Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition

Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;

and Bruce E. Bursten

Chapter 2
Atoms, Molecules,
and Ions

John D. Bookstaver Atoms,

St. Charles Community College Molecules,
1 Ions
and
Cottleville, MO
 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules,
and Ions
2.5 The Periodic Table
2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds

Atoms,
Molecules,
2 Ions
and
2.5 The Periodic Table

Atoms,
Molecules,
3 Ions
and
 Atomic Mass

The mass of an atom in atomic mass units

(amu) is the total number of protons and
neutrons in the atom.

Atoms,
Molecules,
4 Ions
and
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 Isotopes
• Isotopes are atoms with identical atomic
numbers but different mass numbers.
• Isotopes have different numbers of
neutrons.
11 12 13 14
6 C 6 C 6 C 6 C

Atoms,
Molecules,
5 Ions
and
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 The Periodic Table
• The periodic table is a systematic
organization of the elements.
• Is the arrangement of elements in order of
increasing atomic number, with elements
having similar properties placed in vertical
columns.

Atoms,
Molecules,
6 Ions
and
Periodic Table

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 Periodicity

When one looks at the chemical properties of

elements, one notices a repeating pattern of
reactivities.

Atoms,
Molecules,
8 Ions
and
 Reading the Periodic Table
• Boxes on the periodic table list the atomic number
ABOVE the symbol.
• The atomic weight of an element is listed below
the symbol on the periodic table.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
Organization of the Periodic Table
• The rows (7) on the periodic table are called periods.
• Columns (18) are called groups.
• Elements in the same group have similar physical and
chemical properties.
• The first period consists of two elements
• The second and third periods consists of eight elements
• The fourth and fifth periods contain 18 elements
• The sixth period has 32 elements, but for it to fit in a page,
14 of these elements (atomic number 57-70) appear at the
bottom of the table.
Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 Groups

These five groups are known by their names.

* 1A – 8A Main group elements
* 1B – 8B Transition metals
* Group 1B Coinage metals
Atoms,
Chemistry (IUPAC) numbers the groups from 1 through Molecules,
11 Ions
18 with no A or B designations. and
Periodic Table
• Nonmetals are on
the right side of
the periodic table
(they include H).
• They can be solid
(like carbon), liquid
(like bromine), or
gas (like neon) at
room temperature.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
Periodic Table

Atoms,
Molecules,
13 Ions
and
Periodic Table

Metalloids
border the
stepped line
(stair-step
line), with the
exception of
Al, Po, and
astatine (At).

Atoms,
Molecules,
14 Ions
and
Periodic Table
• Their properties
are sometimes like
metals and
sometimes like
nonmetals.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
Periodic Table
• Metals are on the
left side of the
periodic table.
• Some properties of
metals include
– Shiny luster
– Conducting heat
and electricity
– Solids (except
mercury)

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
Sample Exercise:Using the Periodic Table
Which two of the following elements would you expect to show
the greatest similarity in chemical and physical properties:
B, Ca, F, He, Mg, P?
Solution
Ca and Mg should be most alike because they are in the same
group (2A, the alkaline earth metals).

Atoms,
Molecules,
17 Ions
and
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Practice Exercise

Locate Na (sodium) and Br (bromine) on the periodic table.

Give the atomic number of each, and label each a metal,
metalloid, or nonmetal.
Answer:
Na, atomic number 11, is a metal
Br, atomic number 35, is a nonmetal

Atoms,
Molecules,
18 Ions
and
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
 Ground State Electron Configurations of the Elements
Valence shell

ns2 np1

ns2 np2
ns2 np3
ns2 np4
ns2 np5

ns2 np6
ns1 ns2 Valence electrons

Atoms,
Molecules,
19 Ions
and
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds

Atoms,
Molecules,
20 Ions
and
 Molecules and Molecular
Compounds
Molecule:
made from two or more atoms in a definite
arrangement held together by chemical forces

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

Atoms,
Molecules,
21 Ions
and
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 Molecules and Molecular
Compounds

Diatomic Molecule:
contains only two atoms
H2 N2 HCl CO

Polyatomic Molecule:
contains more than two atoms
O3 H2O NH3 CH4

Atoms,
Molecules,
22 Ions
and
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
 Ions and Ionic Compounds
• The nucleus of an atom is uncharged by
chemical processes, but some atoms
can readily gain or lose electrons.
• If electrons are removed from or added
to an atom, a charged particle called an
“ion” is formed.
• Ion with positive charge is a cation
• Ion with negative charge is an anion
Atoms,
Molecules,
23 Ions
and
 Ions
• Consider sodium atom of 11 protons and 11
electrons. It loses one electron, the resulting
cation has 11 protons and 10 electrons
therefore the net charge of the cation is 1+
represented by a superscript (Na+ ).
• Chlorine of 17 protons and 17 electrons ,can
gain an electron to produce an anion of 1- (Cl-
).

• The chemical properties of ions are very

different from that of its associated atom. Atoms,
Molecules,
24 Ions
and
 Predicting ionic charges
• Elements can obtain stable arrangement, as
the noble gases, by losing or gaining
electrons.
• The periodic table is very useful for
remembering ionic charges, the charges
related to their positions in the table.
• Group 1A (alkali metals) form 1+ ions. Group
2A (alkaline earths) form 2+
• Group 7A (halogens) form 1- ions. Group 6A
form 2- ions Atoms,
Molecules,
25 Ions
and
 Ions

• In general, metal atoms tend to lose electrons to form

monatomic cations (at the left side of the periodic chart).
• Monatomic anions are formed by nonmetals, except the noble
gases (on the right side of the periodic chart).

