UN - PEACEKEEPING..

I. History (slides paper)

II. Process of formation and development

1948-1949, establishment of the United Nation Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), United Nation
Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)
1956, the earliest armed peacekeeping operation deployed successfully to address the Suez crisis.
1960, the first large – scaled mission launched in the Republic of the Congo. 1988, the UN peacekeepers
were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
→ With the end of the Cold War, the strategic context for UN Peacekeeping changed dramatically
1989 - 1994: Rapid increase in numbers
- Shifted from “traditional” to “multidimensional” mission.
- Rapidly increasing the number of peacekeeping operations. With a new consensus and a
common sense of purpose, the Security Council authorized a total of 20 new operations between
1989 and 1994, raising the number of peacekeepers from 11,000 to 75,000.
The mid - 1990s: A period of reassessment
- The reputation of UN Peacekeeping suffered
- They limited the number of new peacekeeping missions and begin a process of self-reflection to
prevent failures from happening again.
- In the meantime, UN peacekeepers continued their long-term operations in the Middle East,
Asia and Cyprus. With continuing crises in a number of countries and regions, the essential role
of UN Peacekeeping was soon emphatically reaffirmed.
Road to the 21st century: New operations, new challenges
- The UN Peacekeeping reformed. The aim was to strengthen our capacity to effectively manage
and sustain field operations.
- They could perform more complex tasks.

III. Structure:
1. Head of Department
The Under-Secretary-General for Peace Operations is Mr. Jean-Pierre Lacroix

2. Three main offices of DPO

- Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions
The Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions (OROLSI) supports rule of law components in
United Nations peace operations and special political missions as they work with national authorities to
protect civilians, extend State authority, re-establish law and order and stabilize conflict and
post-conflict situations. OROLSI provides expertise and integrated guidance in the key areas of police,
justice, corrections, security sector reform, mine action and the reintegration of ex-combatants into
civilian life.

- Office of Military Affairs

The Office of Military Affairs (OMA) works to deploy the most appropriate military capability in
support of United Nations objectives; and to enhance performance and improve the efficiency and the
effectiveness of military components in United Nations peacekeeping missions.

- Policy, Evaluation and Training Division

The Policy, Evaluation and Training Division (DPET) is mandated to develop and disseminate the policy
and doctrine guiding the work of peacekeeping. In addition, the division has the responsibility to
evaluate, at the request of the heads of the departments, how those policies are being applied, gather
lessons learned and best practices, and use that information to guide the development, coordination and
delivery of standardized training, so as to complete the learning cycle. DPET is also responsible for
developing and maintaining strategic cooperation with various UN and external partners.
In addition, DPO shares with the Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA) eight
regional divisions that are managed by three Assistant Secretaries-Generals that cover the Americas,
Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific.

IV. Principles:
1. Consent of the parties
2. Impartiality
3. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate

V. Contribution:
● Protect Civilians:
○ Protection of civilians mandate
○ Child protection
○ Conflict-related Sexual Violence
● Build Rule of Law and Security Institutions:
○ Policing
○ Mine action
○ Disarmament, demobilization and demobilization
○ Security sector reform
○ Corrections
○ Justice
● Prevent Conflicts:
○ Quick Impact Projects for communities
○ Conflict and natural resources
● Promote Human Rights
● Empower Women
● Deliver Field Support

EU..
I. History
The European Union is built on the basis of three main factors:
- Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
- The expansion of political cooperation into general foreign and security policy planning
and implementation
- Closer cooperation in the judicial and interior sectors.

This philosophy is the foundation of the Paris Treaty, signed in 1951. The European Coal and Steel
Community (ECSC) was created, with members France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and

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Luxembourg. When the Rome Treaty took effect in 1958, these six countries created the European
Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, operating in parallel with the
ECSC.

In 1967, all three blocs merged into the European Union (EC), in which the main focus was on
economic and agricultural development.
Denmark, Ireland and the UK became full members of the EC in 1973, Greece joined in 1981, Portugal
and Spain - 1986, Austria, Finland and Sweden -1995.
The Treaty on the European Union, signed at Maastricht in 1991, officially gave birth to the European
Union to replace the EC
The euro currency was officially used by 11 member countries in 1999. Greece, taking time to meet the
standards, joined two years later. Denmark, Sweden and the UK refuse to join the euro zone, at least
for the time being. After a period of transition, the euro completely replaced the 2002 national
currency.

