Manajemen Kesuburan Tanah

Minggu 5

FOSFOR

Sri Rahayu Utami, Jurusan Tanah FP UB

Symptom of Nutrients deficiency
 Symptom
of Nutrient
Deficiency
Gejala Defisiensi Unsur

- Mg -N -K -P
Function
 Energy metabolism (ADP, ATP)
 Cell formation (membran, nukleotida,
ko-enzim)
 Activator/cofactor for enzimatic reaction
 Important role for physiologic processes
 Effects on plant growth
• Pembagian sel, pembentukan lemak,
albumin
• Reproduksi (bunga, buah, biji)
• Kematangan
• Perkembangan akar
• Memperkuat jerami/batang
• Kualitas produksi tanaman
• Ketahanan thd penyakit
SIKLUS P
 Jumlah total BO & unsur hara
dlm lapisan olah tnh mineral
Hasil analisis representatif
Penyusun Kisaran Daerah basah Daerah kering
(%)
% Kg/ha % Kg/ha
BO 0.4-10.0 4.0 80000 3.25 65000
N 0.02-0.50 0.15 3000 0.12 24000
P 0.01-0.20 0.04 800 0.07 14000
K 0.17-3.3 1.70 34000 2.00 40000
Ca 0.07-3.60 0.40 8000 1.00 20000
Mg 0.12-1.50 0.30 6000 0.60 12000
S 0.01-0.20 0.04 800 0.08 16000
Phosphate Ion: Protonation

acid soils alkaline

soils
 Klasifikasi ketersediaan P (ppm)

Class P2O5 P P2O5

Bray Bray Olsen
&Kurtz
Sgt < 10 <3 < 4.56
10 - 15 3-7 4.57 – 11.4

medium 16 - 25 8 - 20 11.5 – 22.8

26 - 35 > 20 > 22.8

Sgt > 35
Problems encountered
 pH tanah
 Fe, Mn, Al, Ca larut dalam tanah
 Agen fiksasi (oksida, hidrous oksida, liat
silikat, mineral amorf)
 Amount and availability of P-bearing
materials (an- and organic)
 Biological activity
 pH rendah
Al-Fe-Mn larut
Al 3+ + H2PO4 - + 2H2O Al(OH)2H2PO4 + 2H+

Adsorption Reactions (oksida dkk)

* Strong adsorption on soil minerals
- adsorption on Fe- and Al-oxides
- adsorption on ‘edge’ sites of silicate
clays (dominantly kaolinite)
OH2 O
Fe + P Fe P
OH2 O
Volcanic Ash
Phosphorus Fixation
* Limited Biological Availability
• P reacts strongly with soil material
- limits bioavailability
- limits transport through soil
- movement occurs via erosion
• Adsorbs and precipitates
Inorganic P Compounds
(precipitates)

Acid soils
Fe and Al phosphates
FePO4l2H2O, AlPO4l2H2O

Alkaline soils
Ca and Mg phosphates
Inorganic P Compounds
decreasing solubility

6  Ca(H2PO4)2
 monocalcium phosphate
 CaHPO4
 dicalcium phosphate
pH  Ca3(PO4)2
 tricalcium phosphate
 3Ca3(PO4)2lCa(OH)2
 hydroxyapatite
8  3Ca3(PO4)2lCaCO3
 carbonate apatite
 Nomenclature
H3PO4 = phosphoric acid
H2PO4- = monobasic
HPO4-2 = dibasic
PO4-3 = tribasic
Most Available P between pH 6 - 7
Reactions at High pH Values
* P converts to less soluble
Ca and Mg compounds
Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaCO3 + H2O → 2 CaHPO4•2H2O + CO2
very less
soluble soluble

6 CaHPO4•2H2O + 3 CaCO3 → 3 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 CO2 + 5 H2O

less
soluble

3 Ca3(PO4)2 + CaCO3 → 3Ca3(PO4)2•CaCO3

very insoluble
- most serious in calcareous soils of arid regions
 Organic Soil Phosphorus

* 20 - 80 % of total soil P is organic

* Mostly inositol phosphates,
C6H6(OH)6
- 10 - 50 % of organic-P

- some nucleic acid and phospholipids

Cycling: A slow release mechanism
Organic-P

immobilization

mineralization
P = 0,2 %
C/P = 200

(available P)
HxPO4x-3

Solid Phase-PO4
(unavailable)
 Biological control:
a key to phosphorus uptake
Mycorrhizae root infections, bakteri pelarut fosfat

Plant root

Fungal hyphae

mycorrihizae