Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing

EVALUATION OF THE DIRECTED OIL COOLING SYSTEM OF A MOBILE POWER

TRANSFORMER THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL FLUIDODYNAMICS
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number:

Article Type: Standard Research Article

Keywords: Computional Fluid Dynamic; Power Transformer; Oil Cooling System; Overheating

Corresponding Author: Luciene moura, M.d

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
belo horizonte, mg BRAZIL

First Author: Luciene moura, Graduate student

Order of Authors: Luciene moura, Graduate student

Paulo Vinicius Trevizoli, PhD

RUDOLF Huebner, PhD

Abstract: Power transformers represent an important part of the capital investment in

transmission and distribution substations. The cooling of the windings (electrical coil)
depends on the convection of heat, enhanced by the forced circulation of oil in the
windings, as well in heat exchangers. Forced circulation of oil combined with forced
circulation or air in the heat exchanger is usually found in mobile transformers, whose
compact structure is a challenge in terms of heat transfer rates. An improper design or
fabrication problems associated with the assembling of the cooling system may result
in an inefficient exchange of heat, result in transformer failure from overheating. This
way, the present work proposes a CFD study of the winding cooling system in a
138X69-13.8 kV 25 MVA mobile power transformer, with the objective of evaluating the
thermal performance of the transformer operating under nominal conditions. It is
considered nominal inputs of flow rates of oil, temperatures, power dissipated. In a
second evaluation, some constraints are artificially imposed to the transformer, which
may impact the velocity and temperature fields, in order to understand the formation of
“hot spots” and the transformer failure.

Suggested Reviewers: Joao Luiz, MSC

Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Minas Gerais - Campus Pocos de Caldas
amhorta@fiemg.com.br

DANILLO SILVA
danilocsilva@univem.edu.bR

Paulo SELEGHIM
seleghim@sc.usp.br

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Cover Letter

Luciene Martins Moura Rodrigues*

Rudolf Huebner
Paulo Vinicius Trevizoli

Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo
Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil, 2022, April.
*Corresponding author: lu01mo23@ufmg.br; lumoura@cemig.com.br
Manuscript Click here to view linked References