II. Process of formation and development

1945 – 1959: A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation. As of 1950, the European Coal and
Steel Community began to unite European countries economically and politically in order to secure
lasting peace. The six founding countries are Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the
Netherlands. The 1950s are dominated by a cold war between east and west. Protests in Hungary
against the Communist regime are put down by Soviet tanks in 1956. In 1957, the Treaty of Rome
creates the European Economic Community (EEC), or ‘Common Market’.
1960 – 1969 : A period of economic growth. The 1960s is a good period for the economy, helped by
the fact that EU countries stop charging custom duties when they trade with each other. May 1968
becomes famous for student riots in Paris, and many changes in society and behaviour become
associated with the so-called ‘68 generation’
1970 – 1979: A growing Community the first enlargement. Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom
join the European Union on 1 January 1973. Arab-Israeli war of October 1973 results in an energy
crisis and economic problems in Europe. The last right-wing dictatorships in Europe come to an end
with the overthrow of the Salazar regime in Portugal in 1974 and the death of General Franco of Spain
in 1975
The European Parliament increases its influence in EU affairs and in 1979 all citizens can, for the first
time, elect their members directly. The fight against pollution intensifies in the 1970s
1980 – 1989: The changing face of Europe - the fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1981, Greece becomes the
10th member of the EU, and Spain and Portugal follow five years later. In 1986 the Single European
Act is signed
There is major political upheaval when, on 9 November 1989, the Berlin Wall is pulled down and the
border between East and West Germany is opened for the first time in 28 years. This leads to the
reunification of Germany, when both East and West Germany are united in October 1990.
1990 – 1999: A Europe without frontiers. In 1993 the Single Market is completed with the 'four
freedoms' of: movement of goods, services, people and money. The 1990s is also the decade of two
treaties: the ‘Maastricht’ Treaty on European Union in 1993 and the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999. In
1995 the EU gains three more new members: Austria, Finland and Sweden.

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2000 – 2009: Further expansion. 11 September 2001 becomes synonymous with the 'War on Terror'
after hijacked airliners are flown into buildings in New York and Washington.
The political divisions between east and west Europe are finally declared healed when no fewer than
10 new countries join the EU in 2004, followed by Bulgaria and Romania in 2007
A financial crisis hit the global economy in September 2008. The Treaty of Lisbon was ratified by all
EU countries before entering into force in 2009. It provides the EU with modern institutions and more
efficient working methods.
2010 – 2019: A challenging decade. The global economic crisis strikes hard in Europe. The EU
helps several countries to confront their difficulties and establishes the 'Banking Union' to ensure
safer and more reliable banks. In 2012, the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Croatia became the 28th member of the EU in 2013. Climate change is still high on the agenda
and leaders agree to reduce harmful emissions. European elections were held in 2014 and more
Eurosceptics were elected into the European Parliament.
III. Structure
- The Council of Europe (Charles Michel, Belgian Prime Minister)
Council of Ministers.
- European Parliament (EP) (Antonio Tajani, an Italian politician)
- European Commission (EC) (Ursula von der Leyen, German Minister of Defense)
European External Action Service
- The Court of Justice
- The European Central
- Bank The European
- Court of Auditors

IV. Principle of operation

The Council of Europe (Charles Michel, Belgian Prime Minister): The Council gives political
direction and priority to the whole bloc. The decisions of the Council of Europe are mainly adopted by
consensus.
Council of Ministers: composed of representatives (usually at the ministerial level) of member states
who are policy makers in specific areas and recommend the EC to develop common laws.
European Parliament (EP) (Antonio Tajani, an Italian politician): the main function of the Council
of Ministers to enact legislation, oversee the bodies of the European Union, especially the European
Commission. The Parliament has the power to approve or dismiss European Commissioner posts, with
the authority to approve the EU budget.
European Commission (EC) (Ursula von der Leyen, German Minister of Defense): the executive
body of the bloc. The EC operates independently, has the function of developing and proposing EU
laws, enforcing, applying and monitoring the implementation of EU treaties and laws, using a common
budget to implement the general books of the whole block according to regulations. Berlaymont
Building, headquarters of the European Commission in Brussels.
European External Action Service: EEAS operates completely independently and has its own budget,
tasked with proposing foreign and security policies for EU member states to adopt.

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 The Court of Justice: The Court has an independent role and has the power to reject the regulations of
the organizations of the European Commission and the Governments of the member countries if these
regulations are considered inconsistent with EU law.
The European Central Bank: The system of European central banks (ESCB), which includes the ECB
and the central banks of the 28 members of the European Union, uses the Eurozone currency
management, called the O- Eurosystem, which is comprised of the ECB and governors of the Eurozone
national banks.
The European Court of Auditors: This body has no judicial powers but has the power to:
- Check the accounting records to ensure that the Community's budget is being spent correctly;
- Prepare audit reports for each fiscal year submitted to the Council and the European Parliament,
and to comment on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions.

V. Contributions
One of the big challenges facing the European Union (EU) will be agreeing its next budget. Every
seven years, the EU agrees a long-term spending plan. All EU leaders have to agree on it unanimously,
so the negotiations usually take a long time. The last seven-year plan was agreed in 2013, for the period
2014-20. And, for the first time in the history of the organisation, it decided to cut real-terms spending.

On the basis of the long-term plan, every year the representatives of the 28 governments and the
European Parliament agree the precise details of the EU annual budget.

We examined the latest, 2017, budget to find out how much each of the EU countries contributed and
received from the EU.The UK is a net contributor to the EU budget. In other words, it contributes more
to the EU budget than it receives back from it.

In 2017, another nine countries were also net contributors: Germany, France, Italy, The Netherlands,
Austria, Finland, Sweden, Denmark ,Ireland.

Poland was the biggest net recipient of the EU budget (getting more back than it contributed in the first
place), followed by Greece, Romania, Hungary and Portugal.

