An Sci 111 – Introduction to Animal Science

Exercise No. 3 `
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OF FARM ANIMALS
Name: Miles Cesar R. Bagood Score:
______________
Lab. Section: 1a4 Date: December 14,
2023
1. Why does animals of neonatal age has more bones as compared to adult
animals?
Babies have more bones than the adults they turn into because not all of the babies' bones
are fused yet.

2. What is the importance of bone identification in relation to animal production?

Skeleton is a supportive framework for the body of an animal. Skeletons provide protection
and support, while allowing for movement and growth.

3. What are splanchnic bones? In what species are they located?

The splanchnic skeleton are the bones located in the heart called ossa cordis. These bones
are not attached to any other bones and their function is to provide strength to the soft tissue .
Splanchnic bone – this is bone that develops in a soft organ and is unattached to the rest of
the skeleton, e.g. the os penis (the bone within the penis of the dog and cat).

4. What is medullary bone in chicken? Where can you find or locate this bone?
What are its functions?
Medullary bone is a woven bone that acts as a labile source of calcium for eggshell formation.
It lines structural bone and also occurs as spicules within the marrow cavity. It has little
inherent strength but can contribute to fracture resistance. Medullary bone is a layer of
material found inside a regular bone in birds and dinosaurs. This porous and spongy layer
forms inside the bones of females when they are going to lay eggs. Medullary bone is full of
extra calcium. The females use that calcium to form the hard shells of their eggs.

References (APA format):

Why do babies have more bones than adults, and which body parts have more
bones? (n.d.). Quora. Retrieved December 14, 2023, from
 https://www.quora.com/Why-do-babies-have-more-bones-than-adults-
and-which-body-parts-have-more-bones#:~:text=Babies%20have%20more
%20bones%20than%20the%20adults%20they%20turn%20into

Collection – How Do Skeletons Affect Animal Lifestyles? | Smithsonian National

Museum of Natural History. (n.d.). Naturalhistory.si.edu. Retrieved
December 14, 2023, from
https://naturalhistory.si.edu/education/teaching-resources/featured-
collections/how-do-skeletons-affect-animal-lifestyles

Fogarty, A. M. (2022, February 21). Cow Anatomy | Bovine Muscles & Skeleton |
AnatomyStuff. AnatomyStuff Free Resources. https://free-
resources.anatomystuff.co.uk/cow-anatomy-free-download/#:~:text=The
%20splanchnic%20skeleton%20are%20the
Themes, U. F. O. (2016, July 18). Skeletal system. Veterian Key.
https://veteriankey.com/skeletal-system-2/#:~:text=Splanchnic%20bone
%20%E2%80%93%20this%20is%20bone

‌Whitehead, C. C. (2004). Overview of bone biology in the egg-laying hen. Poultry

Science, 83(2), 193–199. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.2.193
Scientists Say: Medullary bone. (2020, December 14).
https://www.snexplores.org/article/scientists-say-medullary-
bone#:~:text=Medullary%20bone%20is%20a%20layer
Redirect Notice. (n.d.). Www.google.com. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14979569/%23:~:text%3DMedullary%2520bone
%2520is%2520a%2520woven
 An Sci 111 – Introduction to Animal Science

Exercise No. 4

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF FARM ANIMALS

Name: Miles Cesar R. Bagood Score:

______________

Lab. Section:1a4 Date: December 14,

2023

1. What is rumination? Describe the 4 processes involved in rumination.

Rumination has been defined as 'the process of regurgitation of fibrous ingesta from the
rumen to mouth, remastication, and reinsalivation followed by swallowing and returning of
the material back to rumen'. Rumination is a complex process involving regurgitation,
remastication, insalivation, and deglutition. It is initiated by the “rumination area,” located
close to the gastric center in the medulla oblongata.

2. What are the active glands of digestion by ruminants and that of non-ruminants?

The abomasum produces hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes such as pepsin (breaks
down proteins) and receives digestive enzymes secreted from the pancreas such as pancreatic
lipase (breaks down fats). These secretions help prepare proteins for absorption in the
intestines.

3. Define the following terms: 1) digestion 2) prehesion 3) mastication and 4) bolus

formation.

