2020 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Automation, Electronics and Electrical Engineering (AUTEEE)
An Approach for Determining Frequency Deviation
Coefficient Considering Different Operating
2020 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Automation, Electronics and Electrical Engineering (AUTEEE) | 978-1-7281-9827-9/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/AUTEEE50969.2020.9315653
Conditions in AGC System
Yaqing Zhao Xiaoqing Chang, Xiaopeng Li
School of Cyber Science and State Grid Sichuan Electric Power
Engineering Research Institute
Southeast University Chengdu, China
Nanjing , China changxq4374@sc.sgcc.com.cn
zyq_seu@163.com
Abstract—In automatic generation control (AGC), the
determination of frequency deviation coefficient under the
mode of tie line bias control (TBC) plays an important role in
the control system stability and frequency recovery. Based on
the analysis of the actual operation of AGC, this paper presents
a method to determine the frequency deviation coefficient.
Firstly, considering the limitation of current automation level,
a frequency deviation coefficient model for all-day multi-
period under different operating modes is established
according to the frequency response characteristic of power
system. Then, in order to meet the requirements for frequency
recovery in the actual power grid, a strategy to modify the
frequency deviation coefficient according to the frequency
deviation is proposed. Finally, due to the continuous
improvement of the penetration rate of new energy in the
power system, this paper also considered the influence of wind
power in the load frequency control system (LFC) model. The
effectiveness of the method is verified by the simulation results
of two areas interconnected power system.
Keywords—automatic generation control, frequency
deviation coefficient, frequency response characteristic, load
frequency control
I. INTRODUCTION
Automatic generation control (AGC) in interconnected
power grid is an important technical mean to control the
frequency of the system and the exchange power of inter-
regional tie lines according to the plan. Among them, tie line
bias control (TBC) is a widely used AGC control mode in
modern large power grid operation [1-4]. Many factors in
the power system, such as AGC adjustable capacity, unit
response speed and so on, will affect the adjustment effect
of AGC. The setting of frequency deviation coefficient (B-
coefficient) in TBC mode plays a vital role in the stability of
the control system, frequency recovery and meeting the
requirements of the operation targets [5].
The setting methods of B-coefficient are divided into
fixed coefficient method and dynamic coefficient method
[6]. At present, the fixed coefficient method is widely used
to set the area control frequency deviation coefficient of
power system. The fixed coefficient method is to allocate B-
coefficient according to the estimated maximum load,
annual power generation, directly installed capacity of each
district or their weighted average proportion of the entire
978-1-7281-9827-9/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 176
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Zhixian Wang, Kaifeng Zhang
Key Laboratory of Measurement and
Control of CSE
Southeast University
Nanjing , China
kaifengzhang@seu.edu.cn
network in each district. Most of them use fixed values that
are adjusted once a year, which is simple and easy to
implement. However, the primary premise for this method
of allocation is to assume that the distribution of load
disturbances in each area is the same. If there are continuous
impact loads of large steel rolling mills in some areas, in
order to ensure the frequency stability of the system, the
AGC adjustment amount needs to be increased in other
areas, so using this method to distribute the B-coefficient
will not be able to distribute the frequency adjustment
responsibilities of each area fairly. In addition, the
frequency response characteristic of power system ( E ) in
different seasons and even in different periods of the day are
different, and sometimes vary greatly. Therefore, the fixed
frequency deviation coefficient of the year is often far away
from E , which will inevitably cause power overshoot or
undershoot, and will also have an adverse effect on
frequency stability.
In the existing research, there have been some studies on
the B-coefficient. In [7], the difference between B-
coefficient and E is the main reason for unintentional
exchange of electricity and unnecessary control behavior
between areas. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an
online evaluation method of B-coefficient to reduce the
difference between B-coefficient and E . In [8], an
algorithm to estimate E online using variables commonly
available from existing AGC system is presented. In [9], it
proposed methodologies to evaluate E and operating
reserve for the isolated power system. The estimation of E
during large frequency changes should adapt to the time-
varying E which is due to nonlinearities of the engaged
governor units [10]. Further, It proposed that E should be
estimated before the significant influence of secondary
control, i.e., within 30 s after the event inception time in
[11]. The offline estimation method proposed in [12] is
based on local correlation between the frequency deviation
and interchange power variation, whereas in [13], an online
estimation method is applied for adaptive frequency bias
setting to improve the load frequency control performance.
Both of them achieve a satisfactorily accurate estimation of
E with deterministic method, but they do not provide a
probabilistic depiction of time-varying E . In [14], the point
Shenyang, China
November 20-22, 2020
estimate method that is capable of managing the correlation
is adopted to portray the probabilistic features of time-
varying primary frequency response characteristic for
thermal unit. Some of the above researches are mainly to
estimate E and do not give a scheme to determine B-
coefficient, and some methods are complex, which is not
conducive to engineering implementation. Therefore, it is
necessary for us to design a B-coefficient determination
scheme based on the actual engineering conditions.
In this paper, a scheme to determine the B-coefficient is
proposed. Firstly, E is calculated from historical fault data
of the power system, and the daily approximate E curve is
fitted. According to the changing trend of E in a day, the B-
coefficient model for all-day multi-period is obtained. Then,
in order to meet the requirements of the actual power grid
for frequency recovery, we propose a strategy to modify the
B- coefficient according to the frequency deviation. Finally,
due to the increasing penetration of new energy in the power
system. Therefore, in the load frequency control system
model, we not only considered the hydro-thermal power
unit, but also considered the influence of wind power. The
main contributions are summarized as follows:
1) A B-coefficient model for all-day multi-period under
different operating modes is established.
2) A method of correcting the B-coefficient according to
the frequency deviation is proposed.
The remaining part of this paper is organized as follows:
In Section II, the determination method of B-coefficient is
introduced. In Section III, simulations and analysis are
addressed. Eventually, the conclusions are drawn in Section
IV.
K L* K1 PL
 EL  K M (1  K1 ) PL  
100 f N
The generator units can be divided into new energy unit,
conventional water unit, thermal power unit and small
hydropower unit without regulating capacity. The overall
capacity of the unit in operation is set as PG , and the
proportion of the given type of unit is K 2 , K 3 and K 4 , then
n
100 K3 PG
 EG K N K 2 PG  ¦ flagG (i, 'f )  KW K 4 PG  
i 1 Ri* f N
where K N is the weight coefficient of frequency
regulation of new energy unit, KW is the weight coefficient
of frequency regulation of small hydropower unit without
regulation capacity, Ri* is the difference coefficient of
conventional water and thermal power unit i , and f N is
the frequency rating of the system, flagG (i, 'f ) is the
quantity that represents whether the unit i contributes to the
power frequency characteristic coefficient of the generator,
which is restricted by the frequency difference 'f of the
system, and can only be taken as 0 or 1; when it is taken as 1,
it indicates that the unit i can still participate in the
frequency regulation when the frequency difference is 'f ,
and contributes to the E ; when it is taken as 0, it indicates
that the unit i cannot participate in the frequency regulation
when the frequency difference is 'f , and does not
contribute to the E .