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6 1

7
8
9 EVALUATION OF THE DIRECTED OIL COOLING SYSTEM OF A
10 MOBILE POWER TRANSFORMER THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL
11 FLUIDODYNAMICS
12 Luciene Martins Moura Rodrigues*
13 Rudolf Huebner
14 Paulo Vinicius Trevizoli
15
Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901,
16 MG, Brazil, 2022, April.
17 *Corresponding author: lu01mo23@ufmg.br; lumoura@cemig.com.br
18
Abstract.
19 Power transformers represent an important part of the capital investment in transmission and distribution
20 substations. The cooling of the windings (electrical coil) depends on the convection of heat, enhanced by the forced
21 circulation of oil in the windings, as well in heat exchangers. Forced circulation of oil combined with forced circulation
or air in the heat exchanger is usually found in mobile transformers, whose compact structure is a challenge in terms o f
22 heat transfer rates. An improper design or fabrication problems associated with the assembling of the cooling system
23 may result in an inefficient exchange of heat, result in transformer failure from overheating. This way, the present work
24 proposes a CFD study of the winding cooling system in a 138X69-13.8 kV 25 MVA mobile power transformer, with the
objective of evaluating the thermal performance of the transformer operating under nominal conditions. It is considered
25 nominal inputs of flow rates of oil, temperatures, power dissipated. In a second evaluation, some constraints are
26 artificially imposed to the transformer, which may impact the velocity and temperature fields, in order to understand the
27 formation of “hot spots” and the transformer failure.
28 Keywords: power transformer, oil cooling system, overheating, CFD.
29
30
1. INTRODUCTION
31
32 Transformers immersed in naphthenic mineral oil represent the most common types in power distribution and
33 transmission substations. This fluid has the function of dielectric and cooling at the same time (Cheim et al,2009).
Interruptions in the power transformers have an important technical and economic impact on the operation of the
34 transmission and distribution electrical system, due to repair costs, non-transmitted energy and all the inconveniences
35 associated with industries and society.
36 One of the most important parameters that govern the life expectancy of a transformer is its operating condition
under load (kA-kiloampères), that is, the power supplied to the power utility loads (Hamza e Herskind,2019), which
37 directly affects the temperature of the oil, windings and consequently the insulating materials that make up its active part.
38 This paper analyzes, throughout CDF simulations, the thermal behavior of a mobile transformer, with an ODAF-type
39 cooling system, which takes place internally by Directed Oil – OD – by using of centrifugal pumps associated with
directing in ducts in the interior of the windings; and externally by Forced Air – AF, throughout heat exchangers or
40 aerothermals. These mobile transformers are generally compact units, mounted on carts and made of insulating materials
41 that have an operating temperature limit for high temperatures and therefore provide a demand for high power density.
42 They are normally applied for emergency assistance on the electrical system, in case of failure of fixed transformers,
given their mobility.
43 The cooling process depends on heat convection, promoted by liquid circulation between the windings and heat
44 exchangers, either by natural action or by forced oil circulation using pumps. Improper sizing or cooling system assembly
45 problems can lead to insufficient heat exchange and, consequently, transformer burnout. Overheating for a given power
