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PRESIDENT FIDEL V.
RAMOS (1992-1998)
● Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from the coverage of CARP.
● Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened the implementation of the CARP.
THE AGRARIAN REFORM POLICIES June 10,1988 ● Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) – Provided an additional Php50 billion for CARP and extended its implementation for
.A 6657 COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM (CARP)Land redistribution of governmental and private agricultural properties to
R another 10 years. President Fidel V. Ramos enacted the following laws.
landless farmers and farmworkers. One of its visions is to make the countryside economically viable for the Filipino family by building partnership
and promoting social equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting peace and sustainable rural development. On June 10, 1988, former .A 9700 COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM EXTENSION WITH REFORMS (CARPER)August 7,2009 - An act strengthening
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President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). The the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), extending the acquisition and distribution of all agricultural lands, instituting necessary
law became effective on June 15, 1988. reforms, amending for the purpose certain provision of Republic Act No. 6657.
PRESIDENT CORAZON C. AQUINO (1986-1992) PRESIDENT GLORIA MACAPACAL-ARROYO (2000-2010)
● Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 – Declared full ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It also determined the ● Land Tenure Improvement - DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land acquisition and distribution components of CARP. The DAR will
value of remaining unvalued rice and corn lands subject of PD 27 and provided for the manner of payment by the FBs and mode of improve the land tenure system through land distribution and leasehold.
compensation to landowners. ● Provision of Support Services - CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also includes a package of support services which
● Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 – Provided mechanism for the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program includes: credit assistance, extension services, irrigation facilities, roads and bridges, marketing facilities and training and technical support
(CARP). programs.
● Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 – Instituted the CARP as a major program of the government. It provided for a special fund known as
the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50 billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992. HO ARE THE CARP BENEFICIARIES?
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● Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) – An act which became effective June 15, 1988 and instituted SECTION 22. Qualified Beneficiaries:
a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization providing the mechanism for its implementation and (a) agricultural lessees and share tenants;
for other purposes. This law is still the one being implemented at present. (b) regular farmworkers;
● Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 – Vested in the Land Bank of the Philippines the responsibility to determine land valuation and (c) seasonal farmworkers;
compensation for all lands covered by CARP. (d) other farmworkers;
(e) actual tillers or occupants of public lands;
AND TENURE IMPROVEMENT
L (f) collectives or cooperatives of the above beneficiaries; and
The LTI component seeks to secure the tenurial status of the farmers and farmworkers in the lands they till. This involves the following: (g) others directly working on the land.
● LAND ACQUISITION AND DISTRIBUTION (LAD)This includes both private agricultural lands (PAL) and non private agricultural fields QUALIFICATIONS:
(NPAL) (refers to distributed settlements and government owned lands). It makes use of the acquisition schemes of Voluntary Offer to Sell ● At least 15 years old
(VOS), Voluntary Land Transfer (VLT), Compulsory Acquisition (CA), and those that have been foreclosed by government financing ● Resident of barangay where land holding is located
institutions (GFIs). ● Own no more than 3 hectares of agricultural lands
● LAND USE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (LUMD)This is a pre-land-distribution operation that entails conducting a subdivision
survey for individual landholdings to be granted to qualifying Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries. OVERNMENT OFFICES INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAM
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They are in responsible of identifying and distributing covered land, often known as CARPable land
.A 8532February 23, 1998 - An act modifying section 63 of Republic Act No. 6657, popularly known as "the CARP legislation of 1988," to
R ● DEPARTMENT OF AGRARIAN REFORM (DAR)This department oversees the execution of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
enhance the comprehensive agricultural reform program (CARP) further by creating an augmentation fund. (CARP) through improving land tenure, promoting agrarian justice, and coordinating the supply of critical support services to
client-beneficiaries.
● D
EPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES (DENR)This department is in charge of conserving, managing, A state is a complete body of free persons united together for the common benefit, to peacefully enjoy what is their own and to do justice to
●
developing, and properly utilizing the country's environment and natural resources, as well as licensing and regulating the use of all natural others.
resources as specified by current laws. ● A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control
and possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience. (James Wilford).
HAT IS A CONSTITUTION?
W ELEMENTS OF STATE
● A constitution is defined as the fundamental law of a nation or state. 1. TERRITORY
● Basic principles and law of a nation, state or social group that determine the power and duties of government and guarantee rights to the people.
2. GOVERNMENT
● A constitution is also described as “the highest expression of the law”.
● It is the constitution that establishes the character and basic principles of the government. 3. CITIZEN
● The Constitution is a body of doctrines and practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of a political state. 4. SOVEREIGNTY
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONS 897 CONSTITUTION OF BIAK-NA-BATO
1
1. WRITTEN CONSTITUTION ● The constitution of Biak-na-Bato was the provisional constitution of the Philippine Republic. Known as “Constitución Provisional de la República
● A written constitution is one in which most of its provisions are embodied in a single formal written instrument or instruments. de Filipinas” (Provisional Constitution of the Philippines)
● It is a work of conscious art and the result of a deliberate effort to lay down a body of fundamental principles under which government shall be ● Tejeros Assembly - March 22, 1897
organized and conducted (Martin, 1960). ● Two Filipinos, Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer were tasked to write a constitution. Both decided to adopt the provisions of the Constitution framed
● The classic example of a written constitution is the United States Constitution which is also the first written national constitution in Jimaguayu, Cuba (Cuban Constitution). Written and promulgated in Spanish and Tagalog language
2. UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION ● Promulgated by the Philippine Revolutionary Government on November 1, 1897 at Biak-na-Bato in San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan.
