linking Words

Transitions, Transitional words, Cohesive markers, Signal words, Conjunctions, Connectives, Connectors
comparative tools, Discourse markers, Correlative conjunctions, Coordinating conjunctions,
Subordinating conjunctions, Organising words, Linking words, Linking devices,
Linking expressions, Signposting phrases
The following may have more than one function

COml"lrl_,.
Similarly Similar to Similar manner {to) mirror
Just as (Just) like (to) be alike Likewise
Almost the same as The same as In the same way (to) have ln common

As if In relation to Correspondingly as (adj /adv) as

ldentical(ly) Equal Equivalent to (to) resemble

Contrast & Concession

However/ But Notwithstanding Still Although
(Even) though Despite/ In spite of Despite the fact that Whereas
Having said that Paradoxlcally While On the other hand
On the contrary In (sharp) contrast To compare to/ with In comparison to
Conversely Otherwise Alternatively Unlike
To differ from Yet Nonetheless/Nevertheless Arter all
Apart from On (tt,e) one hand In practice In theory

Comment & Attitude & Manner & state

Fortunately Unfortunately Incidentally Normally

Typically Interestingly Surprlslngly Astonlshingly

Ideally Obviously Accidentally Frankly

Personally Clearly Honestly Seriously

Predictably Strongly Theoretically Understandably

Confidentially Simply Miraculously Officially

Bitterly Exactly Precisely Reasonably

Fasclm1tingly Sensibly Rationally Realistically

Accurately Practically Logically Attractively

Amazingly Exceptionally Justifiably Hypothetically

-.
Addition • Sequence
First and foremost To start with Moreover Besides

First and most importantly Initially And now More importantly

In addition In the first place Beforehand Not only ...but also

For one thing Furthermore Next earlier The former

One more point As well as The first feature Subsequently

The first point Additionally Then Alterwards

First (ly)/ Second (ly) ... Most significantly What is more Last but not least

Arst of all After that Above all Ultimately

To begin with The latter Also Lastly/Finally

Cause
For Because Since As

Because of/ Owing to Due to That's why In light of

For this reason In the view of For the sake of By/ In virtue of
Hence For the reason that In view of the fact On account of
Linking Words

Degree & Extent& Intensity & Imp,._

Moderately Pretty Quite Relatively

Rather Wholly Somewhat Up to a point

Too Almost Practically Completely

To some extent Significantly Partially Thoroughly

To a limited extent Exceedlngly Grossly Notably

To some degree Dramatically Considerably Immeasurably

To a great extent Adequately Enough Partly

To a certain extent Excessively Mainly Mostly

Extremely Approximately Roughly Truthfully

Greatly Enormously Highly Noticeably

Really Terrifically Truly Unusually

Immensely Tremendously Entirely Markedly

Barely Profoundly Virtually Hugely

Pretty much Fantastically Amazingly Outstandingly

Astoundingly Absolutely Undeniably Unquestionably

Admittedly Indeed In fact Particularly

Prtmarlly Incredibly Naturally More or less

Genuinely Increasingly Entirely Strongly

Evidently Specifically In particular Undeniably

Indubitably Definitely Certainly Utterly

Remarkably Undoubtedly Awfully Terribly

Eminently Severely Intensely Acutely

Eternally Perennially Sufficiently Fully

Massively Sharply Totally Harshly

Vastly Extraordinarily Exceptionally Dazzlingly

Around Irrefutably Distinctly Incalculably

Result
·- .

So As a result As a consequence of Consequently

Therefore Thus Accordingly For this reason

Alternative
Or Either •.. or Whether ...or ... Instead

Instead of Rather than Alternatively Interchangeably

Condition
If Even If If so If not
Provided that Provrding On condition that Depending on
It (all) depends on Unless Otherwise As tong as

aarlflcatlon
I mean... To put it another way... It Implies •.. It Indicates ...

I am referring to... That means... l.e It suggests, .. In other words

To clarify this issue... What I mean Is... On doser examination, we find... What I am trying to say Is...

The clearest indication of ... This clearly proves that ... To be exact More precisely

As a matter of fact... To be more precise In fact... In short ...

Let's put It this way... To elaborate on this Issue To be more specific To be more precise
 Linking Words

EJUll'lqtla
For example/ instance The best example that I can think of ,, To exemplify... There are certain situations m lillhfc:h ..

A standard example ...
All cases concerning...
An example to Illustrate this point
Including.../Such as ...
This pomt is aptly illustrated by•••
A telling example of the inherent
danger ol'...
In this case.. ./ In case of In another case ... Take the case or...
To clarify this point ... A perfect/ prtme/strlklng exampl11.. In particular/Particularly ...
An illustration of th Is ... A case in point ... Chiefly/Notably
A good example of this ... .•. is a clear Indication that. .. A classic example...
One example that sprln§IO to my mind... A typical example... ... epitomised by...
As a model/ sample ... A clear example... In the example mentioned above...

Time • Frequency
As soon as Just as Meanwhile While

When Immediately Lately Recently

Now During Since For

Shortly before Long before Shortly after Soon after

Long after In the (near) future As long as These days

Nowadays At present At the same time At the moment

Until very recently Until After before

By the time Ever since Since then Later

Whenever So far Simultaneously Eventually

At last Gradually Little by little Bit by bit

Hardly ever Regularly Normally Soon

In no time Later Constantly Over and over

Currently All the time Most of the time Now and then

Now and again Just now In the cou�e of time sooner or later

In due course PTior to Always Occasionally

From time to time At times Sometimes Once in a while

Pretty often Pretty frequently Seldom Almost never

Scarcely Almost always Every now and then Periodically

At (regular) Intervals Commonly All the time On and off

(Every) now and then Continuously Intermittently Henceforth

Predominately On a regular basis On a dally basis On occasion(s)