II. DETERMINATION METHOD OF B-COEFFICIENT

­ 100 K3 PG
°1 , | 'f |! DBi and R* f (| 'f |  DBi )  PNi  Pi 0
°
A. Frequency Response Characteristics of Power System flagG (i, 'f ) ®
i N

°0 , | 'f | DB and 100 K3 PG (| 'f |  DB ) ! P  P
Frequency response characteristic of power system ( E ) °̄ i
Ri* f N
i Ni i0

is the sum of the frequency characteristics of load and

generator units in power system. Since the relationship
between load power and frequency of power system can be
expressed by a polynomial, the frequency characteristic of
load is non-linear, and the relationship between power and
frequency of power generation unit is also non-linear due to
the influence of insensitive region of speed control system.
Therefore, the frequency response characteristic E of
power system is nonlinear. The E can be expressed as
formula (1):
 E E L  EG  
Where DBi is the dead zone of the governor unit i , PNi
and Pi 0 are the rated power and initial power of unit i ,
respectively. It can be seen from (4) that only when the
system frequency difference 'f is greater than the dead
zone of the governor unit i , and the unit has the adjustment
space, unit i contributes to the E . In other cases, there is no
contribution.
In summary, the E can be obtained by the following
formula:

Where E L and E G are the frequency characteristics of E E L  EG

load and generator units respectively. Since the system load K L* K1 PL 
is usually composed of static load and dynamic load,  K M (1  K1 ) PL  K N K 2 PG
100 f N
assuming that the total load of the system is PL , the n
100 K P
proportion of static load is K1 , the frequency regulation ¦ flagG (i, 'f ) * 3 G  KW K 4 PG   
i 1 Ri f N
coefficient of load is K L* , and the frequency regulation
weight coefficient of dynamic load is K M , then we can Generally, the contribution of load in E is small and
obtain: uncontrollable; the contribution of generator unit is mainly
determined by the system reserve capacity and the

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adjustment coefficient. In the actual system, the adjustment
coefficient of unit is generally fixed, which is mainly
affected by the starting mode.