● Unwritten constitution is one which is entirely the product of political evolution, consisting largely of a mass of customs, usages and judicial
decisions together with a smaller body of statutory enactments of a fundamental character, usually bearing different dates (Garner, in Cruz, 2002).
● The United Kingdom is an example of an unwritten constitution
3. CONVENTIONAL OR ENACTED CONSTITUTION
● A conventional or enacted is one, which has been formulated usually by a constitutional assembly or promulgated by the King (Garner, in Cruz,
2002).
● It is struck-off at a definite time and place.
4. CUMULATIVE OR EVOLVED CONSTITUTION
● A constitution is cumulative or evolved when it has its origin mainly in custom, common law principles; decisions of courts.
● It is the product of historical evolution and growth rather than of deliberate and formal enactment.
● It has no formal starting point, is not struck off at a specific date, and it changes by slow gradual accretion rather than by formal legal process.
5. RIGID AND FLEXIBLE CONSTITUTION
● A rigid constitution is one that can be amended only by a formal body and usually a difficult process, while a flexible is one that can be altered by
the same body that makes ordinary laws of the state (Since, 1938).
● Examples of a rigid constitution are those of the Philippines and United States, while flexible Constitution includes those of Great Britain, Hungary,
Italy, and Spain.
● The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines is classified as written, conventional and rigid constitution.
WHAT IS A STATE?
shall be the head of state and chief executive of the Republic of the Philippines
●
● shall be elected by direct vote of people for a term of six years
● no person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
● shall have an official residence and shall received a compensation to be fixed by the law
● during his tenure, he is not allowed to hold other office, practice any profession, participate in the management of any business
● shall have the control of the ministers
● the commander in chief
● shall formulate the guidelines of national policy
● the commander in chief
rime Minister
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● head of the Cabinet,
● responsible to the Batasang Pambansa for the program of the government approved by the President
● shall have supervision of all ministries Executive Power
● exercised by the government under the leadership of the president
The Malolos constitution was actually drafted when Emilio Aguinaldo already came back to the Philippines after the defeat of Spanish colonizers
●
in the Battle of Manila Bay (defeat of Spain by the United States in the Spanish-American War in 1898) on May 1, 1898.
● Declaration of Philippine independence issued on June 12, 1898. ctober 16-17, 1976
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● The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared, written, and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. ● A national referendum-plebiscite was held.
● The Malolos Congress had its inaugural session at Barasoain Church in Malolos on September 15, 1898. ● Majority of the barangay voters approved the continuation of Martial Law.
● Proclaimed, enacted and ratified “Constitucion politica” (Political Constitution) which was written in Spanish.
● Discussion for the Constitution began on October 25 after the submission of a draft by Felipe Calderon. Calderon drew inspiration from the
constitutions of Mexico, Belgium, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil and France. HE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – PREAMBLE
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● The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated on January 20, 1899 at Barasoain Church where Emilio Aguinaldo took his oath of office as the first We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that
President of the Republic. shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
The Malolos Constitution was the first republican constitution in Asia. Its main features were as follows: posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do
● Declared sovereignty resides exclusively in the people. ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
● It emphasized and safeguarded the basic civil rights of not only Filipinos but foreigners, through a Bill of Rights (Article XIX to XIXIII).
● It recognized the freedom of religion and the separation of church and state. ARTICLE I
● Called for creation of the Assembly of Representatives to act as a legislative body. NATIONAL TERRITORY
● Called for parliamentary republic as form of government with the president elected for a term of four years by the majority of the Assembly he national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the
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convened as a constituent assembly. Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil,
the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their
HAT IS UNICAMERAL SYSTEM?
W breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
● government with one legislative house ARTICLE II
WHAT IS BICAMERAL SYSTEM? DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
● Government with two legislative house PRINCIPLES
● The Senate and the House of the Representative Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in thepeopleandallgovernmentauthorityemanatesfrom
them.
The President
ection2.ThePhilippinesrenounceswarasaninstrumentofnationalpolicy,adoptsthegenerallyacceptedprinciplesofinternationallawaspartof
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the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations. ection 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism,
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accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.
ection 3. Civilian authority is, atalltimes,supremeoverthemilitary.TheArmedForcesofthePhilippinesistheprotectorofthepeopleandthe
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State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory. Section 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare.
ection4.TheprimedutyoftheGovernmentistoserveandprotectthepeople.TheGovernmentmaycalluponthepeopletodefendtheStateand,
S Section 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.
in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service.
ection 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages privateenterprise,andprovidesincentivestoneeded
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ection 5.Themaintenanceofpeaceandorder,theprotectionoflife,liberty,andproperty,andpromotionofthegeneralwelfareareessentialfor
S investments.
the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.
Section 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. Section 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.
TATE POLICIES
S ection 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and
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Section 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states,theparamountconsiderationshallbenational development.
sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination. Section 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.
Section 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory. Section 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.
ection 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independenceofthenationandfreethe
S Section 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.
people from povertythroughpoliciesthatprovideadequatesocialservices,promotefullemployment,arisingstandardofliving,andanimproved
quality of life for all. Section 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.
Section 10. The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development. ection 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and
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corruption.