Once in a while As usual Every day/week Every other day/week

In the meantime For the meantime In the meanwhile For the meanwhile

.
Certainty & Probablllty
Definitely Certainly Undoubtedly (Most) probably

Maybe Perhaps (Immediate) prospect Supposedly

Hardly likely Unlikely Possibly Seemingly

Apparently Highly unlikely Presumably Quite probable

Evidently There is a 90% probability... Conceivably Ostensibly

A strong probability ... In all probability... Highly probable Pretty sure

Almost certainly Categorically Improbably Outwardly

Unimaginably In all likelihood Unexpectedly Without/beyond doubt

Essay Language -Task 2
Introduction (Fact or attitude)
It Is widely accepted that...
It is widely believed that ...
It is widely argued that ...
It is widely acknowledged that...
It is generally acknowledged...
It must be admitted that...
It is generally felt that ...
It is unjustifiable to say that...
I think it is incredibly unfair to say that ...
It is hard to accept that...
It is hardly acceptable to expect...
...is a generally acknowledged fact
It is an incontestable fact that ...
It is a proven fact that In today's society ...
It is a well-known fact that...
It is an inescapable fact that...
It is a well-established fact...
It would be difficult to imagine.. ./ It is inconceivable that...
Perhaps the majority of people would agree that ...
Many people these days claim that...
It is certainly understandable that... / It goes without saying...
There is no doubt that.../ No one doubts that...
It cannot be denied that .../ It is undeniable that...
We cannot deny the fact that../ There Is no denying that...
No one can be sure ...
There is a general perception that ...
No sensible person will deny...
It would seem that... / It often seems that...
It Is becoming more and more evident that ...
There is incontrovertible evidence that...
There Is irrefutable evidence that...
There is indisputable evidence that ...
There is growing evidence that ...
There Is abundant evidence that ...
There is compelllng evidence that...
There is tangible evidence that...
There is ample evidence that...
Anecdotal evidence suggests that...
There is convincing evidence that ...
There is conclusive evidence...
There is increasing scientific evidence that...
There Is little evidence to prove (the fact that)...
It is undoubtedly true to say...
It is probably true to say ...
It does seem to be true that.../ It is certainly true that...
It has been pointed out...
Obviously, it is easy to understand...
It has become apparent that. .. / It is obvious that,__
It is absolutely Imperative to ...
I think it is right and proper that...
It Is reasonable to assume that...
It Is frequently asserted that ...
These days, It Is noticeable that...
In many societies these days, people are concerned about...
There is growing concern about/over...
There is considerable concern about/over ...
Today people seem to be anxious ...
In today's world, ... Is a matter of concern to many people...
...is regarded as the greatest threat to ...
These days, ...Is considered as a worrying concern
There is a decline in the quality of...
... ls/are likely to cause enormous damage to...
It is certainly true that there is an alarming lack of...
The rate of .. .is escalating alarmingly/... is on the increase
Statistics show there is a significant increase in ...
The last century witnessed an unprecedented increase in...
It should come as no surprise that ...
It might be tempting to agree with...
I think It Is reasonable to say that...
There are certainly a number of accepted reasons...
It Is probably inevitable that...
Nowadays we hear that...
Our ever-increasing use of...has caused...
Nowadays... ls/are becoming more widespread
The widespread use of ... has caused /enabled...
The increasing availability/use of...
There was widespread agreement...
It Is quite common these days.../...ls all-pervasive In our world today
... is/are becoming increasingly common/prevalent/frequent
...have/has long been a common thing
In many countries these days...
There is a tendency towards.../ln spite of...people still tend to...
There Is a growing/irresistible trend towards...
The growing/Increasing popularity of...{The growing significance of...
It is crystal clear that...ls/are Increasing in popularity
...have/has an important role to play in popularising...
A growing number of people feel...
The number of...is growing exponentially each year
A growing number of people.../ There is a growing interest in...
The significance of...lies in the fact that...
...is/are becoming increasingly sophisticated
More and more people throughout the world...
In many countries around the world...
... is a matter of considerable public concern

Introduction (Fact or attitude)
...is always the centre of attention/ ..is the main focus of attention
... is/are doing Irreparable harm/.•. ca1,.1se(s) lifelong damage
One of the burning Issues of today's world ...
One of the scourges of the modern world...
Most developing countries are now experiencing a/an... crisis
...is one the most serious challenges facing the world today
The world is facing many unprecedented problems
In many parts of the world.../ It is important in today's world...
... is an intractable problem confronting us in modern society
In today's globalised world...
In many modern industrialised societies...
The challenges facing our world seem overwhelming, however...
One of the most conspicuous topics...
It is said that no subject is as controversial as...is
It is undoubtedly true that... is one of today's issues
Many young people today,..
According to a recent survey conducted/carried out...
This is a widely held belief... There are many firmly-held beliefs...
It is unfortunate/regrettable that.../lt is an unfortunate fact that
Human beings have long struggled with ...
The most pressing Issue... /...continues to be a serious problem
Most governments are showing great concern about...
•.. is/are of (vital/crucial/critical/decisive) importance
...ls/are (absolutely} vital/essential/cruclal/aitical/lndlspensable
... is a question of fundamental importance
When discussing ... it is important to consider...
... Is becoming the focus of many governments/authorities
...is the matter of the greatest importance...
In today's world ... is regarded as a top priority
I believe the concept of... is fundamentally correct
Nowadays, ... is/are characterised by/as...
The philosophy/theory/concept/notion of...
These days, ...have/has led to a biased interpretation
It Is a widely held misconception that...
It is very difficult to explicate the term' ......,
The term'......' is widely/ commonly used to describe...
The word• ......' is used In different ways
To many people the term' ......' means.../ Many people define'.....:as...
.... Is a catch-all term that is frequently used to refer ••.
From a global/hlstoricalfeconomic perspective... •.•.' means...
At the turn of the century... {Throughout history...
For the past 100 years.../ Over the years...
During the past century/In the last century.../Over the last few centuries ...
For decades/ For many years.../ For many hundreds of years ...
Over the last fifty years... / Over fifty years ago...
Over the last few decades... / The past half century has seen...
Essay Language - Task 2
In recent tlmes.,./ln recent decades .../Untll very(relatlvely) recently...
It is predicted/ anticipated/ estimated that...
Over the next few years.../The 21" century witnessed...
In recent years/ In today's world/ In the near future...
In fact, ...ls a rhetorical question
... ls/are generally/ widely regarded as...
... have/has long been known/recognised as ...
...is considered as a relatively new phenomenon
... Is a phenomenon of the 21" century/ modern age
... have;has transformed/revolutionised the way/methods... I
In fact, at the time, this subject matter was revolutionary
There has been a marked/drastic change in attitudes towards...
The last two decades, have seen enormous changes in the way people .•.
These days, a high degree of reliance on...has caused ...
...would have been considered unthinkable only a decade ago
...have/has made great improvements in...
There have been significant developments in...
Thanks to modern methods of ... people now are able to...
.•• have/has greatly facilitated people's lives
The advent of...have/has probably had the most significant
effect on everyday life
Revolutionary advances In the field of...
Considerable progress has been made In...
Advancements in a field of.../ With recent developments in ...
New developments in science...
...is/are considered as a major technological breakthrough
As technology advances, humans are becoming ...
Technological advances in the field of...
Scientlfic advances in the field of...
Rapid advances are being made In...
Recent research has reve.iled that...
Research indicates/demonstrates that..,/Research has shown...
Research has generally suggested._/Most studies confirm that...
According to (official) statistics available on...
The research findings show that.. ./ Most researchers agree on...
Some studies have suggested/estal>llshed that...
Numerous studies have shown... /Most accredited experts say..
Researchers have claimed that...
Scientists have warned that...
Scientists have Jong observed ...
It is certainly true that...may have an important impact on...
In general ...ls/are adversely affected by...
Most countries spend large proportions of their budgets on ...
Enormous/ vast amounts of money spent on...
To answer this question. It Is necessary to distinguish between ...
There is a fundamental difference between ... ancL
There is a perennial dilemma between... and...
Essay Language• Task 2
Balanced ( Advantages & Disadvantages / For & Against)
An issue to be evaluated is whether the benefits of ... are worth
the costs
Whether...is a question that requires ca reful consideration
The question a,ises as to whether or not..
Whether (or not) ... remains a much debated question
A pertinent question to be considered is whether ... is a positive
or neaative develooment
The question is, under what circumsta nces ... is defensible
Many questions rema in about whether/why/how ...
A matter of debate is whether (or not) ... is justifiable
It is highly debatable whether (or not) .. .is reasonable
It is disputed whethe r (or not) ... is moral/ethical
It is arguable whether ... is defensible (or not)
It is questionable whether .. is acceptable (or not)
One of the curial questions of today's world is whether (or not) ...
.. has been a matter of interest whether the advantages
outweigh the disadvantages (or not)
A controversial phenomenon of recent years is whether ..
This is a subject that always causes controversy
... has sparked a sto rm of contro versy ...
Today , co ntroversy continues over whether/how/what/why ..
Controversy ex ists as to whether/how/why/what...
A considerable controversy at present is ...
Much controversy surrounds ...
Much debate has been gen erate d by .. .'s co ntroversial paper
... is extremely controversial. There are strong views for and
against... /In fact, .. .is due to the confrontation betwee n ... and ...
... is a sensitive issue which has provoked many discussions
... has always been a matter of heated debate
...has long been the subject of intense debate
People have a hea ted argument about whether/how/why ..
People a,rgue a lot nowadays about whether (or not) ...
Strong arguments exist in support of both sides of this debate
There are both positive and. negative sides to this decision
There are advantages and disadvantages to .. .
This issue has aroused strong fee lings among ..
The debate has aroused strong feelings on both sides
There are a number of different points of view on this issue
...have/has aroused a lot of adverse criticism
...attracted a lot of criticism, both positive and negative
There are certainly both benefits and dra,wbacks to ...
There are strong arguments for and aga inst...
There are strong emotions on both sides of the debate
The antagon is m between opposing sides has caused ...
There is a growing antipathy towards the idea of ...
... is an issue which frequently generates a great deal of heated
debate/ The issue of... is still hotlv debated bv researchers
The issue remains hotly disputed
There has always been a great deal of widespread opposition to ...
171
There is a bas ic contradiction between ... and ...
In fact, t hese ideas are totally incompatibl e
...contradict(s) the idea that .../. .. and ... contradict each other
This issue may provoke a hostile response from opposition
arouos
Whether to accept ... (or not) has long divided people
The issue has polarised public opinion
This controversial issue has attracted wor ldwide attention
Matters of topical interest...
... have/has attracted a lot of intere st
The latest findings have generated a lot of discussions on this
issue
The problem comes from a collision between two opposing
ooints of view
Both sides regularly collide over policy decisions
... is a constant source of disagreement
Some people think that ... is not a realistic option while others
are of the opinion that ...
Opinions on the issue are d ivided, and my own considered
opinion is that ...
Experts hold widely differing views on this topical issue
. .. is a thought-provoking question . This question depends on ..
... is likely to remain an unresolved/ unsettled issue
This question remains unanswered
Both views are h1ghi,y contentious
. .. tends to be a complicated/complex/knotty subject
... is a highly emotive subject/issue
- This argument encompasses a range of complex and
interconnected issues including ...
... is a heated discussion
There is often a debate over whether/how/why ...
... is a challenging question
... is a divisive issue and known as a source of discord
...is a highly contentious subject; ... remains a point of contention
... is a subject of considerable debate; and more controversially ...
.. .is a long-running dispute/battl e
...is a subject of wide-ranging debate
This issue poses some challenging questions
There is wide disagreement on this issue
The fundamental dilemma over... lies/remains ... .
This argument has been put forward by many experts, most
notably bv Dr/Prof...
Some people think ... is/are helpful whUst others are of the
opinion that ...serve(s) no useful purpose
The supporters of ... think that ... se rve(s) the interests of
... while others think ... is/are of no benefit to ...
Some people think ... cou ld be of great benefit to ... and offer(s) many
advantages while others beHeve ...is/are of no real value for...
People have opposing views about the advantages and
disadvantaaes of this verdict
The debate is centred around two conflicting theories
People have different views about the merits and demerits of
this plan
People have conflicting views about the advantages and
disadvantages of this plan
Th ere are numerous arguments for and against.. .
The topic must be opened up for general discussion

