EN. 580.

241
Statistical Physics
Exam II practice problems.
--------------------------------------

1. Consider 1.2 moles of an ideal gas in a piston at 298K and 0.2mPa and a volume of V1. The gas is
expanded Isothermally to twice the original volume, then cooled isobaric ally to V1. It is then heated
at constant volume back to T1. Demonstrate that the net work is non-zero, and that the work depends
on the path.
a. Sketch the process on a P-V plot and determine the original volume (V1).
b. Compute the work for the isothermal expansion step.
c. Compute the work for the isobaric cooling step back to V1.
d. Compute the work to heat the gas back to T1 at constant volume (isochoric).
e. What is the total work across the entire process following the path outlined in the problem
statement?
f. Is the work done by or on the system, explain your answer.
g. What if we reverse the path, will the magnitude of the work be the same? New process: isobaric
expansion of the gas to double its original volume, cool to T1 at constant volume, then compress
it isothermally to the original volume V1. Compute the work done along this new path.

"#
2. For an ideal gas ("$ ) & = 0, show that this implies the heat capacity CV of an ideal gas is independent
of the volume.

3. Is the retraction of a rubber band driven by a change in enthalpy or in entropy? Start with the
equation for internal energy U as a function of S, V, and ℓ , U=U(S,V, ℓ).

"#
4. The function ("$ ) & tells us about the cohesive forces within a material. How can you obtain it from
experiments? Start with the function U(T,V) and S(T,V).

5. For the reversible boiling of 10 moles of liquid water to steam at 78oC and 0.5 atm of pressure,
calculate the heat (q), and is the work positive of negative?

6. Determine how the internal energy of an ideal gas it 3/2nRT.

7. Inside a living cell, a metabolic reaction can be approximated as a Carnot cycle operating between
a high-temperature environment within the cell (T_H = 310 K) and a low-temperature environment
outside the cell (T_C = 290 K). During this cellular process, the cell absorbs 1200 J of heat from the
high-temperature environment.
a. Calculate the maximum work done by the cell during this process.
b. Determine the change in entropy of the cell during this process.
c. Find the change in internal energy of the cell during this process.

8. During combustion within an engine, 1 mole of air goes through a turbojet engine. At step 1, 1 mole
of intake air enters the engine. Step 1-2 is an adiabatic compression of the intake air by the fan
blades in the front of the engine, 2-3 is an isobaric expansion of the air within the jet after the
combustion of the fuel, 3-4 is an adiabatic expansion of the air which drives the rear turbine and
produces the jet thrust. After step 4, the spent air is exhausted. The compression and expansion
5 78
steps +,^. = /0123413, and . = 6 = 9 + 1. See PV plot and engine below.
:
a. Compute the net work done by the system in this cycle in steps 1-2-3-4 for each mole of air
which goes through the jet engine. Step 4-1 occurs outside the engine and does not
contribute to the work done by the engine. Give answers in Joules.
b. During the quasi-static reversible adiabatic compression 1à2, does the system entropy (the
air in the jet) increase, decrease, or remain unchanged?
c. How much heat (in J) is added toi the system during the constant pressure expansion 2-3?
6
(hint: use the 1st law, it is an ideal gas, and =$ = > ?@).
d. What is the enthalpy change in Joules of the air during the constant pressure expansion 2-
3?

+ Maxwell
 variable so work
Process
depends proces not
on
,

& initial
just find

&
-

I calorie 1485
Fort
4
=
-

mol -

R
s
1
90
Scalar
=
.

k
=511 PV x NAK T k
=
-

RT" -
zk ↳
Ideal
Gas Law : PV=
↑use for
or PV =
NKT -> use for it of particles 1023 mol-
pat .* #to particles
NA= 6 022 x
.

15

***
=

10235/1
:
moles k 1 30 x
Pas
= -

1 atm
-
M3 =
10 1 3255
,

NA 1345/molk R
=

8 - =

...
a

out
0.2 mPa o
.
2 x10 Pa
, ,
=

=
12 mot .
8 314
.
e
-

-
othermal
. . . . . . .⑧
↑
2 MPa Pa
0
· J
.

↳
is
.

m
x10-
=

0 2.