Luxembourg and Belgium, two of the richest EU countries, are also on the list of EU budget net
recipients, because they receive a high proportion of the funding for administration as many EU
institutions, such as the Commission and the European Parliament, are based there.

Brexit & the European Union

The amount which the United Kingdom contributes to the European Union budget was a key issue
during the Brexit referendum of 2016. Prior to the referendum, the “Leave” campaign famously claimed
that the UK sends the EU 350 million British pounds a week, a figure which omitted the rebate which
the UK receives from the EU as well as public sector receipts. As of 2018, the UK contributed
approximately 8.93 billion to the EU budget and received 8.52 billion back.

APEC..

III. Structure

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APEC's working level activities and projects are guided by APEC Senior Officials from the 21 APEC
member economies. These activities and projects are carried out by four high level committees:
(diagram)
- Committee on Trade and Investment
- Senior Officials' Meeting Committee on Economic and Technical Cooperation
- Economic Committee
- Budget and Management Committee

1. Policy Level
- Economic Leaders’ Meeting (ELM)
- Ministerial Meeting
- ABAC
- Sectoral Ministerial Meetings
- Senior Offcials’Meeting (SOM)

2. Committees and Word Groups

SOM has four committees and 11 working groups. The four committees are consisting of Committee on
Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, SOM Committee on Economic and Technical Cooperation
and Budget and Management Committee. The 11 working groups include Agricultural Technical
Cooperation Working Group, Energy Working Group, Fisheries Working Group, Health Working Group,
Human Resources Development Working Group, Industrial Science and Technology Working Group,
Marine Resource Conservation Working Group, Small and Medium Enterprises Working Group,
Telecommunications and Information Working Group, Tourism Working Group, Transportation Working
Group and SOM Special Task Groups.

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Committee on Trade and Investment (CTI)
The Committee on Trade and Investment coordinates APEC's work on the liberalization and facilitation
of trade and investment. The Committee on Trade and Investment also works to reduce impediments to
business activity through its Sub-Committees and Experts' Groups.

SOM Committee on Economic and Technical Cooperation

The SOM Committee on Economic and Technical Cooperation assists APEC Senior Officials in
coordinating and managing APEC's economic and technical cooperation agenda, as well as identifying
initiatives for cooperative action by member economies.

Economic Committee (EC)

The Economic Committee (EC) has a mandate to promote structural reform within APEC by
undertaking policy analysis and action-oriented work. The EC progresses this mandate in close
coordination with other relevant APEC groups; for instance, the Competition Policy and Law Group
(CPDG) and the Finance Ministers' Process (FMP)

Budget and Management Committee (BMC)

The Budget and Management Committee advises the SOM on budgetary, administrative and managerial
issues. It also monitors and evaluates project management aspects of the operations of Committees and
Working Groups and makes recommendations to SOM for improved efficiency and effectiveness.

Working Groups
Working Groups carry out APEC's work in specific sectors as directed by APEC Economic Leaders,
APEC Ministers, APEC Sectoral Ministers and Senior Officials.

SOM Special Task Groups/Ad-hoc Groups

Senior Officials set Special Task Groups to identify issues and make recommendations about important
areas for APEC's consideration. Ad-hoc Groups have also been established in APEC to provide topical
and relevant information or to fulfill important tasks not being covered by other groups.

IV. Principle of operation:

The 21 APEC member economies jointly work towards the realization of free and open trade and
investment in the Asia-Pacific by 2020 and the establishment of greater regional community to address
the economic and social dimensions of development--a commitment made by APEC Leaders in 1994
known as the Bogor Goals.
- Non Discrimination
Application of competition and regulatory principles in a manner that does not discriminate between or
among economic entities in like circumstances, whether these entities are foreign or domestic.
- Comprehensiveness
Broad application of competition and regulatory principles to economic activity including goods and
services, and private and public business activities.
The recognition of the competition dimension of policy development and reform which affects the
efficient functioning of markets.
The protection of the competitive process and the creation and maintenance of an environment for free
and fair competition.

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The recognition that competitive markets require a good overall legal framework, clear property rights,
and non discriminatory, efficient and effective enforcement.
- Transparency
Transparency in policies and rules, and their implementation.
- Accountability
Clear responsibility within domestic administrations for the implementation of the competition and
efficiency dimension in the development of policies and rules, and their administration

The Three Pillars of APEC's agenda focus on:

1. Trade and Investment Liberalization
APEC members take actions to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade and investment that boosts
job creation, incomes and growth. Collaboration is guided by APEC's Regional Economic Integration
agenda and includes the advancement of bilateral and regional trade agreements and the long-term goal
of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP).
2. Business Facilitation
APEC members pursue measures to reduce the time, cost and uncertainty of doing business in the region
and open new economic opportunities including for small firms, women and youth. APEC's Structural
Reform agenda supports the development and harmonization of policies that improve market access and
efficiency, and uphold public interest such as the safeguarding of health and safety.
3. Economic and Technical Cooperation (ECOTECH)
ECOTECH builds the technical capacity of APEC's diverse members to promote trade, investment and
robust, secure and sustainable economic growth that widely benefits the region's people. Priorities
include strengthening anti-corruption, cross-border education and skills training, emergency
preparedness, energy security, environmental protection, defense against pandemics and infrastructure
development, among others.