B. B-coefficient Model of All-day Multi-period under

Different Operation Modes
At present, although it is convenient and easy to adjust
the B-coefficient once a year, the effect in the actual
operation of the power system is not ideal. From (5), we
know that E is related to E G . As can be seen from (3), E G is
related to the number of on-line units. As the regional load
increases, the number of on-line units will also increase,
which will eventually lead to a change in E . Therefore, the
fixed B-coefficient is often greater than or less than E . Fig. 1. Approximate curve of E for one day
When B-coefficient is less than E , it is extremely harmful
to the control frequency. When B-coefficient is excessively As shown in Fig 1, E at different times of the day is
greater than E , it will cause overshoot of the frequency and different. Therefore, we can segment the whole day
increase the adjustment amount and operating cost of the according to the changing trend of E . According to Fig 1, a
AGC unit. Although it is ideal to calculate the B-coefficient day can be divided into five sections: 0~10, 10~13, 13~16,
of the area online and make B | E , the first condition to 16~21 and 21~24. When B  E , it will result in the under
implement this method of setting B-coefficient is to require regulation of AGC active power and extend the time of
the system to have a high level of automation. This method frequency recovery, which will have an adverse effect on the
can calculate the time-varying E of the area online in real control frequency stability [15]. Therefore, in order to avoid
time, but it is difficult to achieve with the existing level of this situation, the maximum value of B-coefficient is selected
automation. for each period B-coefficient. The B-coefficient of each
period is shown in Table II.
Therefore, this paper proposes that the power system can
be divided into several different operation modes throughout
the year, such as dry season and wet season, because of the TABLE II. THE B-COEFFICIENT OF EACH PERIOD
differences of maximum load, AGC adjustable output, Time interval(h) B-coefficient (MW/0.1Hz)
maintenance capacity and power generation plan of each 0~10 720
operation mode. Similarly, we can also segment the whole
10~13 606
day according to the changing trend of E at different times
of the day. According to the actual measurement method, E 13~16 741

can be calculated from the ratio of the total power change 16~21 807
and frequency deviation when there is a large power 21~24 655
disturbance or cutting in the area or when the tie-line
between the area and the outer area is disconnected. Or it can Therefore, the corresponding B coefficient of the all-day
be calculated more directly from the mastered historical fault multi-period under various operating modes of the whole
records of the power grid. Table I is the calculation of E at year is formed, named Bdp .
different times based on the measured data of partial faults of
Southwest Power Grid in 2019 and 2020. Fig 1 is an C. Correct Bdp by Frequency Deviation
approximate curve of E for one day.
In the operation of power system, it will encounter large
load disturbance or unit failure sometimes, resulting in a
TABLE I. RECORDED FAULT OF SOUTHWEST POWER SYSTEM AND rapid drop in frequency. If Bdp is still selected as the B-
MEASURED VALUES E
coefficient of the area at this time, it may not meet the
Date and time of Power Frequency requirement of fast frequency recovery. Therefore, we can
E (MW/0.1Hz)
fault change/ MW change/Hz modify the Bdp when the system frequency deviation is
2020-01-15T01:42 -360 -0.05 720
large, and set the B-coefficient of the current area to
2019-10-03T09:55 -270 -0.049 551
Bdp  'B , so that the frequency can be quickly restored to a
2020-01-14T13:09 -600 -0.099 606
safe value. When the system frequency falls to a dangerous
2019-11-22T14:08 -400 -0.054 741
value, we must adjust the B-coefficient to an emergency
2019-12-03T15:26 -600 -0.095 631 value to prevent the system from crashing濁澳
2020-01-29T18:07 -565.36 -0.07 807
2019-10-17T21:02 500 0.083 575 The 'B can be determined according to the magnitude
of frequency deviation. When the difference between B-
2019-10-20T23:18 -630 -0.096 655
coefficient and Bdp is -25% ~150%, it has little effect on the
power flow of the tie line [16]. If the B-coefficient of each
area is set to be greater than the approximate value of Bdp ,

