CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND AVAILABILITY OF

SKILLED WORKERS IN THE MANUFACTURING

PROCESS; A CASE STUDY IN NIGERIA.

BY

EMUAN VANESSA 239051058

A TERM PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE COURSE ARC 421- CONTEMPORARI ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE

DR ENITAN N. OLOTO

APRIL 2024
 Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 AIMS & OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................... 1
1.3 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................. 3
LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 3
2.1 OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA’S CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: .............................. 3
2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR TO THE NATIONAL
ECONOMY............................................................................................................................ 4
2.3 UNDERSTANDING CONSTRUCTION METHODS IN NIGERIA'S
MANUFACTURING SECTOR ............................................................................................ 5
2.4 SKILLED WORKERS IN THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ............................................................................................ 6
2.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING SKILLED WORKER AVAILABILITY IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ............................................................................................ 6
2.8.1 .................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5.1 EDUCATIONAL-PROFESSIONAL IMBALANCES AND REGIONAL
DISPARITIES................................................................................................................. 6
2.5.2 MIGRATION TRENDS AND SKILLED LABOR AVAILABILITY: A
GENDERED PERSPECTIVE ........................................................................................ 7
2.6 IMPACT OF SKILLED WORKERS ON CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND
MANUFACTURING SECTOR PERFORMANCE .............................................................. 8
2.7 CHALLENGES FACED IN EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND
ENSURING THE AVAILABILITY OF SKILLED WORKERS IN NIGERIA .................. 9
2.8 POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES IN
CONSTRUCTION AND SKILLED LABOR AVAILABILITY IN NIGERIA ................. 11
2.8.1 POLICY INTERVENTIONS:........................................................................ 11
2.8.2 INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING: ............................... 11
2.8.3 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: ........................................................ 12
2.8.4 STRATEGIC GOAL SETTING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT: .. 12
2.8.5 STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS: ......................... 13
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................ 14
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 14
3.1 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 14
3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................... 14
 3.2.1 ENHANCE TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING: ...................... 14
3.2.2 REVITALIZE APPRENTICE SYSTEMS: ................................................... 14
3.2.3 ADOPT INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES: ................ 14
3.2.4 CREATE INCENTIVES FOR SKILLED DIASPORA: ............................... 15
3.2.5 POLICY REFORMS FOR LABOR MOBILITY: ......................................... 15
3.2.6 GENDER INCLUSIVITY: ............................................................................ 15
3.3 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 15
REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................... 16
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The construction industry plays a crucial role in the economic development of any country,

including Nigeria, serving as a catalyst for infrastructure development and employment

generation, and contributing significantly to the gross domestic product (Adebayo & Peters,

2021). Despite the potential for significant growth, driven by factors such as rapid urbanization

and a growing population, the Nigerian construction industry has consistently underperformed

and struggled to meet its full output capacity (Olagunju & Adesanya, 2020). A major challenge

faced by the industry is the availability of skilled workers, where the demand in construction

has outpaced the supply, leading to a shortage of qualified professionals (Eze & Okonkwo,

2019). This shortage of skilled labor has resulted in delays in project completion, increased

construction costs, and compromised work quality (Ibrahim & Oluwaseun, 2022).

1.2 AIMS & OBJECTIVES

This paper aims to explore two critical factors that contribute to the underperformance of the

Nigerian construction industry: construction methods and the availability of skilled workers in

the manufacturing process. Construction methods are integral to the success of any construction

project. It determines the efficiency, quality, and timeliness of the project. Furthermore,

construction methods directly impact the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of projects. In

the Nigerian construction industry, there is a need to examine the existing construction methods

and their effectiveness in order to identify areas for improvement. Availability of skilled

workers is another crucial factor that affects the performance of the Nigerian construction

industry (Akpabio et al., 2019). Skilled workers are the backbone of any construction project

as they possess the knowledge, expertise, and experience required to execute tasks efficiently

1|Page
and effectively (Manoharan et al., 2022). However, in Nigeria, the availability of skilled

workers in the manufacturing process is a concern. The main aim of the literature to examine

the construction methods used in Nigeria and the way in which they are influenced by the type

and availability of skilled workers in the manufacturing process will be met.

