CLAUSES & PHRASES

OF CAUSES & EFFECTS

(Meänh Ñeà Vaø Cuïm Töø Chæ Nguyeân Nhaân Vaø Keát Quaû)

1. S + be / Vord + SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V

( quaù… ñeán noåi…)

Ex: The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.

He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.

S + V + SUCH + (a/ an) + adj + n + THAT + S + V…

2.
( quaù… ñeán noåi…)

Ex: It is such hot tea that I can’t drink.

He was such a bad driver that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
3.

S + be / V ord + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)*

( quaù.. neân khoâng theå…)

* Boû ‘for O’ khi O naøy = S hoaëc chæ chung chung.

* Boû O cuûa ‘to V’ khi O naøy = S
Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.
He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
 be +adj
4/ S + ________ + enough + (for +O) + To V1 ( + O )

V ord + adv

(ñuû… ñeå…)

Ex: The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.

He didn’t drive well enough to pass the driving test.

 Sentence Transformation:

S(n) + be + SO + adj + THAT…

a/ It /This /That

 + be + SUCH + (a/ an) +adj + n + THAT…

He/ She/ They

Ex: The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.

 It is such hot tea that I can’t drink it.

S + Vord + SO + adv + THAT …

b/

 S + be + SUCH + (a/an) + adj + n + THAT…

Ex: He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.

 He was such a bad driver that __________________________.

S + V + SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V + (O )*

c/ S + V + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)*

 * Boû ‘for O’ khi O naøy = S hoaëc chæ chung chung.
* Boû O cuûa ‘To V’ khi O naøy = S
Ex: a) The tea is so hot that I can’t drink.

 The tea is too hot for me to drink.

b) He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.

 He drove too badly to pass the driving test.

…TOO + adj / adv …

d/ 

 … NOT + adj /adv + ENOUGH…

Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.

 The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.

c. So… that/ such… that (qu¸…®Õn nçi mµ …)

S + be/v + So + Adj / Adv + that + S + V + O
S + be + Such + (a/an) + Adj + N + that + S + V + O
Eg. The weather is so hot that I can’t sleep = It is such hot weather that I can’t
sleep
KÕt hîp hai c©u ®¬n thµnh mét c©u phøc sö dông so/such ta lam theo c¸c bíc
sau:
1. Lùa chän gi÷a so vµ such (NÕu tõ ë cuèi c©u ®Çu lµ adj / adv  So . NÕu tõ ë
cuèi c©u ®Çu lµ N  Such)
2. §Æt SO tríc tÝnh tõ hoÆc SUCH tríc a / an hoÆc vµ bá very nÕu cã
3. Thay dÊu ch¸m gi÷a hai c©u b»ng THAT

The milk is very hot. The younger brother can’t drink it

  The milk is so hot that the younger brother can’t drink =It’s such hot milk
that……..
It was very good coffee. I had another cup
 It was such coffee that I had another cup

C’. Exercise
1.Fill in the blanks with so or such
4. The city is ___ green that it attracts a lot of tourists
5. It was ___ a peaceful place that we enjoyed ourselves so much
6. They are ___ good players that they always win the tournament
7. The actor played ____ well that he won an Oscar
8. It was ___ a boring speech that most of us fell asleep
9. The trip was ____ long that all the passengers felt exhausted
10. Her voice was ___ soft that I had to interrupt her many times

Notes:
 Sentence Transformation:
S(n) + be + SO + adj + THAT…

a/ It /This /That

 + be + SUCH + (a/ an) +adj + N + THAT…

He/ She/ They

Ex: The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.

 It is such hot tea that I can’t drink it.

S + V + SO + adv + THAT …
b/

 S + be + SUCH + (a/an) + adj + N + THAT…

Ex: He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.

 He was such a bad driver that __________________________.

S + Be/V + SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V + (O )*

c/  S + V + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)*

Eg. - He spoke so quickly that we couldn’t understand

 He spoke too quickly for us to understand
- She is so young that She can’t do this work  She is too young to do this
work
2.Combine these pairs of sentences,using “ so…that ” or “ such…that ”

( Kết hợp mỗi cặp câu sau, dùng “ so …that” hoặc “ such …that”)

1.My friend is too sick. He can’t go to school. 2.The food was very good. We finished it up just a
few minutes.

