SOLUTIONS

Level 1 ⇒ tan φ =
5 sin120 °
=
1
10 + 5 cos 120 ° 3
1.1 Addition and Subtraction
⇒ φ = 30 °
1. (a) R 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ
9. (a) P + Q = R
1 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 + 2(3)(4)cosθ ⇒ P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ = R 2
⇒ cosθ = − 1 ⇒ θ = 180 ° ⇒ 5 2 + 12 2 + 2(5)(12)cosθ = 13 2
(b) 5 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 + 2(3)(4)cosθ
⇒ cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ = 90 °
⇒ cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ = 90 ° So, angle between P and Q is 90°.
(c) 7 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 + 2(3)(4)cosθ
⇒ cosθ = 1 ⇒ θ = 0 °
R
2. F = F + F 2 + 2(F)(F)cosθ
2 2
13
Q 12
1
⇒ cosθ = − ⇒ θ = 120 °
2
3. ( 10 p)2 = (2 p)2 + 2 p)2 + 2(2 p) ( 2p)cos θ 5
P
1
⇒ cosθ = ⇒ θ = 45 °  12 
2 (b) Angle between Q and R is cos −1   .
 13 
4. Lets take angle between 4N and 3N to be θ.
5
R 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ (c) Angle between P and R is cos −1   .
 13 
⇒ R 2 = 4 2 + 3 2 + 2(4)(3)cosθ 10. 10N
⇒ R 2 = 25 + 24 cosθ 10N 10N
If 4N & 3N are perpendicular, then
R 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ 72° 72°

R′ 2 = 4 2 + 3 2 + 2(4)(3)cos 90 ° 72°
72°
72°
R′ 2 = 25 10N

As per question, R 2 = R ′ 2 +12

10N
⇒ 25 + 24 cosθ = 25 + 12 Net force is zero as these five forces will form a closed
⇒ cos θ = 1 / 2 ⇒ θ = 60 ° regular pentagon when rearranged.
5. Rmax = A + B = 4 + 3 = 7 dyne 11. In option (c) resultant of the first two forces will lie
Rmin =|A − B| =|4 − 3| = 1 dyne between 2N and 8N (including 2N and 8N).
So, it can cancel out the third force 6N.
6. Angle between A and B is 90°.
12. R= A+ B
R = 3 2 + 4 2 + 2(3)(4)cos 90 ° = 5 m A + B = 16
7. Angle between the two vectors is 120° as they are Let A be x and B be 16 − x.
R =8
placed head to tail.
R = 10 2 + 10 2 + 2(10)(10)cos 120 °
= 10 dyne B
R 8
8. A = 10, B = 5 and θ = 120 ° 16–
R 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ
A
⇒ R 2 = 10 2 + 5 2 + 2(10)(5)cos 120 °
⇒ R =5 3 Using Pythagoras theorem, x 2 + 8 2 = (16 − x )2
B sinθ
tan φ = x = 6N and 16 − x = 10N
A + B cos θ So, forces are 6N and 10N.

1
13. |A + B| = |A − B| |F|
m=
A + B + 2 AB cosθ = A + B − 2 AB cosθ
2 2 2 2 |a|
10 2
⇒ A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ = A 2 + B 2 − 2 AB cosθ ⇒ m=
5
⇒ 4 AB cosθ = 0
m = 2 2 kg
Since A and B are not null vectors,
3
cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ = 90 ° 6. From figure, tanα =
14. R = A + B 2
 3
180–θ ⇒ α = tan−1  
 2
 2
and β = tan−1   and γ = 90 °
B R  3

θ
180–θ A = 2i + 3 j
A β
B 3
R= α
2
1 2
sin(180 − θ) =
2
⇒ 180 − θ = 30 ° ⇒ θ = 150 °
15. Null vector
16. A − B + C = 0 ⇒ A + C = B  3 $i + 4 $j 
7. C = BA$ = 25   = 15 $i + 20 $j

17.  5 
A 2
8. cosα = X =
A 45
θ
AY 4
⇒ cosβ = =
A 45
AZ −5
cos γ = =
|∆v| = v 2 + v 2 − 2(v)(v)cos θ A 45
9. (a) cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1
= 2 v 2 (1 − cos θ)
(b) sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ
2  θ
= 2 v 2 sin  
2
= (1 − cos 2 α) + (1 − cos 2 β) + (1 − cos 2 γ )
 2
 θ = 3 − (cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ )
= 2 v sin 
 2 =3−1=2
10. α = β = γ and cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1
1.2 Vector Resolution ⇒ 3 cos 2 α = 1
1. 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
1
2. A − 2B + 3 C = (2 i$ + $j) − 2(3 $j − k$) + 3(6 i$ − 2k$) ⇒ cosα =
3
= 20 $i − 5 $j − 4k$ A
⇒ AX = A cosα =
3
3. (0.5)2 + (0.8)2 + c 2 = 1 A A
⇒ AY = ⇒ AZ =
⇒ c = 0.11 3 3
4. R = 3 $i + 4 $j + 12k$ 11. Lets take the unknown vector to be A.
⇒ R = 3 + 4 + 12
2 2 2 (−6 i$ − 9 $j + 2k$) + (3 i$ + 6 $j − 7k$) + A = $j
⇒ R = 13N ⇒ A = 3 $i + 4 $j + 5k$
5. F = ma 12. A + B = 3 $i + 6 $j − 2k$
Given, F = 6 $i − 8 $j + 10k$ A + B 3 $i + 6 $j − 2k$
n$ = =
F = (6)2 + (−8)2 + (10)2 = 10 2 N |A + B| 7

2
13. A = 4 $i + 6 $j ⇒ 2 i$ + (4 i$ − 3 $j) + s 3 = 6 i$
A + B = 10 i$ + 9 $j ⇒ 3 s = 3 $j = 3 km (North)
B = 6 $i + 3 $j 21. v = u + at
(a) 6 and 3 v = (2 $i + 3 $j − 4k$) + (− i$ + 2 $j + 5k$)3
(b) 6 2 + 3 2 = 45 = − $i + 9 $j + 11k$
 3  1
(c) θ = tan−1   = tan−1   22. Using Lami theorem,
 6  2
P
14. F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
150º
⇒ (7 + b + c)$i + (a + c + 11)$j + (−10 − b − a)k$ = 0 90º
Q
b+ c = −7 R 120º
a + c = − 11
a + b = − 10 P Q R
= =
⇒ 2(a + b + c) = − 28 sin120 ° sin90 ° sin150 °
⇒ a + b + c = − 14 P :Q:R = 3 :2:1
⇒ a= −7
23. (a) Fx = 3 − 2 cos 60 ° − 1 cos 60 ° = 1.5 N
⇒ b= −3
3
⇒ c=−4 (b) Fy = 2 sin60 ° − 1 sin60 ° = N
2
15. 3 3$
B 100 A (c) F = − i$ − j
100 2 2
24. F1 = F1 (− $j)
45º 45º F = F sin30 ° $i + F cos 30 ° $j
2 2 2
45º
F3 = 10 cos 30 ° i$ + 10 sin30 ° $j
F4 = − 15 cos 37 ° $i + 15 sin37 ° $j
100
C Since the body is in equilibrium, then
⇒ F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
A = 100 cos 45 ° i$ + 100 sin 45 ° $j  F2   3F2 
⇒  + 5 3 − 12 i$ +  −F1 + + 5 + 9 $j = 0
B = − 100 cos 45 ° $i + 100 sin 45 ° $j 2   2 
C = 100 cos 45 ° i$ − 100 sin 45 ° ⇒ F2 = 24 − 10 3 & F1 = 12 3 − 1
A + B + C = 100 cos 45 ° i$ + 100 sin 45 ° $j
= 100 at an angle of 45° with X-axis F = − (12 3 − 1)$j and
1

16. v1 = 50 j, v 2 = − 50 i$
$ F2 = (12 − 5 3 )$i + (12 3 − 15)$j
Change in velocity = v − v = − 50 $i − 50 $j
2 1
1.3 Dot Product and Cross Product
= 50 2 km/h (South-West)
1. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) 0
17. s = r2 − r1 2. (i) No, Yes
= (3 i$ + 4 $j + 5k$) − (2 i$ + 3 $j + 5k$) (ii) Yes, if b is a null vector.
= i$ + $j (iii) No
(iv) Never
 3 $i + 4 $j 
18. v = vn$ = 10   = 6 i$ + 8 $j