V. Contributions (7 benefits)

Regional

- Promoting Regional Economic Integration and Trade

APEC has grown to become a dynamic engine of economic growth and one of the most important
regional forums in the Asia-Pacific

- Making it Easier to Trade Across Borders:

In 1994, APEC Leaders committed to achieving the Bogor Goals of free and open trade and investment
by 2020 through reducing trade barriers in the region and promoting the free flow of goods, services and
capital among APEC economies. Since then, members have made measurable progress in achieving
these goals.

- Making it Easier to do Business

APEC launched its Ease of Doing Business Action Plan in 2009, with the goal of making it cheaper,
easier and faster to do business in the region
For example, APEC has expedited the time it takes for a company to build a new factory or office
building

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 - Structural Reform:
To improve behind-the-border barriers to trade, APEC has been working to foster transparency,
competition and better functioning markets in the Asia-Pacific through regulatory reform, improving
public sector and corporate governance, and strengthening the legal infrastructure. Since 2004, APEC
has implemented predictable and transparent regulatory practices across the region.

- Connecting the Region

Connect the region through improving physical infrastructure linkages, people mobility and institutional
ties across the Asia-Pacific.
Improving information technology and transportation infrastructure to making it easier for students,
business people, and tourists to travel around the region.

- APEC Business Travel Card

Over 340,000 travelers use the APEC Business Travel Card which provides pre-approved frequent
business travelers with visa clearance and fast-track entry through special APEC lanes at major
international airports in the region.

- Inclusive Growth: Ensuring Everyone is On Board

In addition to supporting small businesses, APEC is working to ensure all members of the Asia-Pacific
can participate in the growing economy
Global

- Bogor ‘s goal:
The Bogor Goals adopted from the 2nd APEC Summit in 1994, in Bogor, Indonesia, defined APEC as a
free and open area for trade and investment by 2010 in exchange for developing economies and 2020 for
developing economies.
APEC 2017 - Vietnam's victory and free trade:
Vietnam has left a good impression when Vietnam successfully organizing APEC 2017,

ASEM..

I. History
ASEM (Asia Europe Conference) is an informal forum for dialogue and cooperation, founded in 1996.
The original members consisted of 15 European Union countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Finland,
Germany, Austria, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Cambodia, Portugal,

Spain, Sweden, Great Britain and 7 ASEAN countries (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam), three Northeast Asian countries (China, Japan and South Korea) and the
European Commission Due to the expansion of the European Union in May 2004, the ASEM summit
was held in Hanoi from September 8 to 9. October 2004 admitted 10 new EU member states and three
ASEAN member countries (Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar) According to a statement of the Foreign
Relations Council (GAERC) of September 13, 2004, Myanmar's participation was passed with the
prospect that the participation of the Myanmar Government at the ASEM Summit would be lower than
Government. Also, Europe will take advantage of opportunities to cooperate with Asian countries in
resolving human rights issues in Myanmar.

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1. Circumstances of ASEM: At the 3rd Europe-East Asia Summit in Singapore in October 1994,
Singapore's Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong launched the initiative to host an Asia – Europe Summit to
increase understanding and promote cooperation between the two continents.
Europe and Asia, creating a counterbalance in the relationship between the major economic centres of
the EU – US – Japan and developing Asian countries.
2. March 1996 Bangkok, Thailand. The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) was formally established at the
initiative of Singapore and France, and under the active support of ASEAN. This is an informal forum
for dialogue between the Heads of Government of ASEM member countries.
3. Membership: ASEM has doubled its original membership from 26 to 53 (22 Asian and 31 European
members)
ASEM has four permanent members of the Security Council of the United Nations, 12 countries in the
G20 group, and 4 BRICS countries.
Current Asem coordinators (2020):
Asia Coordinator:
- ASEAN Group: Singapore
- Northeast Asia, South Asia and South Pacific Group (NESA): Russia Europe
Coordinator:
- Europe External Service (EEAS)
- Croatia
II. Process of formation and development
ASEM through the High-Level exams:
ASEM 1: 01- 02/03/1996 Bangkok, ThaiLand. the theme “Creating a new comprehensive Asia – Europe
partnership for a stronger development”
ASEM 2: 03 - 04/04/1998 London, England. Asia is experiencing a financial-monetary
crisis. The theme of ASEM 2 was raised as “Asia and Europe: A New Partnership”. At ASEM 2, the
document “Asia – Europe Cooperation Framework” (AECF) was approved. Also at ASEM 2, the
Asia-Europe Perspectives Group was formed, tasked with building a mid to long-term vision to help
guide ASEM's progress into the 21st century.
ASEM 3: 20 - 21/10/2000 Seoul, Korean. a milestone of the ASEM process as it enters the New
Millennium. The theme of ASEM 3 is defined as “Partnership for prosperity and stability in the