to be supplied is one of the main factors causing the so-called “hot spots”, which can appear inside the windings or in the
46 magnetic core (Daghrah et al, 2020). In high power transformers, such as those above 15 MVA, the temperature rise is a
47 fundamental parameter in the control of the useful life of the equipment.
48 In this direction, this work focus in understanding the causes of thermal inefficiency of the ODAF-type cooling
system and its association with early transformer failures, which consequently affect its operational availability and capital
49 return. In addition to the simulations performed under normal operating conditions of a mobile transformer at 138 - 13.8
50 kV, 25MVA, it is artificially imposed some structural irregularities that can lead to failures related to ineffective thermal
51 exchanges. Under these conditions, the occurrence of temperatures (hot spots) higher than those temperature limits are
evaluated.
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6 Evaluation Of The Directed Oil Cooling System Of A Mobile Power Transformer Through Computational Fluidodynamics
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2. MATHEMATICAL APPROACH AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
9
10 Fluid flow and heat transfer in the transformer winding cooling ducts are governed by conservation of mass,
11 momentum and energy equations. In directed oil cooling, the effect of the buoyant force is negligible (Zhang et al, 2020)
and, therefore, fluid flow can be decoupled from heat transfer. First, it is necessary to consider the conservation equations
12 of mass, momentum and energy for a constant 2D flow of an incompressible fluid, with constant properties, in cylindrical
13 coordinates that can be expressed by the equations below:
14
Continuity:
15
16 1 𝜕(𝑟𝑢𝑟 ) 𝜕𝑢𝑧 (1)
17 + =0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧
18
19
Momentum in r:
20
𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1 𝜕(𝑟𝑢𝑟 ) 𝜕 2 𝑢𝑟 (2.1)
21 𝜌𝑙 (𝑢𝑟 + 𝑢𝑧 )= +𝜇( ( )+ )
22 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2
23
24
25 Momentum in z:
26
𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕2 𝑢𝑧 (2.2)
27 𝜌𝑙 (𝑢𝑟
𝜕𝑟
+ 𝑢𝑧
𝜕𝑧
)=
𝜕𝑧
+𝜇(
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
(𝑟
𝜕𝑟
)+
𝜕𝑧 2
)
28
29
30
31 Energy for the fluid phase:
32
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑘𝑙 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 (3)
33 (𝑢𝑟 + 𝑢𝑧 )= ( (𝑟 )+ )
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝑙 𝑐𝑝,𝑙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 2
34
35
Energy for the solid phase:
36
37 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 1 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 (4)
(𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑟 + 𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑧 ) = 𝜌 𝑐 (𝑘𝑠 (𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) + 𝜕𝑧 2 ) + 𝑆𝑒 )
38 𝑠 𝑝,𝑠
39
40 where, r (m) is denoted for the radial coordinate, ur (m/s) velocity radial component, z (m) axial coordinate, uz (m/s)
41 velocity axial component, 𝜌 (kg/m3) liquid density, p (Pa) static pressure, μ (Pa⋅s) kinematic viscosity, T (K) liquid
temperature, k (W/(m·K)) liquid thermal conductivity, cp (J/(kg·K)) liquid specific heat, and 𝑺𝒆 is the source term. It is
42 important to note that the viscous dissipation term for energy conservation is neglected because the oil velocity is small
43 and, therefore, it can be considered negligible in relation to advection and conduction. As proposed in (Zhang et al, 2017),
44 it is considered the following dimensionless variables:
45 𝑟
46 𝑟∗ = (5)
𝐷ℎ
47
48 𝑧
𝑧∗ =
49 𝐷ℎ (6)
50
51 𝑢𝑟 (7)
𝑢𝑟 ∗ =
52 𝑢𝑚
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8 𝑢𝑧 (8)
9 𝑢𝑧 ∗ =
𝑢𝑚
10
11 𝑝 (9)
12 𝑝∗ =
𝜌𝑢2 𝑚
13
14 𝑇∗ = 𝑇
𝑇−𝑇𝑡𝑜
=
𝑇−𝑇𝑡𝑜 (10)
15 𝑎𝑚 −(𝑇𝑡𝑜 +𝑇𝑏𝑜 )/2 𝑔