(v) No
 5  3. A ⋅ B = 2 × 0 + 0 × 3 + 5 × 5 = 25
19. s1 = 30 $j, s 2 = 20 i$  A ⋅B −1  3 
4. (i) θ = cos −1   = cos   = 45 °
s 3 = − 30 2 cos 45 ° $i − 30 2 sin 45 ° $j  AB  3 2 

= − 30 $i − 30 $j  3  −1  3 
(ii) θ = cos −1   = cos   = 30 °
s = s1 + s 2 + s 3 = − 10 $i = 10 m (West)  6 2  2 
20. s1 = 2 $i , s 2 = 5 cos 37 ° i$ − 5 sin37 ° $j, s 3 = ?  1 
(iii) θ = cos −1  
s + s + s = 6 $i  3
1 2 3

3
 (iv) θ = cos −1 (0) = 90 ° 13. Area of parallelogram = AB sinθ =|A × B|
(v) A = $i + 2 $j − k$ and B = − i$ + $j − 2k$ = 54 sq. units
A ⋅B 1 35
cosθ = 14. Area of parallelogram = |d 1 × d 2| = sq. units
AB 2 2
−1 + 2 + 2 3 1
⇒ cosθ = = = 15. W = F ⋅ s = F ⋅ (r2 − r1 ) = (i$ + 2 $j − k$) ⋅ (i$ − 4 $j + k$)
6 6 6 2
=1−8−1= −8J
⇒ θ = 60 °
16. (a) a × (b + c)
5. A ⋅B = 0
= (5 i$ + 4 $j − 6 k$ ) × (−2 i$ + 2 $j + 3 k$ + 4 $i + 3 $j + 2 k$ )
⇒ 10 + 14 + 3 c = 0
3 c = − 24 = (5 i$ + 4 $j − 6 k$ ) × (2 i$ + 5 $j + 5 k$ )
⇒ c = −8 $i $j k$ 
6. A ⋅ B = AB cosθ = 2 3 =5 4 −6= 50 $i − 37 $j + 17 k$
 
|A × B| = AB sinθ = ± 2 2 5 5 
1
⇒ tanθ = ± ⇒ θ = 30 ° and 150° (b) a × (b × c) = 40 $i + 100 $j + 100 k$
3
17. (i) (a ⋅ b) + (b ⋅ c) + (c ⋅ a ) = − 1 + 1 + 1 = 1
7. P ⋅ Q = PQ
⇒ PQ cosθ = PQ (ii) (a ⋅ c)c + (c ⋅ b)a = 1 (i$ + $j − k$ ) + 1($i + $j + k$ )
⇒ cosθ = 1 = 2 i$ + 2 $j
⇒ θ = 0° 18. (a + b) × (a − b) = a × a − a × b + b × a − b × b
8. |A × B| = 3 A ⋅ B = 0−a × b −a × b − 0
⇒ AB sinθ = 3 AB cos θ = − 2(a × b)
⇒ tanθ = 3 19. (i) sinθ = |A × B| = 3
=
3
⇒ θ = 60 °
⇒ θ = 60 ° AB 2 2 2
|A| +|B| = (A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos 60 ° )1 / 2
1 1 3
= (A 2 + B 2 + AB)1 / 2 (ii) Area of ∆PQS = |a × b| = ( 3 ) = sq. units
2 2 2
9. (i) A ⋅B = 0 20. (a) North (b) West
⇒ 3 + 2 p + 27 = 0
21. (i) A cos θB$ =  A ⋅ B B = 1 ( j + 2 k) = 1 ($j + 2 k$ )
$ $
⇒ p = − 15  B B 5 5 5
(ii) A = λB
3 $i + 2 $j + 9k$ = λ($i + p$j + 3k$) 1 4 2
(ii) (3 $i + $j) − ($j + 2 k$ ) = 3 i$ + $j − k$
2 5 5 5
⇒ λ = 3, λp = 2 ⇒ p =
3
10. (a) A ⋅ B = 6 + 0 + 4 = 10 Level 2
 A ⋅B −1  10  −1  2 
(b) θ = cos −1   = cos   = cos   Single Choice Correct Questions
 AB   3 × 5  3
$ $ 1. (c) R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ
 A ⋅ B  B 10(3 j − 4k) 2 $
(c) A cos θB$ =   = = (3 i − 4k$)  1
 B B 5×5 ⇒ ( 7Q)2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos 60 ° Qcos60 ° = 2 
5
 A ⋅ B  A 10  
(d) B cos θA$ =  $ $ $
 = (2 i + 2 j − k) 2
 A A 9 P P
⇒ 6Q 2 = P 2 + PQ ⇒ 6 =   +  
11. τ = r × F = (2 i$ + $j − k$) × (2 $i + 5 $j)  Q  Q
 $i $j k$  P
Let, =x
  Q
= 2 1 −1 = 5 $i − 2 $j + 8k$

 
 ⇒ 6 = x2 + x
2 5 0
  ⇒ x2 + x − 6 = 0
P×Q
12. A = 9 n$ = ± 9   ⇒ (x + 3)(x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 2
|P × Q| P
⇒ =2
= ± (−3 i$ − 6 $j + 6 k)$ Q

4
 2. (c) R 2 = 3 A 2 12. (d) R = 30 2 + 60 2 + 2(30)(60)cos 60 ° = 30 7N
and R 2 = A 2 + A 2 + 2(A)(A)cosθ 13. (a) R = A − B
3 A 2 = 2 A 2 + 2 A 2 cosθ
⇒ R = A 2 + B 2 − 2 AB cosθ
1
⇒ cosθ = ⇒ θ = 60 °
2 14. (b) R = P + Q
3. (d) Electric current is scalar despite having both ⇒ R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ
magnitude and direction. Time is also scalar. All ⇒ Q 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ
quantities having magnitude and direction are not
⇒ P + 2Q cosθ = 0
vectors.
Q sinθ
4. (d) A vector is independent of choice of reference tan φ =
P + Q cos θ
frame. If a vector is shifted parallel to itself, it does not
2Q sinθ
change. If a vector is rotated by an angle other than a ⇒ tan φ =
multiple of 2π, it changes. P + 2Q cos θ
5. (b) A + B + C + D + E = 0 ⇒ tan φ = ∞ [QP + 2Q cosθ = 0]
R = (− A) + B + C + D + E Q (A is reversed) ⇒ φ = 90 °
⇒ R = (− A ) + (− A ) Q (B + C + D + E = − A) 15. (b) C 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos 120 ° [Qcos 120 ° = − 1 / 2]
⇒ R = − 2A ⇒ C = A + B − AB
2 2
⇒ R = 2A
So, magnitude of resultant will be 20 units. |A − B| = A 2 + B 2 − 2 AB cos 120 °
6. (a) R 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ = A 2 + B 2 + AB ⇒ C <|A − B|
⇒ ( x 2 + y 2 )2 = (x + y)2 + (x − y)2 + 2(x + y)(x − y)cos θ 16. (b) C = A + B
−( x + y )
2 2 In this figure,
⇒ cos θ =
2(x 2 − y 2 )
B
 −( x 2 + y 2 ) 
θ = cos −1 
C
⇒ 
 2(x 2 − y 2 ) 
7. (b) A = B + C A
⇒ A 2 = B 2 + C 2 + 2BC cosθ |C|<|A| and|C|<|B|
⇒ 5 2 = 4 2 + 3 2 + 2(4)(3)cosθ 17. (b )|a − b| = a 2 + b 2 − 2 ab cos θ
⇒ cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ = 90 °
⇒ 30 2 = 11 2 + 23 2 − 2(11)(23)cosθ
So, angle between B and C is 90°.
250
⇒ cos θ = −
C A 2(11)(23)
3 5 |a + b| = a 2 + b 2 + 2 ab cos θ
θ 4 = 11 2 + 23 2 + 2(11)(23)cosθ
B

 4 = 11 2 + 23 2 − 250
Angle between A and B = cos −1   .
 5 = 400 = 20
P +Q 18. (b) Minimum number of unequal coplanar vectors
8. (a) = 3 ⇒ P = 2Q having zero resultant is three.
P −Q
19. (b) 1 2 = 1 2 + 1 2 + 2(1)(1)cosθ
9. (b) If R = A + B, then R lies in the plane containing A
1
and B. cosθ = − ⇒ θ = 120 °
2
10. (b) R 2 = (3P )2 + (2P )2 + 2(3P )(2P )cosθ …(i)
|A − B| = R = A 2 + B 2 − 2 AB cosθ
(2R) = (6P ) + (2P ) + 2(6P )(2P )cos θ
2 2 2
…(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get R = 1 2 + 1 2 − 2(−1) = 3
−1 20. (b) P = Q = R = S = x
⇒ cosθ = ⇒ θ = 120 °
2 P + Q −R = 0
11. (d) Rmax = A + B and Rmin |A − B| ⇒ R =P + Q