New Millennium”. The document “Asia – Europe Cooperation Framework” (AECF) has been added and
approved; sets the vision, principles, goals, priorities, and mechanisms for the ASEM process in the first
decade of the 21st century.
ASEM 4: 20 – 22/09/2002 Copenhagen, Danmark. in a profound change in world situation after the 11/9
terrorist attacks on America. The theme of ASEM 4 is “Unity and growth in diversity”. Economic
cooperation is valued with the establishment of a Working Group for Close Economic Partnerships to
draft a program to promote closer economic partnerships between Asia and Europe.
ASEM 5: 08 – 09/10/2004 Hanoi, Vietnam. an important milestone in ASEM cooperation because it is
the first Summit of an expanded ASEM, with the three countries Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar and 10
new EU members were admitted and attended ASEM 5. With the theme “Towards a more vivid and
substantive Eurasian partnership”, the Conference discussed and adopted the “Statement of the Owner”,
“The Hanoi Declaration on closer Eurasian economic relations” and the “ASEM Declaration on dialogue
between cultures and civilizations” guide ASEM cooperation in the coming time.

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ASEM 6: 10 – 11/09/2006 Helsinki, Finland. With the theme “10 years ASEM: Global Challenges –
Common Response”.
ASEM 7: 24 – 25/10/2008 Beijing, China: This 7-time ASEM Summit has the theme “Vision and
action: Towards a win-win solution” The Conference is expected to adopt three documents: The
Chairman's statement, the Beijing Declaration on sustainable development and the Asia – Europe
Cooperation Framework (AECF).
ASEM 8: 04 – 05/10/2010 Brussels, Belgium.With the theme “The quality of life for the happiness and
dignity of all people” will focus on discussing 5 main contents:
-Enhancing the efficiency of global economic governance;
-Sustainable development; -Global issues; -Regional issues;
-People exchange, strengthening ASEM image and future ASEM.
ASEM 9: 05 – 06/11/2012 Vientiane, Laos. The theme of the Conference was “Friends for peace,
Partner for prosperity”. including the 4th ASEM membership expansion, officially admitting
Bangladesh, Norway and Switzerland Thus, after 16 years of establishment, ASEM's position, size and
potential continue to be strengthened, from 26 members to 51 members ASEM 10: 10 – 16/07/2014
Milan, Italy. With the theme “Partners responsible for sustainable growth and security”
ASEM 11: 15 – 16/07/2016 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. With the overarching theme is “20 years ASEM:
Partners for the future through connection”.
ASEM 12: 18 – 19/10/2018 Brussels, Belgium. Boilers g focused on the theme “Europe & Asia: Global
Partners for Global Challenges”.
-Since the end of World War II, NGOs have had an increasing role in international development
-The number of NGOs worldwide is estimated to be 10 million Russia had about 277,000 NGOs in 2008
-India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009

-China is estimated to have approximately 440,000 officially registered NGOs

-About 1.5 million domestic and foreign NGOs operated in the United States in 2017
III. Structure
The essence of ASEM is a forum for dialogue, complementary activity to other organizations or
multilateral forums
Ex: promoting dialogue among ASEM members on issues of the United Nations, Trade Organization
World trade, emerging issues of global and regional economic and trade, etc., aiming to reach the
consensus and common views of ASEM members in the above forums.
ASEM's activities are characterised by a high-level dialogue activity, where all the basic issues of
ASEM will be discussed and approved at the Summit (Summit)
ASEM's activities are currently not institutionalized. Cooperation activities are organized through two
Asian coordinating countries and two European embryonic coordinators for two-year terms. The
coordinator countries meet as needed (usually 2-3 times per year) through working groups specializing
in each political or economic field. The ASEM coordinating body in each country is the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
3 main pillars of cooperation:
-Politics- security
-Financial- economics
-Society- cultural
IV. Principle of operation

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Base on the ASEM framework document, the Asia-Europe Cooperation Framework (AECF), the
operational principle of ASEM are Defined as Follows:
- Relation between member based on aqual parnership, mutual respect and mutual benefits
- ASEM will be an open and evolving process; the expansion of the munber of members must be a
consensus of the heads off states;
- Strengthen information and mutual understanding through dialogue; identify priority areas for
coordination;
- Implement cooperation activities equally in all 3 fields: strengthening political dialogue, strengthening
economic cooperation and promoting cooperation in other fields;
- ASEM will be maintained as a voluntary, non-institutionalized process, the activities of ASEM will
be to support and facilitate activities in other international forums;
- Promote dialogue and cooperation between businesses and residents between the two regions; to
encourage cooperation between scholars and researchers between the two regions.
V. Contribution
VIETNAM & ASEM
- Since 1996, ASEM has played an important role in Vietnam's economic integration process.
- Vietnam has attracted many ODA funds from ASEM countries, (Japan, France, Korea)
- In which, Japan accounts for about 40% of ODA capital from countries committed to aid other
least-developed countries.
- Vietnam has organized many important activities
- Vietnam came up with 12 initiatives and co-authored 16 initiatives
The political field
- Vietnam has sent delegations to Ministerial Conferences, ASEM SOM meetings, and
coordinator meetings
- Contribute to the efforts to protect common peace, combat the risk of war and the arms race, in
the principle of respecting international law,…
The economic filed
- Vietnam has sent delegations to all ministerial conferences of economic and financial sectors
and Meetings of high-ranking Trade and Investment officials within the ASEM framework.
The financial filed
- Vietnam has actively exchanged finance, participated in most cooperation programs such as
cooperation in prevention of money laundering, exchange of experience in public debt
management .