Section 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
ection 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its
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ection 12. TheStaterecognizesthesanctityoffamilylifeandshallprotectandstrengthenthefamilyasabasicautonomoussocialinstitution.It
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shallequallyprotectthelifeofthemotherandthelifeoftheunbornfromconception.Thenaturalandprimaryrightanddutyofparentsintherearing
of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government. ARTICLE III
BILL OF RIGHTS
ection 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual,
S ection1.Nopersonshallbedeprivedoflife,liberty,orpropertywithoutdueprocessoflaw,norshallanypersonbedeniedtheequalprotectionof
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intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public andcivic the laws.
affairs.
ection 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of
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ection 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure thefundamentalequalitybeforethelawofwomenand
S whatevernatureandforanypurposeshallbeinviolable,andnosearchwarrantorwarrantofarrestshallissueexceptuponprobablecausetobe
men. determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and
particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
Section 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them.
ection3.(1)Theprivacyofcommunicationandcorrespondenceshallbeinviolableexceptuponlawfulorderofthecourt,orwhenpublicsafetyor
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ection16.TheStateshallprotectandadvancetherightofthepeopletoabalancedandhealthfulecologyinaccordwiththerhythmandharmony
S order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.
of nature. (2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
itnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf.
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ection4.Nolawshallbepassedabridgingthefreedomofspeech,ofexpression,orofthepress,ortherightofthepeoplepeaceablytoassemble
S However,afterarraignment,trialmayproceednotwithstandingtheabsenceoftheaccusedprovidedthathehasbeendulynotifiedandhisfailureto
and petition the government for redress of grievances. appear is unjustifiable.
ection5.Nolawshallbemaderespectinganestablishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof.Thefreeexerciseandenjoymentof
S ection 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety
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religiousprofessionandworship,withoutdiscriminationorpreference,shallforeverbeallowed.Noreligioustestshallberequiredfortheexerciseof requires it.
civil or political rights.
Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
ection6.Thelibertyofabodeandofchangingthesamewithinthelimitsprescribedbylawshallnotbeimpairedexceptuponlawfulorderofthe
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court. Neither shalltherighttotravelbeimpairedexceptintheinterestofnationalsecurity,publicsafety,orpublichealth,asmaybeprovidedby Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
law.
ection 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
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ection7.Therightofthepeopletoinformationonmattersofpublicconcernshallberecognized.Accesstoofficialrecords,andtodocumentsand
S (2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
paperspertainingtoofficialacts,transactions,ordecisions,aswellastogovernmentresearchdatausedasbasisforpolicydevelopment,shallbe
afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. ection 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall the death penalty be
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imposed,unless,forcompellingreasonsinvolvingheinouscrimes,theCongresshereafterprovidesforit.Anydeathpenaltyalreadyimposedshall
ection8.Therightofthepeople,includingthoseemployedinthepublicandprivatesectors,toformunions,associations,orsocietiesforpurposes
S be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
not contrary to law shall not be abridged. (2)Theemploymentofphysical,psychological,ordegradingpunishmentagainstanyprisonerordetaineeortheuseofsubstandardorinadequate
penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
ection21.Nopersonshallbetwiceputinjeopardyofpunishmentforthesameoffense.Ifanactispunishedbyalawandanordinance,conviction
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ection 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of
S or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
poverty.
Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
ection12.(1)Anypersonunderinvestigationforthecommissionofanoffenseshallhavetherighttobeinformedofhisrighttoremainsilentand
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tohavecompetentandindependentcounselpreferablyofhisownchoice.Ifthepersoncannotaffordtheservicesofcounsel,hemustbeprovided ARTICLE IV
with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel. CITIZENSHIP
(2)Notorture,force,violence,threat,intimidation,oranyothermeanswhichvitiatethefreewillshallbeusedagainsthim.Secretdetentionplaces, ection 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
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solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. [1] Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. [2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
(4)Thelawshallprovideforpenalandcivilsanctionsforviolationsofthissectionaswellascompensationtoandrehabilitationofvictimsoftorture [3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
or similar practices, and their families. [4] Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
ection 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before
S ection2.Natural-borncitizensarethosewhoarecitizensofthePhilippinesfrombirthwithouthavingtoperformanyacttoacquireorperfecttheir
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conviction,bebailablebysufficientsureties,orbereleasedonrecognizanceasmaybeprovidedbylaw.Therighttobailshallnotbeimpairedeven Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born
when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required. citizens.
ection 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.
S Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.
(2)Inallcriminalprosecutions,theaccusedshallbepresumedinnocentuntilthecontraryisproved,andshallenjoytherighttobeheardbyhimself
and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the
ection4.CitizensofthePhilippineswhomarryaliensshallretaintheircitizenship,unlessbytheiractoromission,theyaredeemed,underthelaw,
S ection4.ThetermofofficeoftheSenatorsshallbesixyearsandshallcommence,unlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw,atnoononthethirtiethday
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to have renounced it. ofJunenextfollowingtheirelection.NoSenatorshallserveformorethantwoconsecutiveterms.Voluntaryrenunciationoftheofficeforanylength
of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term of which he was elected.
Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.
ection 5. (1) TheHouseofRepresentativesshallbecomposedofnotmorethantwohundredandfiftymembers,unlessotherwisefixedbylaw,
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who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manilaareainaccordancewiththe
number of their respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniformandprogressiveratio,andthosewho,asprovidedbylaw,shallbeelected
through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.