1.3 SCOPE

The scope of this paper encompasses an examination of the interdependent relationship

between construction methods and the availability of skilled workers within the

manufacturing process in the Nigerian construction industry. It explores how these factors

contribute to the underperformance of the industry and also aims to identify potential areas of

improvement to enhance efficiency, quality, timeliness, and cost-effectiveness of construction

projects in Nigeria. Moreover, the paper investigates the challenges faced due to the shortage

of skilled labor and discusses the impact of such a shortage on construction methods and the

overall performance of the manufacturing sector. The study's primary objectives include an

in-depth review of existing construction methods, assessing their effectiveness, and

evaluating the influence of skilled worker availability on these methods. The research is

intended to contribute to understanding the dynamics of construction methods used in Nigeria

and how the workforce affects these methods.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA’S CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY:

The construction industry in Nigeria plays a pivotal role in the nation's socioeconomic

development, significantly contributing to infrastructure advancement, job creation, and

economic growth. Accounting for a notable portion of Nigeria's GDP, the industry has seen

growth spurred by urbanization, increased demand for housing, and the need for infrastructural

enhancement. While historically dominated by foreign companies, recent local content

legislation seeks to empower indigenous firms. The construction sector also stimulates related

manufacturing and services sectors through its demand for building materials and services, and

it engages in public-private partnerships due to the governmental focus on regulation and

development financing. Overall, the construction industry remains a substantial and dynamic

component of Nigeria's economy (Osuizugbo,I. & Ojelabi,R, 2020). The performance of the

construction industry is highly dependent on the adequacy and availability of skilled labor,

which has become a major challenge. Skilled labor shortages can negatively affect the delivery

of construction projects, hence impacting productivity and the overall health of the construction

sector (Akomah et al., 2020). The authors argue that because of its size, nature of operations,

job creation potential, and ubiquity in development activities, the construction sector is a key

platform for sustainable development in Nigeria. For sustainable development to be achieved,

the paper suggests that proper mechanisms must be put in place to stimulate the growth of the

construction industry (Isa et al., 2013).

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2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR TO THE NATIONAL

ECONOMY

According to Nigerian Construction Sector" from the National Bureau of Statistics highlights

the growth and significance of the construction industry in Nigeria. It mentions that the industry

has expanded due to factors such as migration, urbanization, a burgeoning middle class, and

the need for infrastructure to cater to a growing population. The industry saw its beginnings in

the early 1940s with a few foreign companies, which have historically dominated the sector.

The 'oil boom' period post-independence particularly led to a surge in construction activity.

The construction sector's contributions to the Nigerian economy, the Gross Domestic Product

(GDP) from the construction sector increased to 756,411.29 million NGN in the fourth quarter

of 2023, up from 653,827.13 million NGN in the third quarter of the same year. Over the period

from 2010 to 2023, the average GDP from construction was 599,447.93 million NGN. Notably,

the fourth quarter of 2023 saw an all-time high of 756,411.29 million NGN, while the third

quarter of 2010 recorded a record low of 369,190.91 million NGN.

Figure 1 showing the GDP from Construction in Nigeria from (2014-2023)

Furthermore, the local content bill passed in April 2014 aims to level the playing field for

indigenous construction companies against international firms.

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The industry is vital to Nigeria's socio-economic progress, not only for infrastructure

development but also for job creation. It has led to growth in other sectors, like manufacturing

and services, which provide intermediate inputs for construction. The expectation is that there

will be an increase in local construction businesses, more job creation, and an enhanced

contribution to the nation's GDP following the local content bill. The industry's integration with

other sectors implies a wider impact, with businesses such as cement, metal, steel, and

woodwork being influenced by the performance of the construction sector (Nigerian

Construction Sector, 2015).

2.3 UNDERSTANDING CONSTRUCTION METHODS IN NIGERIA'S

MANUFACTURING SECTOR

The construction and manufacturing industries play a crucial role in driving economic growth

and development in Nigeria, the largest economy in Africa. These industries provide essential

infrastructure and contribute significantly to the gross domestic product (Manoharan et al.,

2022). According to a study conducted on the Nigerian construction industry, it was found that

the sector has the potential to lead the country's economy (Oladinrin et al., 2012). The study

further highlighted the importance of skilled workers in the construction process. Skilled

workers in the construction industry are essential for successful project execution and overall

productivity (Manoharan et al., 2022). However, in many developing countries including

Nigeria, there is a low supply of skilled human capital. This low supply of skilled workers

poses a significant challenge for the construction industry in Nigeria, particularly within the

manufacturing sector.

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2.4 SKILLED WORKERS IN THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

The introduction of new technologies in the construction industry, known as Construction

4.0, has further increased the demand for skilled workers. These new technologies require a

higher level of knowledge and skills, which are often lacking in developing countries like

Nigeria. As a result, the construction sector in Nigeria faces challenges in bridging the

knowledge and skills gap among professionals. The availability of skilled workers in the

manufacturing process is crucial for the successful implementation of construction projects in

Nigeria. As total employment in the construction sector decreased, so did the share of

employed migrants.