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the 'B should be taken (0 ~ 50% ) Bdp . In this paper, 'B 0.25Bdp , Bmax 1.5 Bdp . By using
this method, the B-coefficient can be adjusted according to
Due to the grid frequency of normal operation, it is the frequency deviation, so as to realize the effective
specified that the fluctuation up and down shall not exceed adjustment of frequency and easy to implement.
r0.1Hz . The operation time with frequency lower than
49.5Hz shall not exceed 60min [17]. Therefore, when the
frequency deviation is greater than r0.1Hz , adjust the B- III. SIMULATIONS AND ANALYSIS
coefficient to Bdp  'B , and when the frequency deviation is
A. Simulation Model
greater than r0.5Hz , adjust the B-coefficient to the
The dynamic model of the control area i in the
emergency value. Then we can obtain:
interconnected power grid is shown in Fig 2. It is
interconnected with other areas in the power grid through the
tie line. In an actual LFC system, an area contains multiple
­ Bdp , 'f  0.1Hz generating units, including AGC units, thermal power units
°
B = ® Bdp  'B, 0.1Hz d 'f  0.5Hz (6) and hydropower units, and the controller distributes the input
°B , 0.5Hz d 'f signals to these units according to allocation coefficients.
¯ max The LFC controller uses a PI controller.

governor Wind
'fi 1
Power equivalent
Ri1 'Pdi
generator
Ei allocation turbine +
coefficients  'Pmi1 
+ 1 'Pgi1 1 1 'fi
D 1 +
i  1  sTgi1 1  sTti1 +
 Di  sM i
+ 
ACEi ui 1 'P 2 +
mi +
 PI
Rin n 1
'P 'Pti
n
+
LFC  1 'Pgin 1 'Pmin
mi
¦
j 1, j z i
Tij
controller D in 
+ 1  sTgin 1  sTtin
+
'Pti 2S
s


n

¦
j 1, j z i
Tij 'f j

Fig. 2. The block diagram of the LFC system model

where, 'f j 
nj
is the neighboring frequency deviation auxiliary service functions of wind power [18-19]. The basic
starting point is to hope that wind power can provide inertia
vector; ui  mi is the control input vector; 'Pdi  ki is the response, active support and other capabilities like traditional
load disturbance; variables 'Pgi , 'Pmi , 'fi , 'Pti are the generating units.
governor value position, generator output power, the In this paper, we also consider the influence of wind
deviation of frequency, and tie-line power, respectively; power in LFC model. As shown in Fig 2, we simplify the
Tgi and Tti are the time constants of governor and turbine, wind power and use the historical wind power output curve
to replace the wind turbine. The wind power output curve is
respectively; M i , Di ,and Ri are generator inertia, generator
shown in Fig 3 .
unit damping coefficient, and speed droop, respectively; and
Tij is the tie-line synchronizing coefficient between areas
i and j , i, j  1 ^1, 2,..., n` . Bi is frequency bias
coefficient of Area i . ACEi is the area control deviation of
Area i .
The generator unit in the traditional LFC model only
includes AGC unit, thermal power unit and hydropower unit.
With the increasing penetration of new energy such as wind
power in power system, new energy is gradually added to
frequency modulation, which is given the task of auxiliary
frequency modulation. In this paper, the influence of wind Fig. 3. Daily wind power output curve
power on LFC system frequency regulation is mainly
considered in the simulation research.
B. Simulation Environment
With the large-scale development and utilization of wind In this paper, the digital simulation model of two regional
power, wind power is more and more considered to have the interconnected power grid is established. Area 1 contains
auxiliary service capabilities such as active power control three different types of generating units, which are two
and frequency regulation similar to the traditional power. In thermal power units and a hydropower unit; Area 2 contains
order to ensure the safety and reliability of the power system, three thermal power units of the same type. The diagram of a
some countries with rapid development of wind power have two-area interconnected system is represented in Fig 4 and
issued guidelines, requirements or regulations on the the parameters of power system are shown as follows [20]:

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 1) Area 1
Unit 1: Tg11 0.1s, Tt11 0.3s;

Unit 2: Tg21 0.2s, Tt12 0.3s;

Unit 3: Tg31 0.18s, Tt13 0.28s;

M1 =10 p.u. ˜ s, D1 1 p.u. / Hz, R1 2.4Hz / p.u..

2) Area 2
Unit 1: Tg11 0.2s, Tt11 0.3s;

Unit 2: Tg21 0.2s, Tt12 0.3s;

Fig. 5. Comparsion of V 'f for two kinds of B-coefficient setting modes
Unit 3: Tg31 0.2s, Tt13 0.3s;

M1 =10 p.u. ˜ s, D1 1 p.u. / Hz, R1 2.4Hz / p.u..