1. Digestion is the process of breaking large bits of food down into small molecules that
are small enough to pass through the walls of the villi in the small intestine into the
blood flow.
2. Prehension: snatching into or taking the feed into the mouth. Prehension is
accomplished differently in different animals as follows. Horse: performed by the
strong and flexible upper lips and incisor teeth through jerking movements of the head
or neck.
3. Up-and-down and side-to-side movements of the lower jaw that assist in reducing
particles of solid food, making them more easily swallowed; teeth usually act as the
grinding and biting surface. In cats and dogs, food is reduced only to a size that
permits easy swallowing.
4. In digestion, a bolus (from Latin bolus, "ball") is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva
that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing (which is largely an adaptation
 for plant-eating mammals). It has the same color as the food being eaten, and the
saliva gives it an alkaline pH.

4. Enumerate the digestive enzymes, their source/origin; the substrate they act upon,
and the end products of the digestion process.

1. Salivary Amylase:

-Source: Salivary glands (saliva)

-Substrate: Starch

-End Products: Maltose

2. Pancreatic Amylase:

-Source: Salivary glands and the pancreas

-Substrate: potato starch, corn starch and dye-labeled starch

-End Product: maltose

3. Pepsin:

-Source: stomach

-Substrate: protein

-End Product: Peptides

4. Trypsin:

-Source: Pancreas

-Substrate: Protein

-End Product: dipeptides

5. Lipase:

-Source: pancreas, mouth, and stomach

-Substrate: Triglycerides (fats)

-End Product: Fatty acids and glycerol

6. Lactase:

-Source: Small Intestine

 -Substrate: lactose

-End Product: glucose and galactose

7. Sucrase:

-Source: the tips of the villi of the epithelium in the small intestine

-Substance: sucrose

-End Product: glucose and fructose

8. Maltase:

-Source: plants, bacteria, and yeast

-Substance: disaccharide maltose

-End Product: d-glucose

9. Peptidases:

-Source: Small Intestine

-Substrate: Peptides

-End Product: Amino acids

5. Label the parts of the following skeletal system of farm animals:

1. Esophagus 3. Liver 5. Duodenum

2. Stomach 4. Pancreas 6. Colon

Image I.

1. Rumen 4. Abomasum 7. Large Intestine 9. Cecum

2. Omasum 6. Small Intestine 8. Rectum

Image II.

1. Rumen 3. Reticulum 5. Esophagus

2. Omasum 4. Abomasum 6. Small Intestine

Image I.

1. Pharynx 2. Esophagus 4. Cecum 3. Stomach 6. Colon 7. Small Intestine 8. Rectum 9.

Anus

Image II.

2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small Intestine 5. Caecum 6. Large colon 7. Small colon 8.

Rectum 9. Anus
Reference:

Paudyal, S. (2021). Using rumination time to manage health and reproduction in

dairy cattle: a review. Veterinary Quarterly, 41(1), 292–300.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1987581
Rumination - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/rumination#:~:text=Rumination%20is%20a%20complex
%20process

Parish, J. (2011). Ruminant Digestive Anatomy and Function.

https://extension.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/topic-files/cattle-business-
mississippi-articles/cattle-business-mississippi-articles-landing-page/
mca_feb2011.pdf

5. ‌Digestive Systems in Farm Animals. (n.d.). Resources.hwb.gov.wales. Retrieved

December 14, 2023, from
https://resources.hwb.gov.wales/VTC/2022/animal-science/presentations/
e-05.html#:~:text=Digestion%20is%20the%20process%20of

‌Farm4Trade Suite. (n.d.). Www.farm4tradesuite.com. Retrieved December 14,

2023, from https://www.farm4tradesuite.com/blog/the-importance-of-
understanding-animals-digestive-process#:~:text=Prehension%3A
%20snatching%20into%20or%20taking

‌Chewing | Mastication, Muscles, Jaw Movements | Britannica. (n.d.).

Www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/chewing#:~:text=chewing-
‌Bolus (digestion). (2023, March 13). Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)#:~:text=In%20digestion
%2C%20a%20bolus%20(from

‌Peyrot des Gachons, C., & Breslin, P. A. S. (2016). Salivary amylase: Digestion and
Metabolic Syndrome. Current Diabetes Reports, 16(10), 102.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-016-0794-7

‌Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2019). 15.3 Digestive System Processes – Concepts of
Biology-1st Canadian Edition. Opentextbc.ca.
https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/15-3-digestive-system-processes/

‌Alpha Amylase Pancreas Isoenzyme - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.).