Atoms,
Molecules,
26 Ions
and
Common Cations

Atoms,
Molecules,
27 Ions
and
Common Anions

Atoms,
Molecules,
28 Ions
and
 Ions and Ionic Compounds

monatomic ion:
contains only one atom.
Na+ Cl- Ca2+ O2- Al3+ N3-

polyatomic ion:
contains more than one atom.
OH- CN- NH4+ NO3-

Atoms,
Molecules,
29 Ions
and
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 Polyatomic Ions
• Sometimes a group of atoms will gain or
lose electrons. These are polyatomic ions.
• A polyatomic cation:
– Ammonium ≡ NH4+
• A polyatomic anion:
– Sulfate ≡ SO42–

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
Sample Exercise 2.7 Writing Chemical Symbols for Ions
Give the chemical symbol, including mass number, for each of
the following ions: (a) The ion with 22 protons, 26 neutrons,
and 19 electrons; (b) the ion of sulfur that has 16 neutrons and
18 electrons.

(a) The number of protons (22) is the atomic number of the element. The
element with atomic number 22 is titanium (Ti). The mass number is 22 +
26 = 48 (the sum of the protons and neutrons). Because the ion has three
more protons than electrons, it has a net charge of 3+. Thus, the symbol for
the ion is 48Ti3+.

(b) sulfur (S) has an atomic number of 16. Thus, each atom or ion of sulfur
must contain 16 protons. The mass number of the ion is 16 + 16 = 32.
Because the ion has 16 protons and 18 electrons, its net charge is 2–. Thus,
the symbol for the ion is 32S2–.
Atoms,
Molecules,
31 Ions
and
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Practice Exercise

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does the 79Se2– ion
possess?

Answer: 34 protons, 45 neutrons, and 36 electrons

Atoms,
Molecules,
32 Ions
and
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
 Atoms,
Molecules,
33 Ions
and
 Ionic compounds
• A great deal of chemical activity
involves the transfer of electrons from
one substance to another.
• Because of opposite charge (Na+ and
Cl- ions bind together to form sodium
chloride NaCl as example of ionic
compound.

Atoms,
Molecules,
34 Ions
and
 Ionic compounds
• Ionic compounds (such as NaCl) are generally
formed between metals and nonmetals.
• Electrons are transferred from the metal to the
nonmetal. The oppositely charged ions attract
each other.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
• The ionic compounds are arranged in three-
dimensional structures as shows for NaCl.

Atoms,
Molecules,
36 Ions
and
 Ionic compounds
• In general cations are metal ions and
anion are nonmetals ions.
• The sum of the charges on the cation(s)
and anion(s) in each formula unit must
equal zero.

• H2O is composed of nonmetal only.

Atoms,
Molecules,
37 Ions
and
 Sample exercise 2.9
• Which of these compounds would you
expect to be ionic.
– N2O, Na2O, CaCl2, SF4
• We predict that Na2O, CaCl2 are ionic
compounds because they are composed of
metal combined with a nonmetal. While
N2O and SF4 are molecular compounds
because they are composed of nonmetals

Atoms,
Molecules,
38 Ions
and
 Ions and Ionic Compounds

 Molecular Compounds:
nonmetal + nonmetal = molecular compound
H2O Cl2 NO2 CO2

 Ionic Compounds:
metal + nonmetal = ionic compound

Atoms,
Molecules,
39 Ions
and
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
 Writing Formulas

• Because compounds are electrically neutral,

one can determine the formula of a
compound this way:
– The charge on the cation becomes the subscript
on the anion.
– The charge on the anion becomes the subscript
on the cation.
– If these subscripts are not in the lowest whole-
number ratio, divide them by the greatest common
Atoms,
factor. Molecules,
and Ions
 Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
© 2012 Pearson
 Ions and Ionic Compounds
Ionic Compounds:
sum of charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
formula unit must equal zero.

Na+ Cl- NaCl

Al3+ O2- Al2O3

Ca2+ Br- CaBr2
Na+ CO32- Na2CO3
Atoms,
Molecules,
42 Ions
and
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Sample Exercise 2.10 Using Ionic Charge to Write Empirical
Formulas for Ionic Compounds
What are the empirical formulas of the compounds formed by
(a) Al3+ and Cl– ions, (b) Al3+ and O2– ions, (c) Mg2+ and NO3–
ions?

(a) Three CL– ions are required to balance the charge of one AL3+ ion.
Thus, the formula is AlCl3.

(b) Two AL3+ ions are required to balance the charge of three O2– ions (that
is, the total positive charge is 6+, and the total negative charge is 6–). Thus,
the formula is Al2O3.

(c) Two NO3– ions are needed to balance the charge of one Mg2+. Thus, the
formula is Mg(NO3)2. In this case the formula for the entire polyatomic ion
NO3– must be enclosed in parentheses so that it is clear that the subscript 2
applies to all the atoms of that ion. Atoms,
Molecules,
43 Ions
and
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
 Atoms,
Molecules,
44 Ions
and
Practice Exercise

Write the empirical formulas for the compounds formed by the

following ions:
(a) Na+ and PO43–, (b) Zn2+ and SO42–, (c) Fe3+ and CO32–.

Answer:
a) Na3PO4
b) ZnSO4
c) Fe2(CO3)3

Atoms,
Molecules,
45 Ions
and
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Atoms of elements on the left side
of the periodic table tend to:
a. gain electrons.
b. lose electrons.
c. keep electrons.
d. share electrons. Atoms,
Molecules,
46 Ions
and
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Atoms of elements on the left side
of the periodic table tend to:
a. gain electrons.
b. lose electrons.
c. keep electrons.
d. share electrons. Atoms,
Molecules,
47 Ions
and
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Thank you

Atoms,
Molecules,
48 Ions
and