latrobe.edu.

au

CHE1CHF
Chemistry
Foundations
Lecture 3

Prof. David Wilson

CRICOS Provider 00115M

Molecular Structure and Properties (Ch 3)

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this class you should be able to:
• Identify components of an atom and identify isotopes
• Identify components of an atom and identify ions
• Identify and classify ionic substances
• Explain the physical properties of a substance from the atomic
model of their structure
• Identify and name ionic and covalent compounds

2
Refresh – Atoms, Elements, Molecules, Mixtures

Classify each as:

1) Atom or molecule

2) Pure substance
or mixture
Atoms of an element Molecules of an element

Molecules of a compound Mixture of two elements

and a compound
3
 Mass Number
A Element
Refresh - Isotopes Atomic Number Z
X Symbol

35Cl nitrogen atom

17
Atomic Number = 17 Protons =
Neutrons = 18
Mass Number = 35 Electrons = 17

37Cl isotope
Atomic Number = 17 Protons = 17
Neutrons = 20
Mass Number = 37 Electrons = 17

Are all atoms with 17 protons a Cl atom? Yes

4
 The Periodic Table (of the Elements)

“If asked to learn only one thing in chemistry, pick the

Periodic Table. Learn it and all the rest will fall into place.”
(Chemistry demystified page 47)

A Table that sets out all the known elements

Ø Elements are grouped according to their chemical and

physical properties
Ø Elements are listed in order of increasing Atomic
Number (listed above the element symbol)
Ø Why was it created?

5
Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Limited 6
6
Recognition of similarities between the properties of groups of elements:
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1869) and Julius Lothar Meyer (1870)

7
 Mahaffy, 2.12
Periodic Table

• Elements with similar chemical and physical properties are

arranged in vertical columns called GROUPS

8
 Mahaffy, 2.12
Periodic Table
• The horizontal rows of elements are called PERIODS
• Elements are arranged in order of atomic number
• Elements are generally arranged in order of increasing atomic
mass

9
 Mahaffy, 2.12
Periodic Table

• More metallic nature of elements can be observed toward the

left of each row and down each group

10
Periodic Table – Some Alternatives

11
11
Homework
Familiarise yourself with the symbols and names of the elements in the
Periodic Table. Also identify where the metals, non-metals and metalloids
are.

LEARN THE NAMES AND SYMBOLS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS!

Print out/copy/download the Periodic table - bring it to each lecture!

12
 Mahaffy, 2.5
Elements, Compounds, Molecules, Mixtures
• A CHEMICAL COMPOUND is a substance composed of atoms
of two or more different elements
EXAMPLE: Water has a definite composition, with fixed
element ratios (H2O)

13
 Mahaffy, 2.5
Compounds

• The CHEMICAL FORMULA shows the composition of a

compound
• It features the relative numbers of different types of atoms
EXAMPLE:
Na
NaCl
Sodium chloride contains Cl
the same number of atoms
of sodium and chlorine
combined in a molecule

14
 Mahaffy, 2.5
Chemical Formula
Element symbols
Subscript = number of atoms

H2O water
means 2 H atoms for every 1 O atom
Don’t need to show 1 (it is implied)

C6H12O6 sucrose (sugar)

6 C atoms, 12 H atoms, 6 O atoms in each molecule

Mg(OH)2 milk of magnesia (magnesium hydroxide)

1 Mg atom, 2 O atoms, 2 H atoms
15
Elements, Compounds, Mixtures

Both elements and compounds have a definite makeup and definite properties.

Elements Compounds Mixtures

substance
only one kind with two or
definite two or more two or more
of atom; atoms
makeup more kinds kinds of substances
are bonded it
and of atoms and that are
the element
properties that are physically
is diatomic or
bonded mixed
polyatomic

16
Elements, Compounds, Mixtures

• Hydrogen is an element.
• Oxygen is an element.
• When hydrogen and oxygen
bond they make the
compound water.
• When salt and water are
combined, a mixture is
created. Compounds in
mixtures retain their The ocean is a mixture.
individual properties.