5
 ⇒ R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ1 24. (a) R = P + Q
⇒ x = x + x + 2 xx cosθ1
2 2 2

1
⇒ cosθ1 = − Q R
2
60º
⇒ θ1 = 120 °
P+Q−S=0 P
⇒ S =P + Q P
tan60 ° =
Angle between S and P is θ 2 . 10
B sinθ P = 10 3 kg-wt
tan φ =
A + B cos θ
x sin120 ° 25. (b) A + B = (i$ − 2 $j − 3k$) + (4 i$ − 2 $j + 6k$)
tanθ 2 = = 3
x + x cos 120 ° = 5 $i − 4 $j + 3k$
⇒ θ 2 = 60 ° Ax
cosα =
θ1 120 ° 2 A
So, = =
θ 2 60 ° 1 5
⇒ cosα =
21. (a) R = − (P + Q) 5 2
⇒ R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ ⇒ α = 45 °
⇒ ( 2P ) = P + P + 2P (P )cos θ
2 2 2 26. (a) Component of a along b = (a cos θ)b$
⇒ cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ = 90 °  a ⋅b   b 
=  
So, angle between P and Q is 90°.  b   b
 2 + 4 2   ($i + $j) 2 
45º =   

R Q  2  2 
5
45º = ($i + $j)
P 2
Angle between P and R is 135°. a = (component of a along b) + (component of a
Angle between Q and R is 135°. perpendicular to b)
5
$i + 4 $j + 2 2 k$ = (i$ + $j) + (component of a
22. (b) A + B is perpendicular to A − B.
2
⇒ (A + B) ⋅ (A − B) = 0 perpendicular to b)
⇒ A ⋅ A − A ⋅B + B ⋅ A − B ⋅B = 0 ⇒ Component of a perpendicular to
⇒ A2 − A ⋅B + A ⋅B − B 2 = 0 3 3
b = − i$ + $j + 2 2 k$
⇒ A2 − B 2 = 0 ⇒ A = B 2 2
2 2
23. (b) R = P + Q  3  3 5
⇒ Magnitude =   +   + (2 2 )2 =
R is perpendicular to P.  2  2 2
27. (d) A × B = 0
⇒ Either A = 0, or B = 0, or A & B are
R Q
parallel/anti-parallel.
28. (a) s1 = 10 $i
θ
180°–θ s 2 = − 5 i$ + 5 3 $j
P
s3 = ?
cos(180° − θ) =
P s = s1 + s 2 + s 3 = 0
Q ⇒ 10 i$ − 5 i$ + 5 3 $j + s 3 = 0
P
− cosθ = ⇒ s 3 = − 5 $i − 5 3 $j
Q
 P A + B 3 $i + 6 $j − 2 k$
⇒ θ = cos −1  −  29. (a) n$ = =
 Q |A + B| 7

6
30. (c) F = 100 cos 45 ° i$ − 100 sin 45 ° $j = 50 2($i − $j)
AF = $i + $j + k$
31. (b) OA = R$i
DG = $i + $j − k$
OB = R cos 45 ° $i + R sin 45 ° $j
A ⋅B 1 + 1 − 1  1
OC = R$j cosθ = = ⇒ θ = cos −1  
AB 3 3  3
 1 $  1 $
OA + OB + OC = R 1 +  i + R 1 + j 41. (d) τ = r × F
 2  2
= (3 i$ − 2 $j + 3 k$ ) × (2 i$ − 3 $j + 4 k$ )
|OA + OB + OC| = ( 2 + 1)R
i$ $j k$
 A ⋅ B
32. (d) θ = cos −1  −1  54  −1  2  =3 −2 3= $i − 6 $j − 5 k$
 = cos   = cos    
 AB   9 × 9  3
2 −3 4
⇒ cos θ = 2 / 3
42. (c) R1 = A + B
5  5
sinθ = 1 − cos θ = ⇒ θ = sin−1  
2
⇒ R12 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ …(i)
3  3 
R2 = A − B
33. (c) Cross-product is not commutative. ⇒ R 22 = A 2 + B 2 − 2 AB cosθ …(ii)
34. (b) F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 4 $j + 2 k$
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
So, the particle will move in yz-plane.
⇒ R12 + R 22 = 2(A 2 + B 2 )
35. (c) A ⊥ B and A ⊥ C
So, A ||(B × C) 43. (d) τ = r × F
36. (b) Angle between A × B and B × A is π. ⇒ τ ⊥ r and τ ⊥ F
37. (a) A = λB ⇒ τ ⋅ r = 0 and τ ⋅ F = 0
2 i$ + p$j + qk$ = λ(5 i$ + 7 $j + 3 k$ ) 44. (b) AP = (10 i + 2 $j − 11k$) − (2 $i + 2 $j + 4k$)
$
⇒ 5 λ = 2, p = 7λ, q = 3λ = 8 $i − 15k$
14 6
p= and q =  8 $i − 15k$ 
5 5 F = 34   = 16 $i − 30k$

 17 
38. (b) Unit vector perpendicular to ($i + 2 $j) will be
( ± 2 $i m $j) / 5 . s = (5 $i − 3 $j − k$) − (2 $i + 2 $j + 4k$) = 3 $i − 5 $j − 5k$
 ± 2 $i m $j  W = F ⋅ s = 16(3) + 0(−5) − 30(−5) = 198 J
So, our required vector will be 3 5  
 5  45. (a) (a ⋅ b)2 = a 2b 2

= ± 6 $i m 3 $j = (6 $i − 3 $j) or (−6 i$ + 3 $j) ⇒ a ⋅ b = ab

⇒ ab cosθ = ab ⇒ cosθ = 1
39. (c) W = F ⋅ s
= (−2 i$ + 15 $j + 6 k$ ) ⋅ (10 $j) = 150 J ⇒ θ = 0°
⇒ a || b
40. (b) Side of cube = 1 m
 A ⋅ B B 5 $i + $j 5 $ $
Co-ordinates of A = (0, 0, 0) 46. (c) A cos θB$ =   = = (i + j)
 B B 2 2 2
Co-ordinates of F = (1, 1 , 1)
Co-ordinates of D = (0, 0, 1) 47. (a) Resultant of P + Q and P − Q
Co-ordinates of G = (1, 1, 0) = P + Q + P − Q = 2P
Angle between P and 2P is zero.
48. (a)

θ θ

p1 = mv sinθ$i − mv cos θ$j

p 2 = mv sinθi$ + mv cos θ$j
∆p = p 2 − p1 = 2mv cos θj$
|∆p| = 2mv cos θ

7
49. (c) A ⋅ C = 0, so A ⊥ C and it will be a right angled 60. (b) v = ω × r
triangle. i$ $j k$
 3 $i + 4 $j + 12 k$ 
50. (d) v = vv$ = 65   ⇒ v = 15 i$ + 20 $j + 60 k$ v =1 −2 3= − 5 $i + 2 $j + 3 k$
 
 13 
1 1 1
1
s = ut + a t 2 61. (c) A = $i + $j + k$
2
B = 3 $i
⇒ r2 − r1 = ut, since a = 0
i$ $j k$
⇒ r2 − (i$) = (15 i$ + 20 $j + 60 k$ ) × 2
A × B =1 1 1= 3 $j − 3 k$
⇒ r2 = 31 $i + 40 $j + 120 k$  
3 0 0
51. (a) (a + b) ⋅ (a − b) = (2 $i − $j + 3 k$ ) ⋅ (2 $i − 5 $j − 3 k$ ) 1 1
= 4+5−9= 0 Area of triangle = AB sinθ = |A × B|
2 2
52. (d) Speed of tip of second hand 3 2 3
2 π(1 cm ) π = = units
=v= = cm/s 2 2
60 s 30
62. (d) Area of parallelogram = AB sinθ
 θ  π π 2 $i $j k$ 
|∆v| = 2 v sin  = 2   sin 45 ° = cm/s
 2  30   
=|A × B| = 2 1 −3
30
53. (d) (B × A ) ⊥ A 
 

0 12 −2
So, (B × A ) ⋅ A = 0  
54. (b) Ax = 2 Ay and Ax = 2 Az =|34 $i + 4 $j + 24 k$|