3.New York was a very big city. Jane was lost in it. 4.My neighbours are very bad persons. They made
noise all day.

5. She bought too many things. She couldn’t bring them home at a time.

6.She is quite poor. She can’t buy bicycle.

7. He gave us very good advice. All of us are thankful to him.

8.There is too much furniture in the room. We don’t have enough space for the meeting.

9.Lan was very busy. She couldn’t go to the movies with us.

10. Mr Green drank too much wine. He got sick.

3.Rewrite the following sentences without changing their original meaning. Beghin with the
given words.
1. We couldn’t answer the question because it was very hard.
It………………………………………………………………………………………
2. It was so interesting a film that I saw it twice
It………………………………………………………………………………………
…
3. She danced so well that she won the prize
She……………………………………………………………………………………
4. They had such a good crop that they decided to give a party
Their……………………………………………………………………………………
5. The explosion was so violent that all the windows in the building shattered
It…………………………………………………………………………………
 6. It was such a crazy storay that nobody believe it
It………………………………………………………………………………………
…
7. I haven’t seen him for so long that I’ve forgten his name
I……………………………………………………………………………………
8. He lives so far trom his office that he ten get up very early to catch the bus to go to
work on time.
He……………………………………………………………………………………
9. His sudden appearance gave her a great surprise. She burst out crying
His sudden
appearance………………………………………………………………………
10. The little boy looks unhappy. We all feel sorry for him
The little
boy…………………………………………………………………………………
11. Many trees fell on the ground because the wind blew violently
The
wind……………………………………………………………………………………
…
12. Some students failed their exam because they were too lazy.
Somestudents…………………………………………………………………………
……
13. None of us could count the stars because they are numberous
The
stars……………………………………………………………………………………
…
14. We couldn’t eat the apples because they were rotten
The
apples…………………………………………………………………………………
…
IV. Rewrite sentences so that the meaning stay the same

1. The book is too interesting. I have read it many times.

-> The book is___________________________________________

2. She is a very beautiful girl. We all like her.

-> She is________________________________________________

3. The coffee was so hot that I couldn’t drink it.

-> The coffee was such___________________________________

4. It is such a low bridge that car can’t go under it.

-> The bridge is so___________________________________

5. The pupul is so intelligent that he can answer all my questions.

-> He is such_________________________________________

6. She has such wide knowledge that we can’t help admiring her.

-> Her knowledge is so________________________________

7. These people are kind. We love them.

-> They are such______________________________________

8. He is such a lazy boy that he can’t make progress in his study.

-> The boy is so_______________________________________

9. She is very old. She can’t walk far.

-> she is too__________________________________________

10. The wall is so high. They don’t climb over it.

-> The wall is too_____________________________________

11. She is too young to see that film.

-> She isn’t old_______________________________________

12. It was so cold that we don’t go out.

-> It was too__________________________________________

13. This store is too small for us to take notice of it.

-> This store isn’t____________________________________

14. These goods are too expensive to be sold quickly.

-> These goods are so__________________________________

15. The ground was so hard that he couldn’t dig it.

-> The ground was too__________________________________

1. Adverd clause of purpose: so that/in order that/ in order to/to/so as to.

 SO THAT can/could
S + V + _______________ + S + will/ would + V1
IN ORDER THAT shall/ should
…ñeå maø… may/ might

Ex: a) We study hard. We want to pass the exam.

 We study hard so that we can pass the exam.

b) I helped Nam. I wanted him to finish the work on time.

 I helped Nam in order that he could finish the work on time.

Notes: Phrase of Purpose

to
S +V + in order to + V1
so as to
in order for + O +TO
… ñeÅ…

Ex: We study hard to pass the exam.

 I helped Nam in order for him to finish the work on time.

2. Adverd clauses of concession: (Although, though, even though - mÆc dï, dï

cho, cho dï, ®îc dïng ®Ó chØ sù t¬ng ph¶n gi÷a 2 mÖnh ®Ò.)
S + V… although / though / even though + S + V …
Although / though / even though S + V …, S + V ….
Eg: Though everyone played well, we lost the game.
Note: - Không có but trong mệnh đề Although, though, even though
VD: Though everyone played well, we lost the game.
- In spite of, Despite
Although / Though + S + V
 In spite of / Despite + n /Ving ….
Ex: Although he is rich, he is extremely mean.