NATO..

I. History
- NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
- Established in 1949.
- Original purpose was to organize Western power, defense against Joseph Stalin’s expansionist
ambitions and Soviet military Power.
- On 4 April, 1949, the US did join and the North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington. DC by 12
countries.
3 main purposes
- To maintain friendly relations and economic cooperation.

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- To consult together where the territory or independent of any of them is threatened.
- To come to the aid of any one of them.
II. Process of formation and development
III. Structure
1. Military command structure (Civilian Personnel, Military Personnel)
-1949: Creation of the military committee
-1966: Creation of the nuclear planning group
- The Military Committee sits at the top of NATO’s military structure
-NATO has two top military commanders: The Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR) and The
Supreme Allied Commander, Transformation (SACT).
SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER TRANSFORMATION
- TRENDS AND FUTURE THREATS
- CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT
- EDUCATION

- EXERCISES
- LESSON LEARNED
2. Civilian structure
NATO is an alliance of sovereign nations and its decision-making body is the North Atlantic Council
the Council, which decides by consensus, establishes NATO’s political guidelines, provides political
leadership of operations, adopts NATO’s budgets and, in general terms, makes all the decisions
necessary for the smooth running of the Alliance. It meets at the level of Heads of State and
Government, Ministers and - at least once a week - at the level of the Permanent Representatives of the
nations.
The Council’s discussions are prepared by specialized committees and are
chaired by the NATO Secretary General
The Secretary General is assisted in his work by the International Staff, of which he is the head.
The International Staff is divided into several divisions each of
which is headed by an Assistant Secretary Genera
IV. Principle of operation
1949-1990s:
-During the Cold War
To act as powerful deterrent against military aggression. In this role, NATO’s success was reflected in
the fact that, throughout the entire period of the Cold War, NATO forces were not involved in a single
military engagement. For much of the latter half of the 20th century, NATO remained vigilant and
prepared
-After the Cold War
NATO began to assume an increasingly proactive role within the international community. Before
engaging in its first major crisis-response operation in the Balkans, NATO conducted several operations:
Operation Ace Guard (3/1/2991-8/3/1991), Operation Allied Goodwill I and II (4-9/2 and
27/2-24/3/1992), Operation Agile Genie (1-19/5/1992).
1990s-2000s
-NATO in Bosnia and Herzegovina
April 1992: violent conflict started in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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August 1995: compel an end to Serb-led violence in the country, UN peacekeepers requested NATO
airstrikes
With the signing of the Dayton Peace Accord in December 1995, NATO immediately deployed a
UN-mandated Implementation Force (IFOR) comprising some 60.000 troops. Operation Joint
Endeavour was followed in December 1996
In light of the improved security situation, NATO brought its peace-support operation to a conclusion in
December 2004 and the European Union deployed a new force called Operation Althea.
NATO’s first counter- terorism operation

On October 4th 2001, once it has been determined that the 9/11 terrorist attack in New York and
Washington DC had come from abroad, NATO agreed on a package of eight measures to support the US.
On the request of US, the Alliance launched its first-ever counter-terrorism operation called Operation
Eagle Assist from mid-October 2001 to mid-May 2002.
2000s- now
-NATO in Afghanistan
-NATO in Kosovo
V. Contributions

WTO..

In brief, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with
the global rules of trade. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably
and freely as possible.
I. History:
The WTO precursor General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established by a multilateral
treaty of 23 countries in 1947 after World War II in the wake of other new multilateral institutions
dedicated to international economic cooperation—such as the World Bank (founded 1944) and the
International Monetary Fund (founded 1944 or 1945). A comparable international institution for trade,
named the International Trade Organization never

started as the U.S. and other signatories did not ratify the establishment treaty, and so GATT slowly
became a de facto International organization.
HEADQUARTERS: Geneva, Switzerland
FUNCTION:
Functions

The WTO’s overriding objective is to help trade flow smoothly, freely and predictably. It does this by:
● administering trade agreements
● acting as a forum for trade negotiations
● settling trade disputes
● reviewing national trade policies
● building the trade capacity of developing economies
● cooperating with other international organizations

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II. Process of formation and development:
GATT:
- In 1944, 44 countries (mostly proposed by the US) meeting at Bretton Woods to decide to build the
world financial system → establish the Bretton Woods financial system, including:
+ International Monetary Funding - IMF: how to distribute money to ensure the stability of the
international monetary system - the system of exchange rates and international payments that allows
countries and their citizens to trade with each other.
+ World Bank (World Bank)
→ both established and put into use
Proposal to establish International Trade Organization (ITO): later renamed WTO
- In 1947, a conference was held in Geneva to draft the ITO Charter and negotiate to establish GATT;
- ITO charter was agreed in Geneva 3/1948 but did not come into operation
—> GATT entered into force on January 1, 1948.
WTO:
- Is an organization empowered by the whole world to manage world trade.
- A complete organization with full features of 164 members.
- 1994, the 8th round of negotiations - the Uruguay round to establish the WTO with the succession of
GATT;
- Become a specific organizational structure (GATT constitutes 80% of the WTO)
- Officially effective from January 1, 1995.
⇒ Become an agreement on trade in goods.