§Compounds have different properties than the elements that make them up.
§Table salt has different properties than sodium, an explosive metal, and
chlorine, a poisonous gas.
17
 Mahaffy, 3.6
Molecular Substances
A specific arrangement of atoms of
PROPERTIES:
various elements held together by
covalent bonds to form a molecule. • Low melting and boiling points.
• Do not conduct electricity
Groups of molecules held together by • Soft solids
much weaker intermolecular forces.

18
Molecules and Compounds

This well-known molecule is a compound Ordinary solid salt is a compound but not a molecule.
because it contains more than one element. It is built from interpenetrating lattices of sodium and
chloride ions that extend indefinitely.

A large molecule
DNA is a polymer-type
material that is a very
large molecule. It is a
compound.
A molecule but not a compound
Ozone, O3, is not a compound because it
contains only a single element.

19
 Mahaffy, 3.6
Molecular Substances
• The force which holds together atoms within a molecule is called a
covalent bond. (more about bonding later in week 4-5)
• In a molecule, atoms share electrons. Atoms are held together by
attraction of their nuclei for the shared electrons
EXAMPLE: Covalent bond formation of Cl2

20
 Mahaffy, 3.6
Molecules and Covalent Bonding

• It is often found that an

oxygen atom is bound by a
single covalent bond to
each of two other atoms
ie a common valency of two
• Common valencies occur
for (practically) all atoms

21
 Mahaffy, 3.6
Molecular Substances
For a molecule the chemical formula is the molecular formula.

The molecular formula (which indicates the number of atoms of each

element in a molecule) of cocaine is C17H21NO4

A molecular formula does not necessarily give an indication of structure.

22
Naming Molecular Compounds
Molecular"compounds held together by shared
electron pair(s), called covalent bonds

• nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids

• element further left in periodic table is 1st
• element closest to bottom of group is 1st
• if more than one compound possible from elements,
use prefixes to indicate number of each type of atom
• last element ends in ide
NF3 nitrogen trifluoride
CO carbon monoxide
• Some have common names
H2O, NH3, CH4

Page 23
23
Naming Molecular Compounds

• Element further left in periodic table is 1st

• If more than one compound can be formed from the same elements, use
prefixes to indicate number of each kind of atom
• Last element ends in ide

Molecule Elements Name

CO2 carbon, oxygen carbon dioxide

SO2 sulfur, oxygen sulfur dioxide

N2O5 nitrogen, oxygen dinitrogen pentoxide

Name is lower case = not capitalised 24

Naming Molecular Compounds
Molecule Elements Name
HI hydrogen, iodine hydrogen iodide

PF3 phosphorus, fluorine phosphorus trifluoride

CO2 carbon, oxygen carbon dioxide

N2Cl4 nitrogen, chlorine dinitrogen tetrachloride

NO2 nitrogen, oxygen nitrogen dioxide

N2O nitrogen, oxygen dinitrogen monoxide

Page 25
Name is lower case = not capitalised 25
 Mahaffy, 3.3
Ionic substances
• Ionic compounds are composed of a
number of electrically charged
particles called ions.
• Some ions have a positive charge
(cations) and some have negative
charge (anions).
• Ions with different charge are held
together by the electrical force of
attraction.
• Ions form a three-dimensional
network called ionic lattice
• They are not molecular

26
 Mahaffy, 3.4
Ionic Substances

• Ionic substances are made up from ions.

• Ions are charged species. Ions can be atoms or can

be groups of atoms (compounds/molecules). Table salt
ionic substance

• Ions are different species from the atoms from which

they are derived (i.e. they have different
characteristics).

27
 Mahaffy, 3.4
Ionic Substances
How are ions formed? By gaining or losing electrons.

Li+ CATION

F- ANION

28
Ions
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or
negative charge.
Cation: ion with a positive charge
• If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation.

11 protons (+) 11 protons (+)

Na 11 electrons (-) Na+ 10 electrons (-)
neutral sodium atom sodium ion

Anion: ion with a negative charge

• If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion.

17 protons (+) 17 protons (+)

Cl 17 electrons (-) Cl- 18 electrons (-)
neutral chlorine atom chloride ion

29
Atoms, Isotopes, and Ions
This is important to get right (but can be confusing to learn).

1) All atoms of an element have the same number of protons. By default, all
atoms are neutral (not charged).

