Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Preparedness for disasters is critical for households, businesses, and communities,

but many remain unprepared. As recent disasters serve to highlight the need for

individual responsibility, local coordination, and continuity plans to ensure the ability to

respond to and recover from major events, the federal government has prioritized national

preparedness as a goal without developing a system to achieve and maintain it.

Furthermore, public entities have been charged with assessing their state of readiness and

identifying strengths and areas of weakness as a requirement for receiving federal

funding and Homeland Security grants. In response, some communities have chosen to

utilize voluntary accreditation programs such as the Emergency Management

Accreditation Program in order to assess their ability to respond to disaster while others

have relied on internal resources. The end result is an inconsistent, non-standardized

series of self-reports that may or may not reveal an entity’s true state of disaster

preparedness. In an effort to move toward the development of reliable, valid preparedness

metrics, we provide a summary of the concepts, guidance, and research that informs an

understanding of what it means to be prepared as a household, a business, and a

community. (Jeannette Sutton and Kathleen Tierney, 2006)

 Disaster management agencies invest differing levels of resources into guiding

communities to get ready for a range of hazards, and are increasingly turning to

community engagement as a way of increasing preparedness. This paper presents a

systematic literature review that reports on the effect of community communication and

engagement techniques that have been used in a hazard preparedness context. (Barbara

Ryan, et. al. 2020)

This research will be conducted to determine the disaster preparedness of the

municipality of Maayon on future disasters that would put its people in a dire situation

and to identify the areas where they are possibly lacking, whether it's on the facilities,

equipment, supplies, or even the support personnel to assess their capabilities and

preparedness on serving the community when a disaster takes place.

Statement of the Problem

The aim of this study is to determine the disaster preparedness of the

municipality of Maayon.

Specifically, it seeks to answer to the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents?

2. What is the level of disaster preparedness of the municipality of Maayon?

3. Is there significant difference between the level of disaster preparedness and the socio-

demographic profile of respondents?

Hypotheses

There is no significant difference between the level of disaster preparedness and

the socio-demographic profile of respondents.

Theoretical Framework

Under the Whole-of-Nation Approach (NSC, 2012), communication and engagement

of all stakeholders, specifically the leaders at all levels; in identifying emerging or

immediate threats; coming up with the solutions; developing shared goals; and aligning

capabilities so that no one will be left behind in times of crisis will prevent and/or

mitigate the effects of crisis.

Moreover, the Strengthened Inter Agency Collaboration Principle (NSC, 2012,) holds

that in order to be successful, agencies/ departments must collaborate with other agencies

in detecting and addressing all aspects of crisis - diplomatic, political, military,

humanitarian, economic, and social by gaining complete situation awareness, formulating

integrated government policy guidance, making agency planning activities transparent to

other agencies, increasing individual accountability for implementation of assigned

agency responsibilities, and anticipating and keep pace with events during operations.

Further, under the Efficient Situation Awareness Principle (NSC, 2012), situation

awareness detects threats and crises long before it occurs; analyzes the root causes; and
effectively conveys warnings, providing enough lead time to prepare for wide ranging

scenarios

On the other hand, the principle of Tiered Response to Incidents provides that most of

the time, crises start and end locally, thus it is a must for the local government to be

capable and effective in managing crises. Unified response from the local government

units and other stakeholders, or higher levels of governance is required in managing a

crisis. National level organizations are ready to provide resources or capabilities to

support and sustain the responses and initial recovery at the local level. National level

organizations can also hold command over any crisis response effort, if necessary (NSC,

2012,).

Likewise, Adaptable Operational Capabilities Principle holds that crisis management

response should adapt to meet requirements of each and every crisis that would arise for

it to be effective, since crisis incidents vary in size, scope, and severity. All levels of

crisis management organizations should be organized with capabilities for different types

of operations. Government agencies must be ready to execute graduated measures to a

particular incident, and as needs increase and change, responders should remain alert and

adaptable. In addition, the overall response of crisis management should be flexible as it

transitions from response effort to recovery (NSC, 2O12, p. 10).

 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual design of this study leans heavily on the principle that the

independent variables influence the dependent variable.

Shown in Figure 1 is the relationship between the independent and dependent

variables. In this study, the independent variable is the socio- demographic profile of the

respondents whereas the dependent variable is disaster preparedness of the municipality

of Maayon.

RESEARCH PARADIGM

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Socio- Demographic Profile

Disaster Preparedness of the
of the Respondents
municipality of Maayon

Figure1. Schematic Diagram Showing the Framework of the Study

 Significance of the Study

The result of this study will benefit the following:

Maayon Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Committee. The

results of the study would give them information on the preparedness of Maayon Disaster

Risk Reduction Management during disaster response. This would help them to improve

and assess effectiveness during disaster response.

Community: It will help the residents protect themselves and their community

better by finding out what weaknesses and strengths exist.

Local Government. This research gives important information to local leaders

about how well prepared the Municipality of Maayon is for disasters. The suggestions

from this study can help them make better plans for emergencies and work better with

other parts of the government.

