab,Justice
VivianBose.
3 Knowl edge( c) Knowl edge( Four thly)
No i ntenti
on, Knowl edge+Li kel yt ocause Knowl edge+ I mmi nent ly Danger ous + al l
only deat h probabi l
itytocausedeat h+wi thoutexcuse.
knowledge For
exampl e-Ter roristat t
ack
 53

Wit
houtanyexcuse
(
1)Emperorvs.Dhi
raj
i
a,
(
2)Gyarsi
baiW/OJagannat
hvs.TheSt
ate
 54

DI
FFERENCEBET.SEC.
299&300REGARDI
NGSENTENCES
Murder CH( Int
ent
ion) CH( Knowledge)
Section302 Secton304(Par
i t1) Sect
ion304( Part2)
DeathorLIandf
ine LIorTenyearsi
mpri
sonmentand Tenyearsofeitherdescr
ipt
ionor
fi
ne fi
ne
orboth.NoLI .

Sect
ion299(
a)&Sect
ion300Fi
rst
ly(
Int
ent
iont
ocausedeat
h)
Rawal
pent
aVenkal
uv.St
ateofSt
ateofHy
der
abadAI
R1956SC171
There was l ong dispute between t he deceased and t he famil
y oft he second
appel
lant(BodlaRam Nar siah)regardingland.RawalpentaVenkaluisthefir
stappellant
.
Aft
ertakingtoddyandwi ne,theywentt othehouseoft hedeceased(Md.Moi nuddin)to
burnali
vehi m andl
ockedt hehouseandsecondappel l
antsetthef i
retothehousewi th
amat chstick.Md.Moi nuddinwascr yingforhelp.Hisservantstri
edtosav ehim.They
wereassaul t
edbyt heaccused.Ser vantswentt owardsvil
lageforhelp.Whenv il
lagers
camef orhelptheywer ealsobeat enindiscri
minatel
y.Sotheyreturnedback.
Supr
emeCour tfoundthattherewascl earint
ent
iontocausedeat
h.Soappealwas
di
smissed.I
tmeansdeathsentenceofappell
antwasconf
ir
med.

KapurSi
nghv
.St
ateofPepsu42

Facts-Aboutayearbefor
ethedat
eoft
heoccurr BachanSi
ence, nghs/othedeceased
causedasev er
ei nj
uryonthelegofPri
tam Si
nghs/oKapurSinghr
esul
ti
ngint he
amputati
onofhisl
eg.

KapurSi
nghwiththehelpofChandSi
nght ookrevenge.ChandSinghheldthefatherof
BachanSi
nghbyt heheadandKapurSi
nghi nfl
i
ctedasmanyas18i nj
uri
esont hearms
andlegsofthedeceasedwithagandasa.I tissignif
icantt
hatoutofalltheinjur
ies
whichwer
ethusinfl
ict
ednonewasinf
li
ctedonav i
talpartoft
hebody.

Deci
sion-Appellanthadnoint
enti
ont ocausedeath.Butbysuchbodil
yinj
uryitwas
l
ikel
ytocausedeat h.Hewasconv
ictedundersect
ion304(1)ofI
PC.TheCourtr
eject
ed
t
oappl ysect
ion302.
 55

42
AI
R1956SC654
 56

Vi
rsaSi
nghv
.St
at ab43 (
eofPunj Mar
ch11,
1958)(
Just
iceVi
vi
anBose)

Fact
s–Therewasonl yoneinj
uryonKhem Singh.Vir
saSinghthrustaspeari
ntot
he
abdomenoft
hedeceased.Thi
sinj
urycausedhi
sdeath.Intheopini
onofthedoct
ort
he
i
njur
ywassuf
fici
entt
ocausedeathintheordi
narycourseofnat
ure.

Sect
ion300,
thi
rdl
y
―Ifitis done wit
hthe i
ntent
ion ofcausi
ng bodil
yinj
uryt o anyperson and the
bodil
yinj
uryint
endedt
obei nfl
i
ctedissuffi
cienti
ntheordinarycourseofnat ur
et o
causedeath.
‖
Contenti
onsofAppel l
ant– Mai ncontenti
onoft heappel
lantwast hatt
herear etwo
part
sofsect ion300t hir
dlyandinbothpartsint
enti
onisnecessary.I
tmeans( 1)there
mustbei ntentiontocausebodi l
yinj
uryand(2)theremustbeintenti
ontocausesuch
bodi
lyinjuryasi ssuf
fici
entintheordi
narycourseofnatur
et ocausedeath.According
tocontentioni nbothcasessubjecti
vetestmustbefoll
owed.
Decisi
onofCourt– SupremeCourtrej
ect
edthi
scont
ent
ion.Supr
emeCourthel
dthat
ther
ear etwopartsofsect i
on300thi
rdl
y.TheCour
tsaidthattheset
wopartsare
disj
uncti
veandsepar
ate.Thesepar
tsar
enamely
;
Par
t1-
Ifi
tisdonewi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofcausi
ngbodi
l
yinj
uryt
oanyper
sonand(
Subj
ect
ivet
est
)
Part2-t
hebodi
lyinj
uryi
ntendedt
obeinfli
cted(I
tisdescr
ipt
iveofpar
t1)i
ssuf
fi
cienti
n
theordi
nar
ycourseofnat
uretocausedeath(Obj
ecti
veTest)
.
Part1&I ntenti
on–I ntent
ionisnecessaryonlyforpar
tone.I tmustbepr ov
edt hat
bodil
yinj
urywascausedwi thint
ent
ion.Itmustnotbeacci dentalorunint
ent
ional
.It
mustbedeci dedaccor
dingtosubj
ecti
vetest.Per
sonali
ntent
ionisnecessary
.

Part2&I ntent
ion–I nthesecondparti
ntent
ioni
snotnecessar
y.Todeci
dewhet
her
bodil
yinj
uryissuf
fi
cientornot
,obj
ect
ivet
estmustbefol
l
owed.

FourSt
eps
Toputitshortl
y,t
heprosecut
ionmustpr
ovet
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
sbef
orei
tcanbr
inga
caseundersect
ion300thi
rdl
y-

Fi
rstSt
ep-i
tmustest
abl
i
sh,
qui
teobj
ect
ivel
y,t
hatabodi
l
yinj
uryi
spr
esent;

Secondl
ySteps-t
henat
ureoft
hei
njur
ymustbepr
oved;
Thesear
epur
elyobj
ect
ive
i
nvesti
gat
ions.
 57
43
AI
R1958SC465.
 58

Thi
rdl
ySt eps-itmustbepr ovedthattherewasani nt
enti
ont oinfl
ictthatpar
ti
cular
bodi
lyi
njury,t
hati
stosay,thatitwasnotacci
dent
alorunint
ent
ional,
ort hatsomeother
ki
ndofinjurywasi ended-Subj
nt ect
iveTest
.

Oncet
heset
hreeel
ement
sar
epr
ovedt
obepr
esent
,theenqui
rypr
oceedsf
urt
herand,

FourthlySt
eps-itmustbeprovedthatt
heinjur
yofthetypejustdescr
ibedmadeupof
thethreeelement
ssetoutaboveissuff
ici
enttocausedeathintheordinar
ycour
seof
natur
e.Thispartoft
heenquir
yispurel
yobjecti
veandinf
erenti
alandhasnothi
ngtodo
withtheint
enti
onoftheof
fender
.

Oncet hesef
ourel
ement sareestabl
i
shedbytheprosecut
ion(and,ofcourse,t
he
burdenisontheprosecut
ionthr
oughout
)theoff
enceismur derundersect
ion300
thi
rdl
y.

Deci
sion– Vi
rsaSinghwasconv
ict
edbythefi
rstcourtundersect
ion302andhis
conv
icti
onandsent
encewer
eupheldbyt
heHighCourt
.Appealwasdi smi
ssedbyt
he
Supr
emeCourt.

Remarks–InVi r
saSinghcaseSupremeCour
thasexplai
nedthemeani
ngandscopeof
44
Ar
ti
cl
e300(3)
. Gui del
ineswerel
aiddowntoat
tr
actsecti
on300(3)
.

45
St
ateofA.
P.v
.R.Punnay
ya&Anot
her ,

(
Sept
.15,
1976,
S.C.Just
iceRanj
i
tSi
nghSar
kar
ia)

Fact
s-I
nRompicher
lav
il
lage,
ther
ewerefact
ionsbel
ongi
ngt
othr
eemaj
orcommuni
ti
esv
iz.
,
Reddy
s,KammasandBhatr
ajus.

(
1)Ray
avarapu(RespondentNo.1her
ein)wast eaderofKammaf
hel act
ion.Kammas
wer
esupport
ersofSwatantr
aPart
y.
(2)Choppar
apuSubbar
eddiwast
hel heReddy
eaderoft s.TheReddy
swer
esuppor
ti
ng
t
heCongressPar
ty.
Sev
eral
timesdi
sput
eshav
eoccur
redbet
weenbot
hgr
oupdur
ingel
ect
ions.
(3)Sar i
kondaKot amraju,t
hedeceasedpersonint heinst
antcase,wast heleaderof
Bhatrajus.In orderto deviseprot
ect
ivemeasur esagainsttheonsl aught
soft hei
r
opponent s,theBhatraj
ushel dameeti
ngatt hehouseoft hedeceased,whereinthey
resol
v edt odefendthemselvesagai
nsttheaggressiv
eactionsoftherespondentsand
thei
rpar tymen.PW 1, amemberofBhatraj
us
 59

44
M.
P.H.
J.S.(
Pre)2010.
45
AI
R1977SC45.
 60

fact
ionhasacat tl
eshed.Thepassaget othiscat
tl
e-shedwasbl ockedbyt heother
part
y.ThedeceasedtookPW 1t oPoliceStati
onNekari
kal andgotarepor
tlodgedthere.
OnJuly22,1968Sub-Inspectorvi
sit
edt heplaceanddirectedt
ocomeatpol icestat
ion
forcompromise.Therewer esomedi sput
espendinginCour tbeforeaMagi st
rateat
Narasar
aopet.
July23,1968-Ont hemor ningofJuly23,1968,atabout6-30a.m.,thedeceasedwi th
twoot herpersonboar dedbusforgoi
ngtoNekar i
kal
.Somemi nut
eslater,Accused1t o
5al sogotint
ot hesamebus.Whent hebusstoppedatNekar i
kalCrossRoads, atabout
7-30a. m.,t
hedeceasedandhi scompanionsalight
edf orgoingtot hePoliceStati
on.
Thef iveaccusedal sogotdown.Thedeceasedandonecompani onwentt owardsa
Choul t
rywhilethir
dcompani onwenttot heroadsi
det oeasehi mself.Twoaccused
pickedupheav ysti
cksandwentaf t
erthedeceasedi nt
otheChoul try
.Onseei ngt he
accusedt hecompani onranawaytowardsahutnearby.Thedeceasedst oodup.

Hewasanol dmanof55y ears.Hewasnotal l

owedtor un.Despitetheentr
eat i
esmade
bythedeceasedwi thfoldedhands, bothaccusedindi
scr i
minatel
ypoundedt hel egsand
armsoft hedeceased.Oneoft heby -
standers,
askedtheassai l
antsast owhyt heywer e
mercilesslybeati
ngahumanbei ng,asi fhewer ea buf fal
o.Theassai lantsangr il
y
ret
ortedt hatt
hewi t
nesswasnobodyt oquest i
onthem andcont i
nuedt hebeatingtil
lthe
deceased becameunconsci ous.Theaccused t hen threw theirsticksatt hespot ,
boardedanot herv ehicle,andwentaway .Thev i
cti
m wasr emov edt oNar asaraopet
Hospitalinat empor ar.There,atabout8. 45a.m.,DoctorKondaReddyexami nedhim
andfound19i nj
uri
es, outofwhi ch,nolessthan9were( int
ernall
y)foundtobegr i
evous.

AutopsyReport-TheautopsywasconductedbyDr .P.
S.Saroj
inii
nwhoseopi
nion,t
he
i
njuri
esf oundont hedeceasedwerecumul ati
vel
ysuf f
ici
enttocausedeathinthe
ordi
narycourseofnatur
e.Thecauseofdeath,accordi
ngtotheDoctor
,wasshockand
haemorrhageresul
ti
ngfrom mul
ti
plei
njur
ies.

Deci
sionofSupr
emeCour
t
Supr
emeCour
tlai
ddownsev
eral
impor
tantpoi
nts–
(1)GenusandSpeci
es–I ntheschemeoft
heIndianPenalCode,
‗culpabl
ehomici
de‘
is
genusand‗murder‘
itsspeci
es.Al
l‗mur
der
‘is‗culpabl
ehomici
de‘butnotvi
ce-
ver
sa.
Speaki
ng gener al
ly,‗culpabl
e homi ci
de‘sans (sans means wit
hout)‗ speci
al
char
acter
ist
icsofmur der
‘,is‗cul
pablehomici
denotamounti
ngtomur der
‘.‗
Culpabl
e
homici
de‘with‗speci
alcharacter
ist
icsofmurder
‘,i
s‗cul
pabl
ehomici
deamount i
ngto
murder
‘.

(
2)Degr
eesofCul
pabl
eHomi
cide–
 61

Forthepur
poseoff i
xingpunishment,pr
opor
ti
onat
etot hegrav
ityof t
his gener
ic
off
ence,
IPCpract
ical
l
yr ecogni
zest
hreedegr
eesofcul
pablehomici
de.
(a)1stDegree-
Thef i
rstis,whatmaybecal
l
ed,cul
pablehomi
cideoft
hefirstdegr
ee.
Thisi sthegravestform ofculpabl
ehomi
cidewhichisdef
inedinsect
ion300as
‗mur der
‘.
(b)2ndDegr
ee-Thesecondmaybeter
medas‗ cul
pabl
ehomici
deoft
heseconddegr
ee‘
.
st
Thisispuni
shabl
eunderthe1 par
tofsect
ion304.Cul
pabl
ehomici
decommitt
edwith
i
ntenti
on
(c)3rdDegree-Therei
s‗ cul
pabl
ehomi ci
deofthethir
ddegr ee.
‘Thisisthelowestty
pe
ofculpablehomici
deandt hepunishmentprov
idedforiti
s,also,thelowestamongthe
punishments pr
ovided f
ort he t
hree gr
ades.Culpable homicide ofthis degr
ee is
punishabl
eundert hesecondPartofSection304.Culpablehomi ci
decommi t
tedwith
knowledge.
Di
ff
erenceBet
.Sec.
299&300Regar
dingSent
ences
1st ee 2ndDegr
Degr ee(Middl
eDegree) 3rdDegr
ee(
LowestDegr
ee)
(HighestDegree) CH( Int
ention) CH( Knowl
edge)
Mur der
Sect ion302 Secton304(Par
i t1) Sect
ion304(Part2)
Deat horLIand LIorTeny earsi
mpri
sonmentand Tenyear
sofeitherdescr
ipt
ionor
fi
ne fi
ne fi
neorboth.NoLI.

(
3)Di
ff
erencebet
weenCHandMur
der–
Thesaf
estwayofapproachtot heint
erpr
etat
ionandappli
cati
onoft heseprovi
sions
seemstobetokeepinfocust
hekeywor dsusedinthevar
iousclausesofss.299and
300.Wi
ththehel
pofcomparat
ivetabl
e,di
sti
nct
ionwasdi
scussed.
(
1)Cl
ause(
b)ofs.299cor
respondswi
thcl
.(2)ofs.300.
Thedi sti
nguishi
ngf eatureoft hemensr earequisi
teundercl .( 2)istheknowl edge
possessedbyt heof fenderr egar dingt he part
icul
arv icti
m bei ngi nsuchapecul i
ar
condi ti
onorst ateofhealtht hatthei ntentionalharm causedt ohi mi sli
kelytobef atal
,
not withstandi
ngt hefactt hat‘suchhar m woul dnoti nt heor dinarywayofnat ur
ebe
suf f
icienttocausedeat hofaper soni nnor malheal t
horcondi t
ion.Itisnotewort
hyt hat
the‗ i
ntentionto causedeat h‘isnotanessent i
alrequirementofel .(2).Onlyt he
i
nt entionofcausi ngt hebodi lyinj urycoupl edwi t
ht heof fender ‘
sknowl edgeoft he
l
ikelihoodofsuchi nj
urycausi ngt hedeat hofthepar t
icularvicti
m,i ssuffi
cientt
obr ing
theki lli
ng withi
nt heambi toft hiscl ause.Thi saspectofcl .( 2)isbor neoutby
i
llustrati
on( b)appendedt os.300.
 62

(
2)Cl
ause(
b)ofs.299cor
respondswi
thcl
.(3)ofs.300.
Incl
ause( 3)ofs.300,inst
eadofthewords‗l
ikel
ytocausedeath‘occurr
inginthe
cor
respondingel
.(b)ofs.299,t
hewords―suf
fi
cienti
ntheor
dinar
ycour seofnatur
e‖
have
 63

beenused.Obv i
ously,thedi st
incti
onl i
esbet weenabodi lyinjuryli
kel ytocausedeat h
andabodi lyi njur
ysuf fici
enti ntheor dinarycour seofnat uret ocausedeat h.The
distinctionisfinebutr eal,and,ifover-l
ooked, mayresult‘
inmi scar
riageofj ustice.The
differencebet weencl .(b)of
s.299andcl .(
3)ofs.300i soneoft hedegr eeofpr obabil
it
yofdeat hr esul
tingfrom t he
i
nt endedbodi l
yi njur
y.Toputi tmor ebr oadl y
,itisthedegr eeofpr obabil
ityofdeat h
whi chdet ermineswhet heracul pablehomi cideisoft hegravest ,medi um ort hel owest
degr ee.Thewor d―l i
kely‖incl .(b)ofs.299conv eysthesenseof‘ pr obabl e‘as
distinguishedf r
om amer epossibil
ity
.Thewor ds―bodi l
yi njury
...suf f
icienti nt he
ordinar ycourseofnat uretocausedeat h‖meant hatdeathwi llbethe―mostpr obable‖
resul toftheinjuryhav i
ngr egar
dt otheor di
nar ycourseofnat ure.
(
3)Cl
ause(
c)ofs.299andcl
.(4)ofs.300
Bothr equi r
eknowl edgeoft hepr obabil
i
tyoft hecausingdeat h.Itisnotnecessar yfor
thepur poseoft hi
scaset odi l
atemuchont hedisti
nct
ionbet weent hesecor r
espondi
ng
clauses.I twil
lbesuf fici
entt osayt hatcl.(4)ofs.300woul dbeappl i
cabl
ewherethe
knowl edgeoft heof fenderast ot heprobabili
tyofdeat hofaper sonorpersonsi n
generalasdi stinguishedf rom apar t
icularpersonorper sonsbei ngcausedf rom his
i
mmi nent l
ydanger ousact ,appr oximatestoapr acti
calcertainty.Suchknowl edgeonthe
partoft heoffendermustbeoft hehighestdegr eeofpr obabi l
it
y ,theacthav i
ngbeen
commi ttedbyt heof fenderwi thoutanyexcusef orincurr
ingt her iskofcausingdeathor
suchi njuryasaf oresaid.

(4)Bodi l
yInj ury( Singular)v .Bodi l
yInjuries(Plural
)-Themer ef actt
hatt hebeatingwas
designedlyconf inedbyt heassai lant
st ot helegsandar ms, orthatnoneoft hemul t
ipl
e
i
nj uri
esinflictedwasi ndi
v iduall
ysuf f
icientint heor dinarycour seofnat uretocause
deat h,wil
lnotexcl udet heappl icati
onofCl ause3r dlyofsect ion300.Theexpr ession
―bodi l
yinjur y‖inCl ause3r dlyincludesal soi t
splur al,sothatt heclausewoul dcov era
case wher e al lt he injuries intenti
onal ly,caused byt he accused ar e cumul ati
vel
y
suf f
ici
entt ocauset hedeat hi nt heor dinarycour seofnat ure,eveni fnoneoft hose
i
nj uri
esindiv iduallymeasur esupt osuchsuf fi
ciency .Thesuf f
ici
encyspokenofi nthi
s
clausei st hehi ghpr obabi l
it
yofdeat hi ntheor dinar ycour seofnat ur e,andifsuch
suf f
ici
encyexi stsanddeat hiscausedandt heinjurycausi ngi tisi
ntentional,t
hecase
woul dfailunderCl ause3r dlyofsect ion300.

(5)Vir
saSi nghCase( 1958)–Rul ingofVi rsaSinghCasewasaccept ed.Accordi
ngto
therulel aiddowni nVirsaSi ngh‘
scaseev eniftheint
enti
onofaccusedwasl imit
edto
theinfl
ictionofabodi lyinjur
ysufficientt
ocausedeat hintheordi
nar
ycour seofnatur
e
anddi dnotex t
endt othei ntent
ionofcausi ngdeath,t
heof f
encewoul dbemur der.
Il
lust
ration( c)appendedt os.300cl earl
ybringsoutthi
spoint
.

(
6)Mur
der-Al
lthecondi
ti
onswhi
char
eapr
e-r
equi
sit
efort
heappl
i
cabi
l
ityoft
his
 64

cl
ausehav
ebeenestabl
i
shedandt
heof
fencecommi
tt
edbyt
heaccusedi
nthei
nst
ant
casewas‗mur
der
‘.
 65

Emper
orv
.Mt
.Dhi
r a46(
aj
i June4,
1940)Just
iceBr
aund

Facts–.Thi sisthecaseofVar anasi

.Therewer edisputebet weenMt .Dhiraji
aandher
husbandJhagga.Husbandwascont i
nuouslybeating.Theyhadasi xmont hsoldbaby .
thewi f
edesiredtogot ov i
sitherpar ent
swhol eJhaggawasopposi ng.Onedayshe
wokeupandst ar
tedt omov ewi thherbabyal ongwi thr ail
wayt r
ack.Lat et hatnight
Jhaggawokeupandf oundhiswi feandt hebabymi ssing.Hewentouti npur suitof
them andwhenher eachedapoi ntclosetot herail
waylinehesawhermaki ngherway
alongthepath.Whenshehear dhi m comingaf terherMt .Dhir
aji
at urnedr oundi na
panic,r
anal i
ttl
edistancewiththebabygi rlinherar msandt heneit
herj umpedi ntoan
openwel lwhi
chwasatsomel i
tt
ledistancefrom thepath.Babydi edandsheev entual
ly
survi
ved.Shewaschar gedforcommi tt
ingmur derofbabyandat t
emptofsui ci
de.

Deci
sion–

I
mpor
tantpoi
ntoft
hiscase-

(1)Fi
rststepCHandSecondst epMur der-Accor di ngtot heschemeI PC,‗murder‘is
merel
yapar ti
cul
arform ofcul
pablehomi cide,andonehast olookfi
rsttoseeinev ery
murdercasewhethertherewasculpablehomi cideatal l
.Ifcul
pablehomicidei
spr esent
thenthenextthi
ngt oconsi
deriswhet heritisoft hattypewhi chundersecti
on300i s
desi
gnated‗murder‘orwhetheritfal
l
swi thinthatr esi
dueofcaseswhi charecov ered
bySection 304 (Puni
shmentf orCH)and ar e designated ‗cul
pable homici
de not
amountingtomurder‘
.
(2)I
ntent
ionvs.Knowl
edge–Int hi
scasetheCourtaccept
edthatDhi
raj
i
ahadneit
her
i
ntenti
ontocausedeathnori
ntenti
ontocausebodi
lyinj
ury
.Butshewassane.Soshe
hadknowledge.
TheCour
tsai
d,―‗ I
ntent
ion‘
appear
stoust
obeonet
hingand‗
knowl
edge‘
appear
sto
ustobeadi
ff
erentt
hing.
I
nordertopossessandt oform anint
enti
ont emustbeacapaci
her t
yforreason.And
whenbysomeext r
aneousforcethecapaci
tyf
orreasonhasbeenoust
ed,i
tseemst ous
t
hatthecapaci
tyt
of or
m anintent
ionmusthavebeenunseat
edtoo.