Balanced ( Advantages & Disadvantages / For & Against)
However, there are people who belleve that the advantages
of ... are far greater than its disadvantages
There is evidence both to support and refute the view that...
This issue ... has attracted great attention and... has long
divided scholars
A subject of broad interest is whether/how/why ...
A topic of broad interest ...
Another angle on this debate suggests that ...
It is important to settle the differences by ...
In fact, there are a few minor inconsistencies in this argument
This attitude is perfectly understandable/definable/recognisable
There is often a conflict of interests between... and ...
This bitter dispute between the two groups has led to...
The argument over ... will probably continue for ever
There is room for argument about...
Both arguments can be valld provided...
In fact, this argument can be applied to other contexts
There are people who are (totally/fundamentally) opposed to...
It is obvious that the advocates are growing In number
There are telling points, but the argument is by no means over
There are subjective judgments about...
This view is subjective and therefore open to disagreement
The views which are expressed are diametrically opposed on
this issue
There is widespread support for ...
The supporters strenuously defend the theory of ...
They state clearly ... ; substantiating their claims...
This Is obviously of mutual benefit to...
...have/has II wide range of benefits
...can be very conducive to...
Of course, the positive points should not be overlooked
Opinions are mixed regarding.../ People have mixed feelings
about.../ There has been a mixed reaction to •..
It is said that... help(s) most people in quite a lot of ways
Admittedly, ... hold(s) certain advantages over ...
...result(s) in immediate and significant benefits
There are many advantages to...
... have/has brought about real advantages to...
Add to this positive point, we can benefit...
The results of...substantiated the claims
... Is a positive development/trend
This agreement would be advantageous to both sldes
Many people assume that...is/are beneficial
... has/have brought about great advantages to...
There are many people who are for...
These policies have been widely advocated...
The idea of...is strongly supported by ...
I can see no flaw in the argument
The significance of...ls appreciated by the supporters of ...
Essay Language - Task 2
Some people strongly agree with the opinion that.../ Most
people share the view that •..
The advantages are numerous. The positive points gained
from... outnumber the neaative asoects
The positive points of... should be acknowledged
Very often this positive aspect is taken for granted
This important aspect conspicuously neglected by...
The deficiencies in this argument are easy to spot
Negative side effects of... can occur and include...
This ctalm makes little sense especially...
Many of these ideas appear to be in conflict with each other
I find this claim unjustified In two respects
There is considerable concern about ...
There are doubts about the usefulness of...
By contrast It is said that this argument Is misguided
It cannot be denied that It may cause many problems
The research findings do not valldate the claim made by...
The disadvantages of...are too numerous to mention
This theory seems to have no basis in fact
This argument has structural defects
There is no scientific basis to this method
There is no logical basis for this claim. There is no logic In...
This view point is fic1wed/ This argument has fundamental flaws
Researchers found this explanation to be highly Implausible
These claims are completely unfounded
These claims seem to be completely baseless
...have/has been justifiably criticised
There is a widespread criticism .../ I think It is a valid criticism
There are certainly convincing explanations to evaluate this subject
In the face of such criticism, proponents of ...have responded in
a number of wavs
Scientists have raised strong criticisms of...
They set out some powerful arguments which will shape our
thinkino for vears
This aspect can sway the public opinion in a negative direction
In contrast, there ls considerable disagreement over ...
I think there Is no defensible basis for this argument
There is always a degree of uncertainty surrounding the future
of...
...is a problematic situation as there is always a degree of
ambiguity surrounding the concept of...
There is growing apprehension that...
The disadvantages of ... should not be neglected
There are basically three schools of thought regarding the issue
of...
Several explanations have been offered for the issue of...
... Is a very convincing argument
There Is widespread agreement on this subject. Most specialists
are unanimous on this issue
This is a perfectly valid question to raise
I tend to side with those who think...
Some people claim that it is a feeble argument
The opponents query the decision ...
EHay Language - Task 2

Balanced ( Advantages & Disadvantages / For & Against)