 In spite of his richness, he is extremely mean.

 c. Clause 1, but + clause 2 => Although / Though + clause 1, clause 2.
he is rich, but he is extremely mean. => Although he is rich, he is extremely mean.

3. Transformation sentences.

CLAUSES PHRASES ( N)

BECAUSE+ ( S+ V)/ BECAUSE OF + ( N)/Ving

THOUGH+ ( S+ V/ IN SPITE OF+ ( N)/ Ving
= ALTHOUGH+ ( S+ V) = DESPITE+ ( N)/ Ving

THE + NOUN + BE + ADJ THE + ADJ + NOUN

We can't go to school today because the weather is We can't go to the school today because of the bad weather.
bad.
We go to school today in spite of the bad weather .
We go to school today though the weather is bad.

( HER, HIS…) + NOUN + BE + ADJ ( HER, HIS…) + ADJ + NOUN

-He couldn't run very fast because his leg was bad. He couldn't run very fast because of his bad leg.

(HE SHE…) + BE + ADJ ( HER, HIS…) + NOUN

Mary doesn't go to school because she is ill. Mary doesn’t go to school because of her illness.

Because S + V*ord. + adv  Because of Poss. Adj + adj + N

V* : develop, invent, liberate, discover, (n) : development, invention, liberation, discovery,

behave, rain… behavior, rain, …..
Because she behaves well, everybody loves her. Because of her good behavior, everybody loves her.
Because she walked in the sun, she was sick. Because of walking in the sun, she was sick.

4.Do exercise 1,2 page 41 in wb

5.Rewite the following sentences, keeping the meaning .
1. Bill will take a plane, even though he dislikes flying 1. In spite of……………………………………………
2. He was able to do these although he had no 2. Despite………………………………………………
qualifications 3. In spite of……………………………………………
3. They sleep soundly although the night air was hot. 4. Despite…………………………………………
4. Although she was successful, she felt dissatisfied 5. Despite ……………………………………………
5. Although the boat was full of water, it sailed on 6. In spite of …………………………………………
6. They took many pictures though the sky was 7. In spite of ……………………………………………
 cloudy 8. Despite……………………………………………..
7. Though he was absent frequently, he passed the 9. Despite……………………………………………..
test 10. Despite……………………………………………..
8. Although the children were poor, they seemed 11. Despite……………………………………………..
happy 12. Despite……………………………………………
9. We couldn't get tickets although we queued for 13. Though ……………………………………………..
an hour 14. Though ……………………………………………..
10.I enjoyed the film although the story was silly 15. Although ……………………………………………
11.He arrived late although he promised to be early. 16. Even though…………………………………………
12.He buys a ticket although he knows he will not 17. Though…………………………………………
win 18. Though ……………………………………………..
13. In spite of her sadness, she managed to smile 19. Although ……………………………………………
14.Despite his dislike beer, he drank it 20. Even though…………………………………………
15. In spite of the busy city, she wants to go to 21. Although ……………………………………………
there. 22. Though ……………………………………………..
16. Jane told me the secret, despite promising not 23. Although…………………………………………….
to do 24. Although…………………………………………………
17. His memory was poor, but he told us funny 25. Even ……………………………………………………
stories 26. Despite……………………………………………………
18. He was old, but he could play tennis well. 27. Despite……………………………………………………
19. Money is a bad master, but it is a good servant. 28. In spite of ………………………………………………..
20. The weather was cold, but we went on a picnic. 29. Although ……………………………………………...
21. Minh had a bad cold but he came to class. 30. In spite …………………………………………………..
22. Mr. Allen was on a diet , but he ate the cake. 31. Although …………………………………………..
23. The party was far from here, but we came there.
24. They were glad to go to Britain.The trip was
expensive
25. They were lost in the mountains,but they looked
healthy
26. Though the game is famous, not many people
went to see it
27. Although the team played well ,they lost
28. Although he was not guilty , they executed him
29. He had a good salary , but he was unhappy
30. Although his leg was broken he could get out of
the car
31. It was not an excellent show, but we all enjoyed
it