(2)Theparty-listrepresentativesshallconstitutetwentypercentumofthetotalnumberofrepresentativesincludingthoseunderthepartylist.For
three consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as
provided by law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other
sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
(3)Eachlegislativedistrictshallcomprise,asfaraspracticable,contiguous,compact,andadjacentterritory.Eachcitywithapopulationofatleast
two hundred fifty thousand, or each province, shall have at least one representative.
(4) Within three years following the return of every census, the Congress shall make a reapportionment of legislative districts based on the
standards provided in this section.
ection6.NopersonshallbeaMemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesunlessheisanatural-borncitizenofthePhilippinesand,onthedayofthe
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election, is at least twenty-five years of age, able to read andwrite,and,excepttheparty-listrepresentatives,aregisteredvoterinthedistrictin
which he shall be elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election.
ARTICLE V ection7.TheMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbeelectedforatermofthreeyearswhichshallbegin,unlessotherwiseprovidedby
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SUFFRAGE law,atnoononthethirtiethdayofJunenextfollowingtheirelection.NoMemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallserveformorethanthree
ection1.SuffragemaybeexercisedbyallcitizensofthePhilippinesnototherwisedisqualifiedbylaw,whoareatleasteighteenyearsofage,and
S consecutiveterms.Voluntaryrenunciationoftheofficeforanylengthoftimeshallnotbeconsideredasaninterruptioninthecontinuityofhisservice
whoshallhaveresidedinthePhilippinesforatleastoneyear,andintheplacewhereintheyproposetovote,foratleastsixmonthsimmediately for the full term for which he was elected.
preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
ection8.Unlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw,theregularelectionoftheSenatorsandtheMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbeheld
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ection 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as well as a system for absenteevotingby
S on the second Monday of May.
qualified Filipinos abroad.
TheCongressshallalsodesignaprocedureforthedisabledandtheilliteratestovotewithouttheassistanceofotherpersons.Untilthen,theyshall ection9.IncaseofvacancyintheSenateorintheHouseofRepresentatives,aspecialelectionmaybecalledtofillsuchvacancyinthemanner
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be allowed to vote under existing laws and such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot. prescribed by law, but the Senator or Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall serve only for the unexpired term.
ARTICLE VI
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT ection10.ThesalariesofSenatorsandMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbedeterminedbylaw.Noincreaseinsaidcompensation
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Section1.ThelegislativepowershallbevestedintheCongressofthePhilippineswhichshallconsistofaSenateandaHouseofRepresentatives, shall take effect until after the expiration of the full term of all the Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives approving such
except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum. increase.
Section2.TheSenateshallbecomposedoftwenty-fourSenatorswhoshallbeelectedatlargebythequalifiedvotersofthePhilippines,asmaybe
provided by law. ection 11. A Senator or Member of theHouseofRepresentativesshall,inalloffensespunishablebynotmorethansixyearsimprisonment,be
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privileged from arrest while the Congress is in session. No Member shall be questioned nor be heldliableinanyotherplaceforanyspeechor
ection 3.NopersonshallbeaSenatorunlessheisanatural-borncitizenofthePhilippinesand,onthedayoftheelection,isatleastthirty-five
S debate in the Congress or in any committee thereof.
yearsofage,abletoreadandwrite,aregisteredvoter,andaresidentofthePhilippinesfornotlessthantwoyearsimmediatelyprecedingtheday
of the election.
ection12.AllMembersoftheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativesshall,uponassumptionofoffice,makeafulldisclosureoftheirfinancial
S f a tie. The Commission shall act on all appointments submitted to it within thirty session days of the Congress from their submission. The
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and business interests. They shall notify the House concerned of a potential conflict of interest that may arise from the filing of a proposed Commission shall rule by a majority vote of all the Members.
legislation of which they are authors.
ECTION19.TheElectoralTribunalsandtheCommissiononAppointmentsshallbeconstitutedwithinthirtydaysaftertheSenateandtheHouse
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ection 13. No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may hold any other office or employment in the Government, or any
S ofRepresentativesshallhavebeenorganizedwiththeelectionofthePresidentandtheSpeaker.TheCommissiononAppointmentsshallmeetonly
subdivision,agency,orinstrumentalitythereof,includinggovernment-ownedorcontrolledcorporationsortheirsubsidiaries,duringhistermwithout whiletheCongressisinsession,atthecallofitsChairmanoramajorityofallitsMembers,todischargesuchpowersandfunctionsasareherein
forfeitinghisseat.Neithershallhebeappointedtoanyofficewhichmayhavebeencreatedortheemolumentsthereofincreasedduringthetermfor conferred upon it.
which he was elected.
