Name: Raj Patil

Id no.: 23bt031
Subject: NR755 First Aid and life support
 Assignment:1
Q.1 Define Fracture and explain its various types.
Ans. Fracture: A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. Fractures
are often caused by falls, trauma, or because of a direct blow or kick to the
body. Overuse or repetitive motions can cause stress fractures.
Types of fractures include:

1. Stable fracture: The broken ends of the bone line up and are minimally out of
place
2. Open (compound) fracture: This type of fracture causes an opening in the skin
through which the bone may or may not be visible in the wound
3. Transverse fracture: This is a fracture that goes in a straight line across the
bone, perpendicular to the long part of the bone
4. Oblique fracture: This type of fracture goes in an angle along the bone
5. Comminuted fracture: The bone is shattered into three or more pieces

Stable Fracture
Open (compound )fracture

Transverse fracture

oblique fracture
Comminuted Fracture
Q.2 Write the golden rules of First Aid.

Ans. 1. Personal safety comes first

2. Assess the situation and victim

3. Call for help

4. Control bleeding

5. Treat for shock

6. Be mindful of head and spinal injuries

7. Attend to burns

1. Personal safety comes first:

The first and foremost rule of first aid is to ensure your own safety first. Assess the situation
carefully before rushing to help. If there are ongoing dangers like fire, electrical hazards, or
toxic fumes, it is crucial to remove yourself and others from harm's way before
administering first aid. You cannot help someone if you become a victim yourself.

2. Assess the situation and victim:

Once you've established a safe environment, assess the victim to determine the severity of
their condition. Check for responsiveness by tapping the person gently and shouting to see
if they react. If they don't respond, check for normal breathing. If the person is not
breathing or only gasping for air, initiate CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)
immediately.

3. Call for help:

One of the most important rules of first aid ever hesitates to call for professional medical
help, such as emergency services or 112, even if you're not entirely sure of the severity of
the situation. It is better to seek assistance early and let the professionals handle the
situation if needed.

4. Control bleeding:

If there is any bleeding involved, stopping the flow should be your immediate next step.
Uncontrolled bleeding can be life-threatening, so it's essential to stop the bleeding as
quickly as possible. Apply direct pressure on the wound using a clean cloth or Elevate the
injured area if possible and continue applying pressure until medical help arrives.

5. Treat for shock:

Shock is a severe condition that can follow significant injuries. It occurs when there is
inadequate blood flow to the organs and tissues. To treat for shock, lay the person down
and elevate their legs if there are no spinal injuries. Keep them warm with blankets or
clothing and reassure them to help reduce anxiety.

6. Be mindful of head and spinal injuries:

When dealing with a person who has sustained a head or spinal injury, avoid moving their
head or neck unless necessary to maintain their airway. Stabilizes the head and neck in the
position found and waits for medical professionals to take over.

7. Attend to burns:

Burns can be painful and prone to infection. Immediately run cool (not cold) water over the
burn for at least 10 minutes to help reduce pain and prevent further damage. Cover the
burn with a sterile, non-stick bandage to protect it from infection.
 Assignment: 3

Q.1 Define the CPR and explain its procedure step by step

Ans. CPR: An emergency procedure used to restart a person's heartbeat and breathing
after one or both have stopped. It involves giving strong, rapid pushes to the chest to keep
blood moving through the body.

CPR Steps
1
CHECK the scene for safety, form an initial impression and use personal protective equipment (PPE)

2
If the person appears unresponsive, CHECK for responsiveness, breathing, life-threatening bleeding or other life-
threatening conditions using shout-tap-shout

3
If the person does not respond and is not breathing or only gasping, CALL 9-1-1 and get equipment, or tell
someone to do so

4
Kneel beside the person. Place the person on their back on a firm, flat surface

5
Give 30 chest compressions

• Hand position: Two hands centered on the chest

 • Body position: Shoulders directly over hands; elbows locked
• Depth: At least 2 inches
• Rate: 100 to 120 per minute
• Allow chest to return to normal position after each compression

6
Give 2 breaths

• Open the airway to a past-neutral position using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique

• Pinch the nose shut, take a normal breath, and make complete seal over the person’s mouth with your
mouth.
• Ensure each breath lasts about 1 second and makes the chest rise; allow air to exit before giving the next
breath
Note: If the 1st breath does not cause the chest to rise, retilt the head and ensure a proper seal before giving the
2nd breath If the 2nd breath does not make the chest rise, an object may be blocking the airway

7
Continue giving sets of 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths. Use an AED as soon as one is available! Minimize
interruptions to chest compressions to less than 10 seconds.

Q.2 Write about rule of nine.

Ans. Rule Of Nines For Burns

The size of a burn can be quickly estimated by using the "rule of nines." This method
divides the body's surface area into percentage
• The front and back of the head and neck equal 9% of the body's surface area.
• The front and back of each arm and hand equal 9% of the body's surface area.
• The chest equals 9% and the stomach equals 9% of the body's surface area.
• The upper back equals 9% and the lower back equals 9% of the body's surface area.
• The front and back of each leg and foot equal 18% of the body's surface area.
• The genital area equals 1% of the body's surface area.