16
17 𝐷ℎ 2 (11)
𝑆𝑒 ∗ = 𝑆
18 𝑢𝑚 2 𝜇𝑠 𝑒
19
20 4A
Where, Dh is hydraulic diameter (𝑫𝒉 = ) (m), A is surface area of vertical oil passage inlet duct (m2), g is temperature
21 (𝑇𝑡𝑜 +𝑇𝑏𝑜 )
L

22 gradient mean (𝒈 = 𝑇𝑎𝑚 − ) (K), T*- dimensionless of temperature, Tto is top oil temperature (K), Tam – is
2
average winding temperature (K), Tbo is bottom oil temperature do oil (K) and um is average winding pass input speed
23 (m/s);
24 Replacing (5) - (11) into (1) - (4) and considering that the hydraulic diameter of the system, the average oil speed at the
25 inlet passage (one) and the concentrated temperatures (Tam , Tto, Tbo) are not in functions of coordinates, we can obtain the
following dimensionless forms for the governing equations:
26
27 Continuity:
28
1 𝜕(𝑟 ∗ 𝑢𝑟 ∗ ) 𝜕𝑢𝑧 ∗ (12)
29 𝑟∗ 𝜕𝑟∗
+ 𝜕𝑧 ∗
=0
30
31 Momentum in r:
32
𝜕𝑝 ∗
∗
𝜕𝑢𝑟 ∗ 𝜕𝑢𝑟 ∗ 1 𝜕 1 𝜕(𝑟 ∗ 𝑢𝑟 ) 𝜕 2 𝑢𝑟 ∗ (13)
33 (𝑢𝑟 ∗ + 𝑢𝑧 ∗ ) = − 𝜕𝑟∗ + 𝑅𝑒 (𝜕𝑟∗ (𝑟 ∗ )+ )
𝜕𝑟∗ 𝜕𝑧 ∗ 𝐷ℎ 𝜕𝑧 ∗ 𝜕𝑧 ∗ 2
34
35 Comentado [PT1]: Ver alinhamento
Momentum in z:
36 𝜕𝑢𝑧 ∗ 𝜕𝑢𝑧 ∗ 𝜕𝑝 ∗ 1 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢𝑧 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑢𝑧 ∗ (14)
37 (𝑢𝑟 ∗ + 𝑢𝑧 ∗ ) = − 𝜕𝑧 ∗ + 𝑅𝑒 (𝑟 ∗ 𝜕𝑟∗ (𝑟 ∗ )+ )
𝜕𝑟 ∗ 𝜕𝑧 ∗ 𝐷ℎ 𝜕𝑟 ∗ 𝜕𝑧 ∗ 2
38
39 Energy - for the fluid phase:
40
𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 1 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕 2𝑇 ∗ (15)
41 (𝑢𝑟 ∗ 𝜕𝑟
+ 𝑢𝑧 ∗ 𝜕𝑧 ∗ ) = 𝑅𝑒 (𝑟 ∗ 𝜕𝑟∗ (𝑟 ∗ 𝜕𝑟∗ ) + 𝜕𝑧 ∗2 )
𝐷ℎ 𝑃𝑟
42
43 Energy - for the solid phase:
44
45 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 1 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕 2𝑇 ∗ 𝐸𝑐 (16)
(𝑢𝑟 ∗ 𝜕𝑟
+ 𝑢𝑧 ∗ 𝜕𝑧 ∗ ) = 𝑅𝑒 (𝑟 ∗ 𝜕𝑟∗ (𝑟 ∗ 𝜕𝑟∗ ) + 𝜕𝑧 ∗2 ) + 𝑅𝑒 𝑆𝑒 ∗
𝐷ℎ 𝑃𝑟 𝐷ℎ
46
47
48 Where, Pr is Prandtl number , Re is Reynolds number and 𝑬𝒄 is Eckert numeber:
𝑢𝑚 𝐷ℎ (17)
49 𝑅𝑒𝐷ℎ = 𝜌𝑙