The opponents set out their objections to this issue
It is difficult to confirm or disprove...
It is necessary to counter negative Images with positive Images
This Is a view echoed by many veteran/seasoned campaigners
The theory has now been disproved by...
This hypothesis is often refuted by...
The opponents challenge the theory of...
The debate tends to be one-sided
There is a strong bias in favour of/against ...
These views on... are quite objectionable
They tend to agree to the proposal in principle but ...
There is an argument for each side, the final answer comes
down to a matter of personal choice
In support of the opinion that ..• it could be argued that ...
...have/has been disputed for centuries
These claims are often unsupported by research findings
In some senses, the criticisms are justlned
The theory Is based on several erroneous beliefs/assumptions
The opponents hold a number of mistaken beliefs...
An unsubstantiated claim...
Both groups have very definite Ideas on how ...
The advantag es are stronger than the disadvantages
The problems caused by... continue to outweigh its advantages
We must weigh the benefits of...against the risks involved in...
We must weigh up the pros and carts of...
We should appraise the gains and losses of this decision
In this essay, I will explain the issue in great detail
It Is important to consider the pluses and minuses of...
This essay covers the most important aspects of the debate
This essay evaluates the positive and negative points of this issue
I will briefly address each argument
This essay emphasises the controversy surrounding ...
The arguments for and against ... will be discussed
This is the subject which has aroused a lot of controversy...
This essay deals with this thorny issue
This essay will discuss both sides of this issue
In this essay, the arguments surrounding ... will be analysed
This essay deals with this controversial issue
In this essay, I will try to put forward some of these arguments
This essay touches upon this disputable issue
The aim of the essay is to elucidate the main points of the issue
The essay covers much broader aspects of this issue
This essay deals with this controversial topic from a different
oersoective
This essay wlll look at the reasons for and against .•.
In this essay, the main reasons for and against ... will be
examined
The main objective of this essay is to discuss the pros and cons
of. ..
In this essay, both viewpoints for and against... will be
discussed
Below are a number of points that suggest...
In this essay, the pros and cons of... will be discussed
In this essay, both aspects of this Issue wlll be elaborated
!rt this essay, both sides of this argument will be
comprehensively discussed
This essay attempts to deal wlth both viewpoints

. - -� .
..
�v•·
-- .ri••
This essay assesses these arguments
.,.
,
_..._,: - .. ...,-1-..._ -· .
.} '• �-
..
The most obvious advantage (of)... Another positive outlook on this issue ...
The greatest advantage (of).../ A big advantage (of) ... The strength of such a method Is that...
An obvious positive point... One positive attitude towards this subject ...
Another benefit obtained from... An additional merit (of).,.
One the most important advantages (of) ... The next positive aspect I would llke to consider•..
The most significant benefit (of) ... With regard to social/economic matters, a great advantage ...
From a social/cultural point of view, the main advantage (of)... The last benefit gained from ...

-·-- ,.
-
...
.. -
�
.. -�
.
By far the most important advantage (of)...
,• ,·,
�-
. ....
,_ - ·-
�- .,..
.. ""'.'SI! 'Iii
A final advantage of...
·� "'�"'"
,__
- �- _i
-
= � .
...
. �
�"'"-. --
On the minus side.../The greatest weak point/ weakness Another danger/threat/challenge/risk posed by...
One major disadvantage/ drawback associated with ... A common pitfall...
An inherent weakness in such a decision ... One major shortcoming (of)...
Another negative aspect (of)... A severe disadvantage (of)...
Another negative point (of)... A further criticism...
A further disadvantage (of) ... A downside {of)...
Worryingly, the most serious threat (of)... Another negative aspect (of) ...
The most worrying aspect (of)... On the positive side, we can say...
One barrier/ obstacle/hindrance ... Another loophole...

For (Unklng expressions)
Those people who are in favour of ... believe that ...
The advocates figure ...
Those who are for ...{Those who are In favour of...
An Important consideration to justify...
One justification often given for ...
Many people evidently agree with this point of view...
The supporters of... often refer to...
The defenders of... ol'ten point out...
The advocates believe... / Some people strongly advocate ...
Most scholars tend to agree with...
Many people daim/proclaim ...
Those who defend.../ The upholders of ...believe...
A strong argument for..,
Those who insist ...
The supporters maintain...
To many people ... They remark... From their point of view ...
There are many people who hold that...
There may be an argument in favour of this issue...
The simplest explanation for...
Agalnat(Unkfng exprasalc,n8)
(By contrast), it Is often argued... The opponents believe...
(Nevertheless), people who are against... claim...
(However), not everyone agrees.../ not all research agrees...
(Yet), the other side of the issue should be considered...
The other side of the coin is ...
These arguments seem inconsistent. Some crltlcs claim...
Another justification to reject this attitude ...
The opponents believe... They claim.../ One might argue that...
Critics of...argue that.../ Some sceptics claim ...
Those who object to ... often argue that...
One compelling argument against ...
People who are opposed to ... are of the opinion that ...
Some critics oppose the view that ...
This view is no longer widely held. The main reason for
reiectlna...
Another point agalnst...which needs to be taken Into
consideration...
Many people flnd It difficult to agree with...
In opposition to the argument, it could be said...
Those who are against ...have reasons that cannot be Ignored.
The most imoortant araument aaainst...
There are people who argue against...
There are people who strongly oppose to ...
This approach Ignores the fact that...
Some people suspect that ... / Many people express doubts...
Contrary to popular belief, there are many reasons for rejecting...
Campaigners have objected that...
Many people think that this argument is Incorrect. They claim...
Some people believe... is a worrying trend. They think...
Essay Language � Task 2
Another justification the advocates would put forward ...
Some people are inclined to agree with...
An additional argument In support oL
One explanation to support this point of view ...
(Some/many/most) experts/academics believe ...
(Some/many/most) researchers are of the opinion that...
Some economists/environmentalists/sociologists support ...
The most powerful argument In favour of ...
One convincing explanation in favour of ...
Some scientists point out that...
The supporters of... express their views cogently. They believe...
Proponents of this view often encourage/promote/support ...
People who adhere to this concept often claim ...
The advocates are strongly of the opinion that...
Many people assume that...
There are many people supporting...
The backers hold strong opinions on...
One of the strongest arguments for...
The most convincing explanation offered by ...
Many people have warned that...They have voiced criticism...
A number of experts have voiced concern about...They believe ...
Another point of disagreement is over...
This Issue is open to dispute. Public sentiment tends to be
aaalnst...
The pressure groups tend to be against ... They think...
The advocacy groups tend to be against...
The interest groups tend to be against...
The counterparts of... would probably put forward...
It is widely argued that.../ One might argue that...
One convincing point/case against ...
In fact, there are a number of reasons which could be given to
refute such a claim. The most important reason aqalnst ...
The initial public reaction is against. .. because ...
Another reason the opponents put forward ...
Many criticisms are levelled at...
Others feel that the focus should be on...
Others are totally opposed to... They believe ...
In contrast to evidence which presents the view that . . . an
alternative perspective illustrates that...
Some people believe it is almost impossible to explicate this
conceot In anv meaningful way. They usuallv out forward...
Those who are opposed to...think, and convincingly argue...
They claim that this approach Ignores the fact that...
It could be argued that... Some people tend to disagree with...
Others are inclined to believe ..
It seems barely credible that...
Another persuasive argument against...
A reason which convinces me to reject...
Another reason to reject this issue...
Essay Language - Task 2
Opinions
The evidence supports the view that...This view is also held by...
There are certainly many logical reasons to support...
The prevailing view seems to be...
It has been rightly said... Considering the fact that...
There is considerable proof concerning this subject
These statistics lend support to the view that ... / The figures
indicate...
It is particularly significant that.../Thls is particularly true that...
The evidence proves .. ./ Lots of evidence supports this
assumption .../ There are a number of facts suooesting ...
Scientists have found concrete evidence...
There are two schools of thought about...
In fact, the word • •.... .' has many shades of meaning
The theory of ...expounded by'. .... .' /...can be explained by.•.
In point of fact, the concept of ... is too vague/ It's not clear
precisely how/whY...
The simplest explanation for... lies In.../ It is precisely because...
Before considering ... It Is important to note ...
These beliefs are best understood when it comes to ...
There Is no clear-cut answer to the question of...
There ,s certainly a great deal of evidence to support...
The truth (of the matter) Is..✓ ... is the real crux of the issue
It is wrong to make assumptions about...
... is an all-embracing theory/study
Statistical analysis reveals .../Scientists have recently reported...
According to a report issued by ... Newspapers...
Based on a reoort ... /According to a research published in 2010 ...
According to the results of a survey conducted ...
The report makes no definite claims but Implies •.
This is an opinion which Is widely echoed in the news
/broadcastlnQ media
Another way of viewing.../ This view is also held by...
Many studies have attempted to assess the significance of...
There are a number of facts Indicating that...
The results of this groundbreaking research show...
Opinion {U--u e:ip........)
The first and perhaps the most significant reason...
The first point that I would like to make...
One reason for this is that.../The primary/principal reason to justify...
Another Justification to be taken into consideration...
One explanation might be ..•/ One possible explanation for...
Not surprisingly many people are of the opinion that...
Another l0gical/leadlng reason to support...
A possible reason for..•/ The most likely reason for ...
(Economic/Social... ) think tanks are of the opinion that...
A further point to support.. ./ Another fact to note...
Perhaps the main reason for this alarming fact...
Perhaps the main reason for this worsening trend...
It is also Important to consider the issue (of)...
Most leading theorists belleve.. ,/One theory that possibly explains...
Many specialists Presume that•./ Many experts have highlighted...
The research findings run contrary to popular beliefs
Contradictory evidence suggests that. ..
The rationale behind this collCept.../ The idea behlnd... ls ...
This essay makes a case for.. ./ It is simply/often the case that. ..
Having considered ..., it is reasonable to say •..
There are several theories related to ... corroboratlng...
For this reason... lt should not be overlooked that...
...is arguably necessary/.. .1s highly critical/... is of immense
lmportance/ ... ls of the hiohest importance
It must be conceded that... The point lies in the fact that...
It is difficult to pinpoint/find the reasons for...
This view seems plausible.../ I can see a valid reason for...
To look at this issue from different angle, we can conclude...
This approach/method is explicable In terms of...
It is an unquestioned principle/issue that...
The essay alludes to some reasons that need doser examination
Many (historians/politicians... ) have posited...
There are many grounds for saying that...
An underlying assumption.../ An Implicit assumption...
I tend to agree on this opinion based on the following reasons
Below are a number of reasons which prove...
The following present some of these reasons
The reasons are presented in descending order of Importance
I think there is convincing evidence to suggest that..
In this essay, 1 will explore the undertylng reasons for .•.
There are numerous reasons why ... This essay will touch on the
most freouentlv mentioned reasons to support ...
There are many good reasons for supporting ... This essay puts
forward the most commonly cited reasons for/behind ...
I shall return to this point later In my essay
In this essay, I should like to draw a distinction between...
and.. .This essay alms at...
There are several reasons why I think...is justifiable /
reasonable /ratlonal/loolcal/valid/feasible/viable
For the following reasons, I firmly believe...
Another convincing explanation .. J A further reason/ point••.
Another major reason for agreeing/ disagreeing with ...
The chief reason why I agree/disagree/believe with...
Another key point to justify this attitude ...
From an overall perspective, one reason for this viewpoint...
One of the most obvious reasons for...
A reason which convinces me to support...
Another aspect of thLs Issue is the fact•..
Another reason which is often overlooked ••.
An underlying assumption...
There is now a belief that...
One culture-related reason to Justify ...
Another reason why I tend to agree/disagree...
No one can deny.. ./One can say ..
Some people correctly put forward that...
 Essay Language - Task 2