2.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING SKILLED WORKER AVAILABILITY IN

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

The availability of skilled workers in Nigeria is influenced by a complex interplay of factors,

including educational-professional imbalances, migration trends, economic conditions, and

societal challenges. The manufacturing sector in Nigeria grapples with a myriad of challenges

concerning skilled labor. These challenges encompass inadequate training and skill

development opportunities, low remuneration, substandard working conditions, and a lack of

incentives for skilled workers to remain within the industry. This has led to a scarcity of skilled

labour and a high turnover rate, impeding the sector's potential for sustainable growth and

development.

2.5.1 EDUCATIONAL-PROFESSIONAL IMBALANCES AND REGIONAL

DISPARITIES
Educational-professional imbalances and regional disparities contribute significantly to the

scarcity of skilled workers in Nigeria. These imbalances arise from the mismatch between the

output of higher education institutions and the needs of the labor market, causing surplus

specialists in some areas while others face a severe shortage (Honcharenko & Sirenko, 2020).

6|Page
2.5.2 MIGRATION TRENDS AND SKILLED LABOR AVAILABILITY: A
GENDERED PERSPECTIVE
Migration trends, particularly from rural to urban areas, significantly influence the availability

of skilled workers. Individuals, especially females aged 15-35 years, migrate in pursuit of better

educational and work opportunities, which affects the labor market dynamics in both rural and

urban contexts (Okemini & Orlu). This migration is fueled by a quest for higher education

levels and the prospect of improved living conditions.

Furthermore, the challenges faced by women in accessing and participating in technical and

vocational education programs cannot be overlooked. Stereotypes, intimidation, and sexual

harassment in male-dominated environments restrict women’s participation and contribution

to the skilled workforce (Akor, Rahim, Hamzah, & Rashid).

To address the shortage of skilled workers, Nigeria must focus on the development of targeted

training and increasing the level of education, especially in areas of high demand such as the

construction and service sectors. In addition, vocational training institutions in Nigeria should

aim to fulfill multiple functions, including cognitive, personality development, socialization,

cultural-humanistic, and technological, to meet the citizens' needs for quality vocational

education and mastery of working professions (Markova & Mefanik,2021).

In conclusion, a multi-faceted approach that includes educational reform, gender-sensitive

policies, and strategies to mitigate the effects of urban migration is critical for improving the

availability of skilled workers in Nigeria. These efforts should be complemented by economic

policies that stimulate job creation, especially in sectors with a high demand for skilled labor.

The availability of skilled workers significantly impacts the adoption of construction methods

and the overall performance of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. The exodus of

professionals from the Nigerian Construction Industry due to global demand for skilled

workers affects project delivery, underscoring the need for a conducive economic, political,

7|Page
and social environment to retain qualified personnel (Arowojolu-Alagwe et al., 2013). This

talent drain underscores the critical need for retaining skilled workers to ensure project

efficiency and innovation within the industry.

Moreover, the limited skilled workforce in the construction industry adversely impacts project

execution success, affecting time, cost, and quality. This challenge hampers Nigeria's overall

economic development and stresses the crucial role that skilled workers play in enhancing

construction methods and boosting manufacturing sector performance (Dabok, Ganah, & John,

2018).

Factors such as low wages, the lack of skill acquisition centers, and insufficient incentives have

been identified as significant causes affecting the performance of skilled workers in Nigeria's

construction industry (Zannah et al., 2017). These issues not only deter the effectiveness of

skilled labor but also the adoption of advanced construction methods that require specialized

skill sets.

Furthermore, the skill and training needs among craftsmen in the Nigerian construction

industry underscore the importance of team work, innovation, understanding designs, work

safety, and leadership. Effective methods such as in-house and on-the-job training are

highlighted as crucial for enhancing craftsmen's performance, which is pivotal for improving

construction methods and manufacturing sector performance in Nigeria (John, Faremi, &

Lawal, 2016).

2.6 IMPACT OF SKILLED WORKERS ON CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND

MANUFACTURING SECTOR PERFORMANCE

An investigation into the factors impeding craftsmen's productivity in the construction industry

in South-Western Nigeria pointed out inadequate tools and equipment, rework, material

shortage, inclement weather, and fatigue as significant issues affecting productivity.

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Addressing these challenges is essential for enhancing craftsmen's productivity and, by

extension, the quality of construction and manufacturing outputs in Nigeria (Fagbenle,

Makinde, Afolabi, & Fagbenle, 2016).