Area 1 Area 2
AGC unit AGC unit1

Thermal power unit AGC unit2

Hydropower unit AGC unit3

Fig. 4. The diagram of a two-area interconnected system

Fig. 6. Comparsion of V ACE for two kinds of B-coefficient setting modes
Since the simulation environment is built with Matlab,
we use the proportional reduction of the B-coefficient to Fig 5 and Fig 6 show that when the period B-coefficient
approximate the actual system. The coefficient model of all- is used, its frequency modulation effect is close to the fixed
day multi-period of two-area is shown in Table 3. B coefficient, but it can reduce the adjustment amount of the
AGC unit. Therefore, when the frequency is in a safe area,
TABLE III. ALL-DAY MULTI-PERIOD OF TWO-AREA
we can use B-coefficient Bdp in different periods to help
reduce the regulation of AGC unit and make AGC unit more
 Bdp economical in power generation control.
Time interval(h)
Area A Area B
Scenarios2. In this part, simulation is used to verify the
0~10 10.0 10.2 proposed method of correcting Bdp according to frequency
10~13 8.4 8.6 deviation. When the frequency deviation is greater than
13~16 10.3 10.5 0.1Hz, we choose to modify Bdp to Bdp  ' B , where
16~21 11.2 11.4 ' B 0.25 Bdp , and compare the simulation result obtained
21~24 9.1 9.3 with Bdp with the simulation result obtained with Bdp  ' B .
C. Simulation Results The simulation result is shown in Fig 7.
To validate the proposed method, three scenarios are
carried out:
1) Scenarios1: In this scenario, the proposed model of B-
coefficient of all-day multi-period is verified.
2) Scenarios2: In this scenario, the proposed
Bdp correction method based on frequency deviation is
validated.
3) Scenarios3: In this scenario, the effect of frequency
modulation with different ' B is studied.
Scenarios1. In this subsection, the simulation is used to
evaluate the influence of different frequency deviation
coefficient setting methods on system frequency and area Fig. 7. Comparsion of 'f for Bdp and Bdp  ' B modes
ACE. The simulation results are shown in Fig 5 and Fig 6.

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 According to the simulation results in Fig 7, when the
frequency deviation is greater than 0.1Hz, Bdp  ' B can help
the frequency recovery faster. Therefore, in the actual system,
when the frequency falls out of the safe area, we can make
the frequency return to the safe area faster by correcting Bdp
to Bdp  ' B when the capacity of the area generator units is
sufficient.
Scenarios3. In this part, assuming that the regulation
capacity of the generator units in area A is sufficient and the
regulation capacity of the generator units in area B is
insufficient, study the relationship between the size of ' B
and the frequency quality. In area B, period B-coefficient
Bdp is used, and in area A, Bdp +' B is used, where ' B is
0%~150% Bdp . Comparing V 'f under different ' B , the
simulation results are shown in Fig 8 and Fig 9.
Fig. 8. Comparsion of V 'f for different ' B
Fig. 9. Comparsion of V ACE for different ' B
Fig 8 shows that with the gradual increase of ' B , the B-
coefficient of area A gradually increases, the system
frequency quality is getting better. It shows that properly
increasing the B coefficient of the area with sufficient
adjustment ability can increase the AGC adjustment amount
in this area, and serves the purpose of power support to the
area with insufficient adjustment ability, thereby ensuring the
stability of the system frequency. Although the AGC unit
will also overshoot at this time, it can make the frequency
return to a safe value more quickly when the frequency
deviation is too large, so it is beneficial to the system.
Therefore, as shown in Fig 9, even if the increase of ' B will
increase the operating cost of the AGC unit, it is worth
paying these costs in the sense of ensuring the stability of the
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system.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a scheme to determine the B-coefficient is
proposed. According to the changing trend of daily
frequency response characteristics, the B-coefficient model
for all-day multi-period is determined. Then, in order to
meet the requirements of the actual power grid for
frequency recovery, the strategy of modifying the B-
coefficient according to the frequency deviation is proposed.
In addition, in the load frequency control system model, the
influence of wind power is also taken into account. The
simulation results of two areas interconnected power system
verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Future
research is to add more control objectives of AGC into the
design of B-coefficient.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by State Grid Corporation of
China (Research and Application of Key Technologies for
Cross-Level Multi-Area Frequency Coordinated Control of
Southwest China Power Grid under Asynchronous
Interconnection).
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