Www.sciencedirect.com. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-
and-dentistry/alpha-amylase-pancreas-isoenzyme#:~:text=Pancreatic
%20amylase%20is%20the%20major

‌Peyrot des Gachons, C., & Breslin, P. A. S. (2016). Salivary amylase: Digestion and
Metabolic Syndrome. Current Diabetes Reports, 16(10), 102.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-016-0794-7

‌Takeuchi, T., Kozu, T., Watanabe, S., Morita, M., Shiratori, K., & Shibata, I. (1978).
Substrate specificity for pancreatic amylase. Gastroenterologia
Japonica, 13(5), 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02776017

Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2019). 15.3 Digestive System Processes – Concepts of
Biology-1st Canadian Edition. Opentextbc.ca.
https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/15-3-digestive-system-processes/
‌Heda, R., Toro, F., & Tombazzi, C. R. (2020). Physiology, Pepsin. PubMed;
StatPearls Publishing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537005/#:~:text=Pepsin%20is
%20a%20stomach%20enzyme

‌Name the gland that secretes pepsin. (n.d.). Byjus.com.

https://byjus.com/question-answer/name-the-gland-that-secretes-pepsin/

Which of the following is a substrate of pepsin? (n.d.). Toppr Ask. Retrieved

December 14, 2023, from https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/which-of-
the-following-is-a-substrate-of-pepsin/

‌Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2019). 15.3 Digestive System Processes – Concepts of
Biology-1st Canadian Edition. Opentextbc.ca.
https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/15-3-digestive-system-processes/

‌WebMD. (2019). Trypsin: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning.
Webmd.com.
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-879/trypsin

Trypsin Function: A Proteolytic Enzyme Vital for Good Health. (2018, April 13).
Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/trypsin-
function#:~:text=Trypsin%20is%20produced%20by%20the%20pancreas
%20in%20an%20inactive%20form%20called%20trypsinogen.

‌What is Trypsin Substrate and Its Application? (n.d.). Www.bocsci.com.

https://www.bocsci.com/resources/what-is-trypsin-substrate-and-its-
application.html#:~:text=Trypsin%20substrates%20are%20molecules%20or
‌Name the food material on which trypsin acts and name the end products. (n.d.).
Toppr Ask. https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/name-the-food-material-
on-which-trypsin-acts-and-name/

‌Lipase Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test. (2022, August 29). Medlineplus.gov.

https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/lipase-tests/#:~:text=Lipase%20is%20a
%20type%20of

‌Lipase Information | Mount Sinai - New York. (n.d.). Mount Sinai Health System.
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/supplement/lipase#:~:text=Lip
ase%20is%20produced%20in%20the

‌Lipase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-
molecular-biology/lipase#:~:text=Typical%20natural%20lipase
%20substrates%20include

Lipase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/lipase#:~:text=Lipase%20catalyzes%20the%20hydrolysis
%20reaction

‌WebMD. (2019). Lactase: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning.
Webmd.com.
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-540/lactase

‌LCT gene: MedlinePlus Genetics. (n.d.). Medlineplus.gov.

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/lct/#:~:text=Lactase%20is
%20produced%20by%20some
‌Chapter 4 ENERGY AND ENZYMES Figure 4-1. Changes of Free Energy in
Biochemical Reactions. (n.d.).
https://www.uwgb.edu/pottu/BioI/Lab/chapter4.pdf

‌Enzymes and Reaction Rates. (n.d.). Www2.Nau.edu.

https://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/enzymes/enzymes.html#:~:text=Wit
h%20the%20aid%20of%20the

‌Sucrase. (2020, September 3). Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrase#:~:text=Sucrase%20is%20a
%20digestive%20enzyme

‌Sucrose | Definition, Characteristics, & Natural Sources | Britannica. (n.d.).

Www.britannica.com.
https://www.britannica.com/science/sucrose#:~:text=Sucrose%20occurs
%20naturally%20in%20sugarcane

Substrate (biochemistry). (2016, October 17). Wikipedia.

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)#:~:text=An
%20example%3A%20Sucrase%2C%20400%20times

‌What are the end-products of digestion of: Sucrose. (n.d.). Toppr Ask. Retrieved
December 17, 2023, from
https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/zxcvbnm741-2/

‌The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2014). Maltase | enzyme.