The entrepreneurial skills of construction professionals significantly contribute to the

development of the service sector in Nigeria, indicating that capacity building through training

and workshops is necessary to further enhance the impact of these professionals on sector

performance (Ao et al., 2017).

In summary, the availability of skilled workers critically influences the adoption of

construction methods and the performance of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. Addressing

the causes of low performance among skilled workers, improving training and development

programs, and creating a conducive environment for retaining talent are essential strategies for

enhancing the construction and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria.

2.7 CHALLENGES FACED IN EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND

ENSURING THE AVAILABILITY OF SKILLED WORKERS IN NIGERIA

Implementing efficient construction methods and ensuring the availability of skilled workers

face several key challenges in Nigeria. These challenges stem primarily from barriers to

sustainable construction efforts, revealing the necessity for collaborative training among

construction professionals to advance sustainable practices (Davies & Davies, 2017).

Moreover, the construction industry in Nigeria experiences a critical shortage of skilled labor,

which impacts project execution and industry output, making effective training and skills

development essential for industry growth and economic prosperity (Dabok, Ganah, & John,

2018).

Global demand for skilled workers and pull factors such as better wages and political stability

in other countries lead to professionals leaving the Nigerian Construction Industry,

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exacerbating the challenges in project delivery and implementation of efficient construction

methods (Arowojolu-Alagwe et al., 2013). To address these issues, there is a need for strategies

like adequate funding, education policy reform, value re-orientation, and good incentive

schemes to enhance the quality of work delivery in the construction sector (Amusan et al.,

2016).

The unavailability of highly skilled labor significantly impacts work quality and productivity

in the construction sector. Proposed mitigation strategies involve improving training modules,

enhancing recruitment practices, and implementing incentive schemes to address the skill

shortage issue for better work delivery (Amusan et al., 2016).

Additionally, implementing efficient construction methods in Nigeria faces challenges due to

poor project planning, inadequate risk management, corruption, and ineffective stakeholder

management. Improving project management practices and ethical standards in the industry is

emphasized to counter these impediments (Unegbu, Yawas, & Dan-asabe, 2023).

Addressing identified factors affecting craftsmen's productivity, such as inadequate or lack of

tools and equipment, rework, material shortage, inclement weather, and fatigue, is pivotal for

enhancing productivity and achieving efficiency in construction methods in Nigeria (Fagbenle,

Makinde, Afolabi, & Fagbenle, 2016).

To overcome these challenges, Nigeria's construction industry calls for efforts like developing

a comprehensive training framework to enhance craftsmen skills (Ekanem, Ranti, Akpanebu,

& Udoka, 2023), addressing construction externalities and regulatory issues (Ugochukwu,

Christopher, & Uche, 2015), and adopting new technologies and implementing effective

manpower development strategies (Olaniyan, Halkias, & Neubert, 2020; Monday, 2009).

Training handled by competent human resources experts is recommended for ensuring efficient

manpower productivity and development in Nigeria's public sector (Adeyoriju & Fajebe,

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2019), and government regulatory capability and persuasive devices are suggested as means to

improve workforce availability and project implementation (Monday, 2009).

These challenges highlight the need for a comprehensive approach that includes regulatory

reforms, targeted training and development programs, and the promotion of ethical practices

within the construction industry to ensure the availability of skilled workers and the adoption

of efficient construction methods in Nigeria.

2.8 POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES IN CONSTRUCTION

AND SKILLED LABOR AVAILABILITY IN NIGERIA
To overcome the various challenges facing the effective implementation of construction

methods and the availability of skilled workers in Nigeria, as outlined previously, it is

imperative to adopt a multifaceted approach. This approach should encompass regulatory

reforms, targeted training and development programs, and ethical practices promotion within

the construction industry. Here are several potential solutions or strategies that could be pivotal

in addressing these challenges:

2.8.1 POLICY INTERVENTIONS:

Regulatory Reforms: Implement robust regulatory frameworks that encourage

sustainable construction practices and ensure the safety and rights of construction

workers. These could include policies to incentivize the retention of skilled workers

and to penalize unethical practices within the industry (Davies & Davies, 2017).

Education Policy Reform: Revamp educational policies to incorporate construction and

manufacturing sector needs into curriculums at technical and vocational training

institutions. This would ensure that graduates are equipped with the relevant skills

required by the industry (Amusan et al., 2016).

2.8.2 INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING:

Collaborative Training Programs: Develop collaborative training programs, possibly

through public-private partnerships, focused on advanced construction methods and

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 sustainable practices. These programs could be designed to upskill existing workers

and prepare students for the workforce (Davies & Davies, 2017).