ECTION20.TherecordsandbooksofaccountsoftheCongressshallbepreservedandbeopentothepublicinaccordancewithlaw,andsuch
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ection 14. No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives maypersonallyappearascounselbeforeanycourtofjusticeorbeforethe
S booksshallbeauditedbytheCommissiononAuditwhichshallpublishannuallyanitemizedlistofamountspaidtoandexpensesincurredforeach
ElectoralTribunals,orquasi-judicialandotheradministrativebodies.Neithershallhe,directlyorindirectly,beinterestedfinanciallyinanycontract Member.
with, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any
government-ownedorcontrolledcorporation,oritssubsidiary,duringhistermofoffice.Heshallnotinterveneinanymatterbeforeanyofficeofthe ECTION 21. The Senate or the House of Representatives or any of its respective committees may conduct inquiries in aid of legislation in
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Government for his pecuniary benefit or where he may be called upon to act on account of his office. accordance with its duly published rules of procedure. The rights of persons appearing in or affected by such inquiries shall be respected.
ection15.TheCongressshallconveneonceeveryyearonthefourthMondayofJulyforitsregularsession,unlessadifferentdateisfixedbylaw,
S ECTION22.Theheadsofdepartmentsmayupontheirowninitiative,withtheconsentofthePresident,orupontherequestofeitherHouse,as
S
and shall continue to be in session for such number of days as itmaydetermineuntilthirtydaysbeforetheopeningofitsnextregularsession, therulesofeachHouseshallprovide,appearbeforeandbeheardbysuchHouseonanymatterpertainingtotheirdepartments.Writtenquestions
exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays. The President may call a special session at any time. shall be submitted to the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives at least three days before their scheduled
appearance. Interpellations shall not be limited to writtenquestions,butmaycovermattersrelatedthereto.WhenthesecurityoftheStateorthe
ECTION 16. (1) The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its Speaker, by a majority vote of all its respective
S public interest so requires and the President so states in writing, the appearance shall be conducted in executive session.
Members.
Each House shall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary. ECTION23.(1)TheCongress,byavoteoftwo-thirdsofbothHousesinjointsessionassembled,votingseparately,shallhavethesolepowerto
S
(2) A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum todobusiness,butasmallernumbermayadjournfromdaytodayandmaycompelthe declare the existence of a state of war.
attendance of absent Members in such manner, and under such penalties, as such House may provide. (2) In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law, authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to such
(3)EachHousemaydeterminetherulesofitsproceedings,punishitsMembersfordisorderlybehavior,and,withtheconcurrenceoftwo-thirdsof restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. Unless sooner withdrawn by
all its Members, suspend or expel a Member. A penalty of suspension, when imposed, shall not exceed sixty days. resolution of the Congress, such powers shall cease upon the next adjournment thereof.
(4)EachHouseshallkeepaJournalofitsproceedings,andfromtimetotimepublishthesame,exceptingsuchpartsasmay,initsjudgment,affect
national security; and the yeas and nays on any question shall, at the request of one-fifth of the Members present, be entered in the Journal. ECTION 24. All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase ofthepublicdebt,billsoflocalapplication,andprivatebillsshall
S
Each House shall also keep a Record of its proceedings. originate exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments.
(5) Neither House duringthesessionsoftheCongressshall,withouttheconsentoftheother,adjournformorethanthreedays,nortoanyother
place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. ECTION 25. (1) The Congress may not increase the appropriations recommended by the President for the operation of the Government as
S
specified in the budget. The form, content, and manner of preparation of the budget shall be prescribed by law.
ECTION 17. The Senate and the House of RepresentativesshalleachhaveanElectoralTribunal,whichshallbethesolejudgeofallcontests
S (2) No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the general appropriations bill unless it relates specifically to some particular appropriation
relatingtotheelection,returns,andqualificationsoftheirrespectiveMembers.EachElectoralTribunalshallbecomposedofnineMembers,three therein. Any such provision or enactment shall be limited in its operation to the appropriation to which it relates.
ofwhomshallbeJusticesoftheSupremeCourttobedesignatedbytheChiefJustice,andtheremainingsixshallbeMembersoftheSenateorthe (3)TheprocedureinapprovingappropriationsfortheCongressshallstrictlyfollowtheprocedureforapprovingappropriationsforotherdepartments
House ofRepresentatives,asthecasemaybe,whoshallbechosenonthebasisofproportionalrepresentationfromthepoliticalpartiesandthe and agencies.
parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented therein. The senior Justice in the Electoral Tribunal shall be its Chairman. (4)Aspecialappropriationsbillshallspecifythepurposeforwhichitisintended,andshallbesupportedbyfundsactuallyavailableascertifiedby
the National Treasurer, or to be raised by a corresponding revenue proposed therein.
ECTION18.ThereshallbeaCommissiononAppointmentsconsistingofthePresidentoftheSenate,asexofficioChairman,twelveSenatorsand
S (5) No law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of appropriations; however, the President, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the
twelveMembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,electedbyeachHouseonthebasisofproportionalrepresentationfromthepoliticalpartiesand House of Representatives, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the heads of ConstitutionalCommissionsmay,bylaw,beauthorizedto
partiesororganizationsregisteredundertheparty-listsystemrepresentedtherein.TheChairmanoftheCommissionshallnotvote,exceptincase augment any item in the general appropriations law for their respective offices from savings in other items of their respective appropriations.
( 6)Discretionaryfundsappropriatedforparticularofficialsshallbedisbursedonlyforpublicpurposestobesupportedbyappropriatevouchersand SECTION 31. No law granting a title of royalty or nobility shall be enacted.
subject to such guidelines as may be prescribed by law.
(7) If, by the end of any fiscal year, theCongressshallhavefailedtopassthegeneralappropriationsbillfortheensuingfiscalyear,thegeneral ECTION32.TheCongressshall,asearlyaspossible,provideforasystemofinitiativeandreferendum,andtheexceptionstherefrom,whereby
S
appropriationslawfortheprecedingfiscalyearshallbedeemedreenactedandshallremaininforceandeffectuntilthegeneralappropriationsbillis thepeoplecandirectlyproposeandenactlawsorapproveorrejectanyactorlaworpartthereofpassedbytheCongressorlocallegislativebody
passed by the Congress. aftertheregistrationofapetitionthereforsignedbyatleasttenpercentumofthetotalnumberofregisteredvoters,ofwhicheverylegislativedistrict
must be represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters thereof.
