RELIGION

- the belief in and worship of a superhuman power or powers, especially a God or gods.
-A code, when used in religious sense, is simply a summary of the principles and the
guidelines by which people choose which actions are good and which to avoided

WORLDVIEW
-is a view of the world, used for living in the world. A comprehensive framework of ideas and
attitudes.
- A personal view on life, the world, and humanity.

BELIEF SYSTEM
- are structured sets of principles or tenets held to be true by individuals or larger groups,
encompassing aspects such as morality, life purpose, or empirical reality.

SPIRITUALITY
- awareness of the self.
- a practice of peace, joy, and unconditional love. As you pursue a spiritual path. You will
inevitably develop a much greater feeling of joy, peace, and unconditional love for yourself
and for everyone around you.

WHO IS A SPIRITUAL PERSON?

 Awareness of the self
 Focus on non- physical goals

 Integrity
 Non-attachhment
 Love
 Compassion
 Innocence
 Courage
 Friendliness
 Humor
 Humility
 Acceptance
 Maturity
WHO IS A RELIGIOUS PERSON?
 Focuses on the externals such as house of worship (ex. Church), books of scripture,
eternal rituals, and observances.
 Conservatively guard their practices and values, holding rigidly to the past and the
original interpretation of the founders teachings.

SACRED PLACES IN MONOTHEISTIC RELIGIONS

A. Mount Zion- is the place where Yahweh, the God of Israel, dwells (Isaiah 8:18; Psalm
74:2), the place where he is king (Isaiah 24:23) and where he has installed his king,
David (Psalm 2:6). It is thus the seat of the action of Yahweh in history.
B. Church of the Holy Sepulchre-This site has been continuously recognized since the 4th
century as the place where Jesus died, was buried, and rose from the dead.
C. Golgotha-is usually said to be connected to the traditional site of Christ's Crucifixion,
now in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the Christian Quarter of Jerusalem.
D. Temple Mount-David chose Mount Moriah, or the Temple Mount, where it was believed
Abraham had built the altar on which to sacrifice his son Isaac. The First Temple was
constructed during the reign of David's son, Solomon, and completed in 957 BC.
E. Dome of the rock- it is believed that the rock is the spot from which Muhammad
ascended to heaven.
F. Al-aqsa mosque- Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad was transported from the
Scared Mosque in Mecca to Al-Aqsa during the Night Journey, and then on to heaven.
G. Red sea- Moses stretched out his hand and the waters divided, allowing his followers
safe passage.
H. Cave of hira- Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) lived in this cave while he received messages
from God and therefore refrained from leaving for prolonged periods of time. Prophet
Muhammad (p.b.u.h) resided here to meditate and contemplate his life and the world
around him.
I. Mount sinai- where God is purported to have appeared to Moses and given him the Ten
Commandments
J. Kaaba-It states that the Kaaba was the first House of Worship for mankind, and that it
was built by Ibrahim and Ismail on Allah's instructions. Verily, the first House (of
worship) appointed for mankind was that at Bakkah (Makkah), full of blessing, and a
guidance for mankind.
K. Mount tabor- is to believe where jesus transfiguration.
L. Mecca (Makkah)- the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad. The Kaaba is located in the
center of the Great Mosque in Mecca and universally considered by Muslims to be the
most sacred spot on Earth.
M. Medina (Madinah)- This habitational name translates to "city," more specifically “city of
the Prophet.” Medina commonly refers to a city in Saudi Arabia, where the prophet
Muhammad began his work to establish Islam.
N. Western wall (wailing wall)- The walls were a protection, but they were also an
important physical symbol of the establishment of the Jews as a people. The holy city
became a unifying force as families were chosen by lot to come live in it (see Nehemiah
11:1–2). Jews pray facing the wall three times daily, often in tears which is why some
refer to the wall as the "Wailing Wall".
O. Al-Masjid an-Nabawi- is a mosque built by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the city of
Medina in the Al Madinah Province of Saudi Arabia. and is the burial place of the
Prophet Muhammad.
P. Hebron- is the home and burial site of the ancient patriarchs and matriarchs of the Bible,
as well as the first capital of King David.

3 MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION
(Abrahamic religions)
JUDAISM:
 Torah- The central religious text of Judaism, consisting of the first five books of the
Hebrew Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) and containing the
commandments given by God to Moses.
-The Torah is considered the most sacred and foundational text in Judaism, containing the
core teachings, laws (mitzvot), narratives, and commandments given by God to Moses on
Mount Sinai.

 Abraham- Founder of Judaism


 Synagogue-one of the important institution in the
Judaism. A Jewish place of worship that also acts
as a school.