Cause & Effect

Various factors have been criticised for... ... (can) influence(s) ...• In a variety of ways

Various factors have been blamed for... • .• profoundly/ greatly affect(s)...

The problem often stems from... , more precisely, because of•.. ... ls/are triggered by.../... trigger(s) ...
It is unrealistic to lay the blame for .. as all the contributors
As regards the internal/external factors ...
should be taken into account
It is difficult to determine the exact cause of... ... have/has powerful Influence on...
Other root causes are... ... have/has enormous Influence on...

... (may) lead(s) to inevitable outcomes ... have/has tremendous influence on ...

... has always been a prime driving force for... ... is/are (heavily/strongly) influenced by...

It is not fair to shoulder all the blame for... . ..ls/are deemed as a common cause

There are many factors behind... Most problems come from ...

... can be expounded by•.. ... (may) result(s) In /from... / ... resulting in...

Some of these root causes are... . .. arise(s) from...

Other key factors which contribute... The logic behind ...is...

The most probable causes (of)... ... the reason behind...

...Is because of having a negative attitude towards... ... is/are directly attributed to, .. /... ls/are attributable to...

other factors which encourage/promote/persuade/induce... . .. is/are attributed to a number of factors

... arlse(s) from the fact... This follows from the fact that...

There are many causes held responsible for this issue •.. Is a second key factor that should be considered

... ls/are related to many factors such as... ... is/are mainly due to lack of...

... (can) lncrease(s) the impact of... ...is/are (largely/ partly/often) due to...

Other deciding factors which can impact on... There are manifold causes ..

I think a large number of factors may cause... There is a proven association between... and...

...is a combination of a number of factors One leading cause whtch may harm/ hurt/destroy/deteriorate...

The increase in the number of ... has a dramatic impact on... One leading cause which may discourage/undermine/ worsen...

To some extent ..• may contribute to... One major cause which may induce/persuade/ provoke

... is/are attributed to a number of reasons One root cause which may intensify...

The problem often stems from... One common cause which may hinder...

Other leading causes which have been identified are... . .. appears to have a direct impact on...

This crisis is the Inevitable result of... Another factor contributing to...

... is/are more likely to cause ... This worrying trend is mainly attributed to...

... cause(s) irreparable damage such as... A number of problems have resulted from...

... ls/are compounded by a number of contributing factors... There are many unknown reasons behind...

... is/are likely to affect... ... ls/are the source of...

The increased availability of... contributed to the problem of... There are many factors that account for..•

Other detenninlng factors which may affect... The most Important influential factor...
Many problems can arise as a result of ... There are clear indications that there is a link between... and...

On closer examination, we find that the root causes are... The most common factor deemed responsible for.•.

... strengthen(s) the impact of... It is clear that ... and... go together

It is said that ... and... are totally unrelated. However, •.. ... relevant to ...

The combination of... and... are all contributory factors There are many causes In relation to this matter

...ls a (common) cause of... ...Is the single most important factor

... is/are (mostly) caused by.. ./, ..cause(s)... There is a growing consensus of opinion on the causes of...

... in turn lead(s) to... /... leading to •../... may lead to... ... by the same token...

••• (may) bring(s) about... The problem Is twofold...