⇒ Az = 2 Ay = 1748 = 41.8
Ay Ay 63. (c) If v1 and v 2 are parallel, then
cosβ = = v1 = λ v 2
A Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2
2t i$ + (t − 2)$j = λ (t − 4)$i + t$j)
Ay 1
= = ⇒ 2t = λ (t − 4) …(i)
(2 Ay ) +
2
Ay2 + ( 2 Ay ) 2 7 t −2= λt …(ii)
 1  Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
⇒ β = cos −1   2t t_4
 7 =
t −2 t
55. (c) A = A cos i$ + A sinθ$j
⇒ 2t 2 = t 2 − 6t + 8
B = B sinθ i$ − B cos θ$j
⇒ t 2 + 6t − 8 = 0
A ⋅ B = AB sinθ cos θ − AB sinθ cos θ = 0
−6 + 36 + 32
So, A and B are perpendicular to each other. ⇒ t=
2
56. (a) P ⋅Q = 0
⇒ t = (−3 + 17 ) s
⇒ a2 − 2a − 3 = 0
64. (a) AB + BC + 2CA = (AB + BC + CA ) + CA
⇒ (a − 3)(a + 1) = 0
= 0 + CA = CA
⇒ a = 3 and a = − 1
65. (c) Rmax = A + B = 29 …(i)
57. (b) A cos θ = A ⋅ B$ Rmin = A − B = 5 …(ii)
58. (d) (ai$ + b$j) ⋅ (i$ + $j) = 0 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ a+b= 0 A = 17 and B = 12
Now each force is increased by 3 units.
n$ is a unit vector ⇒ a 2 + b 2 = 1
A′ = 17 + 3 = 20
1 1 B′ = 12 + 3 = 15
⇒ a=± ,b = m
2 2 R 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ
59. (a) Using right hand thumb rule for finding A × B, ⇒ R 2 = (20 2 ) + (15)2 + 2 (20)(15) cos 90 °
magnetic field will be directed North.
⇒ R = 25 kg-wt

8
66. (a) (2P )2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos θ …(i) 77. (b) (6 i$ + 2 $j − 2 k$ ) − (2 i$ + 2 $j + 2 k$ ) = 4 $i − 4 k$
P 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos(180 ° − θ) 78. (d) RQ = a − b
PR = b − c
⇒ 0 = Q − 2PQ cosθ ⇒ 2PQ cosθ = Q
2 2
…(ii)
RQ = 2PR
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ a − b = 2(b − c)
4P 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + Q 2
⇒ a + 2c = 3 b
⇒ 3P 2 = 2Q 2 ⇒
P
=
2 A ⋅B
79. (c) Component of A along B = A cosθ =
Q 3 B
67. (a) A + B = 2 i$ (a − b) ⋅ (a + b)
…(i) =
(a + b)
A − B = 4 $j …(ii)
a2 − b2
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get =
A = $i + 2 $j & B = $i − 2 $j a2 + b2
A ⋅ B 1 + 2(−2) 3 80. (a) A = A (l1 i$ + m1 $j + n1k$)
cos θ = = =−
AB 5 5 5
B = B (l 2 $i + m 2 $j + n2k$)
⇒ θ = 127 °
A ⋅B
68. (b) A = 2 $i − 3 $j + 4k$ cosθ =
AB
Component in yz-plane = (−3)2 + 4 2 = 5 AB (l1l 2 + m1 m 2 + n1 n2 )
=
AB
Component in zx-plane = 2 2 + 4 2 = 2 5
= l1l 2 + m1 m 2 + n1 n2
−1  P ⋅ Q 
69. (c) θ = cos   81. (b) Let r = ai$ + b$j + ck$
 PQ 
$i × (r × $i) = $i × ((a$i + b$j + ck$ ) × $i)
 (A + B) ⋅ (A − B)
= cos −1  
 |A + B||A − B|  = i$ × (b(− k$ ) + c$j)
 A2 − B 2  = b$j + ck$
= cos −1   …(i)
|A + B||A − B| Similarly,
= cos −1 (0) = 90 ° $j × (r × $j) = ai$ + ck$ …(ii)
70. (d) k$ × (r × k$ ) = ai$ + b$j …(iii)
71. (b) Adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
72. (a) A = 40 $i ⇒ = 2(ai$ + b$j + ck$ ) ⇒ = 2r
B = − 25 cos 37 ° $i + 25 sin37 ° $j
82. (c) A1 = A and A 2 = − A
= − 20 $i + 15 $j
∆A = A 2 − A1 = − A − A = − 2 A
R = A +B ∆|A| =|A 2| −|A1| = 0
= (40 $i ) + (−20 $i + 15 $j)
83. (d) d + e = f
= 20 $i + 15 $j
= 25 units 37° North of East f
73. (b) |e$ 1 − e$ 2| = 1 2 + 1 2 − 2 × 1 × 1 (cos θ) d

= 2 − 2 cosθ = 2(1 − cos θ) e

 θ  θ 84. (a) Given|A1| = 2,|A 2| = 3 and|A1 + A 2| = 3
= 2 ⋅ 2 sin2   = 2 sin 
 2  2 |A1 + A 2| = A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos θ = 3
74. (a) Only in option (a), they can form a closed polygon.
⇒ (2)2 + (3)2 + 2(A1 ⋅ A 2 ) = 9
75. (d) A × B is perpendicular to the plane containing A and
B. So A × B is perpendicular to A, B and A + B. ⇒ A1 ⋅ A 2 = − 2
 v ⋅a  a 6  i$ + $j + k$  (A1 + 2 A 2 ) ⋅ (3 A1 − 4 A 2 )
76. (b)   =   = 2 $i + 2 $j + 2 k$
= 3 A1 ⋅ A1 − 4 A1 ⋅ A 2 + 6 A1 ⋅ A 2 − 8 A 2 ⋅ A 2
 a a 3 3 

9
 = 3 A12 + 2 A1 ⋅ A 2 − 8 A22 ⇒ 5α 2 = 0.75
= 3(2) + 2(−2) − 8(3) = − 64
2 2
⇒ α 2 = 0.15
Magnitude will be 64. 15 3
⇒ α= =
100 20
Numerical Value Questions
5. Angle between A and −C is 15°.
1.

C
50°
60°
ΣFx = y cos 37 ° − x − 5 cos 53 ° = 0 B –C
⇒ 5 x − 4 y = − 15 …(i)
60° 15°
ΣFy = y sin37 ° + 5 sin53 ° − 10 = 0 …(ii)
A
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
6. (L − αl) ⋅ L = 0
⇒ y = 10 [(i$ + 2 $j + 3 k$ ) − (4αi$ + 5α$j + 6αk$ )] ⋅($i + 2 $j + 3 k$ ) = 0
⇒ x =5
⇒ [(1 − 4α)$i + (2 − 5α)$j + (3 − 6α)k$ ] ⋅(i$ + 2 $j + 3 k$ ) = 0
So, x + y = 15
⇒ 1 − 4α + (2 − 5α)2 + (3 − 6α)3 = 0
2. cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1
⇒ 1 − 4α + 4 − 10α + 9 − 18α = 0
π π π ⇒ 32α = 14
⇒ cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 1
3 3 n 7
⇒ α=
2 π 1
⇒ cos = 16
n 2
A ⋅B
π 1 7. cosθ =
⇒ cos = AB
n 2
2 2
π π = =
⇒ = 3 2 3
n 4
3
⇒ n=4 2 sec θ = 2 × = 3
2
2
3. B cos α + 2 3 cos 30 ° = 2
8. P = 2 $i − 2 $j
Q = $i + 3 $j
( 1, 3) (1,1)
2

α Q
30º
θ
2√3
(–2, 0) P (0,−2)
Area of parallelogram
= PQ sinθ =|P × Q|
⇒ B cosα = − 1 …(i) $i $j k$
 
B sinα = 2 3 sin30 ° = 2 −2 0

 

⇒ B sinα = 3 …(ii) 1 3 0
 
Now, adding Eqs. (i) + (ii) , we get
2 2
=|8k| = 8 sq. units
$
⇒ B2 = 4
9. |a$ + b$| = 2
⇒ B =2
⇒ 1 2 + 1 2 + 2(1)(1)cosθ = 4
4. Magnitude of a unit vector is unity.
⇒ 2 + 2 cosθ = 4
(0.5)2 + (2α)2 + α 2 = 1
⇒ 2 cosθ = 2