 Rabbi (Priest) -Is a spiritual leader or religious

teacher in Judaism
 Kosher- foods that comply with dietary guidelines set by traditional Jewish law. These
determined which food may be consumed, how they must be produce, processed and
prepared.
KOSHER NOT KOSHER

cow pig
deer rabbits
sheep Shrimp (Crustacean)
goats kangaroo

 Shabbat (To rest)- days of holiness and rest observed by Jews from sunset on Friday. It’s
a day of physical and spiritual celebration that commemorates the story of the creation
from the Torah.

 Passover- is one of the Jewish religions most sacred holiday. Celebrated the exodus of
the Jews from enslavement in Egypt.

 Hanukkah (dedication)- is a Jewish holiday which celebrated the victory of the maccabes
over the larger Greek army.

 Tzedakah: The concept of charity and righteous giving is fundamental in Judaism. Jews
are encouraged to contribute to the welfare of others through acts of kindness,
generosity, and supporting charitable causes.

 Halakha- Jewish religious law derived from the Torah and rabbinic.

 Levi- A member of the tribe of Levi, responsible for certain duties.

 Land of Canaan- promised by God to the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as an
inheritance for the Jewish people.

 Talmud- A central text of Rabbinic Judaism, consisting of discussions and interpretations

of Jewish law (Halakha) and ethics (Aggadah), compiled in the Babylonian and
Jerusalem Talmuds.

 Kippah (Yarmulke): A small cap worn by Jewish men as a sign of reverence and respect
during prayer and religious ceremonies.
 Mitzvah: A commandment or obligation in Judaism, often referring to acts of religious
duty, ethical behavior, and righteous deeds or charity.

 Covenant- The agreement or pact between God and the Jewish people, often referred to
in the Hebrew Bible as establishing a special relationship and mutual responsibilities.

 Menorah: A candelabrum with seven branches, often associated with the Jewish holiday
of Hanukkah, during which candles are lit to commemorate the miracle of the oil lasting
eight days.

 Israel: The modern Jewish state established in 1948 in the historic Land of Israel,
considered the homeland for the Jewish people.

 Diaspora: The dispersion or scattering of Jewish communities outside the Land of Israel,
leading to the development of diverse Jewish cultures and traditions worldwide.

 Tanakh- The Tanakh is a broader collection of Jewish scriptures, encompassing three

main sections: the Torah, the Nevi'im (Prophets), and the Ketuvim (Writings).

SUBDIVISION OF JUDAISM
Orthodox Reform Conservative Retransform
Most traditional and The most liberal May be seen take a Emphasizes evolving
old fashion form of the judaism more centrist nature of Judaism
position between and adapts too
orthodox and modern life.
reform Judaism
View itself as the Interprets the jewish It attempts to Encourages
continuation of the law and traditions combine a positive egalitarianism, social
beliefs and practices light of modern and attitude toward justice, and
of normative judaism relevance modern culture , community
acceptance of
critical secular
scholarship regarding
Edaism sacred texts.
Ex: still wearing old Ex: allowing Ex; clothes Ex: allowing women
clothes, do sacrifices LGBTQA+, wearing to be come rabbi
modern clothes

Jewish Principles

 God exist
 God is one and uniquee
 God is incorporeal without msaterial form or body
 Go ds eternal
 Etc…

CHRISTIANITY

7 Sacraments
 Baptism- Beginnig of spiritual life, Infants are freed from original sin
 Conformation- Bishops anoints using “chrism” oil while the gifts of the holy spirits are
received.
 Eucharist- Receiving the body and blood of jesus alows us to grow closer to him..
 Reconciliation- God forgives and fills us with grace and joy that help to lead us away
from sin.
 Annointing of the sick- Priests anoints sick perrson with blessed oil and lays hand on
them for healing.
 Matrimony priest unites a man and women together
 Holy orders- Men are ordained (Bishops, PRIESTS, Deacon) and receive ggrace and
power to serve God.

Bible - The sacred scripture of Christianity, divided into the Old Testament (Hebrew
Scriptures) and the New Testament, containing teachings, history, prophecies, and moral
guidance for believers.