In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/maltase
‌Nawaz, M. A., Pervez, S., Jamal, M., Jan, T., Khan, W., Rauf, A., Aman, A., & Qader,
S. A. U. (2019). Maltose deterioration approach: Catalytic behavior
optimization and stability profile of maltase from Bacillus licheniformis
KIBGE-IB4. Biotechnology Reports, 24, e00400.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00400

‌VAN DER VELDEN, & HULSMANN, A. R. (1999). Peptidases: structure, function

and modulation of peptide‐mediated effects in the human lung. Clinical
and Experimental Allergy, 29(4), 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-
2222.1999.00462.x

‌VAN DER VELDEN, & HULSMANN, A. R. (1999). Peptidases: structure, function

and modulation of peptide‐mediated effects in the human lung. Clinical
and Experimental Allergy, 29(4), 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-
2222.1999.00462.x

‌Rawlings, N. D. (2016). Peptidase specificity from the substrate cleavage

collection in the MEROPS database and a tool to measure cleavage site
conservation. Biochimie, 122, 5–30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.003

‌3.43 Protein Digestion in the Small Intestine | Nutrition Flexbook. (n.d.).

Courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved December 17, 2023, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-nutrition/chapter/3-43-protein-
digestion-in-the-small-intestine/#:~:text=The%20products%20of%20the
%20action
Monogastric Digestive System Gall Bladder Colon Stomach Liver Rectum Anus
Mouth Cecum Pancreas Small Intestine. (n.d.). Www.semanticscholar.org.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Monogastric-Digestive-System-
 Gall-Bladder-Colon/243b78c5edc3079d85e6dd28020aa255d837c508/
figure/0

Title: MOTIVASI PETANI TERHADAP PEMANFAATAN FECES SAPI SEBAGAI

PUPUK ... (n.d.). Www.google.com. Retrieved December 17, 2023, from
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=x-raw-image:///616eeddffb807ba
1f7b1bdf42c8a26db376e570c49a7bf9ad7f8cb941b0b8c4a&tbnid=oXuA-
9_tbmGQDM&vet=1&imgrefurl=https://kalipoh.kec-
ayah.kebumenkab.go.id/index.php/web/download_process/
4/170&docid=Gjp5RT98NjlqOM&w=913&h=569&hl=en-
US&gl=US&source=sh/x/im/m1/2

‌Debunking the myth that ruminants have four stomachs. (2019, January 9).
AGDAILY. https://www.agdaily.com/insights/debunking-the-myth-that-
ruminants-have-four-stomachs/

‌
 An Sci 111 – Introduction to Animal Science

Exercise No. 5

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF FARM ANIMALS

‌ Name: Miles Cesar R. Bagood Score:

______________

Lab. Section:1a4 Date: December 14,

2023

1. In what part of the reproductive tract the following events take place?

a) Ovulation: Ovary

- is the release of an egg from your ovary, into your fallopian tube.

b) Oogenesis: Outermost layer of the Ovaries

- occurs in the outermost layers of the ovaries.

a. Fertilization: Fallopian Tubes

- Fertilization of an egg by a sperm normally occurs in the fallopian tubes.

b. Implantation: Uterus

- the process of attachment of the fetus to the wall of the uterus

c. Spermatogenesis: Seminiferous tubules of the testis

- a complex, strictly regulated process that takes place inside the seminiferous tubules of the
testis.

2. How does the animal regulate the temperature of its scrotum during hot and cold
climatic conditions?

The tunica dartos, a thin sheet of smooth muscle under the scrotal skin, is controlled by
sympathetic nerves and contracts and relaxes in cold and warm environments, respectively.
The cremaster muscle also contracts to draw the testes closer to the body under cold ambient
conditions.
3. Explain the mechanics of penis erection prior/ during mating

Reflexogenic erection is produced by tactile stimuli to the genital organs. The impulses reach
the spinal erection centers; some then follow the ascending tract, resulting in sensory
perception, while others activate the autonomic nuclei to send messages via the cavernous
nerves to the penis to induce erection.

4. Fill up the following tables.

Table 1. Female Reproduction.

Species Onset Age at Length Length Gestatio Time of Optimum Advisable

of First of of n Period Ovulation Time for Time to Breed
Puberty Service Estrus Estrus Service after
Cycle Parturition
Mare 12 and 4 and 21 days 6 days 320 to 24 to 48 14 to 16 6 years
18 12 (+ 3 380 days hours hours
months days)
Cow 13 – 14 23.1, 21 days 21 283 days 13.57+0.68 12 to 24 45 to 60 days
months 18.5, days (around hours hours
30.0, 9
and months)
25.2+9.5
months
Ewe 4-6 18 24 to 36 24 to 152 days 20 to 30 12 to 18 21 days
months months hours 36 hours hours
hours
Sow about 233-253 18 to 21 55 115 days 10 hours 36 to 44 113 to 114
7 days days hours to 85 hours days
months hours