10
 ⇒ cosθ = 1  −1 
= 2 2 + 3 2 + 6 2 + (2 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 6 + 2 × 6 × 2) 
⇒ θ = 0°  2
a$ ⋅ b −|a$ × b$| = (1)(1)cos 0 ° − (1)(1)sin 0 °
$
= 13
=1
18. C = B − A = 8 $i + 4 $j + 4k$
10. (A × B) ⋅ C = 0
A = 2 $i + $j + k$
 2 3 −2
 5 n 1 = 0 Component of C along A = C cosθ
  C⋅A
−1 2 3  =
A
⇒ 2(3 n − 2) − 3(15 + 1) − 2(10 + n) = 0 16 + 4 + 4 24
= = =4 6
⇒ 6 n − 4 − 45 − 3 − 20 − 2 n = 0 6 6
⇒ 4 n = 72
19. Since X and C are perpendicular
⇒ n = 18
X⋅C = 0
11. W = F ⋅ s ⇒ (αA + βB) ⋅ C = 0
= (F1 + F2 ) ⋅ (r2 − r1 )
⇒ (α($i + $j − 2k$) + β ($i − $j + k$)) ⋅ (2 $i − 3 $j + 4k$) = 0
= (3 i$ − 2 $j + k$ ) ⋅ (6 $i + 8 $j + 7 k$ )
⇒ [(α + β)$i + (α − β)$j + (β − 2α)k$] ⋅ (2 $i − 3 $j + 4k$) = 0
= 18 − 16 + 7 = 9 J
 θ  60 °  ⇒ 2 (α + β) − 3(α − β) + 4 (β − 2α) = 0
12. |∆v| = 2 v sin  = 2(10)sin  = 10 ⇒ −9α + 9β = 0 ⇒ α = β
 2  2 
α
So, =1
13. P = F ⋅ v = 120 − 60 − 45 = 15 W β
14. Area of parallelogram 20. R = P + Q
$i $j k$  ⇒ R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ
1 
= |d 1 × d 2| = 5 −4 3 
1
⇒ 15 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ …(i)
2 2
 

3 2 −1 R = P + (− Q )
 
1 ⇒ R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos(180 °− θ)
= [−2 i$ + 14 $j + 22k$]
2 ⇒ ( 113 )2 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2PQ cos θ
1 2 ⇒ 113 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2PQ cosθ
= 2 + 14 2 + 22 2 …(ii)
2 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1
= 684 = 3 19 P 2 + Q 2 = 169
2
R = P + S,
15. |a × b|= 25 where S is perpendicular to P and magnitude of S is
⇒ ab sinθ = 25 equal to magnitude of Q.
⇒ (5)(13)sinθ = 25 ⇒ R 2 = P 2 + S 2 + 2PS cos 90 °
5 ⇒ R = P 2 + Q 2 ⇒ R = 169 = 13
⇒ sinθ =
13
12
⇒ cosθ = Level 3
13
 12  Single Choice Correct Questions
a ⋅ b = ab cos θ = (5)(13)  = 60
 13  1. (d) AB + AC + AD + AE + AF
16. A ⋅ B = 0 ⇒ a − 1 − 1 = 0 ⇒ a = 2 = AB + (AD − CD) + AD + (AD + DE) + AF
A ⋅ C = 0 ⇒ 1 + 1 + b = 0 ⇒ b = −2 = 3AD + AB − CD + DE + AF
B⋅C a −1 −b 3 1 π = 3AD + AB − CD + (− AB) + CD
cosθ = = = = ⇒ θ=
BC 6 6 6 2 3 = 3AD = 3(2 AO) = 6AO
17. |a + b + c| = (a ⋅ a + b ⋅ b + c ⋅ c + 2 a ⋅ b + 2b ⋅ c + 2 c ⋅ a) 2. (d) Use triangle law and polygon law of vector
addition.
= a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ab cos θ1 + 2bc cos θ 2 + 2 ca cos θ 3 3. (b) a = 2 $i + $j − 2 k$ ⇒ a = 3

11
 b = $i + $j ⇒ b = 2 8. (d) A = 1 $i
a ⋅c = c
60º
⇒ ac cosθ = c ⇒ 3 cosθ = 1
1 3 C 2
⇒ cosθ = B
3
|c − a| = 2 2 60º 60º
A
⇒ c 2 + a 2 − 2 ac cosθ = 8 1

c2 + 9 − 2c = 8 B = − 2 cos 60 ° $i + 2 sin60 ° $j
⇒ c2 − 2c + 1 = 0 C = − 3 cos 60 ° $i − 3 sin60 ° $j
⇒ (c − 1)2 = 0 3 3$
R = A + B + C = − $i − j
⇒ c =1 2 2
1 3
|(a × b) × c| =|a × b|c sin30 ° = 3 × 1 × =
2 2
3/2
4. (a) Resultant of P + Q and P − Q is 2P. θ
√3/2
2P = 3P 2 + Q 2
4P 2 = 3P 2 + Q 2 ⇒ P 2 = Q 2
⇒ P =Q 3 /2 1
tanθ = =
(P + Q) ⋅ (P − Q) P 2 − Q2 3/2 3
cos θ = = =0
|P + Q||P − Q| |P + Q||P − Q| θ = 30 °
π So, angle between R and A is 150°.
⇒ θ=
2 9. (b)
5. (b) (a + 2 b) ⋅ (5a − 4 b) = 0 A+B
⇒ 5a ⋅ a − 4a ⋅ b + 10 b ⋅ a − 8 b ⋅ b = 0 B
A−B
⇒ 5 a 2 + 6a ⋅ b − 8b 2 = 0 θ
α β
⇒ 5(1)2 + 6(1)(1)cos θ − 8(1)2 = 0 A
⇒ 6 cosθ = 3 B sinθ
1 π tanα =
⇒ cosθ = ⇒θ = A + B cos θ
2 3 B sinθ
tanβ =
6. (c)|a 1 + a 2| = 3 A − B cos θ
1 2 AB sinθ
⇒ 1 2 + 1 2 + 2(1)(1)cosθ = 3 ⇒ cosθ = tanα + tanβ =
2 A 2 − B 2 cos 2 θ
(a 1 − a 2 ) ⋅ (2a 1 + a 2 ) = 2a 1 ⋅ a 1 − a 1 ⋅ a 2 − a 2 ⋅ a 2 10. (d) R
1 1
= 2(1)2 − (1)(1)cos θ − (1)2 = 1 − = Q
2 2
7. (b) A + B + C = 0
$ $ $ 60º
B
120º P
120º A (1) Since P, Q & R are not coplanar, so their sum
120º cannot be zero.
C
(2) R is perpendicular to both P and Q. So, R may be
equal to P × Q.
A B C (3) P × R can never be Q because angle between P
+ + =0
4 3 2 and Q is not 90°.
3A B C A  A B C 11. (b)|a$ − b$| = 2
+ + = + + + 
4 3 2 2  4 3 2 ⇒ 1 2 + 1 2 − 2(1)(1)cosθ = 2 ⇒ cosθ = 0
A A ⇒ θ = 90 °
= +0=
2 2 |a$ + 3 b$| = 1 2 + ( 3 )2 + 2(1)( 3 )cos 90 ° = 2