Mission and Evangelism- Christians are called to share their faith (evangelism) and
participate in acts of service and social justice (mission) as expressions of their love for God
and neighbor
CATHOLISM PROTESTANTIS ORTHODOX ANGLICANIS EVANGELISM
M M
One of the A diverse Referring to A branch of The practice of
major branches movement Eastern Christianity sharing the
of Christianity, within Orthodox originating in Christian faith
centered on the Christianity that Christianity, England, with and gospel
authority of the emerged from characterized by its own liturgy, message with
Pope, the Protestant its liturgical beliefs, and others, often
sacraments, and Reformation, traditions, ecclesiastical emphasizing the
traditional emphasizing theology, and organization. importance of
teachings. individual ecclesiastical personal
interpretation of structure. conversion and
scripture, salvation.
salvation by
faith alone, and
other distinct
beliefs.

Pentecost-A Christian holiday commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the
apostles, often associated with the birth of the Christian Church.

Christmas- The Christian holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed on December
25th in many traditions.

Easter- The Christian holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,
a central event in Christian faith observed with joy and solemnity.

Advent- The period of preparation and anticipation leading up to Christmas, refers to the
season of waiting for the birth off the messiah, hence its celebration lasts for 4 weeks.

Lent- A period of fasting, repentance, and spiritual reflection observed by Christians leading
up to Easter, symbolizing the forty days Jesus spent in the wilderness.

BISHOPS- are teachers of the doctrine, priest, of sacred worships, and ministers of
church government.
 PRIESTS- are responsible for the administering of the sacraments, such as the
Eucharists, marriage, baptism, and confirmation.

DEACONS:
Transitional deacon is a seminarian who is studying for the priesthood

Permanent deacon, who can get married and serve as a priest’s assistant in administering
some of the sacraments

8 BEATITUDES
1. Blessed are the poor in spirit
2. Blessed are those who mourn
3. Blessed are the meek
4. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness
5. Blessed are the merciful
6. Blessed are the pure of heart
7. Blessed are those who are persecuted.

Creed- A formal statement of Christian beliefs, such as the Nicene Creed and the Apostles'
Creed, affirming core theological truths.

Liturgy- A structured form of worship and prayer used in Christian religious services, often
including readings, prayers, hymns, and sacraments.

SELECTED ISSUES IN CHRISTIANITY

 ECUMENISM
 SEXUALITY
 FAMILY AND DIVORCE
 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AND EAUTHANASIA

ISLAM
- youngest religions. They belieeve that abraham, jesus, muhammad and moses are prophets.
Tawhid: The central belief in Islam, affirming the oneness and unity of God (Allah) in His
attributes, lordship, and sovereignty.

Qur an- The holy scripture of Islam, believed to be the literal word of God as revealed to the
Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. It serves as the ultimate source of guidance
for Muslims in matters of faith, practice, ethics, and law.

Hadith- Collections of sayings, actions, and reports attributed to the Prophet Muhammad and
his companions, serving as supplementary sources of guidance and understanding of Islamic
teachings.

Sharia- is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures
of Islam, particularly the Qur'an and hadith. In Arabic, the term shariah refers to God's
immutable divine law and this referencing is contrasted with fiqh("deep understanding"),
which refers to its interpretations by Islamic scholars.

Sunnah- The teachings, actions, and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, considered an
essential source of guidance and practice for Muslims alongside the Quran.

Imam- In Sunni Islam, an Imam refers to a prayer leader or a respected religious authority
within the community. In Shia Islam, the term Imam holds a more specific meaning, referring
to the twelve Imams who are believed to be spiritual and political successors to Prophet
Muhammad.

5 PILLAR OF ISLAM

 The creed (Shahada)

 Obligatory prayer (Salat)

 Noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark.

 Poor tax (Zakat)

 Fasting (Sawm)
 Pilgrimage to mecca (Hajj)

Halal- The term Halal refers to what is permissible or lawful in Islam, including dietary laws
(e.g., permissible foods and methods of slaughter), ethical business practices, and lawful
behavior according to Islamic principles.

Haram- The opposite of Halal, Haram refers to what is forbidden or prohibited in Islam,
including certain foods (e.g., pork, alcohol), unethical actions, and behaviors that go against
Islamic teachings.

Sunni Islam- Sunnis believe that leadership in the Muslim community (ummah) should
follow the consensus of the community and be based on merit and knowledge. They
recognize the Caliphs (successors) after Prophet Muhammad as legitimate leaders.

Shia Islam- Shia Muslims believe that leadership should be based on divine appointment and
succession through the family of the Prophet Muhammad. They uphold the authority of the
Imams, who are believed to be infallible spiritual and political leaders.

Eid al-Fit- Celebrated at the end of Ramadan, marking the conclusion of fasting and a day of
joy, feasting, and charity.

Eid al-Adha- Celebrated during the Hajj season, commemorating the willingness of Prophet
Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son, with rituals including animal sacrifice and acts of
charity.

Most