ECTION 26. (1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof.
S ARTICLE VII
(2)NobillpassedbyeitherHouseshallbecomealawunlessithaspassedthreereadingsonseparatedays,andprintedcopiesthereofinitsfinal EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
form have been distributed to its Members three days before its passage, except when the President certifies to the necessityofitsimmediate Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.
enactment to meet a publiccalamityoremergency.Uponthelastreadingofabill,noamendmenttheretoshallbeallowed,andthevotethereon
shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered in the Journal. ection2.NopersonmaybeelectedPresidentunlessheisanatural-borncitizenofthePhilippines,aregisteredvoter,abletoreadandwrite,at
S
least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.
ECTION27.(1)EverybillpassedbytheCongressshall,beforeitbecomesalaw,bepresentedtothePresident.Ifheapprovesthesame,heshall
S
signit;otherwise,heshallvetoitandreturnthesamewithhisobjectionstotheHousewhereitoriginated,whichshallentertheobjectionsatlarge ection3.ThereshallbeaVice-Presidentwhoshallhavethesamequalificationsandtermofofficeandbeelectedwith,andinthesamemanner,
S
initsJournalandproceedtoreconsiderit.If,aftersuchreconsideration,two-thirdsofalltheMembersofsuchHouseshallagreetopassthebill,it as the President. He may be removed from office in the same manner as the President.
shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other Housebywhichitshalllikewisebereconsidered,andifapprovedbytwo-thirdsofallthe
MembersofthatHouse,itshallbecomealaw.Inallsuchcases,thevotesofeachHouseshallbedeterminedbyyeasornays,andthenamesof The Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet. Such appointment requires no confirmation.
the Members voting for or against shall be entered in its Journal. The President shall communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it
originated within thirty days after the date of receipt thereof; otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had signed it. ection4.ThePresidentandtheVice-Presidentshallbeelectedbydirectvoteofthepeopleforatermofsixyearswhichshallbeginatnoononthe
S
(2)ThePresidentshallhavethepowertovetoanyparticularitemoritemsinanappropriation,revenue,ortariffbill,butthevetoshallnotaffectthe thirtiethdayofJunenextfollowingthedayoftheelectionandshallendatnoonofthesamedate,sixyearsthereafter.ThePresidentshallnotbe
item or items to which he does not object. eligible for any re-election. No person who has succeeded as President and has served as such for more than four yearsshallbequalifiedfor
election to the same office at any time.
ECTION 28. (1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The Congress shall evolve a progressive system of taxation.
S
(2)TheCongressmay,bylaw,authorizethePresidenttofixwithinspecifiedlimits,andsubjecttosuchlimitationsandrestrictionsasitmayimpose, oVice-Presidentshallserveformorethantwosuccessiveterms.Voluntaryrenunciationoftheofficeforanylengthoftimeshallnotbeconsidered
N
tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnageandwharfagedues,andotherdutiesorimpostswithintheframeworkofthenationaldevelopment as an interruption in the continuity of the service for the full term for which he was elected.
program of the Government.
(3)Charitableinstitutions,churchesandparsonagesorconventsappurtenantthereto,mosques,non-profitcemeteries,andalllands,buildings,and Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for President and Vice-President shall be held on the second Monday of May.
improvements, actually, directly, and exclusively used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation.
(4) No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Congress. he returns of every election for President and Vice-President, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be
T
transmittedtotheCongress,directedtothePresidentoftheSenate.Uponreceiptofthecertificatesofcanvass,thePresidentoftheSenateshall,
ECTION 29. (1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.
S not laterthanthirtydaysafterthedayoftheelection,openallthecertificatesinthepresenceoftheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativesin
(2)Nopublicmoneyorpropertyshallbeappropriated,applied,paid,oremployed,directlyorindirectly,fortheuse,benefit,orsupportofanysect, jointpublicsession,andtheCongress,upondeterminationoftheauthenticityanddueexecutionthereofinthemannerprovidedbylaw,canvassthe
church,denomination,sectarianinstitution,orsystemofreligion,orofanypriest,preacher,minister,orotherreligiousteacher,ordignitaryassuch, votes.
except when such priest,preacher,minister,ordignitaryisassignedtothearmedforces,ortoanypenalinstitution,orgovernmentorphanageor
leprosarium. he person having the highest numberofvotesshallbeproclaimedelected,butincasetwoormoreshallhaveanequalandhighestnumberof
T
(3)Allmoneycollectedonanytaxleviedforaspecialpurposeshallbetreatedasaspecialfundandpaidoutforsuchpurposeonly.Ifthepurpose votes, one of them shall forthwith be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the Members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately.
for which a special fund was created has been fulfilled or abandoned, the balance, if any, shall be transferred to the general funds of the
Government. The Congress shall promulgate its rules for the canvassing of the certificates.