III. Structure:
The highest authority of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which must meet at least every two
years.
Below this is the General Council (normally ambassadors and heads of delegation based in Geneva but
sometimes officials sent from members’ capitals) which meets several times a year in the Geneva
headquarters. The General Council also meets as the Trade Policy Review Body and the Dispute
Settlement Body.
At the next level, the Goods Council, Services Council and Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Council report
to the General Council.
Numerous specialized committees, working groups and working parties deal with the individual
agreements and other areas, such as the environment, development, membership applications and
regional trade agreements.

WTO Secretariat

The WTO Secretariat, based in Geneva, has around 620 staff and is headed by a Director- General. It
does not have branch offices outside Geneva. Since decisions are taken by the WTO’s members, the
Secretariat does not itself have a decision-making role.
The Secretariat’s main duties are to supply technical support for the various councils/ committees and
the ministerial conferences, to provide technical assistance for developing economies, to analyse world
trade and to explain WTO activities to the public and media.

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The Secretariat also provides some forms of legal assistance in the dispute settlement process and
advises governments wishing to become members of the WTO. The annual budget contributed by
members is roughly 197 million Swiss francs.
IV. Principles:
Five principles are of particular importance in understanding both the pre-1994 GATT and the WTO:
Non-discrimination. It has two major components: the most favored nation (MFN) rule and the national
treatment policy. Both are embedded in the main WTO rules on goods, services, and intellectual
property, but their precise scope and nature differ across these areas. The MFN rule requires that a WTO
member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO members, i.e., a WTO member has
to grant the most favorable conditions under which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other
WTO members. [38] National treatment means that imported goods should be treated no less favorably
than domestically produced goods and was introduced to tackle non-tariff barriers to trade
Reciprocity. It reflects both a desire to limit the scope of free-riding that may arise because of the MFN
rule and a desire to obtain better access to foreign markets. A related point is that for a nation to
negotiate, it is necessary that the gain from doing so be greater than the

gain available from unilateral liberalization; reciprocal concessions intend to ensure that such gains will
materialize.
Binding and enforceable commitments. The tariff commitments made by WTO members in
multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a legal instrument known as a schedule
(list) of concessions.[60] These schedules establish "ceiling bindings": a country can change its
bindings, but only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could mean compensating them for
loss of trade. If satisfaction is not obtained, the complaining country may invoke the WTO dispute
settlement procedures.
Transparency. The WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations, to maintain
institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to respond to requests for
information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to the WTO. These internal
transparency requirements are supplemented and facilitated by periodic country-specific reports (trade
policy reviews) through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM).[61] The WTO system tries also
to improve predictability and stability, discouraging the use of quotas and other measures used to set
limits on quantities of imports.[38]
Safety values. In specific circumstances, governments are able to restrict trade. The WTO's agreements
permit members to take measures to protect not only the environment but also public health, animal
health and plant health.

V. Contribution:
- Dispute settlement is the central pillar of the multilateral trading system, and the WTO’s
unique contribution to the stability of the global economy.
Without a means of settling disputes, the rules-based system would be less effective because the rules
could not be enforced. The WTO’s procedure underscores the rule of law, and it makes the trading
system more secure and predictable. The system is based on clearly-defined rules, with timetables for
completing a case. First rulings are made by a panel and endorsed (or rejected) by the WTO’s full
membership. Appeals based on points of law are possible.

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- Building trade capacity in developing economies.
Over three-quarters of WTO members are developing or least-developed economies. All WTO
agreements contain special provisions for them, including longer time periods to implement
commitments, measures to increase their trading opportunities and support to help them build the
infrastructure needed to participate in world trade.
- Technical assistance and training
The WTO organizes hundreds of technical cooperation missions to developing economies annually. It
also holds many trade policy courses each year in Geneva for

government officials. Regional seminars are held regularly in all regions of the world, with a special
emphasis on African countries. E-learning courses are also available. In 2019, some 22800 participants
benefited from WTO training aimed at improving understanding of WTO agreements and global trade
rules.

IMF..

