HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Jan 18, 2023

Chapter 1 : • Endocrine System

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Cardiovascular System

OF THE HUMAN BODY • Lymphatic System
ANATOMY • Respiratory System
- Structure
- Shape • Digestive System
- Parts • Urinary System
- Relationship to one another
• Reproductive System (Male and Female)
PHYSIOLOGY
- Functions of the body ORGAN SYSTEM

SUBDIVISIONS OF PHYSIOLOGY
- Cardiovascular physiology
- Renal physiology
- Neurophysiology
- Pathophysiology

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Functional changes associated with
disease and aging

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• External body

• Protection

• Vitamin D

• Regulate body
temperature

• Nerve receptors
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
1. Atoms NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory
2. Cells
receptors
3. Tissues
• Responds to
4. Organs
stimuli
5. Organ systems
• Messenger
6. Organism
• Response
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
• Integumentary System

• Nervous System
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM
• Hormones • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

• Growth • Eliminates wastes

• Reproduction • Homeostasis

• Electrolyte
balance

• BP regulation
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Heart,
ORGAN SYSTEM
blood
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
vessels
• MALE: testes, scrotum, penis, accessory
• Transports
glands, duct
blood
• FEMALE : ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
• Protection
vagina
from foreign
invaders

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid
organs

• Complements the
cardiovascular system

• Cleanses the blood

Immunity

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, Necessary Life Functions
bronchi, lungs • Maintain boundaries
• Movement
• Exchange of
• Locomotion
gases • Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small &
large intestines, rectum,
accessory organs

• Breaks down food

• Nutrient absorption

• Eliminates waste
 SURVIVAL NEEDS
• Nutrients
• Oxygen
• Water
• Normal Body Temperature
• Atmospheric pressure

HOMEOSTASIS
- To maintain relatively stable internal
conditions
- Dynamic state of EQUILIBRIUM or
BALANCE
- Homeostatic Imbalance

COMPONENTS OF HOMEOSTASIS
RECEPTOR: monitors and responds to
changes in environment

CONTROL CENTER: determines the level at

which a variable is to be maintained

EFFECTOR: provides control center's

response to stimulus

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL
MECHANISMS
- Negative Feedback
- Mechanism mechanisms that seem to
be naturally stable
- Positive Feedback Mechanism REGIONAL TERMS
- result of an uncontrolled conditions - Anterior
- Posterior

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

ANATOMICAL POSITION
- To avoid confusion
- Stand erect
- Feet parallel
- Arms hanging at the sides
- with palms facing forward
- thumbs pointing away from the body
 BODY CAVITIES

DORSAL CAVITY
- Cranial
- Spinal

VENTRAL CAVITY
- Thoracic
- Abdominopelvic

• ORAL AND DIGESTIVE

CAVITIES
• NASAL CAVITY
• ORBITAL CAVITIES
• MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY • SYNOVIAL CAVITIES
SUBDIVISIONS :
1. Four Quadrants

2. Nine Regions