Butt o ourmi nds,knowl edge st

ands upon a di ff
erentfootng.Some degr
i ee of
knowledgemustbeat t
ri
butedtoeverysaneper son.Obvi
ousl
y,thedegr
eeofknowl edge
whichanypar t
icularpersoncanbeassumedt opossessmustv ar
y.Fori
nstance,we
cannotattr
ibut
et hesamedegr eeofknowl edget oanuneducatedast oaneducat ed
person.Butwethinkthattosomeext entknowledgemustbeat tri
but
edtoever
yonewho
i
ssane. ‖

Pr
ovi
dedbyabhi
shekkumarmi
shr
a,CLC,
8299556360
 66

46
AI
R1940Al
l
.H.
C.486
 67

(
3).
.suchact
..mustbe―wi
thoutanyexcusef
ori
ncur
ri
ngt
her
iskofcausi
ngdeat
h ‖–
Shef ear
edherhusbandandshehadr easontofearherhusband.Shewasendeav
ouri
ng
toescapef rom him atdawnandi nthepanicintowhichshewast hr
ownwhenshesaw
him behindhershej umpedint
ot hewel l
.Shehadexcuseandt hatexcusewaspani
cor
fr
ight.ForthesereasonsMt.Dhir
ajiaisnotgui
ltyofmurder.
(4)At
tempttosui
cide–Shewasacquitt
ed.Shedidnottakeconsci
ousef
for
ttot
ake
ownli
fe.Shedi
dsoi nanef
for
ttoescapefrom herhusband.
(5)Conv
ict
ionforKi
l
lingofbaby–Shewasconv ict
edundersect
ion304becauseshe
haddonewi t
hknowledgeunderexcusabl
eci
rcumstances.
(6)Punishment–Shewassent encedf orsi
xmont hswit
hri
gorousimprisonment
.She
hadalr
eadybeeninprisonforaperiodofeightmonths.Soshewasr el
easedatonce.
47
Gyarsi
baiw/oJagannathvsTheSt ate (23Oct .
,1952)MadhyaPradeshHi gh

Cour
tJust
iceDi
xi
t

Fact s-Gy arsi bai ,herchi l

dren,herhusbandJagannat handhersi ster -
in-lawKai sarBai
usedt oresidet oget her.Ther ewer econst antquar rel
sbet weent heappel lantandher
sister-
in-l
awandv eryoftenJagannat husedt osl apt heappellantforpi cki ngupaquar rel
withhersi ster -
in- l
aw Kai sarBai .Iti sall
egedt hatonesuchquar relt ookpl aceont he
mor ningof14. 8.1951whenJagannat hwasawayf rom hishome.I nt hi squar relKai
sar
Baiaskedt heappel l
antt ol eavet hehouse.Ther eupon,theappel lantl eftt hehouse,
takinghert hr eechi ldrenaged7y ears,5y earsand1½y earsandsay ingt hatonaccount
ofhersi ster-i
n- lawshewoul djumpi ntoawel l.Soonaf ter,
theappel lantwentt oawell i
n
thev il
lageandt hr ew herselfi ntothewel lalongwi t hherthreechi l
dr en.Af ew hours
after,somei nhabi tantsoft hev i
ll
agef oundGy arasibaisuppor t
ingher selfonanedgeof
thewel landt het hreechi l
dr endeadi nt hewel l.Theappel l
antadmi ttedbef orethe
Commi tti
ngMagi st r
ateaswel lasbef oretheSessi onsJudget hatshej umpedi ntothe
wel lt
ogetherwi thherchi l
drenonaccountofhersi ster-i
n-l
awKai sarBai '
shar assment.
Decision–Gy ar
sibaiwasconvict
edformur deraswellasforattemptofsui ci
de.Appeal
wasdi smissed.(1)Shejumpedi nt
ot hewellinconsciousness.Soshewasl i
abl
ef or
att
emptt osuici
de.(2)Shewasl i
ableforcausingmurderofthreechildr
enbecauseshe
hadj umpedintothewellwithoutanyexcuse.Shedidt hi
sonlyf orsati
sfacti
onofself-
ego.Therewasnoanyi mmi nentdanger.

Except
ionsofSect
ion300
Ther
ear
efi
veexcept
ionsofsect
ion300namel
y;
(1)Gr
aveandsuddenProv
ocat
ion(
2)Pr
ivat
eDef
ence(
3)Act
sofPubl
i
cSer
vant
s(4)
SuddenFi
ght(
5)Consent
 68
47
M.
P.Ci
vi
lJudge,
1989.
 69

Except
ion1ofSect
ion300-Gr
aveandsuddenPr
ovocat
ion
K.M.Nanav at
iv.StateofMaharasht
r a48(
Nov .24,
1961)
Nanav ati
,aNav alOffi
cer,waschargedf orcommi t
ti
ngmur derofwi fe‘sparamour.She
hadt hreechil
dren.Ont hedayofoccur rencehiswi eSy
f l
viaconf essedt ohim ofher
i
lli
citi
ntimacywi hPr
t em BhagwandasAhuj a,abusinessmenofBombay .Hedrov ehi
s
wifeandchi l
drent oacinemawherehedr oppedthem promisingtopi ckthem upwhen
the showended at6p. m.
,andtheaccusedwentt ohisship,tookf rom i
tsstores a
revolv
erandcar tr
idgesonaf al
sepretext,loadedthesame,wentt oAhuj a‘
sflat
,enter
ed
hisbedr oom andshothim dead.
Essenti
alIngredientofExcepti
on-Homi cideistheki
ll
ingofahumanbei ngbyanother.
Undert hi
sexcept i
on,cul
pablehomicideisnotmur derifthef ol
lowi ngcondi
ti
onsare
compl i
edwi t
h:(1) Thedeceasedmusthav egi
venprovocationtot heaccused.(2)The
provocati
onmustbegr av
e.
(3)The pr ovocat i
on mustbe sudden.( 4)The of f
ender ,by r eason ofthe sai
d
provocati
on,shal lhavebeendepri
vedofhi spowerofsel f
-control.(5)Heshouldhave
kil
ledthedeceaseddur i
ngthecontinuanceoft hedeprivati
onoft hepowerofself-
control
.(6)Theof f
endermusthav ecausedt hedeat hoft heper sonwhogav ethe
provocati
onort hatofanyotherper
sonbymi st
akeoraccident.
TestofGr
aveandSuddenPr
ovocat
ion-
(1)Obj ect
ive Test-The testof ―graveand sudden‖ pr
ovocat
ion i
s whether a
reasonable man,belongi
ngtothesameclassofsociet
yastheaccused,pl
acedinthe
sit
uationinwhi chtheaccusedwasplacedwouldbesopr ovokedastolosehisself
-
control.

(2)Wordsandgest ur
esar esuffi
cient-InIndi
a,wordsandgesturesmayalso,under
cert
ainci
rcumstances,causegraveandsuddenpr ovocat
iontoanaccusedsoast o
bri
nghisactwi
thinthefi
rstExcepti
ont osect
ion300oftheIndi
anPenal
Code.
(3)Thement albackgr
oundcreat
edbytheprevi
ousactofthev i
cti
m maybet
akeni
nto
consider
ati
oni nascer
taini
ngwhetherthesubsequentactcausedgrav
eandsudden
provocat
ionforcommitti
ngtheof
fence.
(4)Blow dur i
ngi
nfl
uenceofpassion- Thef at
alblow shoul
dbecl ear
lytr
acedt ot
he
i
nfluenceofpassionari
singf
rom thatprovocat
ionandnotaftert
hepassionhadcool
ed
downbyl apseofti
me,orot her
wisegi v
ingr oom andscopef orpremedit
ati
onand
calculat
ion.

Deci
sion-Hewasl iabl
eformurderundersect
ion302.Hecouldnotgetbenefi
tof
sect
ion300Except
ion1.Inthi
scasef actwasgrave(keepi
ngofsexuali
nter
cour
se
 70

wi
thoutconsentofhusbandi
sgrave)butdeat
hcausedbyNanav atiwasnotsudden.
Gr
aveandsuddenmustbedecidedaccordi
ngtofactandci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecase.
GhapooYadav&Or
s.v
.St
ateofM.
P.(Feb.2003)
 71

(
Differencebet
weenException(1)andExcept
ion(4)
Except
ion4- Forbr i
ngingi nitsoperat
ionithast obeestabli
shedt hatt
heactwas
committed wit
houtpr emedi t
ati
on,ina suddenf i
ghtintheheatofpassi on upona
suddenquar r
elwithoutt heof f
enderhavi
ngt aken undueadvantageand nothavi
ng
actedi
nacr uelorunusualmanner .
FactsoftheCase-Ther ewasl anddispute.Aft
ermeasurementofthelandpossession
ofberrytreechanged.Itwascutdown.Ont hispoi
ntalter
cat
ionandscuf fl
estart
ed.
Withoutpremeditati
onfightstart
ed.Duri
ngt hi
soneper sonseri
ousl
yi nj
uredandf el
t
downonear th.Afterthi
snoi nj
urywascausedt hi
sperson(Hewasnotbeat encruel
ly)
.
Hisdyingdeclar
ationwasr ecor
ded.Hedied.
st
Deci
sion–Hegotthebenef
itofexcept
ionf
ourandhewaspunishedundersecti
on304(
1
Part
).
Rati
oofthi
sCase–Ther
earefol
lowi
ngimport
antpoi
ntswhi
chwer
ediscussedi
nthi
scase–

(1)Differ
encebetweenException1andExcept i
on4-
(i
)Pr inci
pleissame.Bot hdependuponwi thoutpr emedit
ati
on.But,whil
einthecaseof
Except i
on1t her
ei stot
aldepr
ivati
onofself-control
,i
ncaseofExcept i
on4, t
hereisonl
y
thatheatofpassi onwhichcloudsmen‘ ssoberr easonandur gesthem todeedswhich
theywoul dnototherwisedo.
(i
i)Ther eisprovocati
oninException4asi nExcept i
on1;butt heinj
urydoneisnotthe
dir
ectconsequenceoft hatprovocat
ion.I
nf actExcept i
on4deal swithcasesinwhich
not wi
thstandi
ngt hatablow mayhav ebeenst ruck,orsomepr ovocati
ongiveninthe
originoft hedisputeori nwhat everwayt hequar relmayhav eor i
gi ed,y
nat etthe
subsequentconductofbot hparti
esput st
hem i nrespectofguil
tuponequalfooti
ng.

(2)MeaningofSuddenFi ght-A‗ suddenf ight‘i

mpliesmut ualprovocat
ionandblowson
each side.The homi cide commi tted ist hen clearl
y nott r
aceableto unilat
er al
provocati
on,norinsuchcasescoul dt hewhol ebl amebepl acedononesi de.
(3)MutualProvocati
onandaggr avation-
Thereisnopr evi
ousdeli
berati
onordet er
mi nati
ont ofight
.Af i
ghtsuddenlytakesplace,
forwhichbothpar ti
esaremoreorl esst obebl amed.I tmaybet hatoneofthem starts
i
t,butiftheotherhadnotaggr avatedi tbyhi sownconducti twoul dnothavetakent he
seri
ousturnitdid.Ther
eisthenmut ual provocationandaggr avati
on,anditi
sdiffi
cultto
apporti
ontheshar eofbl
amewhi chat tachest oeachf i
ghter.
49
PoonaiFat
temahv
.Emper
or (1869)
Excepti
on-5ofSect
ion300andSect i
on90
(
Consent)Except
ion-
5-Thepoint
stobepr ovedar
e:
(
1)Thedeathwascausedwi t
htheconsentofthedeceased;
 72

(2)Thedeceasedwast henabove18y ear

sofage;
(3)Thatsuch consentwas f ree and vol
untari
l
y and notgiven t
hrough fearor
misconcepti
onoffacts.
Facts-Theaccused,whopr of
essedt obeasnake-charmerper
suadedthedeceasedto
all
ow himsel
ftobebi ttenbyapoi sonoussnake,i
ncludi
nghimtobeli
evethathehad
powertoprotecthi
mf rom har
m.
Itwasheldt hatconsentwasgivenunderami sconcept
ionoffactsari
singoutofthe
misrepr
esentati
onmadebyt heaccusedthathehadpowerbychar mst ocuresnake
bit
esandt heaccusedknew t hattheconsentwasgi v eninconsequenceofsuch
misconcept
ionandt heref
ore,t
heaccusednotent i
tl
edtopr ot
ect
ionont hegroundof
consentofthedeceased.
Deci
sion–Accusedwasgui
l
tyofmur
der
.
50
Dashr
athPaswanv
.St
ateofBi
har (Nov
.14,
1957)(
Pat
naHi
ghCour
t)

Dashr
athPaswanwasast udentofcl
assX.Hehadfail
edattheannualexaminati
onfor
3year
sinsuccessi
on.Thedeceased,hi
swife,
wasagedabout19years.Itappear
sthat
shewasali
terat
ewoman.Theappel l
antwasv er
ymuchupsetatt
hesef ai
lur
es.Hetold
hi
swifet
hathehaddecidedtoendhisli
fe.

Hiswif
et oldhiminr epl
yt hatheshoul dfir
stkil
lherandt henkil
lhi
mself.Thi
stal
kt ook
pl
aceatabout8a. m.on13- 6-55.Thatmor ni
ngt hepar entsoftheappell
anthadgone
outearl
yint hemor ningtowor kint hefi
eldsandt herewasnobodyel seinthehouse
besi
destheappellantandhi swife.Inaccordancewi ththepact,aboutanhourlater
,the
wif
espreadamatont hef l
oorinoneoft heroomsi nt hehouseandlaydownqui etly
.
Theappellantatf
irststruckherwi t
habhal acausi ngami nori
njur
yonherchest.Then
hetookupashar p-cutti
nghasul iandgav eherthreev iol
entblowsontheneckkill
i
ngher
onthespot .

Hethenr
anoutoft
hehousewi
thhi
sbl
oodst
ainedcl
othesi
nor
dert
oendhi
sownl
i
fe.
Hewasarr
est
ed.

Reason-I
tisundi
sput
edthatthedeceasedwasabov
etheageof18y
ear
sandt
hatshe
hadsuff
ereddeat
hwithherownfreeconsent
.
Deci
sion-Hewaspuni
shedundersect
ion304,
Par
t–I
.
 73

50
AI
R1958Pat
.190.
 74

Sect
ion301(
Transf
erofMal
i
ce/
Transmi
grat
ionofmot
ive)

The Engl
ish doct
ri
ne ofTr ansferofMal ice/Transmigrat
ion ofmot i
ve has been
51
embodiedinsecti
on301. Exampl e–Ai ntendst oki l
lBbutki ll
sCwhosedeat hhe
nei
theri
ntendsnorknowstobel i
kel
ytocause, theint
entiontoki
llCisbylawatt
ri
buted
52
tohim.Ahascommi tt
edanoffenceundersection301.

Sect
ion302

Puni
shmentformur
der-Whoevercommit
smurdershal
lbepuni
shedwi
thdeat
h,or
i
mprisonmentf
orl
if
e,andshal
lalsobel
i
ablet
o
f
ine.Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofpuni
shmentf
or
deat
hnamel
y;
(
1)Deat
hSent
ence/Capi
tal
puni
shmentandf
ine,
or

(
2)I
mpr
isonmentf
orl
i
fe,
andf
ine.
I
facourtofSessi
onawar dsr
igorousimprisonmentfort enyear
st oapersonwhoseage
was 70 year
s and he was also disabled,such puni shmenti s unl
awfulbecause
puni
shmentformurdercanbeeitherCapitalpuni
shmentori mprisonmentforl
if
e.There
53
i
snoprovisi
onforawardi
ngpunishmentf ortenyear
s.
BachanSi nghv .St
ateofPunjab( 9May,1980)-InthiscaseSupremeCour tsaidthat
54
death sentence can be i
mposed onlyint he ‗r
arestofthe rare‘cases. Capit
al
puni
shmentf r
om Indi
anSocietycannotbeabolished.Li
feimpri
sonmenti srulewhile
55
deathsentenceisanexcepti
on.

Sect
ion303
Puni
shmentf
ormurderbyli
fe-
convi
ct-Whoever
,bei
ngundersent
enceofi
mpr
isonment
forl
i
fe,
commitsmurder
,shal
lbepunishedwi
thdeat
h.
Thi
ssectionprov
ides mandator
ydeathsent
ence f
ormur
dercommi
tt
edbyconv
ict
ser
vingasent
enceofli
fei
mpr i
sonment
.
Si
nce1860-1983–Sect
ion303wasv
ali
ddur
ing1860-1983.

Aft
er1983–Mi t
huSinghv.St
ateofPunjab(Apr
il7,1983)–I
nt hi
scaseConst
ituti
onal
benchcompri
sesbyf i
vej
udgesst r
uckdownsect i
on303ont hebasisofvi
olati
onof
56
art
icl
e14and21oftheConsti
tut
ionofI
ndia.

51
Ut
tarakhand(J)(
Pre)2011.
52
U.
P.A.P.O2002.M.P.Ci
vilJudge,
2010.
 75
53
M.P.
Civi
lJudge,
1986.
54
U.P.
A.P.
O2005&2007.M. P.APO2009.
55
Ut
tar
akhand(J)(
Pre)2011.
 76

Sect
ion304
Puni
shmentf
orcul
pabl
ehomi
cidenotamount
ingt
omur
der–
PartI(I
ntenti
on)-
Whoev ercommi tsculpabl
ehomici
denotamount i
ngt omurdershal
l
bepunishedwithi
mprisonmentforlife,
orimpri
sonmentofeit
herdescr
ipti
onforater
m
whichmayext endtoteny ear
s,andshal lal
sobeli
abl
et ofne,i
i ft
heactbywhi chthe
deathiscausedisdonewi ththeintent
ionofcausi
ngdeath,orofcausingsuchbodil
y
i
njuryasisli
kel
ytocausedeath,or
PartII(Knowl
edge)-wit
hi mpri
sonmentofei t
herdescr
ipt
ionforat er
m whichmay
ext
endt otenyear
s,orwit
hfine,
orwi t
hboth,i
ftheacti
sdonewiththeknowledget
hat
i
tislikel
ytocausedeath,butwithoutanyint
enti
ontocausedeath,ortocausesuch
bodil
yinj
uryasisl
ikel
ytocausedeath.
Di
vi
sionofCul
pabl
eHomi
cide
Cul
pabl
ehomi
cidemaybedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wopar
ts–
(1)Cul
pabl
ehomicidenotamounti
ngtomurder–Sect
ion299,
Except
ionsofsect
ion
300andpunishmentther
efor
esect
ion304.
(
2)Cul
pabl
ehomi
cideamount
ingt
omur
der–Sect
ion300andpuni
shmentt
her
efor
e302.

1st Degree 2ndDegr ee(Mi

ddl
eDegree) 3rdDegr
ee(
LowestDegr
ee)
(Hi ee) CH(
ghestDegr Intenti
on) CH( Knowl
edge)
Mur der
Sec.299( a)&(b)
and Sec.299(c)and
Exceptionsof300(I
fiti
srel
atedt
o Excepti
onsof300(
Ifi
tisr
elat
ed
I
ntention) toknowledge)
Secti
on302 Secton304(Par
i t1) Sect
ion304(Part2)
Deat
horLIand LIorTenyear
simpri
sonmentand Tenyear
sofeitherdescr
ipt
ionor
fi
ne fi
ne fi
neorboth.NoLI.

Exampl
e-I ftheoffenderhast heintent
iontocausebodi
lyinjuryaccompaniedwi
ththe
knowl
edget hatsuchi nj
uryisli
kelytocausethedeathoftheper soninj
uredasdefi
ned
i
ns.300,cl
.(2),t
hent heoffencewill
comeundersection302andnotsect ion304,
PartI
,
57
unl
essitf
allsunderanyoft hefiv
eexcept i
onsu/s300ofIPC.

56
Ut
tarakhandPCS(
J),
2002,
2005,2009,UPHJS2009,MPAPO2008,UPAPO2002,UPPCSJ2006
57
VSuresh&DNagasil PSAPi
a, ll
ai‟sCri
minalLaw648(Lexi
xNexi
s,NewDel
hi,
Edn.9th,
, Four
thRepr
int
,
2007).
 77

58
M.B.Singhv
.ManipurAdmini
str
ati
on, i
twasheldthatt
heappell
antwasguil
tyofthe
off
enceunderPar tItosect
ion304ofI PC,whenheexceededhisrightofpri
vate
defencebybrut
all
yki
l
li
ngthedeceasedwhowasanol dperson.

Sect
ion304A
Sect
ion304A.Causi
ngdeathbynegli
gence-
Whoev ercausesthedeathofanypersonby
doi
nganyr gentactnotamount
ashornegl
i ingtoculpablehomici
de,shal
lbepunished
wit
himprisonmentofeit
herdescr
ipt
ionforaterm whichmayext endtotwoy ears,or
wit
hfine,
orwithbot
h.
Secti
on304Awasi nsert
edin1870tocoverthosecaseswhichwer
ecausedbyei ther
rashornegli
gentandnotcov er
edbysecton299and300.LawCommi
i ssionofIndiain
nd
i
ts42 Repor t(1971)recommendedincr
easi
ngpunishmentuptofi
veyears.Negl
igent
orrashnessdri
vi
ngismai nconcer
n.
Tobr
inghomi
cideundersect
ion304Af
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
onsmustbef
ulf
il
led-
(1)Theremustbehomici
de(2)Theaccusedmustcausesuchdeath(Cause-
eff
ect
Relat
ionshi
p)
(3)Suchdeathmustbecausedbyrashornegl
i
gentact(4)Suchdeat
hmustnotfal
l
undersecti
ons299and300.

Rashness-
59
Cher
ubi
nGr
egor
yv.St
ateofBi
har
, (Jul
y31,
1963)
Facts-Cher ubinGregorywaschar gedundersect ion304AofI ndianPenalCodef or
causingt hedeat hofMst.Madilen. Thedeceasedwasr esi
dingneart hehouseoft he
accused.Thewal lofthelatr
ineoft hehouseoft hedeceasedhadf al
l
endownabouta
weekpr i
ort ot hedayofoccur renceandsot hedeceasedal ongwi thot hersst ar
ted
usingt helatri
neoftheaccused.Theaccusedpr otestedagainstthei
rcomi ngt here.The
oralwar ningshowev er,provedi neff
ecti
veandsohef ixedupanakedcopperwi re
acrosst hepassagel eadingupt ohi slatr
ineandt hatwi recarri
edcur rentfrom t he
elect
ricalwiringofhishomet owhi chitwasconnect ed.Therewasnowar ni
ngt hatthe
wirewasl iv
e.Thedeceasedmanagedt opassi ntot helatr
inewithoutcont acti
ngt he
wirebutt hatasshecameoutherhandhappenedt ot ouchitandshegotashockasa
resul
tofwhi chshediedsoonaf t
er .

Deci
sion–
(1)Ri
ghtofPr
ivat
eDefence–Althoughhewastrespasser.Butmer
etr
espasserhasnot
beenmenti
onedundersect
ion103inwhichdeat
hofper sonmaybecaused.
 78
58
AI
R1967Manipur41
59
AI
R1964SC205
 79

(
2)Cul
pabl
eHomicide-Accusedhadnoi
ntent
iont
ocausedeat
h.Sohewasnotl
i
abl
e
f
orcul
pabl
ehomi
cide.
(3)Dutytowar dst
respasser-Itis,nodoubttruethatthetrespasserenter
stheproper
ty
athi sownr iskandt heoccupi erowesnodut yt otakeanyr easonabl
ecareforhis
protecti
on,butatthesamet i
met heoccupi
erisnotentit
ledtodowi l
lf
ull
yact
ssuchas
setat r
aporsetanakedl ivewi rewiththedeliber
atei nt
enti
onofcausi ngharmt o
trespasser
sori nr
ecklessdisregardofthepresenceofthet r
espassers.
(4)Rashness-Thev oltageofthecur
rentpassingthr
oughthenakedwirebeinghigh
enought obelethal
,t herecoul
dbenodi sputethatchargi
ngitwit
hcur r
entofthat
volt
agewasa‗ r
ashact ‘doneinr
eckl
essdisregar
doft heser
iousconsequencesto
peoplecomingi
ncont actwithi
t.
Cher
ubi
nGr
egor
ywasl
i
abl
eundersect
ion304A.Appealwasdi
smi
ssed.

S.
N.Hussai
nv.St
ateofAndhr adesh60(
aPr DOJJan.5,
1972)
S.
N. Hussai
nwasbusdriver
.Accidentoccur
redattheti
meofcrossingrai
lwaygate.
Gatewasopenandhewasdr ivi
nginslowspeedandduetocol
dfreezether
ewasless
vi
sibil
it
y.Goodst
rai
ndashedagainstbus.Somepassengerdi
edandot her
ssever
ally
i
njured.Hewaschar
gedundersecti
on304A.
MeaningofRashness-Rashnessconsi
stsi
nhazardingadanger ousorwant onactwit
h
theknowledgethati
tisso,andthatitmaycauseinjury.Thecriminal
ityli
esi nsucha
caseinrunningt
heri
skofdoingsuchanactwithrecklessnessorindif
ferenceastothe
consequences.