12
12. (c) R = P + Q and S = P + 2 Q ⇒ 0 + 9c2 + c2 = 1
S is perpendicular to P. 1 −3
⇒ c= and b =
⇒ S ⋅P = 0 10 10
⇒ (P + 2 Q) ⋅ P = 0
17. (c) A cos α = 2(A cos β) …(i)
⇒ P ⋅ P + 2P ⋅ Q = 0
A =5 2
⇒ P 2 + 2PQ cosθ = 0 …(i)
cos α + cos β + cos γ = 1
2 2 2
…(ii)
Since, R = P + Q
⇒ R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ 1 1
…(ii) ⇒ 4 cos 2 β + cos 2 β +
= 1 ⇒ 5 cos 2 β =
2 2
Solving Eqs. (i) & (ii), we get
1 2
R =Q ⇒ cosβ = and cosα =
10 10
13. (b) R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ …(i)
AX = A cosα = 2 5
(2R) = P + (2Q) + 2P (2Q)cos θ
2 2 2
…(ii)
AY = A cosβ = 5
(2R)2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos(180 ° − θ) …(iii)
Az = A cos γ = 5 2 cos 135 ° = − 5
Solving Eqs. (i), (ii) & (iii), we get
P : Q : R :: 3 : 2 : 3 18. (c) (a + 3 b) ⋅ (7a − 5 b) = 0
7a ⋅ a + 16a ⋅ b − 15 b ⋅ b = 0
14. (d) a ⊥ b + c
15b 2 − 7 a 2 = 16 ab cosθ …(i)
⇒ a ⋅ (b + c) = 0
⇒ a ⋅ b + a ⋅c = 0 …(i) (a − 4 b) ⋅ (7a − 2 b) = 0
b ⊥ c +a 7a ⋅ a − 30a ⋅ b + 8 b ⋅ b = 0
⇒ b ⋅ (c + a ) = 0 7 a 2 + 8b 2 = 30 ab cosθ …(ii)
⇒ b ⋅c + a ⋅ b = 0 …(ii) Solving Eqs. (i) & (ii), we get
c⊥a +b a=b
⇒ c ⋅ (a + b) = 0 1
and cosθ =
⇒ c ⋅a + c ⋅ b = 0 …(iii) 2
Adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get ⇒ θ = 60 °
2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = 0 19. (a) A = $i + 2 $j − k$
|a + b + c| = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) B = 2 $i
(3, –1, 2)
= 50 = 5 2
15. (d)|a + b + c| = a ⋅ a + b ⋅ b + c ⋅ c + 2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a )
B
1 = 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 2(cos θ1 + cos θ 2 + cos θ 3 )
cos θ1 + cos θ 2 + cos θ 3 = − 1
A
16. (c) Let A$ = ai$ + b$j + ck$ (1, –1, 2) (2, 1, 1)
A$ is orthogonal to 3 i$ + 2 $j + 6 k$ 1
Area of triangle = |A × B|
⇒ (ai$ + b$j + ck$ ) ⋅ (3 $i + 2 $j + 6 k$ ) = 0 2
⇒ 3 a + 2b + 6 c = 0 …(i) $i $j k$
1
A is coplanar with 2 i$ + $j + k$ and i$ − $j + k$ . = 1 2 −1
2
a b c 2 0 0
⇒ 2 1 1= 0 1
  = |−2 $j − 4 k$|
1 −1 1 2
1
⇒ 2a − b − 3c = 0 …(ii) = ( 20 ) = 5
2
From Eqs. (i) & (ii), we get
|A − B|
a = 0 and b = − 3 c 20. (c)|A + B| =
2
A$ is a unit vector ⇒ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1

13
 A 2 + B 2 − 2 AB cosθ F4 = − P$i
⇒ A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ = 3P $ 7 3 $
2 R = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = i+ Pj
⇒ 4 A 2 + 4B 2 + 8 AB cosθ = A 2 + B 2 − 2 AB cosθ 2 2
⇒ 3 A 2 + 3B 2 + 10 AB cosθ = 0 …(i) R = 39P
A = 2B 1
…(ii) 26. (c) Area of parallelogram = |a × b|
From Eqs. (i) & (ii), we get 2
1
cosθ = −
3 = |(p + 2q ) × (2 p + q )|
4 2
1
21. (a) R = P + Q = |(p × q ) + 4(q × p)|
2
R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ …(i)
1 3 3
2 = |3(q × p)| = × 1 × 1 × sin30 ° =
R2 − P2  R2 − P2  2 2 4
R ′ 2 = P 2 +   + 2P   cos(180° − θ) …(ii)
 Q   Q  27. (b) a = 5 cos 37 ° $j + 5 sin37 ° k$
Solving Eqs. (i) & (ii), we get ⇒ a = 4 $j + 3 k$
R′ = R b = 5 cos 37 ° $j + 5 sin37 ° i$
P 1 ⇒ b = 3 $i + 4 $j
22. (d) = …(i)
Q 2 a ⋅ b 16 16
cosθ = = =
3 Q sinθ ab 5(5) 25
= …(ii)
2 P + Q cos θ (a + b) ⋅ (a − b) a2 − b2
28. (a) cos θ = =
From Eqs. (i) & (ii), we get |a + b||a − b| |a + b||a − b|
θ = 60 ° 3 3
⇒ cosθ = =
23. (d) 7 3 7
2
⇒ tanθ =
3
 3  9  3b 
29. (a)2a − b= 4 a 2 + b 2 − 2(2 a)  cos 120 °
 2  4 2
AB + BC + CD + DA = 0 9  1
BA + BC + CD + DA = 2BA = 4(3)2 + (4)2 − 2(6)(6) − 
4  2
24. (d) (a + b) ⋅ b = 0 = 36 + 36 + 36 = 6 3
⇒ ab cosθ + b 2 = 0 …(i)
30. (a) Volume of parallelopiped = (a × b) ⋅ c
(a + 2 b) ⋅ a = 0
$i $j k$
⇒ a + 2 ab cosθ = 0
2
…(ii)
=2 −3 4⋅ (i$ + 2 $j − k$ )
From Eqs. (i) & (ii), we get  
a = 2b 3 −1 2
= (−2 $i + 8 $j + 7 k$ ) ⋅ ($i + 2 $j − k$ )
25. (a)
= − 2 + 16 − 7 = 7
3 31. (c)

4 45º B
2 45º
45º
F1 = 2P$i C
D
F2 = 4P cos 60 ° i$ + 4P sin60 ° $j
F3 = − 3P cos 60 ° i$ + 3P sin60 ° $j

14
 F $ F $ Multiple Choice Correct Questions
A= i+ j
2 2 1. (a,c,d) Components of a vector depend on the choice
B = F$i of co-ordinate system.
F $ F $
C= i− j 2. (b,d) (v1 + v 2 ) ⋅ (v1 − v 2 ) = 0
2 2
⇒ v1 ⋅ v1 − v1 ⋅ v 2 + v 2 ⋅ v1 − v 2 ⋅ v 2 = 0
D = − F$j
R = A + B + C + D = F( 2 + 1)$i − F$j ⇒ v12 − v 22 = 0

R =F 4+2 2 ⇒ v1 = v 2
3. (b,c) A ⋅ B = 0 ⇒ A ⊥ B
32. (c) a + b + c = 0 A ⋅C = 0 ⇒ A ⊥ C
⇒ c = − (a + b) 1
|C × B| =|B × C| = 1 × 1 × sin30 ° =
⇒ c 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2 ab cosθ 2
⇒ 7 2 = 3 2 + 5 2 + 2(3)(5)cosθ 4. (a,b) Component of a − b along a + b
(a − b) ⋅ (a + b) a2 − b2
1 = =
⇒ cosθ = ⇒ θ = 60 ° |a + b|
2 a 2 + b 2 + ab
33. (b) AB + 3 AC = (AC + CB) + 3 AC Component of a + b along a − b
= 4AC + CB = 4 AC + 4 CR (a + b) ⋅ (a − b) a2 − b2
= =
= 4(AC + CR) = 4 AR |a − b| a 2 + b 2 − ab
34. (b) R = P + Q 5. (a, c)
⇒ R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ 6. (a, b, d) The x-component of the resultant of several
⇒ R 2 = P 2 + P 2 + 2(P )(P )cosθ (QP = Q) vectors is always less than or equal to the sum of the
magnitudes of the vectors.
 θ
⇒ R = 2P cos   …(i) 7. (b,c) AB cosθ = 8
 2
AB sinθ = ± 8 3
R − P = 0.732P tanθ = ± 3
⇒ R = 3P …(ii) θ = 60 ° & θ = 120 °
From Eqs. (i) & (ii), we get 8. (b) If λ is positive scalar, then λa will be parallel to a.
 θ If λ is negative scalar, then λa will be anti-parallel to
3P = 2P cos  
 2 a.
 θ 3 θ 9. (b) a + b + c + d = 0
⇒ cos   = ⇒ = 30 °
 2 2 2 ⇒ a + c = − (b + d)
⇒ θ = 60 ° ⇒|a + c| =|b + d|
θ 60 ° (c) a + b + c + d = 0
θ′ = θ + = 60 ° + = 90 ° ⇒ a = − (b + c + d)
2 2
R =P − Q ⇒|a| =|b + c + d|
and|b + c + d|≤|b| +|c| +|d|
⇒ R = P 2 + Q 2 − 2PQ cosθ ′
So,|a|≤|b| +|c| +|d|
⇒ R = 2P (d) a + b + c + d = 0
1
35. (c) s = ut + at 2 ⇒ b + c = − (a + d)
2 So, b + c and a + d are in the same plane.
s = ut (Qa = 0)
  2 $i + 3 $j − 6k$   10. (a,d) 4 2 + (4 x − 2)2 + 2 2 = 2 1 2 + x 2 + 3 2
s1 = 21    5 = 30 $i + 45 $j − 90k$
 ⇒ 20 + (4 x − 2)2 = 40 + 4 x 2
  7 