Apprenticeship Programs: Encourage apprenticeship programs that offer on-the-job

training for workers. Such programs can play a crucial role in skill transfer and the

professional development of unskilled workers (Ekanem et al., 2023).

Enhancing Recruitment Practices: Implement structured recruitment practices to

identify and attract the best talents. Additionally, fair compensation and incentive

schemes should be established to retain these talents within the construction sector

(Amusan et al., 2016).

2.8.3 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS:

Funding for Construction Training Institutes: Public-private partnerships can mobilize

the necessary funding for constructing and equipping training institutes with state-of-

the-art facilities. These institutes would be focused on imparting practical skills relevant

to the construction industry.

Investment in Construction Technology: Encouraging investments from the private

sector in construction technology can facilitate the adoption of efficient construction

methods. These technologies could include software for project management, as well

as machinery and equipment for on-site construction tasks.

2.8.4 STRATEGIC GOAL SETTING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT:

Effective Manpower Planning: Institutes strategic goal setting for employee growth and

industry advancement, encompassing formal development programs, training,

education, and strategic goal setting for employee progress (Olaniyan, Halkias, &

Neubert, 2020; Monday, 2009).

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 Competent Human Resource Management: Introduce training handled by human

resource experts to enhance worker productivity, addressing efficiency and

development in the public sector. This could include leadership training, project

management, and work ethics courses (Adeyoriju & Fajebe, 2019).

2.8.5 STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS:

Improve Government Regulatory Capability: Strengthen the ability of government

institutions to effectively regulate, monitor, and enforce standards within the

construction industry. This would ensure that construction projects adhere to

sustainable and efficient construction methods and that skilled workers are

appropriately utilized and protected.

Adopting these strategies requires a collaborative effort from government bodies,

industry stakeholders, educational institutions, and the workforce. Through concerted

efforts and strategic implementations of these solutions, Nigeria can significantly

improve the efficiency of construction methods and the availability of skilled workers

in the construction and manufacturing sectors, leading to sustainable development and

economic prosperity.

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 CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMMENDATIONS

3.1 SUMMARY
This study has thoroughly investigated the interplay between construction methods and the
availability of skilled workers within Nigeria's manufacturing sector. Despite the construction
industry's substantial potential to be a driving force for Nigeria’s economic development, this
research has highlighted the systemic issues that impede its growth. The shortage of skilled
labor is evident and significantly affects project timelines, costs, and quality, which in turn
compromises the overall performance of the manufacturing sector.

The research has illuminated the complexities involved in the recruitment and retention of
skilled workers, including educational and professional imbalances, as well as regional
disparities in the availability of trained professionals. Additionally, the study has noted the
impact of changing migration trends and cultural factors that influence the gender composition
of the workforce.

3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the research findings, the following recommendations are offered to address the
challenges faced by the construction industry in Nigeria, particularly concerning the methods
employed and the skilled labor force:

3.2.1 ENHANCE TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING:

Develop technical education programs that align with industry needs to ensure a steady
pipeline of trained professionals. These should be accessible across the country to
mitigate regional imbalances.
3.2.2 REVITALIZE APPRENTICE SYSTEMS:
Reinstate and modernize the apprenticeship system to provide hands-on experience
and improve the skills of new workers, bridging the gap between education and
professional application.

3.2.3 ADOPT INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES:

Encourage the adoption of new construction methods, such as Building Information
Modeling and prefabrication, which can improve efficiency and require fewer skilled
workers.

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3.2.4 CREATE INCENTIVES FOR SKILLED DIASPORA:
Establish programs to attract Nigerian professionals back to the country and retain the
skilled workforce within the construction sector.
3.2.5 POLICY REFORMS FOR LABOR MOBILITY:
Implement policies that enable easier migration of skilled workers within the country
to address regional shortages.
3.2.6 GENDER INCLUSIVITY:
Promote policies that encourage the participation of women in the construction sector
to tap into the underutilized female workforce.

3.3 CONCLUSION
In closing, the insights garnered from this study not only shed light on the current challenges
faced by the Nigerian construction industry but also pave the way for strategic interventions.
The significant correlation between the efficiency of construction methods and the availability
of skilled workers is undeniably a catalyst for industry success.

Let this research not simply be a record of current conditions but a catalyst for change, inspiring
all involved to take decisive action towards a more proficient, sustainable, and inclusive future
for the Nigerian construction industry.

This reflective closure encapsulates the research's core findings and emphasizes the importance
of actionable strategies and continuous progress. It acknowledges the complexity of the issues
at hand while reinforcing the vital role that such research plays in driving industry
advancements.

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