There are many factors to be considered when comparing... Some of the most frequent causes of are...
.. .Is (partly) because of... In order to elaborate on the main causes, I should mention...
Essay Language -Task 2
Cause & Effect
... and... have become inextricable
There is an inextricable connection between...and ...
There !s a direct relationship between...
There is a direct correlation between ...
.... is/are closely interrelated with...
Closely linked to... , it can be seen that...
A clear relationship emerged in...
It is axiomatic that there is a clear relationship between... and...
There is a complex cause-and-effect relationship between...
There is a significant correlation between... and...
There is a direct connection between...and ...
Researchers have established a connection between... and...
There is a strong connection between... and...
There 1s an interconnection between... and ...
... and ... are interconnected
... and ...are directly related
.•• and ...are closely related
... and ...are thematically linked
... and ...are Inextricably linked
...and ... are interlinked
A large number of problems is said to be linked with...
There is growing awareness of the direct link between...and...
There is a close connection between...and ...
...is because of the inverse relationship between... and...
Apart from the positive aspects, there are some negative
effects associated with...
...have/has many serious repercussions
...(can} produce(s) the opposite effect
Other effects which are probable to occur...
...is/are the outcome of...
These results directly/indirectly support this hypothesis
... is/are the (direct) result of...
Some huge effects include...
The after-effects of...
... on the grounds that...
One stimulating element...
A number of interrelated problems are usually observed...
This new piece of evidence invalidates ...
There are many other problems which are related to...
Other adverse effects associated with...
Other effects which are probable to occur...
... have/has adverse side effects on...
The results of... are not statistically significant
... have/has many destructive effects
Some people think that.... has no significant effect on...
The effects of... are immense
In the long term, there may be certain negative outcomes...
This crisis is the direct result of ...
The idea may lead to... /... in tum lead(s) to ...
It is not easy to account for.•.
The results can be counterproductive...
...is/are having a powerful Influence on public opinion...
The results are utterly predictable
... is an Inevitable consequence of this decision
The effects of... are beyond the scope of this essay
The consequences of...seem to be numerous
... is/are consistently linked with a variety of negative effects
The situation has been exacerbated by...
...(can) cause(s) many unforeseen problems
... have/has a number of long-term effects
The overall effects of ... are overwhelming...
...is/are having serious/major/significant/huge impact on...
Other long-term effects include...
This illustrates another potential problem. One Indirect result of...
In the long run, there may be certain positive outcomes...
It is important to learn to distinguish between cause and effect
The beneficial effects of... are immense
(Environmental/Social ... ) factors can increase/decrease...
...has/have knock-on effects on...
The scope of the problem facing people is immense
...would represent a huge/serious setback in...
•.. is/are likely to cause multiple problems
... have/has (positively/ negatively) affected...
...have/has unforeseen outcomes...
As a direct of consequence of...
...Is now regarded as a major problem. One negative effect...
... lead(s) to numerous problems such as...
... have/has far-reaching consequences such as...
The positive effects of... will be apparent when it comes to ...
The emotional impact on... is huge
The beneficial effects of ... will be soon apparent
...rs perceived as a serious threat, one damaging effect (of) ...
... (may) have/has unexpected outcomes
The practical/possible consequences are considerable
...(may) have/has long-lasting effects
... (may) have/has tangible results
The problem Is compounded by the fact that...
...have/has dramatic effects
...have/has made the situation worse. The problem lies in...
... may be derived from...
These two factors are equally important
.. Jead(s) to predictable outcomes...
The results implicate...

Cause & Effect
Below Is an outline of some contributing factors...
This essay aims to clarify the most Important effects of...
Below is a brief outline of the effects of...
It is very important to go into greater detail to find the real
cciuses
The essay contains the causes that are germane to this issue
it is very important to take a close look at the main causes and
effects
Jn this essay, I will zero in on the main causes and effects of
this issue
In this essay, l have attempted to show the relationship
between... and ...
The essay examines the causes of ... , and, more pertinently,
deals with these effects
This essay highlights some of the negative effects of ...
This essay has focused on three factors affecting •..
This essay shows the main factors which impact upon .•.
The essay htghllghts the major problems facing...
This essay seeks to Investigate the impact of ••• In relation to ..•
This essay focuses on .•. and how this affects ••.
This essay explores the main effects associated with this issue
cause (Linking _,,_...OM)
An Important cause leading to...
One key factor behind ...
Another key factor which can make a profound Impact on...
Perhaps the largest factor...
One more variable which Is often known as a major cause ...
An important factor which Influences ...
Another immediate cause (of)...
Another reason behind...
Another underlying reason for ...
Another determining factor ...
--
. - _Effect� ...��
The first and perhaps the most important effect...
The most obvious effect (of) ...
The most likely outcome (of)...
Another potential problem...
One unforeseen result (of) ...
Another major difficulty that we face ...
Perhaps the most Important effect (of) ...
One aspect of the problem that has yet to be considered ...
Another deleterious effect (of)...
Another negative effect (of) ...
Another unfavourable effect (of) ...
Another detrimental effect (of) ...
The greatest problem area...
Another problem that exacerbates the Issue ...
Another harmful effect (of) ...
A serious problem inherent in...
A problem resulting from...
Another beneficial effect (of)...
Essay Language - Task 2
The essay will explore the connections between...
This essay focuses on some of these contributors
This essay tries to Introduce these causes
In this essay I shall concentrate on some of these effects
This essay Identifies these crucial factors
This essay tries to analyse these effects
In this essay, I will point out some of these effects
In this essay, the main causes of this social/cultural/socio-
cultural Issue will be discussed in more detail
The aim of this essay is to enumerate the benel'lcial effects of ...
Some common causes which have been identified are as follows
This essay focuses on some immediate problems confronting...
This essay looks at some of these inter-related problems
The goal of this essay is to outline the main causes of ...
This essay will elaborate on the reasons behind...
The principal objective of this essay ls to describe some of the
problems Involved with...
The main aim of this essay is to set out ...
One of the main/ major causes (of)...
The most frequent cause (of)...
Another major contributor...
Another common cause which Is related to ...
Another ulterior motive ...
Another factor which has significant Impact on...
Another factor which has huge impact on...
One of the main causes (of)...
Another reason that could account for .•.
The last contributing factor...
- -..
·-) . .
>
� -
Another positive effect (of) ...
The clearest Indication of...
An Important effect which Is likely to happen...
Another tangible effect ...
Another noteworthy effect of...
Another matter of great concern...
Another recurrent problem ...
A social effect of this lswe ...
One of the possible negative consequences (of) ...
One unavoidable consequence (of) ..•
Another effect which needs urgent attention ...
One of the possible negative consequences (of) ...
Another major result (of), .•
Another signlflcant/notlceable effect (of) .. ,
Another possible outcome...
One Immediate effect (of) ...
Another side effect (of)...
The last outcome (of)...
Essay Language • Task 2
Solution
... is a complex Issue with no clear solutions. A number of
solutions have been proposed to deal with this critical issue
It is very important to make the most efficient use of.•.
It is very essential to make every effort to promote...
We should view this issue from the perspective of the people
involved.,./We should see the issue from a different perspective
There are several measures which could be taken to identify
the severitv of the oroblem
More attention should be focused on...to Improve/boost ...
All possible measures should be taken to minimise the risks of...
... Is an Issue which needs concrete action, not just concern/ ... is
an addressable issue. The first priority should be ...
Stricter policies are needed to ... /!mposing certain restrictions
on ... is often reaarded as an effective solution
Many of these solutions appear to be in conflict with each other
At the simplest level.../ At the individual level.../
At the community level every one can contribute ...
I think we should view the situation objectively/subjectively
...is considered as an effective tool by which we can ...
On a national level, a new system can be devised for...
People can contribute a great deal through...
These measures can be of great benefit to improve ...
A programme for ••. can be Implemented in order to address
this issue. We need an in-death look at...
This problem can be effectively tackled by.../Adopting problem-
solving methods...
Let's now examine the range of initiatives that... /There has
long been a sinole method for...
In fact, there Is no single panacea for the problem of ...
Special programmes can be tailored to the needs of specific
arouos/ We need a functional aooroach to...
The problem could be solved by... When it comes to the point,
we have to make the right decision
To address this vexed question, people must...
On a practical note, appropriate measures should be taken to...
we should assign a high priority to...
Individuals can do a great deal to address this problem
...offers the best and most-far sighted solution to the problem
of...
People should be encouraged to approach the problem from a
different aerspective
Solution (Uolc"'9 ..-.,...-)
By far the most important course of action to address this
issue .../ The most imoortant cure for.../ Another orescriPtion...
The first thing to be considered.../ A workable plan ...
The most important policy in order to deal with ...
From an economic point of view, a feasible solution to tackle...
An Innovative/sensible/creative/practical solution to cope with ...
One measure which may improve •../ An effective way...
A good initiative to enhance .. ./ Perhaps the best way...
An instant solution to handle ... / An alternative viewpoint Is.../
One obvious alternative...
Having identified the causes, a useful suggestion...
One strategy to deal with this issue.../ A long term strategy...
On the (purely) cultural front, a strategy to encourage ...
A good method employed by.../ Another workable solution...
Another potential solution.../Another and far more frequent
solution.../The most important weapon...
The most obvious answer .../ The answer lies in...
A further way to tackle this issue..
There is much that can be done to address the problem
constructively/ ...can be improved enormously by...
This issue needs to be clarified .We need a clear understanding
of.../ We should identify the problem areas
Serious attempts to halt/prevent/solve this issue must be made
To solve this insuperable problem, people should be encouraged
to.../There are various ways in which individuals can ...
The methods require further elucidation. The best method .../
The only practicable alternative is to ...
The key to this problem Is not as obvious as it first seems
Measures like this would be difficult to enforce
Many decisions have been Implemented to encourage
/support/promote/discourage/address/solve this matter
Official authorities should take steps/take
action.../Governments should act Quickly and decisively to ...
Many different policies have been adopted to tackle this
aroblem. We shoutd come ua with a aractical solution
More attention should now be focused on.../ More emphasis
should be placed on. ../ A sensible decision is to focus on...
Problems should be dealt with on a case by case basis
We should strive to find a solution that is acceptable to all
cases/... is a stea in the right direction
These measures should be compatible with...
The main target should be.../Unlike most methods, this
approach helps to make the issue more tractable.
..• is largely a matter of trial and error
There are many solutions offered to manage this crucial issue
Having considered...,it seems to be necessary to take the
followinQ measure
To address this insurmountable problem, ... should be
limited/restricted/controlled/banned/arohibited/forbidden
... serves as an important catalyst...
To alleviate the situation, people should be encouraged to...
This issue has several important aspects that deserve careful
consideration. The idea is well-worth considerina
There is no clear-cut answer to this question. We should
constantly strive for ...
The following solutions can be effective to encourage...
This essay explores theoretical and practical approaches to...
This essay tries to present the most effective solutions to ...
This essay outlines some practical solutions to deal with ...
This essay examines some of these solutions more closely
..
Having identified the root of the problem, a good remedy to
cooe with.../ Another action olan to halt{orevent. ..
An effective way to improve the current situation...
A good/perfect/clear/simplistic solution to this problem...
From a cultural perspective, the most effective way to enrich...
Perhaps this problem can be effectively solved by. .,
A common sense/pragmatic approach to this problem...
By far the only permanent answer to this problem ...
An alternative strategy to optimise/maximise/enhance/boost ...
A commonly used method... /A more effective measure...
From this standpoint, a good plan to achieve...
An alternative way to combat.../An Important step in battling
this problem... / A further deterrent...
From a social standpoint, an efficient way to develop...
The most effectual means of...
A worthwhile step to deal with.../ A workable proposal...
The only way to ensure that.../ One possible solution ...
 Essay Language -Task 2