⇒ 20 + 16 x 2 + 4 − 16 x = 40 + 4 x 2
 3 $i + 4 $j + 5k$  ⇒ 12 x 2 − 16 x − 16 = 0
s 2 = 5 2   5 = 15 $i + 20 $j + 25k$

 5 2  ⇒ 3x 2 − 4x − 4 = 0
⇒ 3x 2 − 6x + 2x − 4 = 0
s = s1 + s 2 + s 3
⇒ 3 x (x − 2) + 2(x − 2) = 0
⇒ 0 − $i = (30 i$ + 45 $j − 90k$) + (15 i$ + 20 $j + 25k$) + s 3 2
⇒ x =2& x = −
⇒ s = − 46 $i − 65 $j + 65k$
3
3

15
11. (a,b,d) Lets take magnitude of each of them to be x. (b) Component of a along c = a cosθ
^ ^
A = x j , B = x cos 45 ° i + x sin 45 ° j ,
^ a⋅c
=
^ ^ ^ c
C = x i ,D = x cos 45 ° i − x sin 45 ° j
−6 + 2 + 4
^
A − C = x j − x i = − 2D
^ = =0
21
 x ^ x ^  x ^ x ^ ^
B + D − 2C =  i+ j +  i− j  − 2x i = 0 A
(c) cosβ = Y =
2
 2 2   2 2  A 14
^ ^
A+C xj+xi  2
= =B ⇒ β = cos −1  
2 2  7
a ⋅b −x + 2 + x + 1
12. (b,d) cosθ = = (d) Magnitude of a = 3 2 + 2 2 + 1 2 = 14
ab 6 x 2 + 1 2 + (x + 1)2
Required vector = (2 14 )(− b$ )
3
cosθ =  − ($i − 3 $j + 5k$)
6 2x + 2 + 2x2 = 2 14  

 35 
⇒ θ is acute and depends on x.
2
= (−2 $i + 6 $j − 10k$)
13. (c,d)|a + b| =|a − 2 b| 5
⇒ a 2 + b 2 + 2 ab cosθ = a 2 + 4b 2 − 4 ab cosθ
Comprehension Based Questions
⇒ a + b + 2 ab cosθ = a + 4b − 4 ab cosθ
2 2 2 2
 $ $
$ = 15 2  3 i + 4 j + 5 k  = 9 $i + 12 $j + 15 k$
$
1. (a) v = vA
⇒ 3b = 6 ab cosθ
2  5 2 
a 1  $ $
$ = 10 2  3 i + 4 j + 5 k  = 6 $i + 8 $j + 10 k$
⇒ = $
b 2 cosθ 2. (a) CA
 5 2 
Since, cosθ ≤ 1
a 1 3. (a) A + B + C + D = i$
≥ D = − 15 $i − 36 $j + 30 k$
b 2
14. (a,d) A = i$ + $j + 2 k$ 4. (a) ( , , ) (5, 0, 2)
B = $i + 2 $j + k$
C = i$ + $j + k$
Vectors coplanar with A and B = A + λB
Since, (A + λB) ⊥ C (–3, –2, 0) (3, –3, 1)
(A + λB) ⋅ C = 0
BC = 2 i$ + 3 $j + k$
[(λ + 1)i + (2 λ + 1)$j + (λ + 2)k$ ] ⋅ ($i + $j + k$ ) = 0
$
AD = (x + 3)i$ + (y + 2)$j + zk$
λ + 1 + 2λ + 1 + λ + 2 = 0 AD = BC
4λ + 4 = 0 (x + 3)i + (y + 2) j + zk$ = 2 $i + 3 $j + k$
$ $
λ = −1
x +3=2⇒x = −1
15. (a,c,d)
y +2=3⇒y =1
16. (a,d)
z =1
17. (b,c) a × (b × a ) = (a ⋅ a )b − (a ⋅ b)a
^  6 i$ − $j + k$  6(6 i$ − $j + k$ )
(a) Not a null vector. 5. (b) = AC AB = 72  =
 38  19
(b) If a ⊥ b, it is parallel to b.
(c) Coplanar with a and b. AC ⋅ BD 1
6. (d) cos θ = =−
18. (a,b,c,d) (AC)(BD) 2
C = A +B 2π
19. (a, b, c, d) θ=
3
⇒ C = A + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ
2 2
7. (d)
20. (a) Since, a + b + c = 0, these vectors can form triangle.

16
 8. (d) F1 = 6 i$ + 8 $j Point Co-ordinates
F2 = − 6 sinθ$i + 6 cos θ$j A (0, 0, 0)
F3 = − F3 $j B (a, 0, 0)
C (a, a, 0)
F1 + F2 + F3 = (6 − 6 sinθ)i$ + (8 + 6 cos θ − F3 )$j
D (0, a, 0)
6 − 6 sinθ = 0 E (0, 0, a)
⇒ sinθ = 1 F (a, 0, a)
⇒ θ = 90 ° G (a, a, a)
8 + 6 cosθ − F3 = 0 H (0, a, a)
⇒ F3 = 8 N
AC = a$i + a$j
 a ⋅ v $
9. (b) Tangential acceleration =  v BE = − a$i + ak$
 v 
GB = − a$j − ak$
 40 + 45   4 i$ + 3 $j 
=    AD = a$j
 5   5 
  EF = a$i
=
17 $ $
(4 i + 3 j ) CD = − a$i
5 HD = − ak$
10. (c) Normal acceleration = a − (tangential acceleration) AC = a$i + a$j
17 GF = − a$j
= (10 $i + 15 $j + 20k$) − (4 $i + 3 $j)
5 FE = − ai$
$ $
−18 i + 24 j + 100k $ EH = a$j
=
5 GH = − a$i
FH = − a$i + a$j
Match the Columns Questions
HG = a$i
1. F1 = 10 $j
4. (a)|a$ + b$| = (1)2 + (1)2 + 2(1)(1) cos 120 ° = 1
a$ = $i and b$ = − cos 60 ° $i + sin60 ° $j
a$ + b$ = i$ + (− cos 60 ° i$ + sin60 ° $j)
1 3$
= $i + j
F2 = 10 $i 2 2
F3 = − 10 2 cos 45 ° $i − 10 2 sin 45 ° $j = − 10 $i − 10 $j So, the resultant has positive rectangular component
F1 + F2 + F3 = 0 in the direction of a$ .
F1 + F2 − F3 = 20 i$ + 20 $j  1 3 $ 1
a$ ⋅ b$ = $i ⋅  − i$ + j = −
(F1 × F2 ) × F3 = (−100 k$ ) × (−10 $i − 10 $j) = 1000 $j − 1000 $i  2 2  2
F ⋅ (F + F ) = (−10 $i − 10 $j) ⋅ (10 i$ + 10 $j) = − 200
3 1 2 |a$ − b$| = 1 2 + 1 2 − 2 (1)(1) cos 120 ° = 3
2. |A × B| =|(2 i$ + 3 $j − k$ ) × (i$ + 2 $j + 2 k$ )| (b) 2 a$ = 2 $i and b$ = = − $i
=|8 i$ − 5 $j + k$| = 90 2 a$ + b$ = 2 $i + (− $i ) = i$
|A − B| =|i$ + $j − 3 k$| = 11 |2 a$ + b$| = 1
A ⋅B = 2 + 6 − 2 = 6 2 a$ + b$ = 2 $i ⋅ (− i$) = − 2
|A + B| =|3 $i + 5 $j + k$| = 35
|2 a$ − b$| = 3
3.
(c) a$ = $i and b$ = $j
a$ + b$ = $i + $j
|a$ + b$| = 2
a$ ⋅ b$ = 0
|a$ − b$| = 2