Policymakers. This research gives them a better idea about what problems

Maayon might have if there's a disaster. With this information, they can use the

suggestions from this study to make better plans for when disasters happen.

Future Researchers. This study serves as a reference to them how to motivate to

conduct the similar study on issue relevant to the preparedness of the municipality of

Maayon during disaster response that is similar to the study.

 Scope and Limitations

The study focuses only on the disaster preparedness of the municipality of

Maayon.

The respondents of the study will be the MDRRMC personnel of Maayon,

Capiz. The demographic profile including age, sex, civil status, educational attainment,

and monthly family income will be considered in this study.

The questionnaire will be used to gather data from the respondents. The

questionnaire is composed of two parts. Part I seeks t to determine the socio-demographic

profile of the respondent and Part II pertains to the disaster preparedness of the

municipality of Maayon. The descriptive statistical tools to be employed in data analysis

are; frequency count and percentage mean, t-test as inferential tools.

Definition of Terms

Disaster. Refers to serious disruption to the functioning of a community that exceed

its capacity to cope using its own resources (hhtps://www.ifrc.org). In this study, it refers

to the natural or man-made calamity occurs in Panay, Capiz.

Disaster Response. Refers to the action taken directly before, during or in the

immediate aftermath of a disaster (https://en.m.wikipedia.org). In this study, it refers to

the act of saving lives, ensuring health and safety of the people affected by the Maayon

MDRRMC.

Disaster Risk. The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets

which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time,

determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity

(https;//www.undrr.org). In this study, it refers to the risk that may occur in Maayon,

Capiz due to disaster.

Hazard. Refers to any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects

on something or someone (https;//www.ccohs.ca). In this study, it refers to hazards that

may encounter by the Maayon MDRRMC.

Man-made Disaster. Refers to any act that has an element of human intent,

negligence, or error involving a failure of a man-made system, as opposed to natural

disasters resulting from natural hazards (https://www.monreocounty.fl). In this study, it

refers to the negligence of humans that causes a natural disaster.

Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (MDRRMC)- an

agency responsible for the setting the direction, development, implementation and

coordination of disaster risk management programs within the jurisdiction of the

municipality (https://paniquitar.gov.ph). In this study, it refers to Maayon MDRRMC.

 Natural Disaster. Refers to natural hazard that have highly harmful impact on a

society or community (https://en.m.wikipedia.org.). In this study, it refers to the disaster

that cause by the nature.

Vulnerability. Refers to the inability to resist a hazard or to respond when a

disaster has occurred (https://www.unisdr.org). In this study, it refers to the inability of

the people of Maayon to cope with the calamity.

 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Local Literature

According to the paper of Dariagan (2016) Disaster preparedness plans reduce

future damages, but may lack testing to assess their effectiveness in operation. This study

used the state-designed Local Government Unit Disaster Preparedness Journal: Checklist

of Minimum Actions for Mayors in assessing the readiness to natural hazards of 92

profiled municipalities in central Philippines inhabited by 2.4 million people. Anchored

on the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015, it assessed their preparedness in 4

criteria—systems and structures, policies and plans, building competencies, and

equipment and supplies.

In the study of S. B Jr Tanguid and R. V Tanguid (2023) they assessed the level

of disaster risk reduction knowledge of residents and barangay officials in the disaster-

prone municipalities of Oriental Mindoro on disaster preparedness and significant

differences on the assessment of the two groups of respondents. Guided by research

questions, a structured questionnaire was prepared. The respondents of this study were

the residents and the barangay officials including the chief of barangay tanods from the

disaster-prone areas of the selected municipalities of the province of Oriental Mindoro.

This study was conducted in the calamity-prone areas of Baco and Naujan municipalities.

For the resident respondents, a total of 379 residents were selected from the total
population of 24,550 in DPA1 and DPA2. On the other hand, total enumeration of the

participants was applied in soliciting information from the 180 barangay officials

including the chief of barangay tanods of the disaster-prone areas.

In the research of Corpuz (2023) conducted in Angeles City, Philippines, delves

into the state of disaster and emergency preparedness among households. Employing a

descriptive survey methodology, the study draws from influential scholars in the field to

inform its approach. Focused on households with at least one member aged 18 or older,

the study employs a well-structured questionnaire, combining multiple-choice and open-

ended questions, to collect data on disaster risk awareness, hazard exposure, knowledge

levels, and community-government relationships. The findings reveal a varied landscape

of household preparedness within Angeles City. While most households enjoy basic

amenities and reasonable living standards, disparities in preparedness levels exist.

Participants exhibit a strong awareness of and concern for natural disasters but express

the need for enhanced education and information sharing. A significant finding is the role

of community engagement in effective disaster response and recovery.

Foreign literature

According to the paper of Kohn (2013) Experts generally agree that individuals

will require partial or complete self-sufficiency for at least the first 72 hours following a

disaster. In the face of pervasive environmental and weather hazards, emerging biological

threats, and growing population densities in urban areas, personal preparedness is critical.