orofessional
Adjectives frequently used in an essay (Positive) I
advantaaeous useful heloful fruitful effective efficient oroductive
competent functional feasible reasonable loaical rational acceotable iustifiable
defensible compatible humane rewardina fulfillina valid unoroblematic iust
beneficial economical fair oractical sensible wise ethical exact
moral suitable aoorooriate applicable legal legitimate realistic reliable
svstematic oraanised deoendable convenient successful safe secure invaluable
valuable comorehensive comolete eouitable manaaeable satisfactorv standard reoular
Adjectives frequently used In an essay (Negative)
unprofessional disadvantageous useless unhelpful futile/Pointless ineffective inefficient unoroductive
incomoetent non-functional unfeasible unreasonable illoaical irrational unacceptable unjustifiable
indefensible incomoatible inhumane unrewardina unfulfillina invalid orobl ematic umust
vain uneconomical unfair impractical insensible unwise unethical inexact
immoral unsuitable \naooropnate inaoolicable illegal illeoltimate unrealistic unreliable
unsvstematic disoraanised undeoendable inconvenient unsuccessful unsafe insecure valueless
worthless deficient incomoJete ineauitable unmanaoeable unsatisfactorv substandard irreoular
Verbs frequently used In an essay
(tol promote tol encouraae (tol develop rtol support (to) optimise (to) orotect (tol reinforce (tol enrich
<to\ persuade (to) enhance (to) maximise {to) safeouard {to) improve {to achieve to) develop (to) leaalise
Itol motivate rto\ emoower Ito enable (to\ ensure to) boost (to prooress to) allow (to) permit
(to) forbid rtol orohibit (to outlaw (tol orevent tol eradicate Ito address tol slow rtol deter
(to) limit (to) discouraoe (ta abolish rtol inhibit to) confine (to solve tol ban Ito) combat
(tol restrict rto1 control (to halt (tol overcome tol eliminate (to resolve to) hinder (tol disallow
(to) deal with to) optimise (to minimise (to) avoid tol exolain (to prioritise tol oraanise (to) orove
Ito\ contnbute tol orovide rtol benefit rtol balance (tol consider Ito outweigh to) iust1fy (to) analyse
/tol reaulate tol emohasise Ito) olan (tol intensifv rtol worsen rtol handle Ito\ manaae rtol exoand
(tol maintain to) aeneralise (tol concentrate (tol allocate (tol utilise rtol serve Ctol urae Ctol cause
(to) affect to) influence (tol relieve (tol adiust (to) suoervise Ctol standardise Ctol imolement Ctol focus
(tol determine to) propose (to) iudae (to) direct (tol specify (to advance tol challenqe (to) assume

New points & Comments

The first point... One more point to remember Is... It Is (clearly/particularly) evident that...
It should be stressed/emphasised that... Another considerable feature... It is worth pointing out/bearing Jn mind that...
It should be underlined/noted that... Another key/noteworthy feature... One explanation might be that...

Another ( significant) point/aspect/feature... The most striking feature... It is important to note/rem ember/realise that...

Another criterion .•. The most outstanding feature... It implies/suggests...

Another fclctor/parameter/element ... It is interesting to note... It is noteworthy/remarkable that...

Another logical reason ... Needless to say... This example clearly highlights...

Another interesting point ... Most notably/significantly/Importantly... The report/study underlines ...

As already mentioned... Another distinguishing feature... It Is helpful to consider...

I
Probablllty
It is fairly tikely that... It is quite likely that... Beyond any doubt...

It is very probable that... There Is a strong possibility of... It appears...

It seems highly possible that... There Is very little chance of... It ls quite unlikely that...

There is a slight possibility of ... There is very remote chance of... It is reasonable to assume ...

There is a strong probabiltty of... It is rather unlikely that ... It seems...

It is highly probable... It is bound to... It is quite possible that...

Quotation
-
A quote from a speech by' ......,
.
l should like to preface my essay with a qLtotation The renowned writer, '..... : once said...
from' ...... '.
According to' ••.•..,
.
As the famous wnter/novelist /poet/dramatist/
/olavwriaht/ohilosopher ' ...... ' (once) said/wrote... A quotation from a speech by' ......
A quote from an article entitled... by' ......' This succinct/pithy point quoted by' ...... This quotation taken from '·--·'

Impersonal opinion
It is generally admitted... It is widely accepted that... It is commonly alleged that...
It is generally viewed It is widely believed that. .. It is commonly claimed that...

It is generally said... It is widely argued that ... It is commonly asserted that...

It is generally agreed... It Is widely/well acknowledged that... It Is freciuently alleged that...