MeaningofCr i
minalnegligence-Cr
iminalnegli
genceontheotherhand,isthegrossand
cul
pableneglectorfai
luretoexerci
sethatreasonableandpropercareandprecauti
onto
guar
dagai nstinj
uryeit
hert othepubli
cgenerall
yort oanindi
viduali
nparti
cular
,which,
havi
ngr egardtoalltheci r
cumstancesoutofwhi chthechargehasar i
sen,i
twast he
i
mperativedutyoftheaccusedper sontohav eadopted.
Deci
sion–Hewasacqui
tt
ed.
I
mpor
tantFact
soft
hiscase-(
1)Thebuswasnotdr
ivenandcoul
dnothav
ebeen
dri
venf
ast
.

(
2)Thatthegat
eofthel
evelcrossingwhi
chisamannedgate,wasopen,indi
cat
ing
t
her
ebythatnot
rai
nwasexpect
edt ocomeatt
het
imeandinv
iti
ngvehi
clest
opass.
(
3)Therai
lwaytr
ackwasatahigherl
evelandther
oadwasli
nedbybabboolt
reesand,
t
her
efor
e,apassi
ngtr
aincomi
ngfrom adist
ancewasnotv
isi
blef
rom t
hebus.
 80
60
AI
R1972SC685
 81

(
4)Thebuswasmaki
ngahugenoi
sebecausei
twasnotf
it
tedwi
tht
hesi
l
encer
.

(
5)Asacoldbreezewasblowingsomeoft hewi
ndowscr
eensoft
hebuswer
elower
ed
f
orthecomf
ortofthepassenger
sinthebus.
(6)Therei
snoev i
dencethatt
het r
ainwhi
l
eapproachingthel
evelcr
ossi
nggaveany
whistl
eorwhist
les.Inanycasether
eisnoevi
dencethatanywhi
stl
ewasheardbyany
oftheoccupant
soft hebus.
 82

Ki
dnappi
ngandAbduct
ion

Kri
shna
Mur ari
Yadav
Assistant
Professor,
LC-I,Faculty
Some ofLaw,
I
mpor
tantPoi
nts Universit
yofDel hi
,
DelhiCont actno.-
7985255882
Kri
shnamur ari
576@g
mail.com
61
(
1)Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofki
dnappi
ng(
Sect
ion359)
.
e(
Thesear I
)Ki
dnappi
ngf
rom I
ndi
a,(
II
)Ki
dnappi
ngf
rom Lawf
ulGuar
dianshi
p.
(
2)Kidnappi
ngcomesundercategoryofstr
ictl
i
abil
i
ty.I
ntenti
onofaccusedi
simmat
eri
al.
62
I
ntent
ionofaccusedi
snotessent
ial
ingredi
entofki
dnapping.
63
(
3)Forki ng–Under16y
dnappi ear
sofagei eandunder18y
famal ear
sofagei
faf
emal
e.
64
4)S.Var
( adr
ajan v
.St
ateofMadr
asi
srel
atedt
osect
ion363(
Puni
shmentf
orKi
dnappi
ng)
.
(5)I
mpor
tat
ionofgi
rlf
rom f
orei
gncount
ryf
ori
l
li
citi
nter
cour
se,
Sect
ion366B–What
65
shoul
dbeage?–Under21Years.
I
nt r
oduct
ion–‗ Ki
dnappi
ng‘iscombi
nati
onoft wowor dsnamel d(
yki chil
d)andnapping
whichisAmer icancantwor dmeanssteal
ing.Kidnappingisanof f
enceagai nstlawful
66 67
guardi
anshi
p. Ther e aret wo t
ypes ofki dnapping (Secti
on359).These ar e( I)
Kidnappi
ngfrom I ndi
a( Sect
ion360),and (I
I)Kidnappingfrom Lawf ulGuardianshi
p
(Secti
on361)
.
Secti
on360-Kidnappi
ngf r
om I
ndia.
—Whoev erconveysanyperson(Sect
ion11)beyond
theli
mit
sofIndia(Sec.18)wi
thouttheconsent(Secti
on90)ofthatper
son,orofsome
personl
egal
lyauthorisedtoconsentonbehalfoft hatper
son,issaidtokidnapthat
personf
rom I
ndia.
Sect
ion361-Ki
dnappi
ngf
rom l
awf
ulguar
dianshi
p–
(
1)Whoev
ert
akesorent
icesany(
TEA)
 83

61
MPCi vi
lJudge,2002
62
UPAPO2002
63
MPCi vi
lJudge,1999
64
Uttar
akhandCivilJudge,2009.
65
Uttar
akhandCivilJudge,2011.
66
Law Commi ssion of I a, 42nd Repor
ndi t
, Para No.16.93 (June 1971) av
ail
abl
e at
:
http:
//l
awcommi ssionofi
ndia.
nic.i
n/1-
50/
Repor
t42.
pdf(Vi
sit
edonOctober3,2018)
.
67
MPCi vi
lJudge,2002
 84

(2)mi
norundersi
xteeny
earsofageifamale,orunderei
ght
eenyearsofagei
fa
f
emale,
oranypersonofunsoundmind,(
MinororPersonofUnsoundmind)
(
3)outoft
hekeepi
ngoft
hel
awf
ulguar
dianofsuchmi
nororper
sonofunsoundmi
nd,
(
4)wi
thoutt
heconsentofsuchguar
dian,
i
ssai
dtoki
dnapsuchmi
nororper
sonf
rom l
awf
ulguar
dianshi
p.
Expl
anati
on-
Thewords―lawfulguar
dian‖i
nthi
ssectionincl sonl
udeanyper awf
ull
y
entr
ust
edwit
hthecar ody(
eorcust CC)ofsuchminororot
herperson.

Except
ion–
Il
legit
imateChild-Thi
ssectiondoesnotext endtotheactofanypersonwhoingood
fait
h( 52)beli
eveshi
mselftobet hef atherofani l
l
egit
imat
echid,orwhoi
l ngoodfai
th
believeshimselftobeent i
tledtol awf ulcustodyofsuchchild,unl
esssuchactis
commi t
tedforanimmoralorunlawful purpose(IU.
P.).
Law Commissi
onofIndi
a- -Law Commissi
onofI
ndi
ainits42nd Repor
tsuggest
edto
makeequalageofmaleandf emaleandchangei
nExpl
anati
on.Itsuggest
edunder18
year
sofageformal
eandf emale.

S.No. Ki
dnappi
ngf
rom I
ndi
a Ki
dnappi
ngf
rom Lawf
ulGuar
dianshi
p
1 Conv
eys Taki
ngorent
ici
ng

2 AnyPer
son Mi
nororPer
sonofUnsoundmi
nd

3 Bey
ondt
hel
i
mit
sofI
ndi
a OutofLawf
ulguar
dianshi
p

4 Wi
thoutconsent Consenti
simmat
eri
al

5 Out of keepi ng of l awful Out of keepi

ng of lawfulguardianship.
guardianshi
p has not been Ki dnappi
ngofor phani
snotpossi
ble.Ifhei s
ment i
oned here.Kidnapping of i
norphanhomet henki
dnappi
ngispossible.
orphanf r
om Indi
aispossible.

Abduct
ion
Sect
ion362-Abduct
ion–

(1)-Whoeverbyf
orcecompel
s,orbyanydecei
tf
ulmeansi
nduces,
(FCDI
)(2)any
person(3)togofr
om anypl
ace,
i
ssai
dtoabductt
hatper
son.
 85

68
Vi
shwanat
hv.St
ateofU.
P.
I
nthi
scasef
oll
owi
ngi
mpor
tantpoi
ntswer
elai
ddown-
(
1)Forsect
ion100si
mpl
eabduct
ioni
ssuf
fi
cient
.Noneedoff
urt
herobj
ect
.
2)Abduc
( t
ionpersei
snotanof
fence.Abduct
ionpur
eandsi
mpl
eisnotanof
fence
underIPC.Onl
yabducti
onwit
hcertai
nint
enti
spuni
shabl
easanof
fence.Abduct
ioni
s
anoffenceonl
yifi
tisdonewi
thi
ntentt
o

(
i)Murder(S.364)( i
i
)Secret
lyandwr ongful
lyconfi
neperson(S.365)( i
i
i)Induce
woment ocompelhermarri
age(S.366)(
iv)Gri
evoushurt
,sl
aver
yetc.
(S.367)(v
)St eal
f
rom apersonunder10Years(
S.369).
Abduct
ioni
snotof
fence.I
tiscont
inui
ngof
fence.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenKi
dnappi
ngandAbduct
ion

S.
N. Ki
dnappi
ng Abduct
ion
1 Ki ngi
dnappi ssubstant
iveof
fence.I
tis Abduct
ion is not a subst ant
ive
anoff
enceundersecti
on363. off
ence.Itisanoffenceonlywhen
donewithsomeotherint
entasgiven
i
nsecti
ons363A,364,364Ato369.
2 Kidnappi
ngisnotcont i
nui
ngoff
ence.I
t Abduction i
s a conti
nuing of
fence
i
scompl et
eassoonast heminoror and cont i
nues so l ong as t he
person ofunsound mi nd i
sremoved abducted person i
sremov ed fr
om
fr
om lawfulguar
dianshi
p. oneplacetoanotherperson.
3 Minor(M-16Years,
F-18Year
s)or Anyper
son
Personofunsoundmi nd
4 TEA FCDI
5 Wi
thoutConsentofguar
dian Wi
thoutConsent
6 Consentofvi
cti
mi si
mmater
ial
. Heor Freeandvoluntar
il
yconsentoft
he
sheisnotcapabl
etogiv
econsent
. personabductedcondones
abducti
on.
7 I
ntent
ionoft
hekidnapperi
simmat
eri
al I
ntenti
on of t he abductor is an
f
ortheoff
ence. i
mpor t
antfactori
ndet er
mi ni
ngguil
t
oftheaccused.
8 Outofkeepi
ngofLawf
ulGuar
dianshi
p. Abduct
ionofor
phani
spossi
ble.
Ki
dnappingofor
phani
snotpossibl
e.

68
AI
R1960SC67
 86

69
KI
DNAPPI
NG(
Kid-Chi
l
d+Nappi
ng–Amer
icanwor
d-Thi
ef)

Sec.
359 KindofKi dnapping
360 Kidnappi ngf r
om Indi a
361 Kidnappi ngf r
om lawf ulguardianship
363 Punishmentf orkidnappi ng
KIDNAPPI NG
TEA-(T- Take,E-entices,A-anymi nor)
9Sep.1964S.C. S.Var adrajanv s.StateofMadr as.
Nooffenceundersect
ion363 S.Var adrajanwasacqui tted.
―Ther ei sadi sti
nctionbet ween―t aki
ng‖andall
owingami nor
toaccompanyaper son.
‖
I
nt hiscase, therewasnot aki
ng.
Savit
ri hadf al
leninl oveofneighbor i
ngpersonS.Varadr
ajan.
27Oct
ober
,1972 StateofHar yanav .RajaRam

Keeping=CPC…. M
CPC=C—char ge,P-protection,C-control
.
.M-Mai ntenance.
Forceorf raudisnotnecessar y.Persuasionissuff
icient.
2May Thakor i
l
al D Vadgama v s. State of
1973 GujaratMeani ngoftakingandent i
cing.
S.C. Theappel lant
,ani ndustr
ialist
,hadaf act
oryatBunderRoadf or
Mohi ni
'
sbi r
th-day,t ant manuf
heappel
l acturi
ngoi lenginesandadj oini
ngt hefact or
ywashi s
presentedherwi thaparkerpen. resi
dentialbungalow.Dur ingt hebombar dmentofJai nnagarby
T.D.wasl i
ablefor Pakistanin1965, Mohini'
spar entscamet oresi
det empor ar
il
yat
ki
dnappi ng.(ParkerPen DhrolnearJamnagar .Theappel lantcamet obei ntr
oducedt o
Case) thatfamilyandonDecember18, 1965, whi
chwasMohi ni
'sbi
rth-
day,theappel l
antpresentedhera
parkerpen.

69
LawCommi
ssi
onofI
ndi
a,42ndRepor
t,
Par
aNo.
16.
91av
ail
abl
eat
:ht
tp:
//l
awcommi
ssi
onof
indi
a.ni
c.i
n/1
 87

-50/
Repor
t42.
pdf(
Visi
tedonOct
ober3,
2018)
.
 88

S.Var
adr
ajanv
.St
ateofMadr
as.9Sep.1964S.
C.

Fact
s-Sav
itr
ihad f
all
en i
nlov
e ofnei
ghbor
ing per
son S.
Var
adr
ajan.Ther
ear
efi
veper
sonsar
einv
olv
edi
nthi
scase
namel
y;

(1)S.Varadrajan–Lov erandLat
eronHusband.(
2)Savi
tr
i–Bel ovedandLateronWife
(3)Rama–Si sterofSavi
tri(
4)S.
Nat
araj
an–FatherofSavi
tr
i(5)K.Natar
ajan–Relat
ive
ofS.Nataraj
an

Thr
eei
mpor
tantday
s–
(
1)DOBofSav
itr
i–13/
11/
1942
(
2)Narrat
aionaboutl
oveaf
fai
rsbyRamat
oHerf
atherandsendi
ngSav
itr
iathomeof
r
elat
ive-30/09/
1960
(
3)Sav
ait
ril
eav
edhomeofr
elat
iveandt
elephonedherl
over
.Bot
hgotmar
ri
age–01/
10/
1960

El
ement
sofKi
dnappi
ng
Ther
ear
efourcondi
ti
onsmustbepr
ovedt
omakeanyper
sonl
i
abl
eforki
dnappi
ng–
(
1)TEA
(
2)M-
16Y,
F-18Year
s/Per
sonofUnsoundMi
nd(Sect
ion7r
/wSect
ion84)
(
3)Outofkeepi
ngofl
awf
ulguar
dianshi
p(S.Nat
araj
an(
Fat
her
)st
il
lhadl
awf
ulguar
dianshi
p)
(
4)Wi
thoutconsentofsuchguar
dian.
Deci
sion-I
nt hi
scasecondi
ti
onsnumbers(2)
,(3)&(4)wer
eful
fi
ll
edbutf
ir
stcondi
ti
on
wasmi ssi
ng.Ther
ewasneit
hertaki
ngnorent
ici
ng.
Therewasnot aking,
onlyall
owi ng–InthiscaseSavi
tr
iwasatt hevergeofatt
aini
ngthe
ageofmat uri
ty.Shewaswel leducat
ed.Shewasst udentofsecondy earofB.Sc.She
waslivi
nginurbanar ea.Shewascapabl etoknowwhati sr
ightandwhati swrong.She
cal
ledloverandshechosemeet ingpoint
.Therewasnopr e-
planni
ng.S.Varadaraj
an
hadneitheradminist
eredthreatnorblandishment
.Sohehaddoneonl yact
edt oful
fi
ll
herdesi
re.
Nodoubt
,thepartplayedbytheaccusedcouldberegardedasf aci
li
tat
ingthef
ulf
il
lment
oft
heint
entionofthegirl
.Thatpartf
all
sshortofaninducementt otheminort
oslipout
oft
hekeepingofherlawfulguar
dianandis,
theref
ore,nottant
amountt o―taki
ng‖.

Di
ff
erencebet
weent
aki
ngandal
l
owi
ng–
Thet
woexpr
essi enotsy
onsar nony
mous.Ther
ear
edi
ff
erencesbet
weenbot
h.
 89

Int hi
scaset heaccusedhav enott akenherawayf rom thekeepingofherlawful
guardi
an.Somethingmor ehastobeshowni nacaseoft hi
skindandt ssomeki
hati nd
ofinducementheldoutbyt heaccusedper sonoranact i
veparti
cipat
ionbyhimi
nthe
for
mat i
onoftheintent
ionoftheminortoleavethehouseoftheguar di
an.
Burdenofpr ov e-Itwoul d,however
,besuf ficientifthepr osecuti
onest abli
shest hat
thoughi mmedi atel
ypriortotheminorleavingt hefather'
spr otect
ionnoact i
v epartwas
playedbyt heaccused, hehadatsomeear li
erst agesolicit
edorper suadedt heminort o
doso.I nour ,opini
onifevidencetoestabli
shoneoft hoset hingsislacki
ngi twouldnot
bel egit
imatet oinf
ert
hatt heaccusedisgui l
tyoft aki
ngt hemi noroutoft hekeepingof
thel awfulguardianmer el
ybecauseaftershehasact uallyleftherguar di
an'shouseora
housewher eherguardianhadkepther ,joi
nedt heaccusedandt heaccusedhel pedher
i
nherdesi gnnott or
et ur
nt oherguardian'
shousebyt aki ngheral ongwi thhimf r
om
placet oplace.
I
tisnotdut
ytoret
urn-Shewil
l
ingl
yaccompaniedhi
m andthelawdidnotcastuponhi
m
thedut
yoftaki
ngherbacktoherfat
her
'shouseorevenoftel
l
inghernottoaccompany
him.

ReasonofDecisi
on–
(1)Ther
eisadisti
ncti
onbet
ween―taki
ng‖andal
l
owi
ngami
nort
oaccompanyaper
son.
(2)I
nthiscase,
therewasnotaki
ng.
Deci
sion-S.Var
adr
ajanwasacqui
tt
ed.Noof
fenceundersect
ion363.

St
ateofHar
yanav
.Raj
aRam

27Oct
ober
,1972 StateofHaryanav.
RajaRam
Keepi ng=CPC….M
Facts-
CPC=C—char ge,
P-protecti
on,
C- contr
ol
(1)SantoshRani-
14Year sD./
ON
.
M-Maara
ii
nD
nt
enas
n,
cD
ei
st
. ri
ct–Kar nal
Forceor f
raudi
snotnecessary.
Per suasioni
ssuf
fi
cient
.
( JaiNar
2) ai
n(32Years)visi
tedthehouseofNar ainDasf ortreatmentofhissonsandhe
hadf al
l
eni nloveofSant oshRani .Lovestart
edt oculmi nateslowlyandslowly.Nar
ain
Dasopposedandpr ohibi
tedentr yofJaiNarai
ni nhishouse.
(
3)Raj
aRam (
MessengerofJaiNar
ain)
-Raj
aram wasgi
vi
ngmessageofJaiNar
ain.I
n
per
suasi
onofRaj
aRam,
Sant
shRanil
eav
edherhouseont
heni
ghtbet
weenApr
il4and
5and
 90

wental
ongwi t
hr aj
aRam t
omeetJaiNar
ain.Fi
nal
l
yshemetwi
thJaiNar
ainandbot
h
enj
oyedthei
rli
fe.
ArrestofAccused-OnApr il13,1968atabout7a. m.Ram Shah, S.H.O.alongwiththr ee
otherpersonsandNar ainDass, sawJaiNar ai
nandSant oshRanicomi ngf r
om theside
ofDer aWaswaRam.Ast heyreachednearDer aGangaSi ngh,NarainDassi dent
ifi
edhi s
daughterandJaiNar ain,accused,wast akenint
ocustody .Thepr osecutri
xhadaj hola
whichcont ai
nedonesui tandashawl andtwochuniswhichwer etakeni ntopossession.
Thesal warofthe,
prosecutrixappearedtohaveoni tst
ainsofsemen.

Decisi
onofHi ghCour t-Boththeconvict
sappealedtotheHi ghCourtofPunjab&
Haryana.A lear
nedsi ngl
eJudgeoft hatCourtdi
smissedt heappealofJaiNarain
maintai
ninghisconvict
ionandsent
encebutacqui
tt
edtherespondentRajaRam ofthe
chargeunderSection366IPC.I
tisagai
nsttheor
deroftherespondent
‘sacqui
tt
alst
hat
theStateofHaryanahasappeal
edtoSupremeCourt.

Supr
emeCour
t–

Supr
emeCour
tlai
ddownf
oll
owi
ngi
mpor
tantpoi
nts-

(1)ObjectofSecti
on361-Theobj ectofthissecti
onseemsasmucht oprotectt
he
minorchildr
enfr
om beingseducedforimproperpurposesastoprot
ecttheright
sand
pri
vil
egesofguardi
anshavi
ngthelawfulchar
georcust odyoft
hei
rminorwards.

(2)Takingorentici
ng-Thegr av
amenoft hisoffencel i
esinthetakingorent ici
ngofa
minorundertheagesspecifiedi
nthissection,outoft hekeepi
ngoft hel awfulguar
dian
withouttheconsentofsuchguardi
an.Thewor ds" takesorenticesanymi noroutofthe
keepingofthelawful
,guar
dianofsuchmi nor"i
nsect ion361,aresignif
icant.

(3)MeaningofKeeping(CPC-P)-
Theuseoft hewor d"keeping"inthecontextconnotes
theideaofcharge,prot
ecti
on,contr
olandmai ntenance,furthert
heguardian'
schar ge
andcontrol
-appearstobecompat i
blewit
ht heindependenceofact ionandmov ement
i
nt he minor,the guar
dian'
s prot
ecti
on and controloft he minorbeing avail
able,
whenevernecessi
tyari
ses.
(
3)ConsentofMinor
/ Guar
dian-Onpl
ainr
eadingofthi
ssecti
ontheconsentoft
heminor
whoistakenorenticediswhol l
yimmater
ial.I
tisonlytheguardi
an'
sconsentwhich
t
akesthecaseoutofitspurvi
ew.

(4)Persuasionissuf f
ici
ent-Norisitnecessarythatthet aki
ngorenti
cingmustbe
shownt ohav e,beenbymeansoff orce,orf
raud.Persuasionbytheaccusedperson
whichcreateswill
ingnessonthepartoftheminortobet akenoutoft
hekeepingofthe
l
awf ul
guardianwoul dbesuff
ici
entt
oat tr
actt
hesecti
on.
 91

(
5)Deci
sion-Theresul
tisthatt
heappeali
sall
owedandsett
ingasi
detheorderofthe
Hi
ghCourtacqui
tt
ingRajaRam.Raj
aRam shoul
dsurr
endert
ohisbai
lbondtoserveout
t
hesent
ence.

Thakor
il
alDVadgamav
s.St
ateofGuj
arat(
Par
kerPenCase)(
1973)

2May Thakor ilal DVadgamav s.St ateofGuj arat

1973 Meani ngoft akingandent icing.
S.C. Thakor ilalDVadgama, ani ndust ri
ali
st,hadaf actoryatBunder
Mohi ni'
s bi rt
h-day, the Roadf ormanuf acturi
ngoi l enginesandadj oiningthef actory
was
appellantpresentedher hi sresi dent ialbungalow.Dur i
ngt hebombar dmentof
with Jainnagarby
apar kerpen. T. D.was Paki stani n1965, Mohini '
spar ent scamet or esi
det empor ari
ly
at
l
iablef orki
dnapping. Dhrol nearJamnagar .Theappel lantcamet obei nt roducedto
that
(ParkerPenCase) . familyandonDecember18, 1965, whichwasMohi ni'
sbi r
th-
day,
theappel lantpr esentedherapar kerpen.Hewasact uall
y
foundby
thesideofMohi ni i
nMohi ni'sbedbyMohi ni'smot herat
Mount
Abu.Sheobj ected.Butduet oallurementofT.D.Vadagama,
Mohi ni leav edpar entalhomeandr eachedatt hegar ageof
accused
accordi ngt opr epl an.Theymadesexual r
elati
on.Shel eaved
the
garageatt heinst anceofappel lant.