2) Isotopes – have different numbers of neutrons.

3) Ions – have different numbers of electrons.

Examples.
• If an atom has 6 protons it is always carbon!
• 6 protons, 6 electrons. Neutral charge so not an ion.
• 6 protons, 5 electrons is an ion. 30
 A
Ions Z
X
14N cation (N+)
Atomic Number = 7Protons = 7
Neutrons = 7
Mass Number = 14 Electrons = 6

19F anion (F-)

Atomic Number = 9Protons = 9
Neutrons = 10
Mass Number = 19 Electrons = 10

7Li cation (Li+).

Atomic Number = 3 Protons = 3
Neutrons = 4
Mass Number = 7 Electrons = 2
31
Review of isotopes and ions
Atomic Number = 3 (Li)
Protons = 3
Electrons = 2
Species is: Li+

Atomic Number = 22 (Ti)

Protons = 22
Electrons = 22
Species is: Atomic Number = 8 (O)
Ti
Protons = 8
Atomic Number = 22 (Ti) Electrons = 10
Protons = 22 Species is:
O2-
Electrons = 20
Species is: Ti2+
32
 Mahaffy, 3.4
Ions
Common atomic ions and patterns:

Atoms in groups 1-2 (and 3-12) prefer to lose electrons (cations)

Atoms in group 15-17 prefer to gain electrons (anions)

33
Common Polyatomic Ions
A monatomic ion contains only one atom.

Na+, Cl–, Ca2+, O2–, Al3+, N3–

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom.

OH–, CN–, NH4+, NO3–

Note: polyatomic ions stay together with their charge.

OH- is always the two O-H atoms together, with an overall -1 charge.

34
 Mahaffy, 3.4
Common Polyatomic Ions Learn At Least These!

35
 Mahaffy, 3.4
Ionic Compounds
Formulas of ionic compounds
• The formula of an ionic compound refers to the relative
number of cations (+ve) and anions (-ve) in the lattice
• The relative number of cations and anions must be such that
the compound has zero net electrical charge.
Sum of charges = 0

Formula Ions present Overall charge

1+ 1-
NaCl Na+, Cl- Na(+) + Cl(-) = 0
2- 2+
CaCl2 Ca2+, Cl- Ca(2+) + 2 x Cl(-) = 0
2+ 2-
CaCO3 Ca2+, CO32- Ca(2+) + CO3(2-) = 0
Ca3(PO4)2 Ca2+, PO43- 3 x Ca(2+) + 2 x PO4(3-) = 0
6+ 6-
36
 Mahaffy, 3.4
Ionic Compounds
Subscripts, superscripts, brackets…
Subscripts give the number of atoms (don’t need to show if 1)
K2CO3 has 2 K atoms, 1 C atom, 3 O atoms.
Subscripts with brackets mean the bracket is repeated
Mg(OH)2 has 2 OH groups = 2 O atoms and 2 H atoms
Superscripts refer to charge and not the number of atoms
Mg2+ is a Mg dication (+2 charge).

Mg3CL4+ (spot all the errors in this formula)

37
Refresh: Naming ionic compounds
• Ionic Compounds
– Consist of a cation (+) and anion (-), often a metal + nonmetal
– The formula is always the same as the empirical formula
– name the cation (metal), and add add “ide” to element name of
anion (nonmetal)

Ba2+ Cl- BaCl2 barium chloride

K+ O2- K2O potassium oxide
Mg2+ OH- Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

K+ NO3- KNO3 potassium nitrate

polyatomic anion – keep name

38
Naming Ionic Compounds
Transition metal ionic compounds (can have different charges)
– indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals

FeCl2 2 Cl- = -2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride

FeCl3 3 Cl- = -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride

Cr2S3 3 S2- = -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide

39
Summary
You should be able to:
• Recognise a molecular substance is a specific arrangement of atoms
of various elements held together by covalent bonds to form a
molecule.
• Recognise that all matter is composed of atoms and elements are
composed of the same types of atoms
• Identify isotopes and ions of atoms
• Name ionic and molecular compounds

40