ECTION30.NolawshallbepassedincreasingtheappellatejurisdictionoftheSupremeCourtasprovidedinthisConstitutionwithoutitsadvice
S he Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judgeofallcontestsrelatingtotheelection,returns,andqualificationsofthePresidentor
T
and concurrence. Vice-President, and may promulgate its rules for the purpose.
ection5.Beforetheyenterontheexecutionoftheiroffice,thePresident,theVice-President,ortheActingPresidentshalltakethefollowingoath
S thirdreadingbytheCongress.Appropriationsforthespecialelectionshallbechargedagainstanycurrentappropriationsandshallbeexemptfrom
or affirmation: the requirements of paragraph 4,Section25,ArticleVIofthisConstitution.TheconveningoftheCongresscannotbesuspendednorthespecial
“I do solemnly swear [or affirm] thatIwillfaithfullyandconscientiouslyfulfillmydutiesasPresident[orVice-PresidentorActingPresident]ofthe election postponed. No special election shall be called if the vacancy occurs within eighteen months before the date of the next presidential election.
Philippines,preserveanddefenditsConstitution,executeitslaws,dojusticetoeveryman,andconsecratemyselftotheserviceoftheNation.So
help me God.”[In case of affirmation, last sentence will beomitted]. ection 11. Whenever the President transmits to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written
S
declaration that he is unable todischargethepowersanddutiesofhisoffice,anduntilhetransmitstothemawrittendeclarationtothecontrary,
ection6.ThePresidentshallhaveanofficialresidence.ThesalariesofthePresidentandVice-Presidentshallbedeterminedbylawandshallnot
S such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice-President as Acting President.
be decreased during theirtenure.Noincreaseinsaidcompensationshalltakeeffectuntilaftertheexpirationofthetermoftheincumbentduring
which such increase was approved. They shall not receive during their tenure any other emolument from the Government or any other source. heneveramajorityofalltheMembersoftheCabinettransmittothePresidentoftheSenateandtotheSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives
W
theirwrittendeclarationthatthePresidentisunabletodischargethepowersanddutiesofhisoffice,theVice-Presidentshallimmediatelyassume
Section 7. The President-elect and the Vice President-elect shall assume office at the beginning of their terms. the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
If the President-elect fails to qualify, the Vice President-elect shall act as President until the President-elect shall have qualified. hereafter,whenthePresidenttransmitstothePresidentoftheSenateandtotheSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentativeshiswrittendeclaration
T
If a President shall not have been chosen, the Vice President-elect shall act as President until a President shall have been chosen and qualified. that no inability exists, he shall reassume the powers and duties of his office. Meanwhile, should a majority of all the Members of the Cabinet
transmit within five days to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, their written declaration that the
If at the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the Vice President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Congress shall decide the issue. Forthatpurpose,theCongressshall
President-elect shall become President. convene, if it is not in session, within forty-eight hours, in accordance with its rules and without need of call.
here no President and Vice-President shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or becomepermanently
W IftheCongress,withintendaysafterreceiptofthelastwrittendeclaration,or,ifnotinsession,withintwelvedaysafteritisrequiredtoassemble,
disabled,thePresidentoftheSenateor,incaseofhisinability,theSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives,shallactasPresidentuntilaPresident determinesbyatwo-thirdsvoteofbothHouses,votingseparately,thatthePresidentisunabletodischargethepowersanddutiesofhisoffice,the
or a Vice-President shall have been chosen and qualified. Vice-President shall act as President; otherwise, the President shall continue exercising the powers and duties of his office.
heCongressshall,bylaw,provideforthemannerinwhichonewhoistoactasPresidentshallbeselecteduntilaPresidentoraVice-President
T ection12.IncaseofseriousillnessofthePresident,thepublicshallbeinformedofthestateofhishealth.ThemembersoftheCabinetincharge
S
shall have qualified, in case of death, permanent disability, or inability of the officials mentioned in the next preceding paragraph. ofnationalsecurityandforeignrelationsandtheChiefofStaffoftheArmedForcesofthePhilippines,shallnotbedeniedaccesstothePresident
during such illness.
ection8.Incaseofdeath,permanentdisability,removalfromoffice,orresignationofthePresident,theVice-PresidentshallbecomethePresident
S
toservetheunexpiredterm.Incaseofdeath,permanentdisability,removalfromoffice,orresignationofboththePresidentandVice-President,the ection13.ThePresident,Vice-President,theMembersoftheCabinet,andtheirdeputiesorassistantsshallnot,unlessotherwiseprovidedinthis
S
PresidentoftheSenateor,incaseofhisinability,theSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives,shallthenactasPresidentuntilthePresidentor Constitution, hold any other office or employment during their tenure. They shall not, during said tenure,directlyorindirectly,practiceanyother
Vice-President shall have been elected and qualified. profession, participate in any business, or be financially interested in any contract with, or in any franchise, or special privilege granted by the
Government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.
heCongressshall,bylaw,providewhoshallserveasPresidentincaseofdeath,permanentdisability,orresignationoftheActingPresident.He
T They shall strictly avoid conflict of interest in the conduct of their office.
shall serve until the PresidentortheVice-Presidentshallhavebeenelectedandqualified,andbesubjecttothesamerestrictionsofpowersand
disqualifications as the Acting President. he spouse and relatives by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree of the Presidentshallnot,duringhistenure,beappointedas
T
MembersoftheConstitutionalCommissions,ortheOfficeoftheOmbudsman,orasSecretaries,Undersecretaries,chairmenorheadsofbureaus
ection9.WheneverthereisavacancyintheOfficeoftheVice-Presidentduringthetermforwhichhewaselected,thePresidentshallnominatea
S or offices, including government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries.
Vice-PresidentfromamongtheMembersoftheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativeswhoshallassumeofficeuponconfirmationbyamajority
vote of all the Members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately. ection14.AppointmentsextendedbyanActingPresidentshallremaineffective,unlessrevokedbytheelectedPresident,withinninetydaysfrom
S
his assumption or reassumption of office.
ection 10. The Congressshall,atteno’clockinthemorningofthethirddayafterthevacancyintheofficesofthePresidentandVice-President
S
occurs, convene in accordance with its rules without need of a call and within seven days, enact a law calling for a special election to elect a ection15.Twomonthsimmediatelybeforethenextpresidentialelectionsanduptotheendofhisterm,aPresidentorActingPresidentshallnot
S
President and a Vice-President tobeheldnotearlierthanforty-fivedaysnorlaterthansixtydaysfromthetimeofsuchcall.Thebillcallingsuch make appointments, except temporary appointments to executive positions when continued vacancies therein will prejudice public service or
specialelectionshallbedeemedcertifiedunderparagraph2,Section26,ArticleVIofthisConstitutionandshallbecomelawuponitsapprovalon endanger public safety.
ection 20. The President may contract or guarantee foreign loansonbehalfoftheRepublicofthePhilippineswiththepriorconcurrenceofthe
S
ection 16. The President shall nominate and, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments, appoint the heads of the executive
S Monetary Board, and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. The Monetary Board shall,withinthirtydaysfromtheendofevery
departments,ambassadors,otherpublicministersandconsuls,orofficersofthearmedforcesfromtherankofcolonelornavalcaptain,andother quarterofthecalendaryear,submittotheCongressacompletereportofitsdecisiononapplicationsforloanstobecontractedorguaranteedbythe
officerswhoseappointmentsarevestedinhiminthisConstitution.HeshallalsoappointallotherofficersoftheGovernmentwhoseappointments Government or government-owned and controlled corporations which would have the effect of increasing the foreign debt,andcontainingother
arenototherwiseprovidedforbylaw,andthosewhomhemaybeauthorizedbylawtoappoint.TheCongressmay,bylaw,vesttheappointmentof matters as may be provided by law.
other officers lower in rank in the President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards.
ection 21. No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurredinbyatleasttwo-thirdsofalltheMembersofthe
S
he President shall have the power to make appointments during the recess of the Congress, whether voluntary or compulsory, but such
T Senate.
appointments shall be effective only until disapproved by the Commission on Appointments or until the next adjournment of the Congress.
ection 22. The President shall submit to the Congress, within thirty daysfromtheopeningofeveryregularsessionasthebasisofthegeneral
S
ection 17. The President shall have control of all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices. He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully
S appropriations bill, a budget of expenditures and sources of financing, including receipts from existing and proposed revenue measures.
executed.
Section 23. The President shall address the Congress at the opening of its regular session. He may also appear before it at any other time.
ection18.ThePresidentshallbetheCommander-in-ChiefofallarmedforcesofthePhilippinesandwheneveritbecomesnecessary,hemaycall
S
outsucharmedforcestopreventorsuppresslawlessviolence,invasionorrebellion.Incaseofinvasionorrebellion,whenthepublicsafetyrequires
it, he may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of the writofhabeascorpusorplacethePhilippinesoranypartthereof
undermartiallaw.Withinforty-eighthoursfromtheproclamationofmartiallaworthesuspensionoftheprivilegeofthewritofhabeascorpus,the
PresidentshallsubmitareportinpersonorinwritingtotheCongress.TheCongress,votingjointly,byavoteofatleastamajorityofallitsMembers
in regular or special session, may revoke such proclamation or suspension, which revocation shall not be set asidebythePresident.Uponthe
initiative of the President, the Congress may, inthesamemanner,extendsuchproclamationorsuspensionforaperiodtobedeterminedbythe
Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall persist and public safety requires it.
he Congress, if not in session, shall, within twenty-four hours following such proclamation or suspension,conveneinaccordancewithitsrules
T
without need of a call.
heSupremeCourtmayreview,inanappropriateproceedingfiledbyanycitizen,thesufficiencyofthefactualbasisoftheproclamationofmartial
T
laworthesuspensionoftheprivilegeofthewritofhabeascorpusortheextensionthereof,andmustpromulgateitsdecisionthereonwithinthirty
days from its filing.
AstateofmartiallawdoesnotsuspendtheoperationoftheConstitution,norsupplantthefunctioningofthecivilcourtsorlegislativeassemblies,
nor authorize the confermentofjurisdictiononmilitarycourtsandagenciesovercivilianswherecivilcourtsareabletofunction,norautomatically
suspend the privilege of the writ ofhabeas corpus.
he suspension of the privilegeofthewritofhabeascorpusshallapplyonlytopersonsjudiciallychargedforrebellionoroffensesinherentin,or
T
directly connected with, invasion.
During the suspension of the privilege of the writ ofhabeascorpus,anypersonthusarrestedordetainedshallbejudiciallychargedwithinthree
days, otherwise he shall be released.
ection19.Exceptincasesofimpeachment,orasotherwiseprovidedinthisConstitution,thePresidentmaygrantreprieves,commutations,and
S
pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final judgment.
He shall also have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Congress.
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