Meani
ngofTaki
ng-Theword‗takes‘i
ns.361I .P.
C.doesnotnecessar il
yconnote
t
aki
ngbyfor
ceandi
tisnotconf
inedonlytouseofforce,act
ualorconstruct
ive.Thi
s
wor
dmer ymeans―t
el ocausetogo‖,―toescor
t‖or―togetint
opossession‖.
Meaning of Entice (I
II
A)- The word ―enti
ce‖ means toi nv
ol vethe idea of
i
nducementorallurement(I
II
A)bygivi
ngri
setohopeordesir
e( HD)i
nt he ot
her.Ifthe
minor l eavesherparentalhome,infl
uencedbyanypr omise,offerorinducement
emanati
ngfrom t hegui
lt
ypartythenthel
att
erwil
lbegui
lt
yofanof f
enceasdef i
nedin
sect
ion361I
.P.C.
Var
adar
ajanandRaj
aram –Thesecasewer
eci
ted.
Deci
sion-Hewasconv
ict
ed.
 92

I
ndi anPenalCodeandRape
Def ini
ti
onofRape
‗Rape‘ wor dhasbeendef i
nedundersect i
on375.Thewor dr apei sder ivedf r
om t heLat inword
‗rapio‘whi chmeanst osei ze.Thusr apel it
erallymeansaf orcibl esei zureandt hati st he
70
essent ials char acteristicf eat ur
e oft he of fence. Just ice J. S.Ver ma Commi ttee
71
suggest edf orr eplacingdef init
ionofsect i
on375.
Rapemaybecommi ttedbyf ourmet hodsi .e.PI MA( P-Penet rat e,I-Inser t,M-Mani pulate,
A-Appl i
es)i nsev enci rcumst ances.Onl yman( sect on10)cancommi
i trapeofwoman
(section10) .Onewomancannotcommi tr apeofei thermanorwomanei therby
i
nser ti
ngsext oyoranypar tofherbody .Onemancannotcommi trapeofanot herman.
Definiti
onofr apei sgenderbasedr at herthanneut ral.
Met hodt ocommi tr
ape–Ther earef ourmet hodst oconst it
ut et her apewhi char ef ollowi ng–
(1)P-Penet r
at es( Peni s)–Ther emustbepenet rationi ntof ourpar ts
(i)Anus( i
i
)Vagi na( ii
i)Ur ethraand( i
v )Mout h.
(2)I-Inser s(
t Anyobj ectorpar tofbodyot hert hanpeni s)-( i
)Anus( ii
)Vagi na( i
ii)
Urethra( 3)
M- Mani pulat es(Anypar toft hebodyofwoman) -(i)Anus( ii
)Vagi na( ii
i)
Urethraor( iv)Anypar toft hebodyofwoman.
(4)A-Appl i
es–( Mout h)-( i)Anus( ii)Vagi na( ii
i
)Ur et hr
a
Commoni nal l makeshert odosowi thhi m oranyot her
person;
(1)P- Penis (4) ( i)Anus( ii
)Vagi na( iii
)Ur et hraand( i
v)Mout h.
Penet rate72
73
(2)I-Inser t Anyobj ectorpar tof (i)Anus( ii
)Vagi na( ii
i)Ur ethra.Incr owdar ea
bodyot hert hanpeni s i fany onei nser thisf i
ngerorpeni ntoanusof
woman,i twi l
lber ape.Youcant akedef ence
(3) t hat
itwasnotdi rectl
yi nser ted.
Except ion1 Medi calTr eat ment Amedi calprocedur eori nt erventionshal lnot
const it
ut erape.
3) Anypar toft hebodyof ( i)Anus( ii
)Vagi na( iii
)Ur et hraor( iv)Anypar t
e woman…t o
74
M- Mani pulat oft hebodyofwoman–Forexampl e
cause penet ration
penet rati
on (4) i ntonav elorpenet rationbet weent wobooms.
75
(4)A- Appl es Mout
i h (3) ( i)Anus( ii
)Vagi na( iii
)Ur et hra
Explanat on1 Ext
i ensi onofMeani ngof Vagi nai ncludesl abi amaj ora.

70
VSur eshandDNagasai la‗PSAPi l
lai
‟sCriminalLaw‟719( Lexi
sNexis,NewDel hi9thEdn.4thRepr
, i
nt,
71
2007). JusticeJ.S.VermaCommi t
teeRepor t
, Pageno.439,avai
labl
eat:
http:
//www.prsindi
a.or
g/uploads/media/Justi
ce%20v er
ma%20commi tt
ee/js%20verma%20commi t
te%20r
eport.
pdf(Visit
edonOct ober12,2018).
72
Secti
on375( a)penetr
ateshispenis,toanyext ent
,int
othev agi
na,mouthur et
hraoranusofawomanor
makeshert odosowi t
hhim oranyot herperson;
73
Secti
on375( b)i
nsert
s,toanyextent,anyobjectorapar tofthebody,notbeingthepenis,i
ntothe
 93

vagina, t
heurethr
aoranusofawomanormakeshert odosowithhi
m oranyotherper
son;
74
Section375(c)mani pul
atesanypartofthebodyofawomansoast ocausepenetrat
ioni
ntothev agi
na,
urethra,anusoranypar tofbodyofsuchwomanormakeshert odosowithhi
m oranyotherperson;
75
Sect i
on375( d)appli
eshismouthtot hevagi
na,anus,
uret
hraofawomanormakeshert odosowi th
him oranyot herperson,
 94

v
agi
na

Useofmout
hinRape

Mouthwordhasbeenusedi nt
wot i
mes.I
nser
ti
onofanyt
hingintomouthofwomanwi ll
notconsti
tut
er ape.Onl
ypenetrat
ionofpeni
sintomouthofwomanwi thoutherfr
ee
consentwi
llconsti
tut
erape.Her
epenismeanspeni
sofmanr athert
hanpenisofani
mal.

Mouthof( 1)Victi
m &(2)Accused Mouthwordhasbeenusedi ntwot i
mes
(1)
Victim-375(a) Accused-
375(d)
Penetrati
onofpeni si
ntomout hof Amanappl i
eshismout htov agi
na,uret
hra
woman.Penet rat
ionofpenisint
omouth oranusofwomanormakeshert odoso
ofmanwi l
lnotconstit
uterape.I
tmay withhi
m orwithanotherperson.
comeundert hePOCSO, 2012orifwi
thout Ifamanorwomanappl ieshisorhermouth
consentthenunder to
secti
on377. anusofmanitwi l
lnotconstit
uterape.

.
.…makeshert
odosowi t
hhim oranyother
per
sonSect
ion375(a)
,(b)
,(c)and(d)

..
…makeshertodosowi thhim oranyotherpersoniscommoni nallcat
egori
esof
sect
ion375(
a),(
b),(
c)and(d)
.Thesearegreatsi
gnif
icantf
orpr
otect
ionofint
erestof
women.

…..wi
thhim –Somet imesmandoesnotdoany t
hingexceptf orgi
vingdi
recti
on.For
example–supposehei sonbed.Hei sgi
vi
ngdir
ectionafemalet or
ubherv agi
nawith
hismot horwi thhispenis.Thewomani sdoing so withoutherf r
eeconsentas
prescr
ibedundersevenci
rcumstancesi
nsecondpar tofs.
375.Themanwi llbeli
able
forcommi t
ti
ngrape.

…anyot herperson-
General
lyvi
deoofpornographyisprepar
edbyt woormor eper
son.
Oneper sonmakessexualrelat
ionshi
pandanotherper
songivesdirect
ionhowtomake
sexualrelat
ionandtakescli
ckandshotoft hoseseen.Inthiscasebothpersonsare
l
iabl
ef orrape.

(i
)Anus(i
i)Vagi
na(i
ii)Ur
ethr
a
Sect
ion375(a),
(b)
,(c)and(d)

ThesearecommoninSection375(a)
,(b),
(c)and(
d)ofwoman.
Woman- Accor
dingt
osection10thewor d―woman‖denotesfemal
ehumanbeingof
anyage.Inthi
swayrapecanbecommi tt
edevenofchi
ldwhoseagei
sonemont
h.Rape
 95

canal
sobecommi tt
edofawomanwhoseagei
sof90yearsorabov
e.Ageofwomanis
i
mmat er
ial.
Man-Accordingtosect
ion10t
hewor
d―man‖denot
esmal ehumanbei
ngofanyage.I
t
meansev enapersonwhoseagei
sbelowt
heageofsevenyear
scancommi tar
ape.I
t
i
sanotherthing
 96

thathecangetbenef itofsection82ofI PC.Ami normaycommitsrape.I

tisanot
her
pointthatheistr
eatedunderspeci al
law.
Special(POCSO)orLocalLaws- Accordi
ngt osecti
on5ofIndi
anPenalCode,t
hisCode
shallnotaffectspecialorlocallaw orl awsr el
atedt
omut i
nyordeserti
onsoldi
ers,
sail
orsorairmenetc.

….t
oanyext ent(Secti
on375( a)&( b)
Penet rati
onoff ul
l penisori nser ti
onoff ul
l partofbodyorwhol eobj ectisnotnecessar y.
Nownoneedr upt ureofhy men.
Twof i
ngert est–Twof ingert esthasbeenpr ohibitedbySupr emeCour t
.Soi nserti
onof
twof i
nger sforcheckupt odeci decommi ssionofr apebymedi calpractit
ionerwill
const i
tuterape.
Sev enCi rcumst ances- Thesesev encircumst ancesar er el
atedt oment alcondi ti
onof
victi
m.Ther ear etwot ypesofconsentnamel y;(
1)Vol untaryconsent–Lawf
i
l ulconsent,
and( 2)Consentobt ai
nedunderf ear,f
raudormi sconceptionoff actorconsentgi venby
thoseper sonwhoar enotcompet entt ogi veconsent– Unl awf ulconsent .Inr eal
it
y
unlawf ulconsenti snoconsenti ney esofl aw.Sect i
ons7,90andExpl anation2of
sect i
on375ar eal sor elevant.
Ther ear esevenci rcumst anceswhenconsenti streatedunlawf ulconsent .Fort hesake
ofunder standing t hese sev en ci r
cumst ancesmaybe di vided i ntof ourcat egori
es
namel y ;
(1)NoConsent–Fi rstandSecondl y
(2)Wi t
hConsent–Thi r
dl y
, f
our thl
yandf if
thly
(3)Wi t
horWi thoutConsent–Si xthl
y(Modi f
iedi n2013–16Year st o18Year s).
(4)Unabl etocommuni cateconsent–Sev enthly(Ins.2013)
76
Consenti santi-thesi sofr ape. I twasr ecommendedt osubst i
tutet he‗consent ‘by‗f
reeand
voluntaryconsent ‘
.
 97

76
LCI
,Repor
t84,Para2.6,
Pageno.6ht
tp:
//l
awcommi
ssi
onof
indi
a.ni
c.i
n/51-
100/
Repor
t84.
pdf(
Visi
ted
onOct
ober12,2018).
 98

MentalCondi
ti
onofVi
cti
m
(1)NoConsent-Fi
rstandSecondl
y
Fi
rst Againstherwi
l
l

Secondl
y Wi
thoutherconsent
.

(2)Wit
hConsent-Thi
rdl
y,f
ourthlyandfi
ft
hly
Thi
rdl
y Withherconsent
,whenherconsenthasbeenobt ai
nedbyputt
ingheror
anypersoninwhom shei
sinterestedi
nfearofdeathorofhur
t.

Four
thl
y Withherconsent
,whent hemanknowsthatheisnotherhusband,
andthat
herconsenti
sgivenbecauseshebel
iev
est hathei
sanothermant owhom
sheisorbeli
evesher
selftobel
awful
lymarried.

Fi
ft
hly Withherconsent,when,att het i
meofgi v i
ngsuchconsent,byreasonof
unsoundness ofmi nd ori nt
oxication orthe administ
rat
ion by him
personall
y or through another of any st upef
ying or unwholesome
substance,sheisunabletounder st
andt henatur
eandconsequencesof
thattowhichshegi v
esconsent.
(3)WithorWi t
houtConsent–Si xthly

Si
xthl
y Wi
thorwi
thoutherconsent
,whenshei
sunderei
ght
eeny
ear
sofage.

(
4)Unabl
etocommuni
cat
econsent-Sev
ent
hly(
Ins.2013)

Sev
ent
hly Whenshei
sunabl
etocommuni
cat
econsent

Meani
ngofConsent
Ex
planat
io Consentmeansanunequi vocalvol
untar
yagr
eementwhent hewomanby
n2 words,gestures oranyf orm ofverbalornon-verbalcommuni cat
ion,
communi cat
es wi l
l
ingness to part
ici
patei
nt he speci
fi
c sexualact :
Provi
ded thata woman who doesnotphy si
call
yr esi
sttothe actof
penetr
ati
on shallnotbyt hereason onl
yoft hatfact,beregarded as
consenti
ngtothesexual acti
vi
ty.
 99

TwoExcept
ionsof375

Ex
cept
ion1 Medi
cal
Treat
ment A medi calpr ocedur eori nterv
ent i
on shal l
notconst ituter ape.
Thisexcept i
onexcl udesi nserti
onofobj ect
formedi calt r
eat mentf r
om sect i
on375( b) .
Inabsenceoft hisexceptionsev eralact i
v it
y
ofmedi cal treatmentwi llcomeundert he
categor i
esofr ape.
Excepti
on2 Sexual int
ercourse by Sexuali nt ercour seorsexualact sbyaman
(Now husbandwithwife. withhi sownwi f
e,thewi fenotbei ngunder
unconstit
ution fif
teeny ear sofage, isnotr ape.
al) Mar r
ied Unmar r
ied Sexuali ntercour sewi thwi fewhoi sbel ow
Independent Bel ow Below theageof15y earswi l
lconst i
tutether ape.
Thought v. 15Yrs 18Yrs IndependentThoughtv .Uni on OfI ndia&
78
UnionOfI ndia Rape Rape Anr .
77
&Anr . (1)Sect ion375Except i
on2i sar bitraryt o
Mar r
ied Unmarred Ar
i ticl
es14,15&21oft heConst itutionof
15-18Yrs Bel ow India.Itmakesunr easonablecl assification
18Yrs between mar ried ( 15 -18 no r ape) and
NoRape Rape unmar r
iedgi rl(15-18y ears–Rape) .
(2)I
tisinconsi
stentwi
ththepr
ovi
sionsof
POCSO,whichmustprev
ail
.
(3)Nowinallcases,
sexuali
nter
cour
sewit
h
awomeni ncludi
ngwife,i
fsheisbel
ow t
he
ageof18years,i
srape.

(4)Inthi
sway,now,t her
eisnodi ff
erence
betweenunmarr
iedandmar ri
edwomen.I f
wifeis bel
ow the age of18 y ear
s,and
husbandmakessexualrel
ati
onwithhiswife
whetherwit
hconsentorwi t
houtconsent,i
t
wouldbeamounttorape.

77
Dat
eofJudgment
11Oct
.2017.
78
Dat
eofJudgment
11Oct
.2017.
 10
0
TwoExpl
anat
ions

Expl
anat
ion1 Extensi
on of Vagi
na i
ncl
udes l
abi
a maj
ora.
Meaning of
vagina

Expl
anat
ion2 Meaning Consentmeansanunequivocalvolunt
aryagreement
ofConsent whenthewomanbywor ds,gesturesoranyf orm of
ver
balornon-v
erbalcommuni cat
ion,communi cat
es
Tukar
am
wil
l
ingnesst
oparti
cipat
einthespecifi
csexualact:
vs.St
ate
of Pr ovi
ded thata woman who doesnotphy si
call
y
Maharasht
r resisttot he actofpenet r
ation shal
lnotbyt he
a(Mathura reasononlyoft hatfact
,ber egardedasconsenti
ng
RapeCase) tot hesexualacti
vi
ty.Prov
idedhasbeenment i
oned
i
nt heli
ghtofdecisi
onof
Tukaram Case.

Consentf
orSpeci
fi
csexualact

Ifa woman has gi ven consentf orpenet ration ofpeni sintov agina butper son
i
ntentionall
yhadi nsertedpenisei t
herintour ethraoranusormout hi twi l
lamountt o
rape.
Before2013Amendment ,t oconstitut
et her apei nser
tionofpenisi ntov aginawas
necessary.Sosev eralaccusedper sonswer eget ti
ngbenef i
tbyprovi
ngt hattherewas
noi nsert
ionintov agi
na.Now l aw hasbeenchanged.Now penet r
ati
onofpeni sinto
urethra(Ur i
nepar t
),vagina(Now v aginaincludesl abi
amaj or
a.Earli
eri twasnotso.
Therear etwotypesofl abianamely
(i
)Labi ami noraand( 2)LabiaMaj ora.InLawLabi amajor acover
slabiami nora),anus
andmout halsoconstitut
er ape.Thislawisinf av ourofwomen.Sowi t
ht hehelpoft hi
s
 10
1
char
twecanunderst
anddi
ff
erencesamongv
agi
na,ur
ethr
a,l
abi
amaj
oraandl
abia
minor
a.I
nsomecases
 10
2
Court
sheldthatrupt
ureofhumanewasnecessary
.Lat
eroni nthecaseofPaniBhushan
Beher
u
v.St
ateofOr
issa,
HighCour
thel
dthatr
upt
ureofhymenwasnotnecessar
y.

St
ateofU.
P.v
.Chot
teyLal(
2011)S.
C.
Di
ff
erencebet
ween―agai
nstherwi
l
l‖and―wi
thoutherconsent
‖
Theexpressions―againstherwi ll
‖and―wi t
houtherconsent‖mayov erl
apsomet i
mes
butsurel
yt hetwoexpr essionsinclauseFirst
lyandclauseSecondlyhav ediff
erent
connot
ationanddi mensi on.The expr essi
on ―against her wil
l‖ would ordi
naril
y
mean thatt he i
ntercourse wasdonebyamanwi thawomandespi teherresi
stance
andoppositi
on.Ont heot herhand,theexpressi
on ―wi thout her consent‖ woul d
comprehend an actofr eason accompanied bydeli
berat
ion.
ItmustbenotedthattheCour
tshavef
oll
owedt
het
est
slai
ddownunderSect
ion90of
t
heIPCforest
abli
shing―consent
‖.
Secti
on90.Consentknownt obegiv
enunderf earormisconcepti
on.—Aconsentisnot
suchaconsentasi sintendedbyanysecti
onoft hisCode,i
ft heconsentisgi
venbya
personunderfearofinjury,
orunderamisconcepti
onoffact,andift
hepersondoingthe
actknows,orhasr easont obel
iev
e,t
hattheconsentwasgi veninconsequenceofsuch
fearormisconcept
ion;or
[Consentofinsaneperson]ift
heconsentisgivenbyapersonwho,f
rom unsoundness
ofmind,orintoxi
cat
ion,i
sunabletounderstandthenat
ureandconsequenceofthatto
whichhegiveshisconsent;or

[
Consentofchi
l
d]unlesst
hecont
rar
yappear
sfr
om t
hecont
ext
,ift
heconsenti
sgi
ven
byapersonwhoisundert
wel
veyear
sofage.
‖

Nav
tejSi
nghJohar&Ors.v.Uni
onOfI
ndi
aThr
.Secr
etar
yMi
nist
ryofLawand
Just
iceandAnotherSept
ember06,
2018
(
1)Par
a206-Acur
sor
yreadi
ngofSect
ion375I
PCdi
vul
gest
hati
tisagenderspeci
fi
c
provi
si
onf ort
hepr ot
ecti
onofwomenasonl yamancancommi ttheoffenceofrape.
TheSectionhasbeendivi
dedintotwopart
s.Thefor
merpar t
,compri
singofClauses(a)
to(d)
,simplydescr
ibeswhatactscommitt
edbyamanwi thawomanwoul damountt o
rapeprovi
dedthatthesai
dactsarecommittedi
ntheci
rcumstancesfal
li
ngunderanyof
thesevendescri
pti
onsassti
pulatedbyt
helatt
erpar
toftheSecti
on.

(
2)Whi
l
e Sect
ion 375 per
mit
s consensual penet
rat
ive act
s (
the def
ini
ti
on of
‗penet
rat
ion‘i
ncl
udes oraland analsex),Sect
ion 377 makes the same act
s of
penetr
ati
onpuni
shabl
eirr
espect
iveofconsent
.Thi
screatesadi
chotomyi nt
hel
aw.

(
3)The pr
oscr
ipt
ion ofa consensualsexualr
elat
ionshi
p underSect
ion 377 i
s not
f
ounded on anyknown orr
ati
onalcr
it
eri
a.Sexualexpr
essi
on and i
nti
macyofa
 10
3
consensualnat
ure,bet
weenadul
tsi
npr
ivat
e,cannotbet
reat
edas―car
nali
nter
cour
se
agai
nsttheorderofnatur
e‖.
 10
4

I
NDI
ANPENALCODEANDLEADI
NGCASES-
Whenaper
sonmakesanassaul
twi
ththeint
ent
ionofcausi
ngrape,v
icti
m maycause
anyharmi
ncl
udi
ngdeat
hofassail
ant
.Victi
m maycl mr
ai i
ghtofprivat
edefenceof
79
body
.
80
(
I)YESHWANTRAOVS.STATEOFM.
P.
Minordaughteroft heaccusedhadgonet othetoil
etont herearsi
deofthehouse.The
deceasedgr i
ppedherandhadsexuali nt
ercoursewi thher.Theaccusedseeinghis
minorgirlbeingrapedbyt hedeceasedhitthedeceasedwi t
haspade.Daught erwas
minorso herconsentwasi mmater
ialand actoft hedeceased would amountto
commi tt
ingrapeundersect on376andhencet
i hefatherindefenceofthebodyofhis
daughterwasj ust
if
iedinexerci
singhi
sri
ghtofpr i
vat
edef enceSecti
on100Thirdl
y.
(
i)TUKARAM VS.STATEOFMAHARASHTRA81(
i Mat
hur
aRapecase)
Mathurawasagi r
lwhowasr apedi nPol
iceStati
onbyt wopol i
cemen.Accusedwas
acqui
ttedbySupremeCourtont hegroundt hattherewasi mpli
edconsent.Impl
i
ed
consentwasdrawnonthebasist hatt
herewasnoi nj
uryont hebodyofvicti
m.This
j
udgmentwasv ehement
lycr
it
ici
zedbypubl i
candjurist
.MathuraCasewhichledtot
he
Cri
minalLawAmendmentAct,
1983.
CHARTRELATEDTO1983&2013AMENDMENTSRELATEDTORAPE.
AMENDMENT I N
1983
Reasons The Cr i
minal Law The 1983 Act di scussed what const i
tut
ed
of (Amendment ) Act, custodi
al r ape, pr ovided f or enhanced
Amendment 1983. punishments underS.376( 2),and br oughtin
,1983was TukaRam &Anr .Vs. presumpti
on ofabsence ofconsenti n cases
Mathura Stat
eof bookedundersect ion376( 2)IPC,1860.Thiswas
Case(1979) Maharashtra donebybringinginanamendmenti n
theIndi
anEv i
denceAct ;secti
on114( A)IEA.
I
PC Punishmentofr apeweresubst it
uted-Secti
ons375
and
376.
I
ndianEvidenceAct 114A-–Pr esumpt i
onast oabsenceofconsenti n
rape
caseswereinser t
ed.
 10
5
Cr
.PC. S. 327(2) I
n case of rape t
ri
al,in camer a
pr
oceedingstobeconduct
ed;S.
327(3)i
tshallnot
belawfulforanypersontopri
ntorpublishany
matterr
egardi
ng
pr
oceeding.

79
TheIndi
anPenalCode,1860(45of1860)
,Sect
ion100.
80
AI
R1992SC1683.Dat eofJudgment-4May,1992.
81
Supr
emeCour t,
DateofJudgment15thSept
ember1978,
 10
6
AMENDMENT i
n
2013
Delhi Gang TheCr i
mi nal Law ( 1)S.166APubl i
cServ antdeny i
ngt oregi
sterFIR,he
Rape Case ( Amendment ) Act, shal lbepuni shed,(
2)S.166BI n-chargeofhospital
shal l
(16Dec.2012 2013Fi r
stt i
medeath bepuni shedf ornon-treatmentofv ict
im( 3)–S.
) 375:
& sentencei nrape Rape, ,
(4)–S.376: Punishmentf orRape,,
(5)–S.
case
J.S.
Verma waspr ovidedintwo 376A: Puni shmentf orcausi ngdeat horper si
stent
Commi t
tee ci r
cumst ances veget ativestateduet or ape,,(6)–S.376B- Sexual
namel y
Report-The ( 1)S.376A, Intercour seby husbandupon hi s wif
e dur i
ng
Commi t
tee separ ation,,(
7)–S.376C- Sexual Inter
coursebya
submittedit
s Per soni nAut hori
ty,
(8)-S.376D–Gangr ape, ,
(9)-
repor
t on S.376E-Puni shmentf orr epeat,
January 23,
2013.

(V)DEEPAKGULATIVS.STATEOFHARYANA82-I
I nt
ercourseunderpromisetomar r
y
consti
tut
esr
apeonlyiffr
om i
nit
ialstageaccusedhadnointent
iontokeeppr omise.An
accusedcanbeconv ict
edforrapeonl yifthecourtreachesaconcl usi
ont hatthe
i
ntenti
onoft
heaccusedwasmal afideandthathehadclandest
inemoti
v es.