Reference:

1. In what part of the reproductive tract do the following events take - Brainly.ph.
(n.d.). Brainly.ph. Retrieved December 17, 2023, from
https://brainly.ph/question/5695492

‌Themes, U. F. O. (2017, August 24). Thermoregulation of the Testes. Veterian Key.

https://veteriankey.com/thermoregulation-of-the-testes/#:~:text=The
%20tunica%20dartos%2C%20a%20thin

Dean, R. C., & Lue, T. F. (2005). Physiology of Penile Erection and Pathophysiology
of Erectile Dysfunction. Urologic Clinics of North America, 32(4), 379–395.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2005.08.007
Anatomy, physiology and reproduction in the mare | ontario.ca. (n.d.).
Www.ontario.ca. Retrieved December 18, 2023, from
https://www.ontario.ca/page/anatomy-physiology-and-reproduction-
mare#:~:text=Horses%20reach%20puberty%20between%2012%20and
%2018%20months%20of%20age.

‌The Cow-Calf Manager. (n.d.). Www.sites.ext.vt.edu. Retrieved December 18,

2023, from https://www.sites.ext.vt.edu/newsletter-archive/livestock/aps-
04_03/aps-315.html#:~:text=Early%20(9%2D12%20mo.)&text=Moderate
%20(12%2D14%20mo.)&text=Late%20(14%2D16%20mo.)&text=Crossbred
%20heifers%20are%20younger%20at%20puberty%20than%20purebred
%20heifers.

Roldán-Roldán, A., García-Martínez, E., Río-Araiza, V. D., Berruecos-Villalobos, J.

M., Zarco-Quintero, L. A., Valencia, J., Roldán-Roldán, A., García-Martínez,
E., Río-Araiza, V. D., Berruecos-Villalobos, J. M., Zarco-Quintero, L. A., &
Valencia, J. (2016). Puberty age in pelibuey ewes lambs, daughters of ewes
with seasonal or continuous reproductive activity, born out of
season. Agrociencia, 50(4), 441–448.
https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-
31952016000400441&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#:~:text=In%20breeds
%20of%20temperate%20origin

Gilt (Swine) - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com.

Retrieved December 18, 2023, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/gilt-
swine#:~:text=Tenth%20Edition)%2C%202019-
What is the Best Age to Breed a Mare? (n.d.). NexGen Pharmaceuticals.
https://nexgenvetrx.com/blog/equine/breedingproducts/what-is-the-best-
age-to-breed-a-mare/#:~:text=Despite%20early%20breeding%20(between
%20two

Age at first calving in dairy cows: which months do you aim for to maximise
productivity? by Michael Steele. (n.d.). RCVS Knowledge. Retrieved
December 18, 2023, from https://knowledge.rcvs.org.uk/document-
library/age-at-first-calving-in-dairy-cows-which-months-do-you-aim-for/
#:~:text=vet.

Fisheries, A. and. (2022, November 22). Breeding age of ewes.

Www.business.qld.gov.au.
https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/
agriculture/animal/industries/sheep/breeding/ewes/age

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
337942854_Optimal_age_of_breeding_gilts_and_its_impact_on_lifetime_
performance/fulltext/5df66c6aa6fdcc28372457e6/Optimal-age-of-
breeding-gilts-and-its-impact-on-lifetime-performance.pdf

‌Anatomy, physiology and reproduction in the mare | ontario.ca. (n.d.).

Www.ontario.ca. https://www.ontario.ca/page/anatomy-physiology-and-
reproduction-mare#:~:text=The%20estrous%20cycle%20in%20most
Larson, R., & Randle, R. (n.d.). The Bovine Estrous Cycle and Synchronization of
Estrus. https://www.vet.k-state.edu/academics/student-faculty-
handbook/studentorgs/aadpDocs/Estrous_Cycle_physiology1.pdf

Animal and Range Sciences Extension - MSU Extenison Animal and Range Science
| Montana State University. (n.d.). Animalrangeextension.montana.edu.
https://animalrangeextension.montana.edu/sheep/reproduction.html#:~:t
ext=Estrous%20Cycle%3A%20In%20sheep%20the

Reproduction in Swine - Understanding the Estrous Cycle for Herd Management.

(2018). Psu.edu. https://extension.psu.edu/reproduction-in-swine-
understanding-the-estrous-cycle-for-herd-management#:~:text=In
%20swine%2C%20the%20estrous%20cycle

Anatomy, physiology and reproduction in the mare | ontario.ca. (n.d.).