However, disaster planners and policymakers require further information to create

meaningful improvements to this aspect of disaster preparedness. A systematic review of

the literature was conducted to determine the state of evidence concerning personal

disaster preparedness.

In the journal of Routledge (2014) Worldwide, disasters and climate change pose

a serious risk to sustainable urban development, resulting in escalating human and

economic costs. Consequently, city authorities and other urban actors face the challenge

of integrating risk reduction and adaptation strategies into their work. However, related

knowledge and expertise are still scarce and fragmented. Cities, Disaster Risk and

Adaptation explore ways in which resilient cities can be ‘built’ and sustainable urban

transformations achieved.

According to the study of Grochtdreis et.al (2017) Nurses play a central role in

disaster preparedness and management, as well as in emergency response, in many

countries over the world. Care in a disaster environment is different from day-to-day

nursing care and nurses have special needs during a disaster. However, disaster nursing

education is seldom provided and a lack of curricula exists in many countries around the

world. The aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of nurses’ roles,

knowledge and experience in national disaster preparedness and emergency response.

Note: Provide synthesis

Chapter 3
 Methodology

This chapter consist of detailed description of the research design, locale of the

study, respondents of the study, research instrument, data gathering procedure and data

statistical analysis procedure.

Research Design

The study will use the descriptive-correlational type of research. This type

of research design describes the characteristic of the population or phenomenon being

study. Primarily used to gain an understanding of a group or phenomenon. This involves

collecting data through surveys, interviews, or observation (Creswell, 2023). This method

attempts to assess the disaster preparedness of the municipality of Maayon.

Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted in the municipality of Maayon, Capiz. This will be

conducted on the calendar year 2024-2025.

Respondents of the Study

In determining the number of respondents, the researchers will utilize the total

population. This study will utilize the MDRRMC personnel of the municipality of

Maayon.

Research Instrument
 The instrument to be used to gather the needed data is a survey questionnaire

composed of two (2) parts. Part 1 deals with the personal information of the respondents.

Part 2 deals with the disaster preparedness of the municipality of Maayon.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the questionnaires will be administered to the respondents, the researchers

will secure a written permission from the Satellite College Director to conduct the survey.

It will be handed personally to the Municipal Mayor of Maayon, Capiz, asking his

permission to conduct the study. After the Municipal Mayor received the letter and gives

his permission, the researchers will personally administer the questionnaires to all the

respondents and explained to them the objectives of the study. The questionnaire will be

immediately retrieved after the respondents had accomplished.

Data Analysis Procedure

The gathered data will be analyzed and interpreted for discussion. To facilitate the

analysis and interpretation of the data, the items are scored using the following scoring

guide.

Scoring of item Response Categories

5 Outstanding

4 Very Satisfactory

3 Satisfactory
 2 Fair

1 Poor

Mean Interval Verbal Interpretation

5.00 – 4.21 Fully prepared

4.20 – 3.41 Well-prepared

3.40 – 2.61 Moderately prepared

2.60 – 1.81 Somewhat prepared

1.80 – 1.00 Not prepared

Statistical Tools

Data will be analyzed using the following statistical tools.

Percentage will be to determine the profile of the respondent.

The percentage is defined by the formula (Pagoso, 2011):

2= (F*100)/N

Where:

P= Percentage

F = Frequency
 N = Total number of respondents per group

Mean will be used to determine the disaster preparedness of the municipality of Maayon.

The formula for the mean was adopted from Downie and Health, ( 2012).

Ʃx
x=
N

Where:

Ʃx = Sum of Score

N = Number of Respondents

X = Mean

T-test will be used to determine the significant difference on the disaster preparedness of

the municipality of Maayon in terms type of respondents.

References
Johnny D. Dariagan,1 Ramil B. Atando,corresponding author2 and Jay Lord B. Asis1

(2016) Disaster preparedness of local governments in Panay Island, Philippines.

Rhem Rick Navarro Corpuz, Joshua A. Nacu, Journal M. Manalo, Jelvin T. Laxamana

(2023) Enhancing Disaster Preparedness In Angeles City: Insights, Gaps, and

Community Resilience DOI: 10.36713/epra14785.

Sivan Kohn, Jennifer Lipkowitz Eaton, Saad Feroz, Andrea A. Bainbridge, Jordan

Hoolachan and Daniel J. Barnett (2013) Personal Disaster Preparedness: An Integrative

Review of the Literature.

Thomas Grochtdreis, Nynke de Jong, Niels Harenberg, Stefan Görres, Peter Schröder-

Bäck (2017) Nurses’ roles, knowledge and experience in national disaster pre-paredness

and emergency response: A literature review, South Eastern European Journal of Public

Health (SEEJPH).

Salcedo B Jr TanguidRichelle V Tanguid (2023), Knowledge of Residents and Barangay

Officials on Disaster Risk Reduction and Preparedness in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines.

Christine Wamsler Routledge (2014), Cities, disaster risk and adaptation.