50
51  𝑐𝑝,𝑙 (18)
𝑃𝑟 =
52 𝑘
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6 Evaluation Of The Directed Oil Cooling System Of A Mobile Power Transformer Through Computational Fluidodynamics
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8
𝑢𝑚 2 (19)
9 𝐸𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑝,𝑠 𝑇𝑎𝑚
10
11
12 Since the coordinates are normalized in relation to hydraulic diameter, winding entry velocity and pressure in relation to
13 twice the dynamic winding inlet pressure, it is possible to confirm that, for a given winding geometry, the distribution of
the volumetric flow rate is dictated by the Reynolds (Re) number. The dimensionless temperature distribution at the hot-
14 spot, is actually the convective componente of the so-called hot-spot factor - Hve (Zhang et al, 2017), therefore, the Hve
15 is a funciton of the Reynolds and Prandlt Number. Previous studies (Jarman et al, 2018), have shown that Re has in fact
16 a greater influence on the cooling conditions of OD-type transformers than the Pr.
17
18 3. COMPUTATIONAL APROACH
19
In the CFD approach, using the Ansys-Fluent®, modeling is performed on 2D axisymmetric geometries to reduce
20 computational requirements. The study focuses in the investigation of the relationship between a type of early failure in
21 the windings, in which there is a short circuit in the turns due to the probable degradation of insulating materials, with the
22 dynamic behavior of the ODAF refrigeration system, .
In addition to the windings, the following are considered: the number of discs, diameters, number, thickness and width of
23 spacers, number of oil conductors, conductor dimensions, type of insulating oil, conductor insulation. After this modeling,
24 the input data is configured, as heat exchange capacities, pressure drops, axial and radial speeds for each set of windings.
25 heat exchange capacities, pressure drops, axial and radial velocity. Figure 1 represents the oil cooling for a mobile
transformer. The indicated control volume delimits the computational domain to be simulated:
26 Simulations of oil flow distribution and pressure drop for type OD transformers are generally conducted adopting
27 dimensional analyzes as in (Nordman and Lahtinen, 2013) and (Zhang et al, 2017). From that oil flow distribution and
28 pressure drop are transformed into dimensionless parameters of flow distribution in each cooling duct and the coefficient
of pressure drop over the winding, respectively. The control parameters can finally be related to the Reynolds numberfor
29 a givens winding flow velocity. These speeds naturally influence both the thermal exchanges and the electrostatic charging
30 behavior, so it is one of the main control parameters in this type of equipment.
31
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35
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43
44 Figure 1 ODAF Cooling System for Mobile Transformer
45 Previous studies (Torriano et al, 2010) and (Jarman et al, 2018) were developed for equipment of different
46 capacities. In this work, as a computational validation strategy, the same configurations of a standard geometry for a
47 60MVA transformer were reproduced, with the same voltages of primary and secondary windings, studied by (Torriano
et al, 2010). In this way, the corresponding power, input speeds, and input temperature are applied according to the
48 model verification.
49 From the construction of the mesh and from the known boundary conditions, in this case it was observated a
50 maximum difference, considering the avarege temperature on the discs, of 5º C on disk number 5 (second pass of the
winding) ,as can be seen in Figure 2, which was considered a satisfactory result, given the limitations of the presented
51 preliminary results. In future studies, we intend to perform a more accurate mesh independency analysis.
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9 Average Temperature Disc ( ºC)
10 7
11
12 6
13
14
5
Disk - second pass