(
V)St
ateofPunj
abv
.Gur
mitSi
ngh-
Facts–Agi r
lbelowt heageof16y earswaski dnappedbyGur mitSi nghandanot her3
t
h
accusedwhenshewasr etur
ningaf terappear i
ngi nExam of10 cl assat12. 30p.m..
Thenwentatt ubewell.Shewast akent othe‗ kotha'oftheTubewel landraped.She
wasagai nr apedinni ght.Nextmor ningt heydr oppedheri nf rontofschool .After
appeari
nginexam shewentt ohomeandnar r
atedal lfact
st ohermot herandmot her
narr
atedthesef actstofather.Fatheri mmedi atelycall
edPanchay atbuthewasunabl e
togetj ust
icef rom Panchayat .FinallyFI R wasl odged.Hi ghCour tacqui t
tedthem.
Matterreachedt otheSupr emeCour t.Supr emeCour tconvict
edt hem andl aiddown
somei mportantguideli
neswhi charef ollowing–

(1)Eff
ectofRape- ―…. arapi
stnotonl yv i
olatesthevict
im'
sprivacyand personal
i
ntegrit
y,butinevi
tablycausesseri
ouspsy chologi
calaswellasphy sicalharmi
nt he
process.Rapei snotmer elyaphy si
calassault-itisof
tendestr
uct i
v eofthewhole
personali
tyofthev i
cti
m.Amur dererdestr
oy sthephysi
calbodyofhi sv i
cti
m,arapi
st
degradestheverysoul oft
hehelpl
essfemale.‖
 10
7
(2)Previ
oussexuali
nter
cour
sedoesnotaut
hor
izeevery
onetomakesex-“…Ev
enifthe
prosecutr
ixhasbeenpromiscuousi
nhersexualbehavi
orear
li
er,shehasar i
ghtto
refuseto

82
Dat
eofJudgment–May20,
2013.
 10
8
submi
ther
sel
ftosexuali
ntercour
setoanyoneandever
yonebecausesheisnota
vul
ner
abl
eobj
ectorpreyforbeingsexual
l
yassaul
tedbyanyonehadever
yone.
”
(3)Tri
alofaccusedr at
hert hanr apeofv i
cti
m -Ev enincaseswheret hereissome
acceptablemateri
alonther ecordtoshow t hatthevi
ctim washabi
tuatedtosexual
i
ntercourse,nosuchi
nferencel i
kethev i
cti
m beingagirlof―loosemoralchar
act
er‖i
s
permissibl
etobedrawnfrom t hatci
rcumstancealone.
Nostigma,li
ketheoneascastinthepresentcaseshoul
dbecastagai
nstsucha
wi
tnessbytheCourts,f
oraf
teral
li
tistheaccusedandnotthevi
cti
m ofsexcri
mewho
i
sont r
iali
ntheCourt.
(4)DutyofCour tinCr oss-
exami nat
ion-Somedef encecounseladoptt hestrategyof
conti
nualquest i
oningoft hepr osecutr
ixast ot hedet ailsoft her ape.Thev i
ctimi s
requi
redt orepeatagainandagai nthedet ai
lsoft her apei ncidentnotsomuchast o
bri
ng outt he facts on record ort ot esthercr edibil
it
ybutt ot estherst oryf or
i
nconsistenci
eswi t
hav i
ewt oat temptt ot wi
stt heinterpretati
onofev ent
sgivenbyher
soast omaket hem appeari nconsistentwit hheral legations.TheCour t
,ther ef
ore,
shouldnotsitasasi l
entspect atorwhi l
et hevicti
m ofcr imei sbeingcr oss-
exami nedby
thedefence.Itmusteffecti
velycont rolt
her ecordingofev idencei ntheCour t
.
(5)Tr
iali
nCamer arat
herthaninopenCourt–Sect
ion327ofCr
.P.
C.1973mustal
ways
keepinmind.Tri
alofrapecasesincamerashoul
dbetherul
eandanopentr
iali
nsuch
casesisanexcepti
on.
(VI)Sakshiv .UnionofI ndia(2004)S. C.-Inthiscase‗ Sakshi
‘isanNGOwor ki
ngf or
sexualvict
im.I tfi
ledwritpeti
tionfordi r
ectionespeciall
yforwideni
ngthedefini
tionof
rape.Itwasr equestedt hat"sexualintercourse"ascont ai
nedinsection375oft he
Indi
anPenalCodemusti ncl
udeal lformsofpenet r
ati
onsuchas( 1)peni
le/vaginal
penetrat
ion,(2)peni l
e/oralpenetrat
ion,( 3)penile/
analpenetrat
ion(4)fi
nger/vaginal
andfinger/analpenetrat
ionand( 5)object/vagi
nalpenetrati
on.
Aft
erthechangeindefi
nit
ionofrapein2013maxi mum suggest
ionsof―Sakshi
‖
havebeeni
ncorpor
atedi
nsecti
ons375and376.Forexampl
e-
(
1)peni
l
e/v
agi
nal
penet
rat
ion–Sect
ion375(
a),
(
2)peni
l
e/or
alpenet
rat
ion-Sect
ion375(
a),
(
3)peni
l
e/anal
penet
rat
ion-Sect
ion375(
a),
(
4)f
inger
/vagi
nal
andf
inger
/anal
penet
rat
ionSect
ion375(
a),
(
5)obj
ect
/vagi
nal
penet
rat
ion-Sect
ion375(
b).

Fol
l
owi
ngdi
rect
ionswer
eissuedi
nthi
scase-
 10
9
(1)Theprovi
sionsofsub-secti
on( 2)ofsect
ion327Cr.
P.C.shal
linadditi
ontot he
off
encesmenti
onedinthesub-sect
ionwouldal
soappl
yini
nquir
yortri
alof
fencesunder
sect
ion354andsect
ion377IPC.

(
2)I
nhol
dingt
ri
alofchi
l
dsexabuseorr
ape:

(I
)ascr eenorsomesucharr
angementsmaybemadewherethev
ict
im orwitnesses
(whomaybeequal l
yv ul
ner
ableli
kethevi
cti
m)donotseethebodyorf aceoft he
accused;

(i
i)thequesti
onsputincross-examinati
ononbehalfoft
heaccused,insofarasthey
rel
atedi
rectl
ytotheinci
dent,shouldbegi v
eninwr i
ti
ngt
othePresi
dentOffi
cerofthe
Courtwhomayputt hem tothev ict
im orwit
nessesinal
anguagewhichiscl
earandis
notembarrassi
ng;

(i
ii
)t hev i
cti
m ofchi
ldabuseorrape,whi
l
egi
vi
ngt
est
imonyi
ncour
t,shoul
dbeal
l
owed
suff
icientbreaksasandwhenrequir
ed.

Thesedi
rect
ionsar
einaddi
ti
ont
othosegi
v nSt
eni ateofPunj
abv
.Gur
mitSi
ngh.
83
(
VII
)MukeshandAnr
.vs.St
atef
orNCTofDel
hi
84
(VI
I)INDEPENDENTTHOUGHTVS.UNI ONOFI NDI A&ANR. Sexualrel
ati
onswi thwi fe,
whenwi fei
sbelowtheageof18y earsisr ape.Secti
on375Except i
on2i sarbitraryto
Arti
cl
es14,15&21oft heConsti
tutionofI ndia.Courtmayt akecognizanceunder
secti
on198(6)ofCr.P.C.Nowi nallcases,sexualinter
coursewi t
hawomeni ncluding
wife,i
fsheisbel
owt heageof18y ear s,
isrape.Inthisway ,now, ther
eisnodi ff
er ence
betweenunmar r
iedandmar ri
edwomen.I fwi f
ei sbelow t heageof18y ears,and
husbandmakessexual rel
ati
onwit
hhi swifewhet herwit
hconsentorwi thoutconsent ,it
wouldbeamountt orape.
 11
0

83
DateofJudgment
-05May ,
2017.
84
Dat
eofJudgment11Oct
.2017.
 11
1
FLOW-
CHART
Year Age of Age ment i
oned Mini
mum age of
Consent under i
nt heexcepti
on marr
iageundertheChil
d
t
h
secti 6 t
on 375, osec.
375 Marr
iageRestr
aintAct
,
ClauseI
PC 1929
1860 10 10 -
1891(After 12 12 -
amendment
ofIPC)
1925(After 14 13 -
amendment
ofIPC)
1929(Af t
erthe 14 13 14
passing
of Chi l
d
MarriageRestrai
nt
Act,1929)
1940 ( Aft
er t he 16 15 15
passing of Chi l
d
Marriage Rest
rai
nt
Act,1929and
IPC)
1978 16 15 18
2017 18 15 PCMA, 2006.18
(F)21(
M)

COMPARI
SONBET.BEFOREANDAFTER2013AMENDMENTREGARDI
NGRAPE
Bef
ore2013Amendment Af
ter2013Amendment
 11
2
Defi
nit
ion SexualI ntercour sewasnecessar y. Now sexual i ntercourse i s not
ofRape Earl
ierinser ti
onofpeni si
ntov na necessar
agi y.Penetrationofpeni si
nto
was necessar y. Such sexual t hevagi na,mouth, urethr
aoranusof
i
ntercour se must be i n si x awomanori nsertionofanyobj ect
ci
rcumst ancesnamel y, i
nto v agina, ur
et hra or anus i s
suffi
cient.Ifamanmani pul
atesany
Fi
rstly-Agai nstherwi ll
.
partof t he body of woman f or
Secondl y—Wi t
houtherconsent . penetrationorappl i
eshi smout hto
Thir
dly —Wi thherconsent ,when the vagi na,urethra oranus ofa
herconsenthasbeenobt ainedby womanormakehert odosoagainst
putt
ingheroranyper soninwhom herwi llorwi thoutherconsentor
sheisi nterestedi nfearofdeathor wi thorwi t
houtherconsent ,when
ofhurt. sheisunderei ght eeny earsofageis
Fourthly..
Fifthl
y..Sixthl
y—Wi t
hor r ape.
wit
houtherconsent ,whenshei s
undersi xteeny earsofage.
Expl
anat i
on.
 11
3
Aget o Section375Sixthl
y—Wi thor Sect i
on375Si xt
hly—Wi t
hor
gi
ve withoutherconsent,
whensheis withoutherconsent ,whensheis
consent undersixt
een underei ghteen
yearsofage. year sofage.
New Therewer esi
xcategori
esof Now, t
herear esevencategor
iesof
ground consent. consent .
regardi
n Sev enthl
y-When she i s unableto
g communi cateconsent.
consent
PunishmentTher
ewasnopr ovi
sionsr
egardi
ng Ther ear etwoci rcumst anceswhen
puni
shmentofdeat
hsentence. i
nr apecasesdeat hsent encemay
beawar ded.Theset wo casesar e
(1) Sect i
on 376A- Punishment f or
causi ng deat h or r esulti
ng i n
persistentvegetati
vest ateofv ictim.
(2)Sect i
on
376E- Puni shment f or r epeat
offenders.
Except
ion There was one except
ion-Sexual Ther earetwoexcept i
ons.
i
ntercoursebyamanwi thhisown Except i
on1-A medi calpr ocedur eor
wif
e,t he wi f
e not being under i
nter venti
on shal l not const itute
fi
ft
eeny earsofage,
isnotrape. rape.
Except i
on2-Sexuali ntercoursebya
manwi t
hhisownwi fe,thewi f
enot
beingunderf if
teeny ear sofage,i s
notr ape.
Except i
on2 does notexi staf ter
decisionofI ndependentThoughtv s.
85
UnionofI ndia&Anr .
 11
4

85
Av
ail
abl
eat
:ht
tps:
//i
ndi
ankanoon.
org.(
Visi
tedonApr
il10,
2018)
.Dat
eofJudgment
11Oct
.2017.
 11
5

Before2013Amendment ,t oconst i
tutet herapei nserti
onofpeni sint
ov aginawas
necessary.Sosev eralaccusedper sonswer eget ti
ngbenef itbypr ovi
ngthattherewas
noi nsert
ionintov agi
na.Now l aw hasbeenchanged.Now penet r
ati
onofpeni si nt
o
uret
hr a(Ur i
nepar t
),vagina(Now v aginaincl
udesl abi
amaj ora.Earli
eritwasnotso.
Therear etwotypesofl abianamel y
(i
)Labi aminoraand( 2)Labi aMaj ora.InLawLabi amaj oracov erslabiaminora),anus
andmout halsoconstitut
er ape.Thisl awisinf avourofwomen.Sowi t
hthehelpoft hi
s
chartwecanunder standdi ff
erencesamongv agina,urethra,labiamajoraandl abi
a
minora.InsomecasesCour t
sheldt hatruptur
eofhumanewasnecessar y.Lateronin
thecaseofPani BhushanBeher u
v.StateofOr i
ssa,HighCour theldthatr uptureofhymenwasnotnecessar y.

(
9)PROTECTI
ONOFCHI
LDRENFROM SEXUALOFFENCESACT,
2012(
POCSO)
Protecti
on ofChi l
dren fr
om SexualOf fences Act,2012 (POCSO)was enact ed i
n
pursuanceofAr t
icl
e15( 3)ofConstit
uti
onofI ndiaandConv enti
onont heRight
softhe
Chil
d, 1989.Thi
sActcamei nt
of or
ceonNov ember14, 2012.Underthi
sAct,i
thasbeen
providedfortheestabl
ishmentofSpeci alCourt,Speci
alPublicProsecut
orandSpecial
JuvenilePoli
ceUnitsothatbetterpr
otecti
onmaybegi ventochil
dren.
 11
6
Conf
li
ctBet
weenPr
otect
ionOfChi
l
drenFr
om SexualOf
fencesAct
,2012(
POCSO)
Act
and
 11
7
Sect
ion375,
Except
ion2.
ForthepurposeofPOCSOAct ,2012aper sonwhoi sbel
owt heageofei ght
eenyearsis
86
achild. Accordingtosect
ion2(2)ofthisAct,anywordwhichhasbeenusedi nthisAct
butnotdef i
ned int hi
sActand def ined i
nI PC,1860,Cr .
P.C.1973 orInf
ormation
TechnologyAct ,2000shal
lhav ethesamemeani ngrespecti
velyassignedtothem in
I
PC,1860,Cr .P.C.1973orI
nformationTechnologyAct,2000.Her echildhasnotbeen
di
videdont hebasi sofmarri
ed.Sexualrel
ati
onwi t
hanychildbelowt heageof18isan
off
ence.
ExceptionofSection375wascl earl
ysayi
ngt hatsexualrel
ati
onbyhusbandwithhi s
wifeevenbelowt heageof18y earsandabove15y earswasnotrape.Soitwasdirect
confli
ctbetweent wostatutes.Thiscont
roversywasset t
leddownbyt hedeci
sionof
87
IndependentThoughtv.UnionofIndia&Anr.
I
nthiscaseSupr
emeCourtheldthatamanwil
lbepuni
shedforr
apei
fheisfoundtobe
gui
l
tyofhavi
ngsexual
int
ercoursewit
hhi
sminorwif
ei.
e.bel
owtheageof18years.
Withthi
sv er
dict
,theSupr emeCourthasendedthedispari
tybetweenthisexcepti
onto
Secti
on375,whi chal l
owsahusbandt ohavesexualrelat
ionshipwithhis15-year
-ol
d
wif
e,andthedef i
nit
ionof‗ chi
l
d‘i
nrecentl
awssuchast hePr otect
ionofChil
drenfrom
SexualOff
encesAct, 2012,whi
chi
ncludesanypersonbel
owt heageof18.

88
SPECI
ALFEATURESOFTHECRI
MINALLAW (
AMENDMENT)ACT,
2018.

Now Cr i
minalLaw (Amendment )
‗Ordinance‘hasbeenr eplacedbyt heCr i
mi nalLaw
89
AmendmentAct ,2018. Byt his―Act ‖changeshav ebeendonei nIPC,1860,I ndian
Evi
denceAct ,1872,CodeofCr iminalProcedure,1973andPr otect
ionofChi l
drenfrom
SexualOffencesAct,2012.Rapehasbeencl assi
fi
edi nt
of ourcategores-(
i 1)Rapewi th
gi
rlbelowt heageoft welveyears(2)Rapewi thgirlbel
owt heageofsi xt
eeny ears(3)
Rapewi t
hgi r
lbel
owt heageofeighteeny ears(4)Rapeabov etheageofeighteeny ears.

86
Protect
ionofChi l
drenf rom Sexual OffencesAct ,
2012(No.32of2012) .
Secti
on2(1)(
d).
87
DateofJudgment 11Oct .
2017.
88
ThisOrdinancehasbeeni ssuedbyPr esidentunderArti
cle123(
1).ThisOrdi
nancewassignedby
pr denton21stApr
esi il
,2018. I t i
s avai
labl
e
at
http:
//www. prsi
ndi
a.org/ uploads/media/Or di
nances/The%20Cri
minal%20Law%20Amendment %20Ordi
na
nce%202018. pdf(
VisitedonOct ober13, 2018).
89
THECRI MI NALLAW ( AMENDMENT)ACT, 2018.TheActofParli
amentrecei
vedtheassentofthe
 11
8
Presi
dentonthe11thAugust,2018.Itshall
bedeemedt ohavecomeint
ofor
ceonthe21stdayofApri
l
,
2018.Avai
labl
eat:htt
ps://
mha.gov.
in/sit
es/def
aul
t/
fil
es/CSdi
vTheCr
imi
nal
LawAct
_14082018_0.
pdf
(Vi
sit
edonOct ober13,2018)
.
 11
9

Pr
ovi
sions Before Criminal Law Aft
erCriminalLaw(Amendment)Act,
(Amendment )Act,2018. 2018.
INDIANPENALCODE, 1860 I
NDIANPENALCODE, 1860
Sect ion 166A (
c) 376B,376C,376D,and376E 376AB,376B, 376C,
376D,and376DA,
Publ ic Substit
utedby 376DB.
serv ant
disobey ing
direct i
on under
l
aw.
Sect ion228A 376A,376B,376C,376D, Sect
ion 376 A, Secti
on 376AB,
Discl osure 376B,376C,
376D,
and376DA,
ofi dentit
y 376DB.
Sect
ion376(
1) …notbel essthanseveny ear
s …notbel esst hanteny ear
sbut
Puni
shment butwhi chmayext endt o whi chmayext endtoimpri
sonment
forr
ape i
mpr isonment forlif
e..
forl
ife…
Secti
on376(2)
(i
) Rapeonawomanwhenshei s Del eted
undersi xteenyear
sofage
Secti
on376(3) Sect i
on376( 3)wasabsent . Newl yinser ted.
(I
t had been pr ov ded under Rapeonawomanwhenshei
i sunder
Section 376( 2) (i
)f or whi ch sixteeny earsofage–Notl essthan
punishmentwas……. twent y y ears –whi ch may be
notbel essthant eny earsbutimpr i
sonmentf orl
i
fe.
which
mayext endtoimprisonmentf or
l
ife.
.
Secti
on376A Section376A Sect i
on376A( Nochange)
Secti
on376AB Absent Inserted.Puni shment-
Rape wi th girl Notl esst hant wentyYears–uptoLI
bel
owt heageof andf ineorDeat hsentence
12
Years
Secti
on 376DA LifeImpr i
sonment
Punishment f or
gang rape on a
women
under
si
xteen years of
age
 12
0
Secti
on376DB neorDeat
LIandFi hSent
ence
Punishment
forgang r ape
on a
women
under
twelveyear
sof
age
Omi t
ted Subst
it
uted I
nser
ted
 12
1
Secti
on376(
2)(
I) Secti
on 166A,Sect
ion 228 A, Section376(3),
Secti
on376AB,
Secti
on376(1) Sect
ion
376DA,Secti
on376DB
Prot
ecti
on of Children From
SexualOf
fencesAct,2012
Secti
on42 Secti
on376A,Secti
onC, Sect
ion Sect
ion376A,Sect
ion376AB,Sect
ion
Substi
tut
e D 376B,Sect
ion376C,Sect
ion376D,
d Sect
ion376DAandSect i
on376DB.

Ther
ear
efol
l
owi
ngspeci
alf
eat
uresoft
his‗
Act
‘-

(
1)Amendment
sinFourSt
atut
es-
Byt hi
s―Act
‖changeshave been done i
nI PC,1860,Indi
an Evi
dence Act
,1872,
CodeofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e,1973andProtect
ionofChi
ldr
enFrom SexualOf
fencesAct
,
2012.

(
2)Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofRapeVi
cti
msont
hebasi
sofage-
Rapehasbeencl assi
fi
edint
ofourcat
egores-(
i 1)Rapewi
thgir
lbel
owt heageoftwel
v e
years–Secti
on376ABandSect i
on376DB. (
2)Rapewithgi
rlbel
owt heageofsixt
een
yearsSect
ion376DA( 3)Rapewithgi
rlbel
owt heageofei
ghteenyearsSect
ion376(1)
(4)Rapeabovetheageofeight
eenyears.
(
3)EnhancementofPuni
shment
-
(i
)Mini
mum Puni
shment-(a)Accor
dingtosect
ion376(
1),mini
mum puni
shmenti
n
r
apecasesi
s10year
s.Ear
li
ermini
mum puni
shmentwasseveny
ears.
(b)
Minimum Puni
shmentforRapewithwomenbel
owtheageof16Years-Accor
dingt
o
secti
on376(3)
,ri
gorouspunishmentforater
m whi
chshal
lnotbel essthantwent
y
year
s.
(c)Mini
mum Puni
shmentforRapewithwomenbel owtheageof12Year
s-Accor
dingt
o
sect
ion376AB,ri
gor
ouspuni shmentforat erm whichshal
lnotbelessthantwent
y
year
sandwhichmayextenttoLIordeathsentence.
(i
i)Lif
eImprisonment-AccordingtoSecti
on376DA Punishmentforgangrapeona
women undersi xteen y
ears ofage isi mpr
isonmentf orli
fe whi
ch shal
lmean
i
mprisonmentfortheremainderoft
hatper
son‘
snatur
alli
fe,andwi
thfi
ne.

(i
i
i)Death Sent
ence -(Sect
ion 376 AB Sect
ion 376DB)
-Two mor e cat
egor
ies of
off
encesrel
atedtorape havebeeninsert
edwhendeat hsentencemaybeawar ded.
Aft
ert s―Act
hi ‖therearefourcategor
iesofof f
encesrelat
edt or
apewhendeat h
 12
2
sent
encemaybeawar
ded.
 12
3
DEATHSENTENCEI
NRAPECASES
S.N. Act/Pr ovisi
ons Puni
shment
TheCrimi nalLaw(Amendment)Act,2013
2013
1 Secti
on376A-Puni shmentforcausi
ngdeat horresul
ti
ngin Deat
hSent
ence
persi
stent
veget
ativest at
eofvicti
m
2 Secti
on376E-Puni shmentforr
epeatoffenders. Deat
hSent
ence
90
THECRI MINALLAW ( AMENDMENT)Act ,2018.
2018
3 Secti
on376AB-Rapewi t
hwomenbelowt heageof12Year s Deat
hSent
ence
4 Secti
on376DB-―GangRape‖wi thwomenbel owt heageof12 Deat
hSent
ence
Years
 12
4

90
Thi
sOr
dinancehasbeenpr
omul
gat
edbyPr
esi
dentunderAr
ti
cl 1)on22ndApr
e123( il
,2018.
 12
5
RAPEOFWOMENANDPUNI
SHMENT
S.N. AgeofWoman Puni
shment Sect
ions
1 Under12Year
s
2018 RapeofWomanunder12Year
s Mini
mum 20YearsinJai
lor Sect
ion376AB
LIorDeathSent
ence
2018 GangRapeofWomanunder12 LI and Fi ne or death Sect
ion376DB
Year
s Sentence

2 Under16Year
s
2018 RapeofWomanunder16Year
s Minimum puni shment 20 Sect
ion376(3)
years ( Ear
li
er i t was
10Years) whi ch may
extendtoLIand
fi
ne.
2018 GangRapeofWomanunder16 LIandFine Sect
ion376DA
Year
s

3 Under18Year
s
2018 RapeofWomanunder18Year
s Minimum puni shment 10 Section376(
1)
years (Earl
i
er it was 7
Years)which mayext end
toLIand
fi
ne.
2013 GangRapeofWomanunder18 Notlessthan20y ear
s Sect
ion376D
Year
s which
mayextendt oLIandfine.
4 Under or above 18 Year
s Rape
whetherr
apehasbeencommi t
ted
wit
horwithoutconsent
2013 RapeofWomanunder18Year
s Minimum puni shment 10 Section376(
1)
years (Earl
i
er it was 7
Years)which mayext end
toLIand
fi
ne.
2013 GangRapeofWomanunder18 Notlessthan20y ear
s Sect
ion376D
Year
s which
mayextendt oLIandfine.
 12
6
Sect
ion377

Section377-Unnat uraloff
ences.
—Whoev erv ol
untar
il
yhascar nali
ntercour
seagainst
the or derofnat ure wi t
h any man,woman orani mal
,shal lbe punished with
i
mpr isonmentforlife,orwithi
mprisonmentofei t
herdescri
pti
onf oraterm whichmay
extend t oten years,and shallalso be l
iabletof ne.Expl
i anati
on.—Penetr
ati
on is
suffi
cienttoconstit
utethecarnali
ntercour
senecessarytotheof f
encedescri
bedinthis
secti
on.