Www.ontario.ca. https://www.ontario.ca/page/anatomy-physiology-and-
reproduction-mare#:~:text=Estrus%20usually%20lasts%20for%206

Estrous Cycle Learning Module. (n.d.). UNL Beef.

https://beef.unl.edu/learning/estrous.shtml#:~:text=The%20estrous
%20cycle%20of%20the%20cow%20is%20generally%20about%2021

Sheep reproduction basics and conception rates | ontario.ca. (n.d.).

Www.ontario.ca. Retrieved December 18, 2023, from
 https://www.ontario.ca/page/sheep-reproduction-basics-and-conception-
rates#:~:text=The%20length%20of%20time%20that

Board, N. P. (n.d.). Estrus or Heat Detection. Pork Information Gateway. Retrieved

December 18, 2023, from https://porkgateway.org/resource/estrus-or-
heat-detection/#:~:text=Estrus%20generally%20lasts%2040%20hours

Equine Reproduction From Conception to Birth | AAEP. (n.d.). Aaep.org.

https://aaep.org/horsehealth/equine-reproduction-conception-
birth#:~:text=Normal%20mares%20have%20a%20broad

Everything you need to know about the gestation period for cows. (n.d.).
Www.breedr.co. https://www.breedr.co/news/everything-you-need-to-
know-about-the-gestation-period-for-cows#:~:text=A%20cow%20is
%20pregnant%20for

Kott, R. (n.d.). Animal and Range Sciences Extension - MSU Extenison Animal and
Range Science | Montana State University.
Animalrangeextension.montana.edu.
https://animalrangeextension.montana.edu/sheep/reproduction.html#:~:t
ext=Gestation%3A%20Average%20gestation%20length%20or

‌
Developmental Milestones During Pig Gestation. (n.d.). Penn State Extension.
https://extension.psu.edu/developmental-milestones-during-pig-
gestation#:~:text=Generally%2C%20the%20length%20of%20time

Anatomy, physiology and reproduction in the mare | ontario.ca. (n.d.).

Www.ontario.ca. Retrieved December 18, 2023, from
https://www.ontario.ca/page/anatomy-physiology-and-reproduction-
mare#:~:text=Ovulation%2C%20the%20release%20of%20the

Brewster, J. E., & Cole, C. L. (1941). The Time of Ovulation in Cattle. Journal of
Dairy Science, 24(2), 111–115. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-
0302(41)95391-2

Sheep 201: Reproduction in the ewe. (n.d.). Www.sheep101.Info.

https://www.sheep101.info/201/ewerepro.html

Soede, N. M., & Kemp, B. (1997). Expression of oestrus and timing of ovulation in
pigs. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement, 52, 91–103.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9602722/#:~:text=The%20duration%20of
%20oestrus%20may

When is the Best Time to Breed Your Mare? (n.d.). Irongate Equine Clinic.
https://www.irongateequine.com/education/when-is-the-best-time-to-
breed-your-mare
‌

Timing of Insemination for Dairy Cattle. (n.d.). Extension.psu.edu.

https://extension.psu.edu/timing-of-insemination-for-dairy-
cattle#:~:text=Summarizing%20results%20from%20a%20large

Reproductive Physiology of Sheep - Management and Nutrition. (n.d.). MSD

Veterinary Manual. Retrieved December 18, 2023, from
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/managemen
t-of-reproduction-sheep/reproductive-physiology-of-sheep#:~:text=The
%20optimal%20time%20to%20breed

Timing of service in sows | AHDB. (n.d.). Ahdb.org.uk.

https://ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/timing-of-service-in-
sows#:~:text=Insemination%20must%20occur%20some%20hours

Stout, T. (n.d.). How to Decide When to Breed the Postpartum Mare.

https://aaep.org/sites/default/files/issues/proceedings-12proceedings-
How_to_Manage_the_Subfertile_Mare-Stout_-_How_to_Decide.pdf

Heersche, G. (n.d.). When to Start Breeding After Calving.

https://afs.ca.uky.edu/files/when_to_start_breeding_after_calving.pdf
‌
Breeding Management of Pigs - Management and Nutrition. (n.d.). MSD
Veterinary Manual. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-
 nutrition/management-of-reproduction-pigs/breeding-management-of-
pigs

Breeding Management of Sheep and Goat. (2021). Tnau.ac.in.

http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/sheepgoat/Breeding
%20Management%20of%20Sheep%20and%20Goat.html