UNIT 2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Unit Checklist:
1. Acids;
 Meaning
 Strong and weak acids
 Concentrated and weak acids
 Comparing strength of acids
 Using evolution of hydrogen and carbon (IV) oxides
 Using electrical conductivity
 Using PH
 Role of solvents in acidic properties of solvents
 Hydrogen chloride in water
 Hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene

2. Bases:
 Meaning
 Strong and weak bases (alkalis)
 Measuring strength of alkalis
 Using electrical conductivity
 Using PH values
 Effect of solvent type on properties of ammonia solution
 Ammonia n water
 Ammonia in methylbenzene

3. Uses of acids and bases

4. Oxides and hydroxides

 Basic oxides
 Acidic oxides
 Neutral oxides
 Amphoteric oxides
 Meaning of amphoteric oxides
 To verify amphoteric oxides
 Reactions of amphoteric oxides

5. Salts
 Meaning
 Preparation methods (summary)
 Solubility of salts
 Qualitative tests for cations using NaOH and NH4OH;
 Effect of heat on metal oxides and hydroxides.
 Effect of sodium carbonate on salt solutions
 Properties of cations with sodium chloride, sodium sulphate and sodium sulphite

6. Solubility and solubility curves

 Definition of solubility
 Factors affecting solubility
 Solubility curves and related calculations.
 Fractional crystallization

7. Water
 Hardness of water
 Temporary hardness (Meaning; causes; and removal)
 Permanent hardness (meaning; cause; and removal)
UNIT 3: ENERGY CHNAGES IN CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES
(THERMOCHEMISTRY)

Unit Checklist.
1. Introduction
2. Specific heat capacity and enthalpy of a system
3. Endothermic and exothermic reactions.
4. Activation energy
5. Determination of heat changes
 Heat of combustion
 Meaning
 Determination
 Calculations
 Fuels
 Meaning
 Heating value of a fuel
 Fuel pollution
 Choice of a fuel
 Heat of neutralization
 Meaning
 Determination
 Calculations
 Enthalpy of solution
 Meaning
 Determination
 Calculations
 Enthalpy of displacement
 Meaning
 Determination
 Calculations
 Enthalpy of precipitation.
 Meaning
 Determination
 Calculations
6. Energy level diagrams
7. Thermochemical cycles
8. Hess’s law
9. Enthalpy of formation.
10. Heat of formation and bond energies.
11. Latent heat
 Latent heat of fusion
 Latent heat of vapourisation
 Relationship between vapourisation, fusion and structure.