What do building blocks

signify in writing?

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 Why should a
Essential reader know the
Question essential parts of an
academic text?

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Unit 1: The Nature of Academic Texts

Lesson 1
Structure of Academic Texts
● Identify the structures of
paragraphs, essays, and
research papers.
● Construct short paragraphs and
essays.

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 Structures of Paragraphs

Paragraphs are a collection

of sentences that deal
mostly with one topic or idea
at a time.

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How does knowing the
parts ensure better
comprehension of the
text?

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 Structures of Paragraphs

Parts of the paragraph:

● Topic sentence
● Supporting sentences
● Concluding and/or
transitional sentences

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 Structures of Paragraphs
Topic sentence: presents
the main point of the
paragraph
Supporting sentences:
support the main idea of
the paragraph

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 Structures of Paragraphs
Transitional sentences:
paves the way to the next
idea in the next paragraph
Concluding sentences:
closes out the main idea
by summing up the main
idea
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 Structures of Paragraphs

Empathy is being able to understand and

share feelings and requires a connection
between two humans. Establishing that
connection means that people should put
down their phones, face each other and
build rapport with one another. Taking those
steps can make a difference.
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 Structures of Paragraphs
How do migrating animals find their destination?
They navigate in a variety of ways. Fish use their
sense of smell to recognize their migration paths
and are guided by changing water temperatures.
Birds use the position of the sun to orient
themselves. Some birds have magnetic particles
in their ear mechanisms that act as a compass.
Mammals rely on their memory. Some elephant
trails have been used for hundreds of years. 11
Different patterns of
development include:
● Illustration
● Definition
● Classification
● Comparison and Contrast
● Process
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 Structures of Paragraphs
Online marketing is the effort to disseminate
information about a business or product using the
Internet. This may be considered as an effective
strategy, as almost everyone uses the Internet for
interaction. Engaging with potential consumers
online may help the business in profits, as the
channels between parties have more potential to
continue, even after transactions.
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 Outlining

Sentence Outline and

Topic Outline

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 Sentence Outlining
The formal outline of your final
research paper will present
your thesis, the major points
in support of that thesis, and
the sub-points supporting
each major point. It may have
additional levels of sub-sub-
points if you feel that is
necessary.
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 Sentence Outlining
The basic idea of a formal
outline is that different types of
letters or numbers (I, A, 1, a, i)
represent different levels of
the hierarchy of your paper,
and sub-levels are indented
below main levels.

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 Sentence Outlining
I. This is the first main point
A. This is the first sub-point under I
B. This is the second sub-point under I
1. Sub-point B has its own sub-points
2. But you only list them if there were
more than one
II. Here’s the second main point
A. It has two sub-points
○ B. But this one has no sub-sub points 17
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 Sentence Outlining

III. Here’s the third main point

A. This is the first sub-point under III
B. This is the second sub-point under III
1. Sub-point B has its own sub-points
2. But you only list them if there were
more than one

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 Topic Outlining
- arranges your ideas hierarchically (showing
which are main and which are sub-points), in
the sequence you want, and shows what you
will talk about. As the name implies, it
identifies all the little mini-topics that your
paper will comprise, and shows how they
relate.
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I. Family Problems
A. Custodial/Non-custodial conflicts
B. Extended Family
C. Adolescent’s Age
II. Economic Problems
A. Child Support
B. Women’s Job Training
C. Lower Standard of Living
D. Possible Relocation
a. Poorer Neighborhood
b. New School
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III. Peer Problems
A. Loss of Friends
B. Relationship with Dates

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What are possible
strategies writers can
use to develop
cohesive paragraphs?

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 Structure of Three-Part Essay
Composed of three basic parts:

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 Introduction

● Introduces the topic

● Places the topic into context
● Provides background
information
● Points out the aim of the
text

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 Introduction
● Describes how the aim will be
fulfilled
● Suggests what the findings
are
● Explains why the topic could
be considered interesting
● Catches the readers’ interest
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 Body

● Presents evidence to
support the thesis
statement
● Can be broken down
into parts

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 Body

● Content
○ Research and data
are presented
○ Data is analyzed
○ Data is discussed
thoroughly

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 Conclusion
● Restates the thesis
statement
● Wraps up the essay
● Gives opportunity to
evaluate the topic
● No new material
should be presented
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The conclusion
should not have the
exact same thesis
statement as the one
in the introduction. It
is best to reword it in
the conclusion.
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 Structuring the Three-Part Essay
Benedicto Cabrera, also known more
famously as BenCab, is a Filipino painter.
He was deemed as a Filipino National
Artist for painting in 2006, and considered
as one of the best selling painters of his
time. BenCab has a museum in Baguio, a
place that inspired many of his works.
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 Structuring the Three-Part Essay
The BenCab museum has many of Cabrera’s
work in addition to his personal collection of
the work of other Filipino artists. The
museum has exhibits that display the
culture of the Cordilleras. The many displays
of art manifest BenCab’s talents and his
appreciation for local art as well.
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 Structuring the Three-Part Essay
With the BenCab museum situated in the
Cordilleras, it has become a site that
people can visit and experience when they
visit Baguio. They have opportunities to
see BenCab’s collections and his work,
which can also inspire others to
appreciate Filipino art.
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 Structuring the Three-Part Essay

Though almost everyone recognizes

dreamcatchers, little know the origin and its
significance in the local culture. The
dreamcatcher is more than just a decorative
piece. The dreamcatcher is an interesting
object with an even more interesting history.
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 Structuring the Three-Part Essay
The dreamcatcher originated from Native
North America, most specifically the Ojibwe.
There is no exact date of its invention, but it
became mainstream by the 1980s.
Traditionally, they were thought to be objects
for protection for babies and were hung over
their cradles.
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 Structuring the Three-Part Essay

As many people know today, it was often

believed that they could protect the dreams of
infants, as the spiderweb-like design was to
“catch” the evil spirits and keep them stuck on
the dreamcatchers.