I
mpor
tantwor
ds
Lesbian: (woman and a woman) ,Women who ar e attr
act ed to women. The
wor d ―lesbian‖i sder i
vedf r
om t
henameoft heGreekisl
andofLesbos,wher ei
twas
rumor edthatf emalesame-sexcoupl espr oli
ferat
ed.
Gay :(Ment oMen)-Menwhoar eat tractedt omen,al t
hought histermi ssometi
mes
alsousedgener ical
lyforall
same-sexat t
ractedpersons.
Bisexual:Womenwhoar eattr
act
edt obot hsexes; menwhoar eat tr
actedtobothsexes.
Transgender–Sexi snotclearoftheseper sons.
Homosexual( Same) :Peopleofeithergenderwhoar eat t
racted,sexually,emoti
onall
y
andi nr el
ationships,toper sonsoft hesamesex.Gayandl esbianar et wopart
sof
homosexual .I ncaseofmant oman–Gay ,andi ncaseofwomant owoman–Lesbi an.
Thewor d―homosexual ‖i
snotder i
vedf r
om ―homo‖meani ngman,butf r
om ―homo‖
(Greekwor d)means‗ same‘.
Heterosexual s(Opposi t
e)(manandwoman)–Opposi t
esexat tracttoeachot her
.This
i
smostpopul arform ofsexualat t
raction.Butbi sexualischal l
engingi t
ssupremacy.
Reasonoft hi siseasyaccessofev eryt ypesofpor nography.
Penile–Rel at edtopenis
Car nalInt
ercourse–SexualI ntercourse betweenor ganswhi charenotpart
forthepurposeofpr ocreati
onofchi l
d.
I
nt roduct
ion-Sect
ion377penalisesallfor
msofnonpeni l
e-vaginalint
ercour
se.Section
377cr iminal
i
zessexualint
ercoursethatispenil
eandnon-vaginal,deemingit―against
theor derofnat ure‖
.Thel aw affectsther i
ghtsofthel esbian,gay ,bi
sexualand
transgender(LGBT)populat
ion,inparti
cular
,butit
sprovi
sionscanal sobeappl i
edt o
91
heterosexualci
ti
zens.
I
n2009,t heDelhiHighCourthadrul
edi nfav
ourofdecri
minali
singsection377.This
deci
sionwasov ert
urnedbyDivisi
onBenchofSupr emeCourtin2013,i nt heSuresh
KumarKoushalv .Naz Foundati
on case.On Sep.6,2018 S.K.KoushalCase was
over
ruledbyConsti
tuti
onal
BenchofSupremeCourt.
 12
7
91
ht
tps://
www. l
iv
emi nt.
com/ Pol
i
tics/
d8zj
DGMLYr
2hCHMt
54i
KcN/
Sect
ion-
377-
ver
dict
-by
-Supr
eme-
Court
-today-5-
key-t
hings-t
o.html
 12
8
Leadi
ngCases
Year
/Cour
tLeadi
ngCases Remar
ks
2009 NazFoundat
ionCase Sect
ion377–Par
ti
all
yUnconst
it
uti
onal
2013 eshKumarKoushal& (
Sur 1)Secti
on377-Const
it
uti
onal(
2)NazFoundat
ion
case
Anr.v
.NazFoundat
ion& wasov err
uled.
Ors
92
Reason ofDeci
sion– (i)The LGBTcommunity
compri
sedonl
y a minuscul
efr
acti
onof the t
otal
popul
ati
onand

(
ii
)thatthemeref
actthatt
hesai
dSect
ionwasbeing
misusedisnotar
efl
ecti
onoft
hevir
esoftheSect
ion.

2014 National Legal Ser

vices Transgendersareperson
Authorit
yv .Uni
onofIndia
A person‗ssexi susuallyassignedatbir
th,buta
andot her
s
rel
ativ
elysmallgroupofper sonsmaybebor nwit
h
bodieswhichincorporat
ebot horcert
ainaspect
sof
bothmal eandfemalephysiol
ogy .
2018 NavtejSi nghJohar& Or s. Secti
on377i sparti
allystr
uckdown
V. Uni on Of I ndia Thr .
SecretaryMi nistr
yofLaw
AndJust ice
Navte The pr ovisi
ons ofSect ion Sex wi th consent- Secti
on 377 I
PC,so f aras i t
j 377wi l
lcontinuet ogovern penalizes any consensual sexual r elationship
Si
ngh non- consensual sexual bet weent woadul t
s,bei thomosexuals(mananda
Johar actsagai nstadults,al
lact s man), heterosexual
s( manandawoman)orl esbi ans
of car nal i ntercouse ( woman and a woman) ,cannotbe r egar ded as
Case
againstmi nors,andact sof const it
ut i
onal.
beastiali
ty.
Sex wi thoutConsent- Anyactoft he descr i
ption
coveredunderSect i
on377I PC donebet weent wo
i
ndivi
dual swi t
houtt heconsentofanyoneoft hem
wouldi nvit
epenal l
iabil
i
tyunderSect
ion377I PC.
Sexwithani
mals-ifanyone,
bywhichwemeanboth
amanandawoman,engagesi nanykindofsexual
act
ivi
tywithananimal,thesai
daspectofSecti
on
377 i
s const
it
uti
onaland itshal
lremai
n a penal
off
enceunderSect
ion377IPC.
 12
9

92
(
2014)1SCC1
 13
0
Sur
eshKoushalCase–Thi
scasewasov
err
uled.

Reasoni
ngofdeci
sion (
1)Consensualsexuali
nter
cour
sebet
weent
woadul
t
mal
eandfemaleisv
ali
dwhilebet
weentwomalesor
f
emalesi
tiscr
ime.I
tisvol
ati
veofar
ti
cle14.
(2)Whi l
e Sect i
on 375 per mits consensual
penetrati
ve act
s (the defi
niti
on of
‗penetrati
on‘i
ncl
udesoralandanal sex)
,Secti
on377
makes t he same act
s ofpenet rat
ion puni
shable
i
rrespectiv
eofconsent.Thiscreatesadi chot
omyi n
thelaw.

(
1)NazFoundat
ionv.Gov
ernmentofNCTofDel hiandOther
s(2009)Di
vi
sionBenchof
t
heDel
hiHighCourt
-Hon‘
bleJJ.Aj
i
tPrakashShah&S. MURALIDHAR–
Sect
ion377i
sPar
ti
all
yUnconst
it
uti
onal
DelhiHighCourtul
ti
mat
elyst
ruckdownSecti
on377I PCcl
ear
lystat
ingthatcar
nal
i
ntercoursebet
weenhomosexualsandhet
erosexual
swit
hconsentcannotbean
of
fence.
(2)Suresh KumarKoushal& Anrv .NazFoundat i
on & Ors( 11 December,2013)
,
SupremeCour tDivi
sionBench– JJ.G.S.Singhv
i,SudhansuJy ot
iMukhopadhaya–
Appealwasr efer
redfrom t
hejudgmentofNazFoundat i
onv .GovernmentofNCTof
DelhiandOt hers(2009)
.InthiscaseSupremeCour tdeclaredthatSecti
on377i s
consti
tuti
onal
.
(
3)Nav
tejSi
nghJohar&Or
s.v
.Uni
onofI
ndi
aThr
.Secr
etar
yMi
nist
ryofLawand
Just
ice(
Sept
ember6,
2018)Const
it
uti
onalBench
Hon‘
bleJJ.(
1)DipakMisrahon‘
ble(
2)Rohi
ntonFaliNari
man, (
3)A.M.Khanwi
l
kar
,(4)Dr
.
Just
iceD.
Y.Chandrachud,(
5)InduMalhot
ra(Fourconcurr
ingOrder)
.
Af
tert
hisj
udgmentsect
ion377maybedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wopar
ts–

Const
it
uti
onal
par
tofsect
ion377
Secti
on377wi l
lcont
inuetogover
nnon-consensual
sexualact
sagai
nstadul
ts,
all
act
s
ofcarnal
int
ercouseagainstmi
nors,
andactsofbeasti
ali
ty.
I
nfol
l
owi
ngcasessect
ion377i
sconst
it
uti
onal
(
1)Sexwi
thoutConsent-
Anyactoft
hedescr
ipt
ioncov
eredunderSect
ion377I
PCdone
betweentwoi ndi
vidual
swit
houtt
heconsentofanyoneoft
hem woul
dinv
itepenal
l
iabil
i
tyunderSect
ion377IPC.
 13
1
(
2)Sexwi
thMi
nor–Accor
dingt
osect
ion5speci
all
aw(
POCSOAct
)shal
lpr
evai
lov
er
gener
all
aw(
IPC)
.Butwher
especi
all
awi
ssal
i
entgener
all
aw(
sect
ion377)shal
lappl
y.
(3)Sexwi t
hanimals( Beast
ial
i
ty)-ifanyone,bywhichwemeanbot hamananda
woman, engagesinanykindofsexualact
ivi
tywit
hananimal,t
hesaidaspectofSect
ion
377isconstit
uti
onalanditshal
lremai
napenal off
enceunderSect
ion377IPC.
Sur
eshKoushalCase–Thi scasewasov er
rul
ed.
Unconsti
tut
ionalPar
tofSect
ion377
LGBT(Lesbian,Gay,Bi
sexualand
Transgender)
I
nfoll
owi
ngcasessect i
on377woul dbeunconsti
tut
ional
-

(1)Sexwi t
hconsent-Sect
ion377IPC,sof arasi tpenal
i
zesanyconsensualsexual
rel
ati
onshi
pbetweent woadul
tsatpriv
ateplace,beithomosexual
s(manandaman) ,
heter
osexuals(
manandawoman)orl esbians (womanandawoman) ,cannotbe
regar
dedasconsti
tut
ional
.Nowinthesecasesection377wouldnotbeappl
icabl
e.

I
nduMal
hot
ra
(i
)I
nv i
ewoft heafor
esaidfi
ndings, i
tisdecl
aredthatinsofarasSecti
on377criminali
ses
consensualsexualactsofadul t
s( i
.e.personsabov et heageof18y earswhoar e
competenttoconsent )inpr i
v at
e,isv i
olati
veofAr t
icl
es14,15,19,and21oft he
Consti
tuti
on.Iti
s,howev er
,clarif
iedthatsuchconsentmustbef r
eeconsent,whichis
completel
yvolunt
aryinnature,anddev oi
dofanydur essorcoercion.
i
i.Thedeclarati
onoft
heaforesaidr
eadingdownofSect i
on377shal lnot,howev
er,
lead
tothereopeningofanyconcludedprosecut
ions,butcancertainl
yber el
i
eduponinall
pendi
ngmat terswhet
hert
heyar eatt
het r
ial
,appel
lat
e,orrev
isionalst
ages.
ii
i.Theprovi
si
onsofSection377wi l
lconti
nuetogover
nnon-consensualsexualact
s
agai
nstadul
ts,al
lact
sofcarnal
int
ercouseagai
nstmi
nors,andact
sofbeastial
it
y.
i
v.Thej udgmenti
nSur
eshKumarKoushal&Anr
.v.NazFoundat
ion&Or
s.i
sher
eby
over
rul
ed.

Just
iceDeepakMi
shr
a
Di
sti
ncti
onbetween‗natur
al‘and‗unnatur
al‘i
snotacceptabl
e-Rejecti
ngthe
di
sti
ncti
onbetween‗natur
al‘and‗unnatur
al‘
sexualr
elati
ons,sai
dthat―whatnatur
e
gi
vesisnatur
al‖
,and
―thenatur
ali
denti
tyofanindivi
dualshoul
dbet r
eat
edt obeabsolut
elyessent
ial
tohisbei
ng‖
.
 13
2
Sexualatt
ract
ionf
orthesamesexiscont
rol
l
edbyneur
ologi
calandbi
ologi
calf
act
ors;
anindivi
dual‘
snat
uralor
ient
ati
oni
sinnat
eandli
esatthecoreofher/hisbei
ngand
i
dentit
y.
Majorit
ari
anRuleisnotaccept abl
e-TheConst i
tuti
onisnotforjustt
hemajor
it
y,t
he
fundamentalri
ghts are guar
anteed to ―any person‖and ―any ci
ti
zen‖
,and t
he
sustenanceoft
heseright
sdoesnotr equi
remajorit
ari
ansanct
ion.
Homosexuali
ty i s notment alil
lness -
―Homosexualit
yi s nei
therment
alill
ness
nor mor aldeprav
ity,
‖CJIMi sr
asai dinclearter
ms.Nordoesonechooset o be
homosexual— thesci enceofsexualit
ysaysanindi
vidualhaslit
tl
eornocontr
olover
whom she/heisattractedto.Researchshowssexualori
entat
ionisdeci
dedver
yearly
,
possi
blyevenbefor
ebi rth.
Secti
on377cr i
minal
i
sescar
nalintercourseevenbetweenheterosexual
s,andisl
egall
y
unsustai
nabl
eforthesi
mplereasont hatSect
ion375I PCclear
lystipul
atest
hatcar
nal
i
ntercour
sebetweenamanandawomanwi t
ht hewil
fulandinformedconsentofthe
womandoesnotamountt orape,andisnotpunishabl
e.
 13
3
Secti
ons34and149ofI PC
KrishnaMur ari
YadavAssi stant
Professor ,LC-I,
Facul tyofLaw,
Univ ersi
tyofDel hi
,Delhi
Secti
on34- Actsdonebysev eralpersons (
Section11)i nf urt
heranceofcommon
i
ntenti
on-Whenacr i
minalact( S.32-Actincludesil
legalomi ssionandS.33-“ Act
”
denotesaswel lasaser iesofact sasasi ngleact)isdonebysev eralpersonsin
93
fur
theranceofthecommoni nt
entionofall(
Ins.in1870 t omakemor eclear
),eachof
suchper sonsi
sli
abl
eforthatactinthesamemannerasi fitwer edonebyhi m al
one.

Act Cr
imi
nal
Act

(HereIam usi
ng‗act‘i
nnotlegal
sense)
. ( Section32–Act sincl
udesill
egal
omi ssion)
Several per
sons had att
ended marri
ageSeveral persons had attended marriage
ceremonyandperformeddance.I
tisact
. cer emonyandper formeddance.Att he
ti
meof
performingdancesomedi sputes
aroused
betweent woparti
es.Theystartedtofi
ght
each
other.Thisiscr
iminalact
.

Actdoesnotat
tractsect
ion34. Onl
yCr
imi
nal
actat
tract
ssect
ion34.

Al
lact
sar
enotcr
imi
nal
act
. Butal
lcr
imi
nal
act
sar
eact
.

94
I
ntroduct
ion– Secti
on34cr eat
essev
er( separat
e)andj ointli
abi
li
ty. Secti
on34i s
basedont herati
oofdecisionofRegv .Cruise(1838).I
nt hiscasePoliceConstabl
e
wenttoarrestAathishouse.BC&Dcameoutofhousegav ehim ablow.Int
hiscase
theCourtevol
vedtheDoctr
ineofJoi
ntl
iabi
lit
y.…infurt
heranceofthecommoni ntenti
on
95
ofallwer
einsert
edin1870 .
Nospeci f
icoffence,onl
yev i
dence-Secti
on34doesnotcr eatespeci
fi
cof
fence.Ithas
beenment ionedunderChapt erII(Gener
alExplanat
ions,Sections6-
52A)
.Itonlylays
downr uleofev i
dencet hati
ftwoormor ethant wopersonscommi tscr
iminalactin
fur
theranceoft hecommoni ntent
ionofalleachoft heper sonswil
lbeli
ableont he
pri
ncipl
eofj oi
ntli
abil
it
y.
Secti Ev
on 149 - erymemberofunl awfulassembl
yguilt
yofoffence commi t
ted i
n
prosecut
ionofcommonobj ect– I
fanof f
ence(Sect
ion40)iscommi tt
edbyany
memberofanunl awf
ulassembly(
Secti
on141–Mi ni
mum 5per
sons)inprosecuti
onof
 13
4
t
hecommonobj ect(
Secti
on141
–5typesofci
rcumstances)oft
hatassembl
y,orsuchast
hemember
soft yknew
hatassembl
t
o

93
UPPCS2001,
UKAPO2010
94
UPPCS1991.
95
UPPCS2001,
UKAPO2010
 13
5
beli
kel
ytobecommitt
edi
npr osecut
ionoft
hatobj
ect
,ev
eryper
sonwho,att
heti
meof
thecommit
ti
ngofthatof
fence,isamemberoft hesameassembl
y,i
sguilt
yofthat
off
ence.
Ther
ear
efourpar
tsofsect
ion149–
(1)Memberofunl
awf
ulassembly–I fper
soni snotmemberorhewasmemberbut
ceasedt
obememberofunlawf
ulassemblythensect
ion149shal
lnotat
tr
act
.
(
2)Commi
tt
edsomewor
k-Hehaddonesomewor
kinpr
osecut
ionofcommonobj
ect
,or
(3)Mereknowl
edgeissuff
ici
ent-Hehadknowledgebutpersonal
lyhedi
dnot
hing.He
didnotperf
orm anyactbuthewasmemberofunl awfulassemblyandheknew that
suchactwasli
kelyt
obecommi tt
edi
nprosecut
ionofcommonobj ect
.
(
4)Vi
car
iousLi
abi
li
ty-Ev
eryper
sonwho, atthetimeofthecommi
tt
ingoft
hatof
fence,
i
samemberofthesameassembly
,isgui
l
t yofthatof
fence.
Nonewof fence–Itdoesnotcr
eat
enewoffencel
i
kesecti
ons34and120B.I
tismer
ely
decl
arat
orysect
ion. Di
ff
erencebetween34and149

Secti
on34 Section149
1 I
tdoesnotcreatesubstanti
ve Itcreatessubstant
iveoffence.Ithas
off
ence.I
t been
deal
sonlyrul
eofev i
dence. ment ionedunderChapterVI I
I.
2 Acti
vepart
ici
pati
oneitherinfor
m of Beingamemberofunl awf ulassembly
over
tactorcovertactisnecessar
y. i
ssuf fici
ent
.Hewi ll
beliableev enhe
does
notdoanyact .
3 Commoni ntent
ionissi
nequanon. Commonobj ecti
ssinequanon.
Commoni ntent
ioniswider
. Common
objectisli
mitedupt ofi
ve
cir
cumst ances.
4 Cri
mi nalactmustbedoneatl east Offence mustbe done atl eastfi
ve
byt wo persons.Maximum per son persons.Maxi mum personshav enot
hasnotbeenment i
oned.Itmaybe beenment i
oned.
3,
4,5,
6,7,8,
9
10per sonsormor eper
sons. Onl y
conditi
on ist hatothercondit
ions
mustbef
ulf
il
led.
 13
6
5 Thereisonlyonepar
tofsect
ion34. Therearet wopartsofsect i
on149.
Whenacr i
minal
acti
sdoneby Fir
stPar t-Ifanof fenceiscommi tted
sever
al per
sons.
. by any member of an unl awf ul
assembly i n pr osecuti
on of t he
commonobj ectoft hatassembly,
or
SecondPar t-Suchast hemember sof
thatassembl yknewt obeli
kel
ytobe
commi tt
edi nprosecut i
onofthatobject,
6 Secti
on34wasamendedi n1870. Til
lnowi thasnotbeenamended.
 13
7

JOINTLIABILITY-Sect
ions34,35,37,38and149
SECTI
ON34 Whenacr iminalacti
sdonebysev eralper
sonsi nfur
theranceof
the
commoni ntenti
onofall,
eachofsuchper sonsisli
ableforthat
actint
hesamemannerasi fitwer edonebyhi m alone
Amendment
1870 …infur
theranceofthecommoni ntenti
onofall,
Mil
ton ―Theyalsoser v
ewhoonl ystandandwai t‖
.Lateronitwasusedin
l
awbyLor dSumneri ncaseofBar endraKumarGhoshv s.king
Emperor,23Oct.1924.
Lor
dSumner ―Theyal soser vewhoonl yst andandwai t‖.Bar endr aKumar
Ghoshv s.kingEmper or ,
23Oct .1924. P.C.PostOf fi
cecase.
Sir Madhav an Mahaboob Shah v s. Emper or , 1944, Si r Madhav an
Nair Nair, ―…Car emustbet akennott oconf usesameorsi mi l
ar
i
ntent ionwi t
hcommoni ntention, thepar t
it
ionwhi chdivides‗ their
bonds‘i sof tenv eryt hin;nev ertheless,t hedi stinct i
onisr ealand
subst ant i
al ,andi fov erl
ooked,
willresul tinmi scar riageofj ustice..‖
23 Barendr a TheSub- Postmast eratSankar it
ol l
aPostOf ficewascount i
ng
Oct. KumarGhosh moneyathi st abl eint hebackr oom, whensev er almenappear ed
1924 vs. king atthedoorwhi chl eadsi ntot her oom f r
om acour ty
ard,and, when
. Emper or , j
usti nsi det hedoor ,cal l
edonhi mt ogiveupt hemoney .Al most
Sankaritolla i
mmedi at el
yaf terwar dst heyf iredpi st
olsathi m.Hewashi tin
PostOf fice twopl aces,i nonehandandneart hear mpit,anddi edal mostat
Case.Bar endra once.Wi t
houtt akinganymoneyt heassai l
ant sf l
ed, separ at i
ngas
KumarGhosh theyr an.Appel lantwascaught .Hewast hemanout sidet he
was a room.Lor dSumner ,―Theyal soser v ewhoonl yst andandwai t
‖.
fr
eedom f ighter. Acr imi nalactmeansuni t
yofcr imi nalbehav iourwhi chr esul tsin
He was somet hing, forwhi chani ndividualwoul dbepuni shable, i
fi twer e
conv i
cted f or alldonebyhi msel fal one, thati s, i
nacr iminal offence.
mur der u/ s302 Bysect ion33acr imi nalacti nsect i
on34i ncludesaser iesof
r/wsect ion34. act s.“ The
act”int hel at t
erpar toft hesect ionmusti ncludet hewhol eact i
on
cov eredby“ acr imi nalact ”int hef irstpart,becauset heyr eferto
i
t.
 13
8
31st Mahaboob Shah Int hiscaset herewasdi sputeregardingcutt
ingofr eedont he
Jan. v.Emper
or bankofr i
ver.Al l
ahDadandhi scompani onwer egivenwar ni
ng
194 (I
ndus River nott ocutreed.I gnori
ngthiswar ni
ngt heycutthereed.Alt
rcati
on
5 Case) started.Quasim Shahshout edoutf orhelpandWal iShahand
MahbubShahcameup.Theyhadgunsi nt
hei
rhands.WhenAl l
ah
DadandHami dullahtri
edt orunaway ,WaliShahandMahbub
Shahcamei nf rontofthem andWal iShahfir
edatAl l
ahDadwho
felldowndeadandMahbubShahf i
redatHami dull
ah,causing
i
njur i
estohim.I nthiscaset her
ewascommon
i
ntent i
ontosav eQuasi m Shah.
 13
9
SirMadhav an Nai r,―…Car e mustbe t aken nott o conf use
same orsi milari ntent i
onwi thcommoni ntent i
on,t hepar titi
on
whi chdi vides
‗theirbonds‘i sof tenv eryt hi n;nev erthel ess,t hedi st i
nctioni s
realandsubst ant i
al,andi fov er looked,wi l
lresul tinmi scarr i
age
ofj ustice..‖Commoni ntentionwi thinthemeani ngofsect i
on34
i
mpl i
esapr e-ar rangedpl an.
Mahaboob Shah succeeded i n hi s appeal .Hi s conv icti
on f or
mur derand
thesent enceofdeat hsetasi ded.
3Dec. Pandur ang v . Thecommon i ntent ion shoul d bepr i
ororant ecedentt ot he
1954 St at e of occur rence.
Hy der abad Supr emeCour tobser ved,―Now i nt hecaseofsect ion34we
thinki tiswel lest ablishedt hatacommoni ntent ionpr esupposes
priorconcer t.Itr equi resapr e- arrangedpl anbecausebef orea
mancanbev i
car i
ousl yconv ict edf ort hecr i
mi nalactofanot her,
theactmusthav ebeendonei n
furtheranceoft hecommoni ntent i
onoft hem al l.
3Feb. Rishi DeoPandeyCommoni nt entionmaydev elopont hespot .
1955 v s.St at eofU.P.
1965 Gur dat taMal vs. Thispr inciplet hatt hepr ov isionsonl yl ay sdown t he r ule or
UGC St at eofU. P. principleofj ointl i
abi l
ityanddoesnotcr eat easepar ateof fence
200 Sect ion wasconsi der edbyt heSupr emeCour tint hiscase.Sect i
ons34
8 34doesnot and96ofI PCwer einv olved.
creat edi st
inct Supr emeCour tobser ved,―I ti swel lset tledt hatSect ion34of
offence. the
IndianPenalCodedoesnotcr eat eadi stinctof fence:i tonlyl ays
downt hepr incipleofj ointcr i
mi nal li
abilit
y .
Phy sical PresenceandAct iv ePar ti
cipat i
on
1955 Shr eeKant iavs. Phy sical presenceandact i
v ePar ticipationofev er ypersoni s
S.C. St at eofBombay necessar y.
1960 J. M. Desai v s. Incaseofof fencesagai nstpr oper ty,presenceofev er
yper soni s
S.C. St at eofBombay not
necessar y.
Differencebet ween34and149
25 Nanak Chand S. C.obser v ed,―Ther ei s a cl ear di st inction bet ween t he
Janua vs.TheSt ateOf pr ov i
sionsofsect ions34and149oft heI ndianPenalCodeand
96
ry
, Punj ab thet wosect i
onsar enott obeconf used….
195
5
 14
0

96
MPPCSJ,
1993,
UPPCS2006,
UPAPO2007
 14
1
Sur
eshandAnot
herv
.St
ateofUt
tarPr
adesh
(
Dat
eofJudgment–Mar
ch2,
2001,
Supr
emeCour
t)(
Sect
ions34r
/w302)
Fact
s
InthiscaseRameshandSur eshwer ebrother
s.Rameshwasl ivi
nginhi
shouseal ong
withhi swif
eandf ourchil
dren.Therewassomel anddisputesbetweenRameshand
Suresh.Sureshalongwi t
hhi sbrot
her-
in-l
aw madeplanf orkilli
ngofallmembersof
familyofRamesh.Inmi dni
ghtSureshalongwi t
hhisbrot
her-i
n-lawRamjiatt
ackedover
familyofRameshandki l
ledallmember sexceptJitendra( SevenYears)whoal so
sufferedinj
uri
esbutfort
unatel
ysurvi
ved.Pav i
tr
iDeviw/oSureshwasal sochargedfor
exhortati
on.Ramesh,RamjiandPavit
riwerechargedundersections302r/w34.
Deci
sion
Inthi
sCaseSupr
emeCourtheldthatPav
itr
iDeviwasnotinv
olv
edandshewas
acqui
tt
edandRameshandSureshwereli
ableformurder
.