15
16
17 4

18
19 3
20
21 2
22
23 1
24 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
25 Avarege Temperature
26
simulation 2D reference 2D
27
28 Figure 2 – Model Verification
29
30 Once the mathematical model and numerical implementation presented satisfactory reproduction of a previously
published result, a new set of simulations are performed, now inserting the parameters design of the 25MVA transformer
31 adapting the flux density characteristics in the windings, temperatures and input speeds.
32
33 2.2. POWER TRANSFORMER WIDING GEOMETRY
34 A large core type power transformer comprises a magnetic iron core surrounded by co-axial cylindrical windings
35 being the most common disc type. In this model, there are 16 discs, axially separated by spacers, originating radial ducts,
36 where the cooling oil can flows. As a way to direct the flow throughout the radial ducts, washers are inserted periodically
along the axial direction to impose a zigzag flow pattern through the winding. The power transformer operating in ODAF
37 cooling has 3 windings located, with increasing diameter, as it follows: Low Voltage (LV), High Voltage (HV) and
38 Regulation (Reg). The 2-D geometry represents a cutting plane along the axial direction as in Figure 3.
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48
49
50
51 Figure 3 Control volume winding details
52 Although the windings have a cylindrical shape which is nearly axis-symmetric, the hydrodynamic and thermal
53 effects of radial spacers (especially by reduction of cooling area) are not taken into account in the 2D model. As in the
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6 Evaluation Of The Directed Oil Cooling System Of A Mobile Power Transformer Through Computational Fluidodynamics
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fault domain of interest, the LV winding will be represented in 2 blocks, one with 9 disks and the other with 7 disks (in
9 the direction of the upper compression ring).
10
11 2.3. COMPUTATIONAL GRID AND CONVERGENCE CRITERIA
12
Following the numerical solution, an important step is the definition of the mesh: type, number of elements or
13 volumes, and the mesh domain. As in Figure 4, different types of mesh are considered to the solid and fluid domains:
14 structured mesh in the fluid; and nonstructured mesh (triangular) in the solid domain, including winding and guides. The
15 overall 2D domain was then subdivided into 92637 elements of various sizes (in this preliminary study), noticing smaller
elements (more refined mesh) in critical zones. The smallest element size was 0.7 mm.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31 Figure 4 Solid and Liquid Domain Mesh Detail
32
33 Once this step is completed, the conservation equations are solved through an iterative process, until the
convergence, criteria of 10-6, to all variables, are verified. A larger number of volumes can imply a more precise solution,
34 on the other hand, a dense mesh can result in a relevant computational cost and longer processing time. Therefore, with
35 this number of iterations, this criterion was considered satisfactory.
36
37 2.4. MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND OPERATING CONDITIONS
38
39 The oil thermal conductivity and heat capacity were assumed constant. Density and viscosity are temperature dependent.
Table 1 presents the fixed value or equation to evaluate these properties.
40
41 Table 1. Naphthenic Oil Properties
42
43 Physical Properties Reference Value
44
45 𝜌 (kg/m3) 868*(1-0,00064*(T(ºC)-20))
46 μ (Pa⋅s) 5.73101 - 0.0612751·T(ºC) + 0.000246719·T2(ºC) - 4.42934E-07·T3(ºC) + 2.98939E-10·T4(ºC)
47
k (W/(m·K)) 0,1278
48
49 cp (J/(kg·K)) 2030
50
51 The power transformer discs are composed by a group of copper conductors wrapped in Nomex410®. Here, it is assumed
the copper properties for the discs (copper wrapped in paper), as shown in Table 2.
52
53 Table 2 .Cooper Properties
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9
Physical Properties Reference Value
10
11
12 𝜌 (kg/m3) 8978
13
14 k (W/(m·K)) 388.5
15
16 cp (J/(kg·K)) 381
17
18 Regarding the operating conditions they are shown in Table 3:
19
Table 3 - Boundary Conditions CFD
20
21 Boundary Conditions Unit OD (25MVA)
22
23 Mass flow rate kg/s 3,62
24 Dissipated power
(W/m3) 165197
25
26 Velocity inlet (cm/s) 24.5
27
Oil inlet temperture (ºC) 77.1
28
29 In this model the source terms allow the specification of volumetric energy sources (dissipated power), so it is
30 necessary to define these values for the solid domain, referring to the disks. Given the low flow speeds (Re < 2100), the
31 regime is considered laminar.
32 3. RESULTS
33
34 3.1. NORMAL OPERATING CONDITION
35 As mentioned, the first simulation results are regarded to normal operating conditions, considering that the
36 assembly of the power transformer was flawless and the final product is exact the designed one. Figure 5 below shows
37 the location of the hot spot and the maximum temperature reached in the windings for the 25 MVA imposed.
38
39
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45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Figure 5- Temperature countors and and Maximum disc temperatures predicted by CFD
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In Figure 5, it is observed that the maximum temperature in the windings is approximately 83ºC, on
9 the first disc of the second block (i.e, 10º disc, from bottom to top), it is known that the hot spot limit at 25
10 MVA must be 85ºC. The presented result will be revised after a mesh refinement analysis.
11
12 3.2. DISTURBANCE SIMULATIONS
13 In this section, some constraints are artificially imposed to the transformer, which may impact the
14 velocity and temperature fields, in order to understand the formation of hot spots (with temperatures above the
15 standard limit), and, as a result, the power transformer failure. It is proposed two different cases: i) the
16 deformation of one flow guide; ii) increase of the flow velocity.
17 The first case refers to the variation or deformation of the flow guides. These guides are barriers strategically
placed within the windings to guide oil, thus improving the flow distribution and consequently, the cooling
18 efficiency. This evaluation is justified because during the manufacturing process, it is essential to ensure that
19 the guides do not bend or are moved along the spools. Hence, some simulations were performed after changing
20 the original geometry: reducing the length of the guide that directs the oil to the center of the coil. In order to
21 assess the impact of this issue on the oil flow and temperature distribution.
In the second case, the changes to the guides were kept and the flow velocity was increased to the limit
22
of 0,7 m/s. The oil flow system, including pump and ducts, is designed to provide adequate cooling rates to
23 ensure operating temperatures that are within the allowable limits. However, there is a velocity limit that must
24 be respected in order to avoid incorrect actuation of the gas relay by directed flow or the concentration of
25 electrostatic charges in the windings. The formation of vortices in the cooling channels can lead to the
26 circulation of bubbles or the phenomenon of electrostatic charges (Nantes, 2016). Therefore, a fundamental
parameter in the simulations is the monitoring of the electrostatic charging trend (ECT), which imposes a speed
27 limit of up to 0.7 m/s for the designer in question (CIGRÈ, 2002) and (CIGRÈ, 2013).
28 Figure 6 presents the result of both types of restrictions imposed in the simulation. Since the first
29 indication of hot spot location is in the second block of the shaped winding, between disk 1 to 7 (towards the
30 upper compression ring), it is important to emphasize that this region of interest is then delimited to evaluate
31 the temperature distribution, in order to simplify the analyses.
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7 7
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6 6
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37 5 5
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Disks
Disks