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 Structuring the Three-Part Essay

The dreamcatcher’s history and original

purpose is fascinating and gives more value to
the object. The dreamcatcher is a decorative
piece for many people, but its origins make it
all the more impressive.

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How does knowing the
structure of essays help
reading comprehension?

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 Structuring the Three-Part Essay
Everyone has an opportunity to be an app
developer, or one who develops apps for
smartphones. Though it may seem too “techie”
for some, the possibility for app development has
become endless. There is no need to go through it
alone, as many companies are willing to help
dreamers achieve their goals.
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 Structuring the Three-Part Essay
App development is a profitable business, as
manifested through the various companies willing to
help out those who are interested. In the Philippines,
the names Adroit Apps, Ltd. and Arcanys are topic
companies that aim to develop apps. These kinds of
companies have specific aims for business but share
the common goal of developing apps for people.

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 Structuring the Three-Part Essay
If developing apps and serving people while
making money is one goal, it is best to get in
contact and apply to app development
companies. In this day and age, this kind of job
may be beneficial for all, and the process is an
essential learning experience for professional
development.
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What is the best way
to identify the main
idea in a three-part
essay?

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Structuring IMRaD
● IMRaD stands for
Introduction, Methods,
Results, and Discussion
● IMRaD aims to discuss
research topics, explaining
the topic and its intended
purpose.
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Structuring IMRaD: Introduction
● Contains the context of the
study and address what the
study will entail
● Can include the
background of the study
rather than an introduction
● Should include the aim(s) of
the study
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Structuring IMRaD: Methods
Includes:
● explanation of research aims
and research questions were
fulfilled or answered
● methods used to collect data and
ways to analyze the said data
● the research design for the entire
study
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Structuring IMRaD: Results
● Objectively presents
results from the data
collected and analyzed
● Data can be presented in
charts, figures, and
tables

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 Structuring IMRaD: Discussion

● Reminds readers of the

topic of the study
● Analyzes and discusses
presented results

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 Introduction

Listening to music may be a positive

experience for many junior high school
students while they study for major
subjects.

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 Methods

Though there have not been many studies

that show a relationship between the two
variables, this particular study aimed to
determine how junior high school students
feel while they listen to particular genres of
music while studying for major exams.
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 Methods

The methods for the research consisted of

interviewing JHS students about their
experiences and opinions of music and their
study habits. The researchers also utilized a
questionnaire given to 20 JHS students.

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 Result
Expected results showed that JHS students
felt that listening to music, no matter the
genre, was helpful, and there are perceived
effects that it helped them do better on the
tests academically. There should be further
studies to see if there is a true relationship
between listening to music and better study
habits.
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Why should
recommendations be
included in the results
of the IMRaD?

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 Introduction
In the Philippines, there has been a
noticeable shift from the use of plastic
shopping bags to more environmentally-
friendly bags. Eco-bags are bags that can be
reused and can include but are not limited to,
canvas bags, paper bags, bayong, and mesh-
cloth bags.
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 Methods

In the study conducted, a survey of 138

college students answered that because the
province of Cavite has encouraged the use of
eco-bags, a large number of the sample
population maximize the utilization of eco-
bags while shopping.
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 Structuring IMRaD

Significant factors that influenced the

respondents included the implementation
of the laws and awareness of the
harmfulness of plastics on the
environment.

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 Structuring IMRaD

Further studies should explore why

other factors, such a promotion of
private corporations in the Philippines,
are not significant in the utilization of
eco-bags for shopping.

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 Structuring IMRaD

Be precise and concise with the

words and language used to present
information. Being direct-to-the-
point is a characteristic of academic
writing.
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 Question
● Why is it recommended to use
transitional sentences in between
paragraphs for the 3-part essay?
● Why should an introduction in IMRaD
give background to the study?
● What are the different ways to
identify cohesion in any kind of
written text?
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Write a
scenario about
the photo with
two other
students. Each
student should
write only one
part:
introduction,
middle, or
ending.
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Knowing the structure of an essay can
help a reader comprehend the text.

Paragraph development and the

three-part essay are broken into the
following parts: introduction, body, and
conclusion.
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The IMRaD structure is broken into the
following parts: Introduction, Methods,
Results, Discussion, and Conclusion.

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“The IMRaD Format.” Search Write, December 19, 2017.
https://sokogskriv.no/en/writing/structure-and-argumentation/the-imrad-format/.

“The Structure of Academic Texts.” Lnu.se. Accessed February 25, 2020.

https://lnu.se/en/library/Writing-and-referencing/the-structure-of-academic-texts/.

“The Structure of Academic Texts .” Karolinska Institutet Universitetsbiblioteket. Accessed

February 25, 2020. https://kib.ki.se/en/write-cite/academic-writing/structure-academic-
texts.

“Traditional Academic Essays in Three Parts.” Penn State Abington. Accessed February 25,
2020. https://abington.psu.edu/traditional-academic-essays-three-parts.

“Writing a Scientific Research Report (IMRaD).” The Writing Center. Accessed February 25, 2020.
https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/guides/writing-an-imrad-report.

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