Pa
m3 = I

· -
⑧
3 Pa
isobaric
->
↳432m

Vi

b Work
=-SPAU
P
NRT neat=-
.
=

--RT :
dV

=-RT /en V] , =-
nRT/enVerenvi]
--RT In
Ren 2
-
(12 mats) (8 314) 2981 In
.
= -

- -
2060 -

765

C .

W =
-

SPdV=-pdv=-p[V -V) =- p[r -24)uVeeeaupa , ,

05
d W /Pa W
=
-
= -
=

-
0

2 .
b +
c + d ) =
-
1060 -
786 +
1486 3
.
+
0 = -
5745

f -

expansion does useful work compression costs ,

useful work
work is done
by system as e is-ve
Hele wall is done In the system
g
.

0 -
2 mPa .
14865432

8 Adding all the W values

-SpaV=-f2TdV=-nRTSaUn-nRTen(t)=
: -

915
W RTen2= 205
2935 ; W: O W
-
·

= ...
-
2
(2) independent of volume
.

=
0
Cr is
,

~
(T v) State,

-
(E)
=
0

- )
:
capacity heat
=of meandesn't depend on V .

Maxwell Relations Table 91

Its (E) general Derivation m

(i) y N
(9) r
=
=
- -

dz =
Mdx +

N dy

()s ()p =

(i) (2) +
=

-(4) +
=

()

3 .

v(s ,
v, 1)
dU= TdS-pdV+fdL a

↑farmofete in recebyrubbe e
use G =

n -TS
dG =

dH-T &S -

SdT

&G U pV- TS
=
+

dG =

d(U +
PV -
Ts)
=-
SdT+UdP +fdL
+
(i) + (-) ()
-
=
=

p +,
,
+

finish this Problem

 DH

*Lor"
D"
.
3 + steam= DHriquid +DU's othe
.

An =
An + DU steam-BK liquid

Meigud
""steam
↓
=4 7 - +
CT-T) -C p (T-Ti)
7
55m (-49x) 75ind(-494)
↳
=42 3
+

·
- . -
-

AH3 =51203 .
5
or

=51
2
.

(In hi)(# of of 0
moles U,
69
=

=(512) (10mo)) =
69 = 512k5

Won-SpdV=[Ugas-Vir
" Way is tre) .

6 .

Lagrange Stryy -

F =

U -

TS

g =

,
Pi = 1

F =
4iPi-T(-K pienpi)
=

:pi+ktpienpi
E =
di
+

KT (1+
empi

I =
E: +
kT (1+ enpi) 7-
=
0

-
- R:
-

-
u =

p :* si =

a Ei

Erie
Let B
=

4 =
u T =

#B
(KTY=-kT
t: :
Bei
q Se
-

die-Bei
= -

v =

( ) =
(4)(, )
=

(2)( 1) -

kT 2
kT8)
V
=
=

-a .) +
=
-

T , 9: =

= T() :

⑮)
⑯
Ided Gas now
:( ) = 0
(i) - it -

SNCT) NITP =

(* ) = () p
=
 a
Way= qx-q
Whax =

G,
=
12005

by

b) returns to its initial state ,

S is a state function .

1S =
0

c) dU = 0 .
 flowp
heat
I PV"
=0 , no

Adiabatic &G :
constant
-
:

⑪ pr"" & (
Y

90x10Y(0 02)"
Wby WatWest Wi 166 47
.
: =

-h
-2-3
.
=

,
py" (04(0 002)"
.
=

166 5) .

Witz =
Par
*
py" 166 47 ap =
be
= .

Wit
Spar-se
=

* =
3 0115
.

W2+ s isobaric expansion

:

V
0
.
004
=
S 10'd= 215
0 002
.

Wi : adiabatic expansion
+

y
prl &
(10) (0 002)" -
=

439 42
.

& (3 .

98 x10Y (0 -

04)" =
439 31
.

Spar
0 04
.

Waty
ga dV=60215
= =

0 004
.

W 3 01 6 .
02 -3 01k5
ya
. +
+ .
-
2
, +2 +
3 +

b) Sg 0
=

closed system 69 IdS

=
:

suds
as =

0
remains
unchanged
=

2)
Cr EN1 dU=CrDT 5 NkT
=
=

,
-
PV=NKT
isLaw : dU= Sq +Sw Sq-pdU =
d) dH=TdS -

NAP-M closed system

constant
pressure

dH =

TdS=