39 4 4
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41 3 3
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43 2 2
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45 1 1
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 75 80 85 90 95
46 Temperature (°C) Temperarure (°C)
47 normal guide, nominal velocity normal guide, nominal velocity
48 unpositioned guide limit velocity 0.7m/s
49
50 (a) (b)
51 Figure 6 - Average temperature evaluated at each disk: (a) compares the normal transformer conditions with case (i)
52 including a deformation at one flow guide; (b) compares the normal transformer conditions with case (ii) increasing the
53 flow velocity
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In the profile of Figure 6(a) there is a displacement of the hot spot from disk 1 to disk 4, with an
9 important increase in the temperature. Furthermore, it is verified that in fact the hot spot point exceeds the
10 admissible limits in the norm for that power, ranging from 82ºC to 110ºC. In the profile of Figure 6(b) it is
11 observed that, with the limit condition of 0.7m/s at the entrance of the pipeline, it is possible to recover the
12 initial cooling condition, even if the guides are deformed, thus obtaining a hot spot level within the admissible
13 limits for the class.
14 4. CONCLUSIONS
15
16 This study presented an evaluation of the temperature distribution fields for a 25 MVA ODAF transformer, in
perfect operating conditions and imposing some geometric or flow imperfections that, adding geometric imperfections
17 that may arise in the manufacturing process. The study demonstrated that such geometric problems can interfere with the
18 profiles and location of the winding hot spot, causing local overheating above the admissible limits for the materials used
19 in the insulation. This work will allow future transformer designs to be better structured, so that the critical points of the
ODAF project are not neglected, ensuring the expected thermal exchanges for the imposed operating conditions. As future
20 stages of the research it is intended to expand the analysis for the geometry of the 3 superimposed windings, Low Voltage
21 (LV), High Voltage (HV) and Regulation (Reg), relating the results to a failure case study real.
22
5. REFERENCES
23
24 ABNT, 2016. “NBR 5356/2016 -Brazil Power Transformer Specification.”
25 Cheim, L.; Silveira, J.G. ; Sbravati, Jovelli, A., 2009;” New Model for the Calculation of Dynamic Loading of
Transformers”.
26 CIGRÈ, 2013. “Guidelines for Conducting Design Reviews for Power Transformers.”. Brochure 529.
27 CIGRÈ, 2002. “Guidelines for Conducting Design Reviews for Transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above” - SC 12
28 WG 12.22
Daghrah, M., Wang Z., Zhongdong, W., Qiang, L., Jarman, P., Walkerb D., 2020.“Flow and temperature distributions
29 in a disc type winding-part I: Forced and directed cooling modes”.
30 Hamza, S.; Herskind, T., 2019 –“ Dynamic Thermoelectric Modelling Of Oil-Filled - Transformers For Optimized
31 Integration Of Wind Power In Distribution Networks”. Conference: CIRED Madrid
IEC Standard 60076-2, 2011.” Temperature Rise for Liquid-Immersed Transformers”.
32 Jarman P., Zhang X., Daghrah M., Liu Q., Wang Z., Dyer P., Gyore A, Smith P., Mavrommatis P., Negro M., Walker
33 D.,2018. “ Uneven liquid flow distribution in radial ducts in transformer winding cooling systems shown by
34 CFD and experimental measurements “ Presented at the CIGRE Paris Session 2018, Paris, France.
Nantes, A.C., 2016 .“Failure Analysis In Power Transformers”. Master's Dissertation.
35 Nordman H. , Lahtinen, M., 2003.“ Thermal overload tests on a 400-MVA power transformer with a special 2.5-pu short
36 time loading capability,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 107–112.
37 Picher, P. 2010. “Optimization of transformer overload using advanced thermal modelling,” CIGRE paper A2–305.
Torriano F., Chaaban M., Picher P. 2010. “Numerical study of parameters affecting the temperature distribution in a
38 disc-type transformer winding”. Jornal Applied Thermal Engineering.
39 Zhang X., Daghrah M., Wang Z.D., Liu Q., Jarman P., Negro M. 2018.” Experimental verification of dimensional
40 analysis results on flow distribution and pressure drop for disc type windings in OD cooling modes”. IEEE
Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 33, No. 4.
41 Zhang X., Wang Z.D., Liu Q., 2017. “ Interpretation of hot spot factor for transformers in OD cooling modes”. IEEE
42 Trans. Power Delivery 33 (3) 1071–1080.
43 Zhang, X, Zhongdong, W., Daghrah, M., Zhongdong, W, Qiang, L., 2020.“Flow and temperature distributions in a disc
type winding-part II: Natural Cooling Modes”.
44
45 6. RESPONSIBILITY NOTICE
46
The authors are the only responsible for the printed material included in this paper.
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L.Moura, P. Trevisoli, R. Huebner
6 Evaluation Of The Directed Oil Cooling System Of A Mobile Power Transformer Through Computational Fluidodynamics
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31 ----- Encaminhado por Luciene Martins Moura Rodrigues/eng_mecanica/mest/ENG/UFMG em
19/04/2022 03:18 PM -----
32 Para: ludokellyp@hotmail.com
33 De: Luciene Martins Moura Rodrigues/eng_mecanica/mest/ENG/UFMG
34 Data: 19/04/2022 03:14 PM
35 Assunto: Enc: Submission Confirmation
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37
38 ----- Encaminhado por Luciene Martins Moura Rodrigues/eng_mecanica/mest/ENG/UFMG em
19/04/2022 03:14 PM -----
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Para: "LUCIENE RODRIGUES" <lu01mo23@ufmg.br>
40 De: "Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering"
41 Enviado por: em.cmame.0.7ac025.c0d4603a@editorialmanager.com
42 Data: 18/04/2022 10:52 PM
Assunto: Submission Confirmation
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44 Re: EVALUATION OF THE DIRECTED OIL COOLING SYSTEM OF A MOBILE POWER TRANSFORMER
45 THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL FLUIDODYNAMICS
by LUCIENE RODRIGUES; Rudolf Huebner; Paulo Vinicius Trevizoli
46 Research Paper
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Dear Sra LUCIENE RODRIGUES,
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50 We have received your article "EVALUATION OF THE DIRECTED OIL COOLING SYSTEM OF
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