I
mpor
tantPoi
nts
I
nthi
sleadi
ngcaseSupr
emeCour
tlai
ddownsev
eral
impor
tantpoi
nts–
(i
)Meani ngof‗ Cri
minalact
‘-Accordi
ngtosecti
on32‗ act‘i
ncludesomissionand
accordingtosecti
on33‗act‘
denot
esaswell
asseriesofactsassingl .Thi
eact smeans
acriminalactcanbeasingl
eactori
tcanbetheconglomer
ationofaseriesofacts.
(i
i)Juxt
aposi
ti
onofSecti
on34–Sect
ions3537,
38ar
ejuxt
aposi
ti
onofSect
ion34.Al
l
secti
onsdealj
ointl
i
abi
l
ity
.
(i
ii
)Vicari
ousli
abil
it
y-Ther earet wot y
pesofv i
cari
ousliabil
it
ynamel y;(a)vicari
ous
l
iabil
it
yinthecri
minalj
urisprudence(b)vicar
iousli
abil
i
tyintheci v
ilj
uri
sprudence( Law
ofTorts)
.Secti
on34ofI PCr ecognisestheprinci
pleofvi
cariousli
abil
it
yint hecriminal
j
urispr
udence.
Meani
ngofvi
car
iousli
abi
li
ty-Itmakesaper
sonl
iabl
eforacti
onofanoff
encenot
commit
tedbyhi
m butbyanotherper
sonwit
hwhom hesharedthecommonint
ent
ion.
(i
v)Notsubstantiveoffence,onlyevidence-Iti
sar ul
eofev i
denceanddoesnotcr eate
asubst
anti
veof fence.Itmeanst hissectioni
tsel
fdoesnotconst i
tuteanyoff
ence.Only
useofthi
ssectioni stopr ovetheliabil
it
yofco-accused.Soifthereisonl
yoneper son
hascommittedcr i
met hissecti
onwi llnotbeappli
cable.
(v)Commonsense Princi
ple -The secti
on gives statut
ory recogni
ti
on to t he
commonsensepri
nci
plethatifmorethantwopersonsintent
ional
l
ydoat hingj
oint
ly,i
t
i
sj ustt
hesameasi
feachoft hem haddoneiti
ndi
vidual
l
y.
 14
2
(vi
)Pre-plan-Ther ei sno gai nsayi
ng thatacommoni ntentionpr e-supposespr ior
concert,whichrequir
esapr e-ar r
angedpl anoft heaccusedpar tici
pati
ngi nanof fence.
Suchapr e-concertorpr e-
planningmaydev elopont hespotordur i
ngt hecourseof
commi ssionoft heoffencebutt hecrucialtestisthatsuchpl anmustpr ecedetheact
consti
tutinganof ence.Commoni
f nt
ent
ioncanbef ormedpr eviouslyorint hecourseof
occurr
enceandonaspurofmoment .Theexi stenceofacommoni ntent
ioni sa
questi
onoff actineachcaset obepr ov edmai nlyasamat terofi nferencefrom the
ci
rcumst ancesofthecase.
(vi
i
)Someactmustbedonebyal l–Par t
ici
pati
onofalli
snecessary.I
fthereisonly
commoni nt
enti
onbutther
eisnopar ti
cipat
ion,personmaybeli
ableundersecti
on109
or120Bbuthi smatterwil
lnotcoverundersect ion34.Evenexhort
ati
ont oanother
accusedwouldamounttopart
ici
pat
ion.

Sect
ion34 Supposedsect
ion34

Whenacr i
minalacti sdonebysev er
al Whenacr i
mi nalactisdonebyoneper son
personsinf urtheranceoft hecommon inf ur
ther
anceoft hecommoni ntenti
onof
i
ntentonofal
i l,eachofsuchper sonsis sever
alpersons,each of such sev eral
l
iableforthatacti nthesamemanneras personsisliablef orthatactinthesame
i
fitwer edonebyhi m alone. manneras i fi twere done by allsuch
per
sons.
Parti
cipat
ionofal li
snecessary
. Act
ivi
tyofonei ssuff
ici
entinf
urther
anceof
commonobj ect.

(v
ii
i)Presenceont hespoti snotnecessar
y-binocular
sormobi l
ephones( Par
a22)-
Duet oscienti
fi
cdev elopmentaper sonmayactivel
yinv ol
veincommi ssi
onofcr i
me
fr
om faraway( I
tismyexampl e-InMumbaiat tackin2008somet error
isti
nsitt
ing
Pakist
an wer eguidinganotherter
rori
stwhower edirectl
yinv ol
veincommi ssi
onof
cri
me).InthiscasetheCour tsai
dthatduetoadvancementofel ectr
onicequipmentl
ike
bi
nocularsormobi lephonesaper sonmayef f
ect i
vel
ypar ti
cipateincommi ssi
onof
cri
me.
(i
x)Eitherov ertorcov er
tacti
ssuf f
ici
ent(Para24)–Noneedofsubst ant
ialact.Itis
enought hatt heacti sonlyforguardingt hescene.Her ecov ertactmeansi l
legal
omission.Accor di
ngtoSecti
on32acti ncludesil
legalomission.Theactment ionedi n
secti
on34I PCneednotbeanov er
tact,evenani ll
egalomi ssi
ont odocertai
nacti n
cert
ainsituationcanamountanact .Forexample–Aco- accused,standi
ngneart he
vi
cti
mf acet of acesaw anar medassailantnearingthev icti
mf rom behindwi tha
weapont oi nflictaf l
ow.Theco-accuseddi dnoti nf
orm witht heideathatthebl ow
shouldfallont hev i
cti
m.
Henceanact
,whetherov
ertorcov
erti
sindi
spensabl
etobedonebyt
heco-
accusedt
o
befast
enedwit
htheli
abi
li
ty.
 14
3
(x)Bar
endr
aKumarGhoshCase,MahbubShahCase,Pandur
angCase,I
ft
ikharKhan
CaseTukar
am Casewer
eal
sodi
scussedi
nthi
scase.
 14
4
Mi
zaj
iandAnr
.v.St
ateofUt
tarPr
adeshAI
R1959SC
572Sect
ion149(
SecondPar
t)
I
nthi
scasesect
ions141(
Four
th)
,149and302ar
einv
olv
e.Accor
dingt
osect
ion141(
Four
th)
,

An assembl
yoffi
ve ormore per
sons i
s desi
gnated an ―unl
awf
ulassembl
y‖,i
f
thecommonobj
ectoft
heper
sonscomposingt
hatassemblyis-
Fourt
h-Bymeansofcriminalf
orce,orshowofcri
minalfor
ce,t
oanyper
son,t
otakeor
obtai
npossessi
onofanyproper
ty,ortodepr
iveanypersonoft
heenj
oymentofari
ght
ofway…
Facts-I
nt hi
scasether
ewasdi sputer
egardi
ngpossessionoffi
eld.OnedayTezSi ngh
(spear)
,hissonMi zaj
i(pistoli
nt hefol
dofdhot i
)andt hreeotherpersons-Mai ku
,SubedarandMachal( l
athis)madeapl anforacquisi
ti
onofpropertyforcef
ull
y.They
reachedthefi
eldal
ongwitht hei
rarms.
Theydi vi
dedt hemselvesintot hreepar t
ies.Mai kuwasi nthefiel
dwher ejowarwas
sownandhewaspl oughi
ngi t.Mizaji,SubedarandMachalwer eint hesugarf iel
dand
cutti
ngt hecr op.TejSinghwaskeepi ngwat ch.Vi ct
im andhi
spar t
iesreachedand
start
ed to protestto TejSi ngh.Ther eupon,al lt hemember sofTejSi ngh'spart
y
gatheredatt heplacewher eTejSi nghwasandaskedt hecomplainants"t ogoaway
otherwisetheywoul dbef i
nished" ,butt heyr efusedt ogo.Ther
euponTejSi nghasked
Mizajitofi
reatt hem andMi zajif
iredt hepi st
olwhi chhewascar ryi
ngi nthef ol
dofhis
dhotiasar esultofwhichRameshwarwasi njured,felldownanddiedIhourlat er
.
Reasonofdeci sion-Twooft hem wer ear medonewi t
haspearandt heot herwi t
ha
pistol
.Ther estwerearmedwi t
hlathis.Theev idenceist hatwhent hecompl ainants'
partyobject
edt owhattheappel l
antsdi d,theyallcol
lectedtogetherandusedt hreats
towardst hecompl ai
nants'par tytell
i
ngt hem togoawayot her
wiset heywoul dbe
fi
nishedandt hi
sev i
dencewasaccept edbyt heHighCour t.From thisconducti t
appearst hatmember s oft he unlawfulassembl ywer e prepared t
ot ake forci
ble
possessionatanycostandt hemur dermustbehel dtobei mmediatel
yconnectedwi th
thecommonobj ectandthereforethecasef al
lsundersection149andt heyareallguil
ty
ofmur der.
 14
5

Thef
t(Sect
ions378-
382)

Kri
shnaMur ari
YadavAssi stant
Professor,
LC- I
,
FacultyofLaw,
Universi
tyofDelhi,
Del
hi

Whoev er,i ntendi ngt ot akedi shonest ly( Section24-di shonest l

y,Sect i
on23-Wr ongf ul
gainorwr ongf ull oss)anymov eabl epr oper ty(Sec.22andExpl anat i
on1Ani malar e
alsomov abl epr oper ty-I ll
.b)outoft hepossessi on( Secti
on27andDef act oandde
j
ur epossessi on)ofanyper son( Sect ion11)wi t
houtt hatper son‘sconsent( Sect i
on90
andExpl anat i
on5) ,mov es( Explanat i
ons3&4)t hatpr opertyinor dert osucht aki ng,i s
saidt ocommi tthef t.
Expl anat i
on1- At hingsol ongasi ti sat t
achedt ot heear t
h,notbei ngmov abl epr oper ty,
i
snott hesubj ectoft hef t;buti tbecomescapabl eofbei ngt hesubj ectoft hef tassoon
asi ti ssev er edf rom t heear th.
Expl anat i
on2. -Amov ingef fectedbyt hesameactwhi chaf f
ectst hesev erancemaybe
at hef t.Expl anat ion3. -Aper soni ssai dt ocauseat hi ngt omov ebyr emov i
ngan
obst acl ewhi chpr ev ent edi tf rom mov ingorbysepar atingitfrom anyot hert hing, as
wel l asbyact ual l
ymov i
ngi t.
Expl anat ion4. -Aper son,whobyanymeanscausesanani malt omov e,issai dt omov e
thatani mal ,andt omov eev erythingwhi ch, inconsequenceoft hemot i
onsocaused, is
mov edbyt hatani mal .
Expl anat ion5. —Theconsentment i
onedi nt hedef initionmaybeexpr essori mpl ied,and
maybegi venei therbyt heper soni npossessi on,orbyanyper sonhav ingf ort hat
pur poseaut hor ityei therexpr essori mpl i
ed.I ll
ustrations
(a)Expl anat ionIandt aki ng-Acut sdownat reeonZ‘ sgr ound, witht hei ntent i
onofdi s-
honest lyt akingt het reeoutofZ‘ spossessi onwi thoutZ‘ sconsent .Her e,assoonasA
hassev eredt het r
eei nor dert osucht aki ng, hehascommi tt
edt heft.(Expl anat i
onI )
(b)Thef tofani mal -
Aput sabai tf ordogsi nhispocket ,andt husi nducesZ‘ sdogt o
follow i t.Her e,i fA‘ si ntent ionbedi shonest lytot aket hedogoutofZ‘ spossessi on
withoutZ‘ sconsent .Ahascommi t t
edt hef tassoonasZ‘ sdoghasbegunt of oll
owA.
(Petani mal sar eal sosubj ectmat t eroft hef t
)
(c)Ani mal-Ameet sabul lockcar r
yingaboxoft reasur e.Hedr ivest hebul locki na
cert aindi rect ion,i nor dert hathemaydi shonest l
yt aket het reasur e.Assoonast he
bullockbegi nst omov e, Ahascommi ttedt heftoft het reasure.
(d)Possessi on-A,bei ngZ‘ sser v ant,andent r
ust edbyZwi tht hecar eofZ‘ spl at e,
dishonest l
yr unsawaywi tht hepl ate,wi thoutZ‘ sconsent .Ahascommi ttedt hef .(
t De
fact opossessi on–A( Ser v ant )
,DeJur epossessi on–Z( Owner ).
 14
6
(e)Possessi on - Z,goi ngonaj our ney ,ent rust shi spl at et oA,t hekeeperoft he
war ehouse,t i
llZshal lret ur n.Acar ri
est hepl atet oagol dsmi thandsel lsi t.Her et he
platewasnoti nZ‘ spossessi on.I tcoul dnott her ef
or ebet akenoutofZ‘ spossessi on,
andAhasnotcommi ttedt hef t,thoughhemayhav ecommi tt
edcr i
mi nal br eachoft rust.
(f)Possessi on-Af indsar ingbel ongi ngt oZonat abl eint hehousewhi chZoccupi es.
Her ether ingi sinZ‘ spossessi on, andi fAdi shonest lyremov esi t
,Acommi tst hef t
.
(g)Wi thoutpossessi on,not hef t-A f i
ndsar ingl yi
ngont hehi ghr oad,noti nt he
possessi onofanyper son.Abyt aki ngi t,commi t
snot hef t,t houghhemaycommi t
criminal mi sappr opr iationofpr oper ty.
(h)Taki ng-Aseesar i
ngbel ongi ngt oZl yingonat ablei nZ‘ shouse.Notv ent uringt o
mi sappr opr i
at ether i
ngi mmedi atel yforf earofsear chanddet ection, Ahi dest her ingi n
apl acewher ei tishi ghl yi mpr obabl et hati twi llev erbef oundbyZ, witht hei ntent i
onof
takingt her ingf rom t hehi di ngpl aceandsel li
ngi twhent hel ossi sf or got ten.Her eA, at
thet i
meoff irstmov ingt her ing, commi tst hef t.
(i
)Wi t
houtdi shonest-Adel ivershi swat cht oZ,aj ewel ler,t ober egul ated.Zcar r
iesi t
tohi sshop.A,notowi ngt ot hej ewel leranydebtf orwhi cht hej ewel lermi ghtl awf ull
y
det ai
nt hewat chasasecur ity,ent er st heshopopenl y,takeshi swat chbyf or ceoutof
Z‘shand, andcar r i
esi taway .Her eA, thoughhemayhav ecommi ttedcr imi nalt respass
and assaul t
,hasnotcommi t
ted t hef t,inasmuchaswhathedi d wasnotdone
dishonest ly.
(j
)Thef tofownpr oper ty- IfAowesmoneyt oZf orr epair i
ngt hewat ch,andi fZr et ains
thewat ch l awf ullyasa secur ityf ort hedebt ,and A t akest hewat ch outofZ‘ s
possessi on, witht hei nt ent ionofdepr ivingZoft hepr oper tyasasecur ityf orhi sdebt ,he
commi tst hef t,inasmuchashet akesi tdi shonest ly
.
(k)Thef tofownpr oper ty-Agai n,i fA,hav ingpawnedhi swat cht oZ,t akesi toutofZ‘ s
possessi onwi thoutZ‘ sconsent ,nothav i
ngpai dwhathebor rowedont hewat ch,he
commi tst hef t,t hough t hewat ch i shi sown pr oper tyi n asmuch ashet akesi t
dishonest ly.
(l
)Tempor ar yTaki ng-At akesanar ti
cl ebel ongi ngt oZoutofZ‘ spossessi on,wi thout
Z‘sconsent ,wi tht hei nt ent ionofkeepi ngi tunt ilheobt ainsmoneyf rom Zasar ewar d
fori t
sr est or ation.Her eAt akesdi shonest l
y ;Ahast her efor ecommi ttedt hef t.
(m)I mpl iedConsent-A,bei ngonf riendl yt ermswi thZ,goesi ntoZ‘ sl i
br aryi nZ‘ s
absence, andt akesawayabookwi thoutZ‘ sexpr essconsentf ort hepur posemer elyof
readingi t,andwi tht hei nt ent i
onofr et urningi t.Her e,iti spr obabl et hatAmayhav e
concei vedt hathehadZ‘ si mpl i
edconsentt ouseZ‘ sbook.I fthi swasA‘ si mpr ession, A
hasnotcommi tt
edt hef t.
(n)Impl iedConsent-Aaskschar ityf r
om Z‘ swi f
e.Shegi vesAmoney ,foodandcl ot hes,
whi chAknowst obel ongt oZherhusband.Her ei ti
spr obabl et hatAmayconcei v et hat
Z‘swi fei saut hor ised t o gi ve awayal ms.I ft hi
swasA‘ si mpr essi on,A hasnot
commi ttedt hef t.
(o)Sect ion27Wi fei sequalt oCl erkandser vant-Ai st hepar amourofZ‘ swi fe.She
 14
7
gi
v esavaluabl
epr
oper
ty,whi
chAknowstobelongt
oherhusbandZ,andt obesuch
proper
tyasshehasnoauthor
it
yfr
om Zt
ogive.IfAt
akest
heproper
tydishonest
ly,he
commi t
stheft.
 14
8
(p)NoDi shonestInt
enti
on-A,ingoodfai
th,bel
i
evingproper
tybel
ongi
ngtoZtobeA‘s
ownpr operty,takesthatproper
tyoutofB‘ spossessi
on.Here,asA doesnott
ake
dishonestl
y,hedoesnotcommi tthef
t.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenLarcenyandThef
t
Lar
ceny Theft

Only permanentgai
n or l
oss i
s Eihert
t empor
aryorper
manentgai
norl
essi
s
necessar
y. suff
ici
ent.

PyareLalBhar
gav av.Stat
eofRajasthan97,Oct
.22,1962Supr emeCour t
Facts-Ram KumarRam obt ainedpermissionfrom theAl warGov ernmentt osupply
el
ectri
cit
yi nNovember24,1945.Ram KumarRam wasaf r
iendofPy arelalBhargava,
whowasaSuper int
endentintheChiefEngineer
sOf fi
ce,Alwar.Atthei nst anceofRam
KumarRam,Py ar
elalBhar
gavagott hefil
eEx.PA/1f rom t
heSecr etariatandt ookthe
fi
letohishouseandmadei tavail
abletoRam KumarRam andsomedocument swere
substi
tuted.I
twasagainputin
‗Off
ice‘.

Iti
snotnecessaryt hatthetaki
ngshoul dbeofaper manentcharacter
,orthatt
he
accusedshoul
dhav ederi
vedanypr of
it
.At emporaryremovalofanoff
icefil
efr
om t
he
off
iceofaChiefEngineerandmaki ngitavai
labl
et oapri
vatepersonforadayortwo
amountstotheoff
enceoft hef
t.
ArgumentsofAppellant Deci
sionofCourt

Possessi
o The Super i
ntendent(
Pyare The f i
le was i n t he Secr et
ariat of the
n Lal
)wasi npossessionoft he Departmentconcer ned,whichwasi nchargeof
fi
le and t
herefore he could theChiefEngi neer.Theappel l
antwasonl yone
nothav etakent hefil
ef r
om oftheofficerswor kinginthatdepartmentandi t
hi
msel f cannot,theref ore,besai dthathewasi nl egal
possessionoft hef i
le.
Ther e was no intent
ion to Tocommi tt heftoneneednott akemov abl
e
Tempor
ary takei tdi
shonestl
yashehad propert
yper manent l
youtoft hepossessi onof
takeni tonl
yfort hepurpose anotherwi t
ht hei ntenti
onnott oreturni
ttohim.
ofshowi ngthedocument sto Itwouldsat isfyt hedef i
niti
oni fhet ookany
Ram Kumar Ram and mov abl
e pr oper ty outoft he possession of
returneditt
henextdayt othe anotherper sont houghhei ntendedt oreturnit
officeand theref
orehehad l
ateron.Ill
ust rati
on378( b)and( l)
.
nott akenthesaidfil
eoutof
the possessi on of any
person.
 14
9

97
AI
R1963SC1094.
 15
0
Dishonestl
y Hedi dnoti ntendt otakeit Theappel l
antunaut hor i
sedlytookthef i
lefrom
dishonestl
y,as he di d not theof fi
ceandhandedi tov ertoRam Kumar
(Wrongful r eceiv
eanywr ongfulgai
nor Ram.Hehad, t
heref ore,unlawful
lytakenthef il
e
gain or cause anywr ongf
ulloss to from thedepar tment ,andf orashor tt i
mehe
wrongful anyot herper
son. depr i
ved the Engi neering Departmentoft he
l
oss possessi onoft hesai dfil
e.Thel ossneednot
be caused by a per manent deprivati
on of
propertybutmaybecausedev enbyt empor ary
dispossession,t hough t he person taking it
i
nt ended t o restorei t sooner or l at .A
er
tempor ary per iod of depr i
vati
on or
dispossession of t he pr operty of anot her
causesl osstotheot her.