17
 (d) − a$ = − i$ and −b$ = − $j (b) |P × Q| = 3P ⋅ Q
− a$ − b$ = − i$ − $j ⇒ PQ sinθ = 3PQ cos θ
|− a$ − b$| = 2 ⇒ tanθ = 3
( − a$ ) ⋅ (− b$ ) = 0 ⇒ θ = 60 °
(c) P + Q = R
|− a$ − (− b$ )| = 2
⇒ R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ and P + Q = R
5. (a) a + b = $j …(i)
$j ⇒ cosθ = 1
2 a − b = 3 $i + …(ii) ⇒ θ = 0°
2 (d) |P + Q| =|P − Q|
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
$j ⇒ P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ
a = $i +
2 ⇒ = P 2 + Q 2 − 2PQ cosθ
$j
and b = − i$ + ⇒ cosθ = 0
2 ⇒ θ = 90 °
1
−1+
a ⋅b 4 =3 Numerical Value Questions
cosθ = =
ab 5 5 5 1. R 2 = P 2 + Q2 …(i)
2 2 R
=P −Q …(ii)
(b)|a + b + c|2 = (a + b + c) ⋅ (a + b + c) 2
= a ⋅ a + b ⋅ b + c ⋅ c + 2 a ⋅ b + 2b ⋅ c + 2 c ⋅ a ⇒ [ 2 (P − Q)]2 = P 2 + Q 2
π
⇒ ( 6 ) = a 2 + a 2 + a 2 + 2 a 2 cos
2
⇒ 2(P 2 + Q 2 − 2PQ) = P 2 + Q 2
3
π π ⇒ P 2 + Q 2 − 4PQ = 0
+ 2 a 2 cos + 2 a 2 cos
3 3 ⇒ P 2 + Q 2 = 4PQ
⇒ 6 = 6a 2
P Q
⇒ + =4
⇒ a=1 Q P
1
(c) Area of parallelogram = |d1 × d2| 2. F1 = F1 cos 30 ° $i − F1 sin30 ° $j
2
F2 = 5 cos 37 ° $i + 5 sin37 ° $j
1 $ $ $
= |− 2 i − 14 j − 10k|  3F1   F 
2 F1 + F2 =  + 4 i$ + 3 − 1  $j
 2   2
=5 3
(d)|a + b + c|2 = (a + b + c) ⋅ (a + b + c) ΣFy = 0
 F1 
= a ⋅ a + b ⋅ b + c ⋅ c + 2(a ⋅ b) + 2(b ⋅ c) + 2(c ⋅ a) ⇒ 3 −  = 0
 2
a ⊥ b + c ⇒ a ⋅ (b + c) = 0 …(i)
⇒ F1 = 6 N
b ⊥ c + a ⇒ b ⋅ (c + a) = 0 …(ii)
c ⊥ a + b ⇒ c ⋅ (a + b) = 0 …(iii) 3.

Adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

B
⇒ a ⋅ (b + c) + b ⋅ (c + a) + c ⋅ (a + b) = 0 R
⇒ 2 a ⋅ b + 2b ⋅ c + 2 c ⋅ a = 0 2 8

Now|a + b + c|2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 0
A
= 2 2 + 3 2 + 6 2 = 49
|a + b + c| = 49 = 7 x 2 + (2 x )2 = 8 2
6. (a) |P × Q| = 0 ⇒ 5 x 2 = 64
⇒ PQ sinθ = 0 8
⇒ x=
⇒ θ = 0 ° or 180° 5

18
4. |F1 − F2| = F12 + F22 − 2F1F2 cos θ 9. F1 = 3 k$
F2 = 3 i$ + 4 $j
= 1000 + 1000 − 2(10 10 )(10 10 )cos(θ)
F3 = − 4 $i − 4 $j
= 2000(1 − cos θ) F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
 θ  θ ⇒ − i$ + 3 k$ + F4 = 0
= 4000 sin2   = 4000 sin 
 2  2 ⇒ F4 = $i − 3 k$
θ  1.8 π  1 ⇒ F4 = 10 N
= ( 4000 ) = 4000  
2  180  2
10. a + b + c = 0
π
= 4000 =1 a + b = −c
200
⇒ a 2 + b 2 + 2 ab cosθ = c 2
1 1 1
⇒ (3 3 )2 + (3 3 )2 + 2(3 3 )(3 3 )cos θ = (3 3 )2
5.  1 −1 2 = 0
  ⇒ 27 + 27 + 54 cosθ = 27
− x −(x + 2) −1
1
⇒ 1 + 2(x + 2) − (−1 + 2 x ) + 1[−(x + 2) − x ] = 0 ⇒ cosθ = −
2
⇒ 1 + 2x + 4 + 1 − 2x − x − 2 − x = 0
⇒ θ = 120 °
⇒ 4 − 2x = 0
⇒ x =2  1
|a + 2 b| = (3 3 )2 + 4(3 3 )2 + 2(3 3 )(2) (3 3 ) − 
6. |a − b| +|b − c| +|c − a| = 9
2 2 2  2
|a − b|2 = 1 2 + 1 2 − 2a ⋅ b = 2(1 − a ⋅ b) = 27 + 4(27) − 2(27) = 3 × 27 = 81 = 9
|b − c|2 = 2(1 − b ⋅ c)
Previous Years’ Questions
|c − a|2 = 2(1 − c ⋅ a )
⇒ 6 − 2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = 9 JEE Main
⇒ 2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = − 3 1. Given, sum of P and Q is R. Let angle between P and Q
is β.
|2a + 5 b + 5c| = 2 2 + 5 2 + 5 2 + 20a ⋅ b + 50 b ⋅ c + 20c ⋅ a
= 24 + 10 ⋅ bc
7. AB = i − 4 j − k
$ $ $ Q R
AC = − 2 $i − $j + k$
β
P

Then, resultant of P and Q ,

|R| = |P|2 +|Q|2 + 2|P||Q|cos β

As, |R| =|P| (given)

1
Area of triangle = |AB × AC| So, |P| =|P| +|Q| + 2|P||Q|cos β
2 2 2
2
Q
1 107 107 or|P|cos β = − .... (i)
= |−5 $i + $j − 9 k$| = = 2
2 2 4
8. AD = AB + BC + CD θ
Q R′

1N β
2N 2P

If resultant of 2P and Q makes angle θ with Q, then

1N
angle θ is given by
1N |2P|sinβ
tanθ =
|Q| +|2P|cos β
|AD| = 2

19
 Substituting the value of|P| cosβ from Eq. (i) in above ⇒ r2 − (2 $i + 4 $j) = 18 i$ + 16 $j
equation, we get
⇒ r = 20 $i + 20 $j
π 2
tanθ = ∞ ⇒ θ = = 90 °
2 |r2| = 20 2 m
2. (b)|A1 + A 2| = 5  a a
7. (c) Co-ordinates of G =  , 0, 
⇒ A12 + A22 + 2 A1 ⋅ A 2 = 25  2 2
⇒ 3 2 + 5 2 + 2 A1 ⋅ A 2 = 25  a a
Co-ordinates of H =  0, , 
 2 2
⇒ 2 A1 ⋅ A 2 = − 9
a a
⇒ A1 ⋅ A 2 = − 4.5 GH = − i$ + $j
2 2
(2 A1 + 3 A 2 ) ⋅ (3 A1 − 2 A 2 )
8. (b) π
= 6 A1 ⋅ A1 + 5 A1 ⋅ A 2 − 6 A 2 ⋅ A 2
= 6(9) − 5(4.5) − 6(25) = − 118.5 9. (b) W = F ⋅ s = (5 i$ + 3 $j + 2k$) ⋅ (2 i$ − $j) = 10 − 3 = 7 J
3. (d) R 2 = (2F)2 + (3F)2 + 2(2F)(3F)cosθ …(i) JEE Advanced
(2R) = (2F) + (6F) + 2(2F)(6F)cos θ
2 2 2
…(ii) 1. (b)|A + B| = 3|A − B|
Solving Eqs. (i) & (ii), we get ⇒ a 2 + a 2 + 2(a)(a)cosωt
1
cosθ = −
2 = 3 a 2 + a 2 − 2(a)(a)cosωt
⇒ θ = 120 ° ⇒ 2 a 2 (1 + cos ωt) = 3[2 a 2 (1 − cos ωt)]
4. (c)|A + B| = n|A − B|   ωt    ωt 
⇒ 2 2 cos 2    = 3(2)2 sin2  
⇒ A + B + 2 AB cosθ = n A + B − 2 AB cosθ
2 2 2 2
  2  2

⇒ A 2 + A 2 + 2 A 2 cosθ = n 2 (A 2 + A 2 − 2 A 2 cos θ)  ωt  1
⇒ tan2   =
2 3
n2 − 1
⇒ cosθ =  ωt  1
n2 + 1 ⇒ tan  =
2 3
5. (d)|∆v| = v 2 + v 2 − 2(v)(v)cos θ ωt π
⇒ =
 θ 2 6
= 2 v sin 
 2 ⇒ t =2s
= 2(10)sin30 ° = 10 m/s 2. (a) S − P = bR
1 and Q − S = (1 − b)R; where R = Q − P
6. (a) s = ut + at 2 From these two equations,
2
1 S = (1 − b)P + bQ
⇒ s = (5 $i + 4 $j)(2) + (4 i$ + 4 $j)(2)2
2

20