It is generally accepted... It Is strongly advised that... It Is frequently claimed that...

It is strongly recommended that... It should be noted that... It is frequently asserted that .•.

It should be explained that... It should be emphasised that ... It should be stated that...

It has been proved ... It has been ascertained ... It has been established...

It is generally felt... It Is generally believed... It Is generally held...

 EssQy Language. Task 2
(Personally) I think... / What I think is ...
To my mind ...
In my opinion/ view...
To the best of my knowledge/belief...
As far as I'm concerned...
I am quite convinced that...
Having said this, I think ...
From my perspective...
On a more personal level, I would say...
I fully agree with.../ I belleve...to the max
I entirely agree with...
I totally agree with.. ./! am a great believer In...
I fundamentally agree with...
I agree on the whole/up to a point...
I think it is justifiable in some ways
I am inclined to agree with the fonner viewpoint
I am indined to agree with the latter viewpoint
I find ... indefensible. It fails to address ...
I think it is unjustifiable to say that
It is hard to justify...
I doubt/ I find ...somewhat dubious...
It Is important to be suspicious of...
I remain unconvinced that ...
I find it hard to agree...
On the basis of the points mentioned above, It would seem that...
Based on the arguments cited above... it is evident that...
Based on the arguments mentioned above...
For the aforementioned reasons, there Is no doubt...
For the above-mentioned reasons, ...
On this basis, it may be inferred that...
With the points stated above, we can safely say that...
According to the points mentioned above...
Finally my main points in the essay...
The reasons cited above prove that...
For these aforesaid reasons...
Given these facts/ points
Taking everything into considercttion •••
All things considered, one can conclude...
Taking into account both these sets of arguments ...
For the reasons above, It is evident...
In sum, with the reasons stated above...
A�er examining these Issues, it is evident that...
Personal opinion
I tend to think... My experience tells me.../ In my experience...
From my point of view... I (finnly/strongly) believe.../ It is my belief that...
I am of the opinion that... I hold the view that...
It has long been my belief that... It seems to me... I am inclined to think...
As far as I can see ... My personal opinion is ...
The way I see lt.../To my way of thinking... My (overall/initial) impression ...
I reckon/suppose ... I would like to point out that...
We can say beyond any doubt that... I am Inclined to believe that...
I can't help thinking that... It is clear to me...
Total agreement
It Is absolutely right to say... I am totally convinced that...
That is perfectly true... I strongly support... I am quite convinced that...
There Is ample reason to support ... I share the opinion that...
I am utterly convinced that... I totally understand the point of view that
Partial agreement
I agree to some extent It seems there is some truth In (this) ...
I would tend to agree with... I only partly agree with...
This is partly true but ... I can see both sides of the argument
There could be a case for saying that... I agree with it to a certain extent
Disagreement
I am totally opposed to.•. I believe ... is rarely justifiable
I am completely against... I can see no possible justification for...
For all these reasons, I disagree... There Is absolutely no justification for...
It is a paradox that... Some people mistakenly believe...
I wholly disagree with... I strongly suspect that...
I totally disagree with... I would not agree that•..
I don't share the opinion... l cannot altogether agree with...
Restatement {Clondalla.b)
Having looked at this Issue, I would say...
To sum up, the foregoing discussion indicates...
The obvious conclusion to be drawn Is that...
What clinches the argument is the fact...
In fact, There Is no absolute answer to the question of...
According to the above analysis
It Is apparent from the above arguments ...
It is apparent from the above points...
Given this, it may be concluded that...
In the final analysis...
To return to my original idea...
in general.../Generally.../As a general rute.../As a broad generalisatloo...
To conclude.../ It can be concluded that.../ In conclusion...
It is my (firm} opinion /view (that}...
It is my (firm} belief (that}...
As shown/indicated/suggested/outlined/stipulated above...
On balance ...
On the whole...

ReatltaneM {Conclu.lon)
Altogether...
For these reasons...
All in all...
As a final word/ As a final point, ...
In brief ...
In short...
In a word ...
To put it simply ...
In view of... / In view of the fact that...
In general, It is foreseeable...
It is clear to me that.../ It is obvious that...
It appears to me.../ It seems to me ...
It can be seen from the above analysis that, ...
Thus, it can be deduced that...
From an overall perspective ...
Overall ... To reiterate
- c,>ne:�_usi9n
...offer(s)/ ...present(s) more advantages than disadvantages
There are more benefits than drawbacks to sth/dolng sth
The drawbac\cs associated wlth...outweigh the advantages...
It Is true to say that ...have/has always been overshadowed by...
... can offer many advantages depending on...
... vastly/greatly/clearly/undoubtedly/far outwelgh(s)...
The advantages of... outwelgh the drawbacks provided that...
The benefits and drawbacks appear to cancel each other out
The benefits of ...are greater than the risks associated with...
I would say that ... Is both a positive and negative development
... brlng(s) considerable/ great benefits to...
There are many problems inherent ln.../...seems to be unavoidable
It is (un)wlse to assess/evaluate/judge ...
It seems to be (un)fair to say that ..
The outcome will depend on a number of factors
While I admire/appreciate .../While ... ls certainly understandable...
I think there Is abundant evidence to say...
...is not an either or Issue. In fact, both factors should be considered
Altnough it Is regrettable... , I tend to feel...
Although, the costs Involved are enormous, ... Is still justified
Given, the advantages of...outlined in the previous paragraph, ...
it is Quite oredlctab le that...
Despite ... , ... remaln(s) enormously popular
It is important to consider... In fact ... is an integral part of...
It is important to find a (correct) balance between...
It is essential to achieve a balance between ...
A balanced approach appears to be the best way to...
While it may be true (correct) to say that...
I tend to think there Is certainly some truth In both views
... is a matter of opinion/preference/. .is a highly subjective opinion
Essay Language - Task 2
In the light of this evidence, It Is clear...
I would like to conclude by saying ...
Therefore, it can be said that...
In conclusion, ... seems to be inevitable...
In the normal course of events ...
Generally/Broadly speaking
Roughly/Relatively speaking
Personally speaking
Practically speaking
To put it in a nutshell. ..
The logical conclusion would be...
To summerise ... / In summary...
The overall picture is that ...
To recapitulate briefly...
To recap the main points...
To sum up briefly...
.-.- ..... . -.
..:
- -
I think ...will continue to benefit humans
We should deal with these problems on a case by case basis
This is an Impossibly difficult problem
We need an initiative to encourage/promote ...
It is very important to Impose (certain) limitations on...
To impose (certain) constraints on... is of crucial Importance
It is somewhat Illogical to compare...
I think... is more of a hindrance than a help
All factors should be considered/ ...and ...are equally important
...play(s) a pivotal/vital/crucial/significant role in ...
...present(s) a short-term resolution
A more relaxed approach/attitude to this issue is required
To a certain/some extent, it is right to say...
We can say beyond a shadow of a doubt...
We should consider that...do not necessarily lead to...
It is difficult to reach a consensus about this issue as ...
I think ... shou Id be optional provided that ...
. ..should be compulsory/ obligatory/ mandatory
They do not contradict each other/... and ... can coexist
peacefully with...
It is very Important to find a way to reconcile the two
conflicting views/...should be regulated by law
I do not think this is necessarily true
Despite these criticisms, ... the popularlty of... remains largely
undiminished. We must consider the fact that...
There Is convincing evidence to say... Therefore we can say...
A methodical approach is a useful tool for solving this problem
The fact is that we cannot generalise ...
I think the first argument appears to be more logical
It is not reasonable to say .../ It ts not realistic to expect ...
We have to find a realistic alternative/solution... /We should
find a viable alternative
I can predict with absolute evidence.../ I can safely predict...