I
llust
ration( b)
-Tempor yr
ar emov alofadogwhi chmi ghtult
imatelyberetur
nedtothe
ownerorI l
lustr
ation(
l)
-t
het empor ar
ytaki
ngofanar t
icl
ewithav i
ew t
oreturni
taf
ter
recei
vingsomer ewar
dconst i
tutesthef
t,i
ndicat
ingtherebythattemporar
ydepri
vat
ion
ofanot herpersonofhispropertycauseswrongfull
osstohim.
Deci
sion–Py
areLalBhar
gav
awasl
i
abl
efort
hef
t.
KN Mehr
av.St
ateofRaj han98(
ast Febr
uar
y11,
1957.Supr
eme
Cour
t)(
Thef
tofAi
rcr
aft
)(Jodhpurt
oPaki
stan)
BothMehr aandPhi ll
ipswer ecadet sont rainingi nt heI ndianAi rFor ceAcademy ,
Jodhpur.Thepr osecut ioni swithr efer encet oani nci dentwhichi sr atherext r
aor dinary
being foral leged t heftofan ai rcraf t
,whi ch,accor ding tot he ev idence oft he
Commandi ng' Of f
icer,P. W.1,hasnev ersof aroccur red.Theal l
egedt hef twasonMay
14,1952.Phi ll
ipswasdi schargedf rom t heAcademyj ustthepr evi
ousday ,i
.e.,May13,
1952,ongr oundsofmi sconduct .Mehr awasacadetr eceivi
ngt r
ainingasaNav igator
.
Thedut yofaNav igatori sonl ytogui deapi l
otwi tht hehelpofi nstrument sandmaps.I t
i
snotcl earf r
om t heev idencewhet herPhi lli
psal sohadbeenr ecei vingt r
ainingasa
Nav i
gator.Itisi nev i
dence, howev er ,thatheknewf lying.OnMay14, 1952, Philli
pswas
duet oleav eJodhpurbyt raininv iew ofhi sdi schar ge.Mehr awasduef orf l
ighti na
Dakotaaspar tofhi st rainingalongwi thoneOm Pr akash, af l
yingcadet .Itisinev i
dence
thathehadi nformat i
onabouti t.Theaut hor isedt imet ot akeof ff ort hef lightwas
between6a. m.t o6- 30a. m.Thecadet sundert raininghav egener allyei therl ocalf li
ghts
whichmeanf l
y i
ngar eaofabout20mi lesfrom t heaer odromeort heymayhav ecr oss-
countryexer cisesandhav ef li
ghti nt hecount ryt hr ought her outef orwhi cht heyar e
specif
icall
yaut horised.Ont hatmor ningadmi ttedl yMehr aandPhi l
lipst ookof f,nota
Dakota,butaHar vardH. T.822.Thi swasdonebef or ethepr escr i
bedt ime, i
.e.
, atabout
5a. m.wi thoutaut horisat i
onandwi thoutobser vinganyoft hef ormal i
ties,whi char e
 15
1
pr
erequi
si
tesf
oranai
rcr
aft
-f
li
ght
.Iti
sal
soadmi
tt
ed

98
AI
R1957SC369
 15
2
thatsomet i
meint hef or
enoont hesamedayt heylandedatapl aceinPakistanabout
100mi lesawayf r
om t heIndo-Pakist
anbor der.I ti
sint heevidenceofoneJ.C.Kapoor
whowast heMil
it
ar yAdv i
sertot heIndi
anHi ghCommi ssi
oneri nPakistanatKarachi,
thatMehr aandPhi lli
pscont actedhimi nper sonont hemor ningofMay16, 1952,at
about7a. m.andi nformedhi mt hattheyhadl osttheirwayandf orce-
landedinaf i
eld,
andt hattheyleftthepl anet here.Theyr equest edf orhishelpt ogobackt oDelhi.
ThereuponKapoorar rangedf orbot hoft hem bei ngsentbackt oDel hiinanIndian
NationalAirwaysplaneandal soar r
angedf ort heHar vardaircraftbei
ngsentawayt o
Jodhpur .Whil
etheywer ethusont heirr
eturnt oDel hionMay17,1952,t heplanewas
stoppedatJodhpurandt heywer ebotharrested.
(
1)Taki
ng-Fl
yi
ngofai
rcr
aftwast
aki
ng.
2)Mov
( abl
ePr
oper
ty-Ai
rcr
aftwasmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.
3)Di
( shonest
ly(
Wrongf
ulgai
norwr
ongf
ull
oss)-
Int
hepr
esentcaset
her
ecanbeno
reasonabl edoubtt hatthetakingoutoft heHar vardai rcr
aftbyt heappel l
antfort he
unaut hori
sedf li
ghthasi nfactgivent heappellantthet emporaryuseoft heaircr
aftf or
hisownpur poseand hast empor ari
lydepr i
ved theowneroft heai rcraft
,v i
z.,the
Gov ernment ,ofi t
slegiti
mateusef oritspurposes,i.
e.,theuseoft hisHar vardaircraft
fortheI ndi
anAi rForceSquadront hatday.Suchusebei ngunaut horisedandagai nstal l
ther egulat
ionsofai r
craft
-f
lyi
ngwascl earl
yagai norl ossbyunl awf ulmeans.Fur ther,
theunl awfulaspecti semphasisedbyt hefactthati
twasf orfl
ighttoapl aceinPaki stan.
4)Outofpos
( sessi
on–I
twasoutoft
hepossessi
onofGov
ernmentofI
ndi
a(I
ndi
anAi
r
For
ceAcademy
).
5)Wi
( thoutConsent–Bot
hwer
enotaut
hor
isedf
orf
lyi
ngHar
var
dT-
22.
Deci
sion–Conv
ict
ionwasuphel
d.KNMehr
awaspuni
shedundersect
ion379.
AvtarSinghv.StateofPunj ab(SupremeCour t24August ,1964)
Electr
ici
tyi
snotmov abl
epropert
y .Soitisnotsubjectmatteroftheft
.Dishonest
abstract
ionofel
ectri
cityi
sanof f
enceunderEl ect
ri
cit
yAct ,
1910.
Di
nnerPar tyandThef t(
Def act
oandDej ur
ePossessi on)
Therear etwot ypesofpossessi onnamel yDef actoandDej ur
ePossessi on.For
exampl eAthemast erofhousegi vesadinnerpar t
y;theplateandot herthingsont he
tableareinhisdej urepossessiont houghf r
om timet otimetheyar eint hedef acto
possessionofhi
sguest sorservants.

Theftofownpr opert
y
Fort heftpossessi
on isdecidi
ng factorrathert
han ownershi
p.I fownertakeshis
propertyfr
om thepossessionofanot herpersondi
shonest
lywithouthisconsent,he
hascommi t
tedthethef
t.I
ll
ust
rati
on(j)and(k)mekaesthi
sthi
ngscl ear
.
 15
3
(j
)Thef tofownpr operty-
IfAowesmoneyt oZf orrepai
ri
ngt hewatch,andi fZretai
ns
thewat ch lawful
lyasa secur ityforthedebt ,and A takest hewat ch outofZ‘ s
possessi on,wit
ht heint
enti
onofdepr i
vi
ngZoft hepropert
yasasecur i
tyf orhi
sdebt ,
he
commi tst heft
,inasmuchashet akesitdi
shonestl
y.
(k)Theftofownpr oper
ty-Again,i
fA,havingpawnedhi swatcht oZ,takesitoutofZ‘ s
possessi onwi t
houtZ‘ sconsent,nothavi
ngpai dwhathebor r
owedont hewatch,he
commi tst hef
t,though thewat ch i
shi sown propertyin asmuch ashet akesi t
dishonest l
y.
Theftofpropert
yofhusbandby

wi
feBut
chi
t(1893)
17Mad401CaseMadr
asHi
ghCour
t

Awifeduri
ngherhusband‟ sabsencer emov
edhispropert
yandhandedov erherpar
amour
.
Bot
h
oft
hem convict
edforthef
t.I
nIndiather
eisnopr
esumptionregardi
ngunit
yofhusband
andwife.I
fthewi f
e,removi
ngt hehusband‟
sproper
tyfrom hishouse,doessowi t
h
di
shonesti
ntent
ion,shei
sguil
tyoftheft
.
 15
4
Robber
y(Sect
ion390)
Sect
ion390-Robber
yisei
thert
heftorext
ort
ion.Robber
yisaggr
avat
edf
orm ofthef
tor
ext
orti
on.Ther
earet
wot y
pesofrobberynamely,(
1)Robber
ybythef
t&(2)Robberyby
ext
orti
on

Whenthef
tbecomesr obbery–Therear
efiv
eessent
ial
soft
hef
t.I
ftwomor
econdi
ti
ons
ar
eaddedinthef
tthentheftconv
ert
edint
orobber
y.

Sect
io Thef
t (
1)Dishonestintention
n378 (
2)Mov ableProper ty
(
3)Outofpossessi on
(
4)Wi t
houtconsent
(
5)Mov esthatpr operty
Sect
io Robbery (
6)Voluntari
ly(section39)causesorattemptst ocause
n390 (
a)deathorhur torwr ongful
restrai
ntor
(
b)fearofinstantdeat horhurtorwrongfulr
estrai
nt
(7)Whydeat h….?
(
a)inordertocommi t
ti
ngtheftor
(
b)incommi t
ti
ngt heftor
(
c)carryi
ngawayt hepropert
yobt ai
nedintheftor
d)at
( temptingtocar ryi
ngawayt hepropert
yobt ai
nedin
t
heft
Robbery (
1)Dishonestintention
(Theft+Robber
y) (
2)Mov ableProper ty
(
3)Outofpossessi on
(
4)Wi t
houtconsent
(
5)Mov esthatpr operty
(
6)Voluntari
ly(section39)causesorattemptst ocause
(
a)deathorhur torwr ongful
restrai
ntor
(
b)fearofinstantdeat horhurtorwrongfulr
estrai
nt
(7)Whydeat h….?
(
a)inordertocommi t
ti
ngtheftor
(
b)incommi t
ti
ngt heftor
(
c)carryi
ngawayt hepropert
yobt ai
nedintheftor
d)at
( temptingtocar ryi
ngawayt hepropert
yobt ai
nedin
t
heft
 15
5
Whenext
ort
ionbecomesr
obber
y–
Therear
esixessenti
alsofext
ort
ion.I
fthr
eemor
econdi
ti
onsar
eaddedi
next
ort
ion
thenext
ort
ionconver
tedintor
obbery.

Sect
io Ext
ort
ion (1)Dishonesti ntent i
on
n380 (2)Puttinganyper soni ntof ear
(3)Fearofi njury( sect i
on44-Mi nd,body ,reputationor
property)t otheper sonsoputi ntof earoranyot her
person
(4)Dishonesti nducement
(5)todel i
v er
(6)Anypr oper ty( Mov ableori mmov able)orv aluable
securit
y( sect ion30)orany thingsi gnedorseal edwhi ch
maybeconv ertedi ntov aluabl esecur it
y
Sect
io Robber y (7)Offenderi si nt hepr esenceoft heper sonputi nfear
n390 (8)Ther emustbei nf earofi nst antdeat hori nstanthur t
orinstantwr ongf ulr est r
aintt ot hatper sonort osome
otherper son
(9)Thenandt her edel ivery
Sect
ion Robber y (1)Dishonesti ntent i
on
390 (Extort
ion + (2)Puttinganyper soni ntofear
Robber y) (3)Fearofi njury( sect ion44-Mi nd, body , r
eput at
ionor
property)t otheper sonsoputi ntof earoranyot her
person
(4)Dishonesti nducement
(5)todel i
v er
(6)Anypr oper ty(Mov ableori mmov abl e)orv aluable
securit
y( sect ion30)orany thingsi gnedorseal edwhi ch
may
beconv ertedi ntov aluablesecur i
ty
(7)Offenderi sint hepr esenceoft heper sonputi nf ear
(8)Ther emustbei nf earofi nst antdeat hori nstanthur t
or
inst
antwr ongf ul rest rainttot hatper sonort osomeot her
person
(9)Thenandt heredel ivery
Di sti
ncti
onbet
weenThef t&Ext ortion
No. Thef
S. t Ext
orti
on
1 Movabl
epr
oper
ty(
Sect
ion22) Anypropert
y(Movableori
mmov abl
e)or
val
uablesecur
it
y(secti
on30)orany
thi
ngsi
gned
orseal
ed
 15
6
whi
chmaybeconv
ert
edi
ntov
aluabl
esecur
it
y

2 Taking Deli
ver
y
3 WithoutConsent Withunl
awfulconsent
4 Nof earofi
njur
y Fearofi
njur
y
 15
7

99
JadunandanSi
nghv
.Emper
or
(
Dif
fer
encebet
ween‗
taki
ng‘
and‗
del
i
ver
y‘)

Fact
s–

(
1)Nar
ainDusadhandSheonadanSi
ngh,wer
eret
urni
ngaf
tert
hei
nspect
ionoft
hei
r
f
iel
ds.Thet
wopet
it
ioner
sandot
her
sassaul
tedt
hem.
(
2)Thepet
it
ionerAl
akhgav
ebhal
abl oNar
owt ainont
her
ightl
eg,
andt
henot
herpeopl
e
assaul
tedhi
m wi
thl
athi
s.
3)Ja
( dunandanandot
her
sthenassaul
tedSheonandan.
4)Ja
( dunandanaf
tert
hisf
orci
blyTOOKt
het
humbi
mpr
essi
onsofNar
ainononepi
ece
ofbl
ankpaper
,andofSheonandanont
hreebl
ankpaper
s.
Magist
rat
e–( 1)Conv
ict
ionofAl
akh–324(
2)Conv
ict
ionofJadunandan–Sect
ion384
andSecti
on323
HighCour t-Casesf r
equentl
yoccurwhichturnonthediff
erencebet
weent hegivi
ngand
thetakingoft humbi mpressi
ons.Butinthi
scaset herewasnodelivery
.Soi twasnot
extor
ti
on.I nthiscasetaki
ngwasi nvol
ved.Butthi
stakingofdocumentswasnotoutof
possessionofv i
cti
m.Soi twasnott hef
t.Inthi
scaset heuseofcr i
minalforceoran
assaultpunishableunderSecti
on352,IPCwasi nvolv
ed.SoJadunandanwaspuni shed
undersection352ofI PC.

Sekarv umugham100
.Ar
Sekarhadl
oanfrom BankofMaduraf orpur
chaseofAshokLeyl
andLor
ry.Hehad
edadeedofhy
execut pot
hecat
ioni
nfavourofthebankandt
hesai
dlor
rywassecur
it
y.
Thebankwascont
inuest
obetheownerofthelor
ry.

Thepet i
ti
onerdef
aul
tedi
npaymentoft
hemont hl
yinst
all
ment
sandbecauseoft
his,
the
respondentbanksei
zedt
helor
ryon30-
7-1998.
Whent herespondenthasbeenempower edtoseizethel
orryunderClause14(e)
,it
cannotbesaidthattherespondenthascommittedthef
toft
helorr
ywhent hepet
it
ioner
hascommitteddefaulti
npay mentofinst
all
ments,t
hebankhassei
zedthelorr
y.
 15
8
99
AI
R1941Pat
.129
100
(
2000)Cr
.L.
J1952(
Mad.
)
 159

St
ateofKar
nat
akav egowda101
.Basav
Facts-Basav egowdawast hehusbandofBhagy ammaandi twasal legedt hatabout10
daysaftertheirmar ri
age,on30- 4-1987,het ookhert otheBur udalaBor ef orestunder
thepretextofgoi ngfortheweddi ngofaf ri
endandt hathethreatenedt oki l
lherunless
shepartedwi thallherornament s.Bhagyamma, findingnoot heropti
on, remov edallher
j
eweller
yv aluedatar oundRs.11, 000/-andhandedt hesameov ertot heaccusedwho
wrappedt hesamei nahandker chiefandputi tinhi spocket.Thereafter,theaccusedi s
all
egedt ohav eassaultedherwi thabigst onewher eupon,Bhagy ammascr eamed.The
accusedcont inuedt oassaultherwi t
hhi sfistsandseei ngtwoot herper sonscomi ng
ther
e,her anaway .Bhagyammawast hereaftertakent othet ownandul ti
mat elyt
ot he
hospit
al.He was char ged wi t
h offences puni shabl
e under Sect i
ons 307 and
392.Majorit
yofwi tnessedturnedhostil
e.
Deci
sion-Accusedwaspuni
shedundersect
ion325andsect
ion384.
Reason-Shestatedthatornament
swereinhercustodyandonherpersonandt hatt
he
accused underthreat
,took the or
naments awayfrom her.Ifthe cust
odyoft he
ornamentshascomet otheaccusedundertheseci
rcumstances,t
henhispossessi
on
becomesclearl
yunlawful
.

TheCour tsaid,―Weneedt oaddher ethatornament sandper sonalpr opert

ybel onging
toawifenecessar il
yconst i
tut
eherper sonalpossessi onsanddi vesti
ngawi feoft hese
agai
nstherwi shesorwi t
houtherconsentwoul dclearlybri
ngthecasewi thi
nt heambi t
ofacriminaloffence.Itisami snomertoar guethatirr
espectiv
eofsuchasi tuati
on, t
hat
thepossessionoft hewi f
e'spersonalornamentsbyhusbandst il
lcontinuestobel awful
.
Inourconsideredv iew,theext or
ti
onoft heornament sfrom Bhagy ammaundert hr
eat
andthesubsequentr ecoveryoft heseor namentsf rom thecust odyoft heaccused
wouldclearl
ymakehi ml i
ableforanof f
enceofext ort
ion”.
Casesi
nCaseMat
eri
alofLawFacul
tyofD.
U.
Suprem Py ar
e Lal Bhar gavav . Stat
e Theftwascommi tt
ed.
eCourt ofRajasthan
(1962) (Temporar i
l
yr emov alof
document
from of
fice)
Pat.H.
C. JadunandanSi nghv.Emperor Dif
ference between ‗ t
aking‘ and
(1941) (Forcef
ullytaki
ngthumbimpr on) ‗
essi deli
very‘
.Notconv
ict
edf or
extor
tion.Hewasconvictedunder
secti
on352.
Mad. Sekarv.Ar
umugham I
twasnott
hef
t.
H.
C.2000)(
( Recov
eryofBankLoan)
 160

Kant
.H.
C. Stat
eofKarnatakav.Basavegowda Husbandwaspuni
shedf
orext
ort
ion.
1997 (Ext
ort
ionwit
hhi sownwife)

101
(
1997)Cr
.L.
J4386(
Kant
)
 161

Dacoi
ty(
Sect
ion391)
Ther
ear
efol
l
owi
ngessent
ial
ingr
edi
ent
sofdacoi
ty–
(
1)Ther
emustber
obber
y(sect
ion390)
(
2)Thatr ymustbecommi
obber tt
edorat
tempt
edt torai
ocommi dingt
ocommi
trobber
y
(
3)Byf
iveormor
eper
sons(
mini
mum f
iveandmaxi
mum i
sunl
i
mit
ed)
4)Conj
( oint
ly–Al
lper
sonsmustcommi
tt
edr
obber
yconj
oint
ly.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenRobber
yandDacoi
ty
Decidi
ngf act
orst omakedi ff
erencesbetweenr obberyanddacoi t
yar enumberof
personsandshar eofcommoni ntent
ionofcommi tti
ngr obber
y.Supposet hat100
personsarecommi tt
ingrobberywithoutconj
oint
lythent hati
smer elyrobber
yandit
cannotconverti
ntodacoi
tymerelyduetonumberofper sonsofmor ethanfiv
e.
(
1)Ev
erydacoi
tyi
srobber
ybutev
eryr
obber
yisnotdacoi
ty.
(
2)I
ndacoi
tymi
nimum numberi
sfi
vewhi
l
eincaseofr
obber
ymi
nimum numberi
sone.
(3)Onlythatr
obber
ycanconv er
tint
odacoit
ywhennumberofper sf
sonsi iv
eormore
andt heyar ngconj
edoi oint
ly.I
fnumberofpersonsi
sfi
veormoreandtheyar
enot
conjoint
lyt
oeachothert
hatismerel
yrobber
y.
 162

Cr
imi
nal
Misappr
opr
iat
ion
(
Sect
ions403and404)
Secti
on 403. Di shonest mi sappr
opr
iat
ion of propert
y.—Whoever dishonestly
misappropriat
es orconvert
s( DMC-DelhiMunici
palCorpor
ation.D-Dishonestl
y,M-
Misappropriat
es,C-Convert
s)tohi sownuseanymovablepropert
y,shal
lbepunished
wit
hi mprisonmentofeitherdescri
pti
onforater
m whichmayext endtotwoy ears,or
wit
hf i
ne,orwi t
hboth.
I
ngr
edi
ent
s–Ther
ear
efol
l
owi
ngessent
ial
ingr
edi
ent
sofcr
imi
nal
misappr
opr
iat
ion–
(
1)Di
shonest
ly(
Int
ent
iont
ocausewr
ongf
ulgai
norwr
ongf
ull
oss)
2)Mi
( sappr
opr
iat
ionorconv
ersi
on
(
3)Forhi
sownuse
(
4)Mov
eabl
epr
oper
ty(Sect
ion22)

I
ll
ust
rat
ions
(a)At
akespr
opertybelongingt
oZoutofZ‘spossessi
on,i
ngoodfai
th,bel
ievi
ng,atany
t
imewhenhetakesit
,thattheproper
tybel
ongst
ohimself
.Aisnotguil
tyofthef
t;
butifA,
aft
erdiscov
eri
nghismistake,di
shonest
lyappr
opr
iat
est
hepr
oper
tyt
ohi
sown
use,
heisgui
lt
yofanoffenceunderthi
ssecti
on.
(b)A,bei
ngonf ri
endl
yter
mswi thZ,goesintoZ‘sl
i
braryinZ‘
sabsence,andtakes
awayabookwi t
houtZ‘
sexpressconsent
.Here,i
fAwasundertheimpressi
onthathe
hadZ‘simpli
edconsenttotakethebookf orthepurposeofreadi
ngit,A hasnot
committ
edthef
t.
But,i
fAafter
war
dssel
l
sthebookf
orhi
sownbenef
it
,hei
sgui
l
tyofanof
fenceunder
thi
ssect
ion.
(c)AandB,beingjoi
ntownersofahor
se,Atakest
hehorseoutofB‘
spossessi
on,
i
ntendi
ngtousei t
.Here,asAhasari
ghttousethehor
se,hedoesnotdi
shonest
ly
misappr
opr
iat
eit.
But,
ifAsel
lst
hehorseandappropr
iat
est
hewhol
epr
oceedst
ohi
sownuse,
hei
sgui
l
ty
ofanoff
enceundert
hissect
ion.
Expl
anat
ionI-Adi shonestmi
sappr
opr
iat
ionf
orat
imeonl
yisami
sappr
opr
iat
ionwi
th
themeaningoft
hissecti
on.
Il
l
ustr
ati
on-Af indsaGov ernmentpromi
ssorynotebel
ongingtoZ,bear
ingablank
endor
sement.A,knowingthatthenotebelongstoZ,pledgesitwi
thabankerasa
secur
it
yforaloan,int
endi
ngataf uturet
imet or
estor
ei ttoZ.Ahascommitt
edan
off
enceundert
hissect
ion.
 163

Expl
anati
on2-Aper sonwhof i
ndsproper
tynoti
nt hepossessi
onofanyotherperson,
andtakessuchpropert
yf orthepurposeofprotecti
ngitf ,orofr
or est
ori
ngi tto,t
he
ownerdoesnott
akeormi sappropr
iat
eitdi
shonestl
y,andisnotgui
l
tyofanoffence;
buthei sguil
tyoftheof fenceabov edef ined,ifheappr opri
atesittohisownuse,when
heknowsorhast hemeansofdi scoveringt heowner ,orbeforehehasusedr easonable
meanst odiscoverandgi venoticet otheownerandhaskeptt hepr opertyar easonable
ti
me t o enablethe ownert o claim it.Whatar er easonable means orwhati sa
reasonableti
mei nsuchacase,i saquest ionoffact .Iti
snotnecessar yt hatthef i
nder
shouldknowwhoi stheowneroft hepr oper ty
,orthatanypar ti
cularpersoni stheowner
ofit;i
tissuff
ici
entif
, atthetimeofappr opriati
ngit,hedoesnotbel i
eveitt obehi sown
propert
y,oringoodfai t
hbelievethatther eal ownercannotbef ound.
I
ll
ust
rat
ions
(a)Afi
ndsar upeeont
hehighroad,notknowingtowhom ther
upeebelongs.Api
cks
upther
upee.HereAhasnotcommitt
edtheoffencedef
inedi
nthi
ssect
ion.
(b)Afi
ndsalett
erontheroad,cont
aini
ngabanknote.Fr
om thedi
rect
ionandcont
ents
ofthel
ett
erhelear
nstowhom t henotebel
ongs.Heappropr
iat
esthenote.Hei
sguil
ty
ofanof
fenceunderthi
ssect
ion.
(c)Afi
ndsachequepay abl
etobear er.Hecanf or
m noconj
ectur
east othepersonwho
haslostthecheque.Butthenameoft heperson,whohasdrawnthecheque,appear
s.A
knowst hatt
hispersoncandi recthimt othepersoninwhosef avourt
hechequewas
drawn.Aappropri
atesthechequewi thoutattempti
ngtodi
scovertheowner.Heisgui
lt
y
ofanoffenceunderthi
ssection.
(d)AseesZdr ophispursewi
thmoneyi
nit.Api
cksupt
hepur
sewit
hthei
ntent
ionof
restori
ngittoZ,butafter
war
dsappr
opr
iat
esitt
ohisownuse.Ahascommitt
edan
offenceundert
hissect
ion.
(e)A finds a purse wi
th money
,notknowi
ng to whom i ongs;he af
tbel ter
war
ds
discoversthatitbelongstoZ,andappr
opri
atesi
ttohisownuse.Aisguilt
yofan
offenceunderthissecti
on.
(
f)A fi
ndsav al
uabl
ering,notknowi
ngt owhom i ongs.A sel
tbel lsitimmediat
ely
wi
thoutat
tempti
ngtodi
scovert
heowner.Aisgui
l
tyofanoff
enceundert
hissect
ion.