I. History:
The IMF was established in 1944 in the aftermath of the Great Depression of the 1930s. 44 founding
member countries sought to build a framework for international economic cooperation. Today, its
membership embraces 190 countries, with staff drawn from 150 nations.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its
190 member countries. It does so by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and
monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic
well-being. The IMF is governed by and accountable to its member countries.
Membership : IMF's members have grown from 29 at its inception in 1945 to 185 at present. The latest
member country is Montenegro who joined the IMF in January 2007. Countries must first join the
United Nations to be eligible for IMF membership.
The IMF headquarters is located in Washington D.C., U.S.A.
I. Process of information and development:
The IMF has played a part in shaping the global economy since the end of World War II.
Cooperation and reconstruction (1944–71)
- As the Second World War ends, the job of rebuilding national economies begins. The IMF is
charged with overseeing the international monetary system to ensure exchange rate stability and
encouraging members to eliminate exchange restrictions that hinder trade.
The end of the Bretton Woods System (1972–81)
- After the system of fixed exchange rates collapses in 1971, countries are free to choose their
exchange arrangement. Oil shocks occur in 1973–74 and 1979, and the IMF steps in to help countries
dDebt and painful reforms (1982–89)

- The oil shocks lead to an international debt crisis, and the IMF assists in coordinating the global
response deal with the consequences.
Societal Change for Eastern Europe and Asian Upheaval (1990–2004)
- The IMF plays a central role in helping the countries of the former Soviet bloc transition from
central planning to market-driven economies.
Globalization and the Crisis (2005 - present)

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- The implications of the continued rise of capital flows for economic policy and the stability of
the international financial system are still not entirely clear. The current credit crisis and the food and oil
price shock are clear signs that new challenges for the IMF are waiting just around the corner.
II. Structure:
The Board of Governors, comprising one governor from each member country, is the highest
decision-making body of the IMF. The Board of Governors usually meets once each year at the
IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings.
The International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), consisting of 24 members, which
reflects the composition of the IMF's Executive Board, acts as the advisor to the Board of Governors. It
meets twice each year to review issues relating to the Board of Governors' functions in supervising the
management of the international monetary and financial system as well as make recommendations to the
Board of Governors.
The day-to-day work of the IMF, as guided by the IMFC, is carried out by the Executive Board and IMF
staff. The Managing Director is Chairman of the Executive Board and Head of IMF staff.
★ The IMF employs three main functions – surveillance, financial assistance, and technical assistance –
to promote the stability of the international monetary and financial system.
Surveillance: The IMF closely monitors each member country's economic and financial developments
and holds a policy dialogue with a member country on a regular basis (also known as Article IV
Consultation), usually once each year, to assess its economic conditions with a view to providing policy
recommendations.
Financial Assistance: The IMF lends to its member countries facing balance of payments problems
in order to facilitate the adjustment process and restore member countries' economic growth and
stability through various loan instruments or "facilities". An IMF loan is usually provided under an
"arrangement," requiring a borrowing country to undertake the specific policies and measures to resolve
its balance of payments problem as specified in a "Letter of Intent." Most IMF loans are primarily
financed by its member countries through payments of quotas. Thus, the IMF's lending capacity is
mainly determined by the total amount

of quotas. Nevertheless, if necessary, the IMF may borrow from a number of its financially strongest
member countries through the New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB) or the General Arrangements to
Borrow (GAB) to supplement the resources from its quotas.
Technical Assistance: The IMF provides technical assistance to help member countries strengthen their
capacity to design and implement effective policies in four areas, namely, 1) monetary and financial
policies, 2) fiscal policy and management, 3) statistics and
4) economic and financial legislation. In addition to technical assistance, the IMF also offers training
courses and seminars to member countries at the IMF Institute in Washington D.C., and other regional
training institutes (Austria, Brazil, China, India, Singapore, Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates).
III. Principles:
Since its creation, the IMF’s principal activities have included stabilizing currency exchange rates,
financing the short-term balance-of-payments deficits of member countries, and providing advice and
technical assistance to borrowing countries.
The IMF has three critical missions: furthering international monetary cooperation, encouraging the
expansion of trade and economic growth, and discouraging policies that would harm prosperity. To

17
fulfill these missions, IMF member countries work collaboratively with each other and with other
international bodies.
Quotas : Upon joining the IMF, each member country is assigned an initial quota comparable to its
relative economic size to the global economy and those of existing member countries . Quotas are
denominated in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) 1/ General quota reviews are conducted at regular
intervals – usually every five years, allowing the IMF to assess the adequacy of quotas in terms of
members' needs for liquidity and its ability to finance those needs.
A member's quota determines its voting power and access to IMF financing. The quota largely
determines a member's voting power in IMF decisions. Each IMF member has 250 basic votes plus one
additional vote for each SDR 100,000 of quota. In general, a member can borrow up to 100 percent of its
quota annually and 300 percent cumulatively.
IV. Contribution:
Supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are
essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being.
It seeks to promote economic growth and financial stability and plays a key role in helping turn around
struggling economies.
Monetary support includes financial loans, but the organization also provides technical assistance.
- Provides Loans to Member Nations

Its most important function is its ability to provide loans to member nations in need of a bailout. The
IMF can attach conditions to these loans, including prescribed economic policies, to which borrowing
governments must comply.6

- Fills Deficit Gaps

If a country has a balance of payments deficit, the IMF can step in to fill the gap.6

- Technical Support and Assistance

It serves as a council and adviser to countries attempting a new economic policy.7 It also publishes
papers on new economic topics.

WORLD BANK

I. History:
The World Bank, also known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), is
an international organization established after World War II
The world Bank is the world’s largest source of development assistance, providing nearly $30 billion in
loans annually to its client countries.
The main focus is on helping the poorest people and the poorest countries
The bank is also helping countries to strengthen and sustain the fundamental condition

II. Process of formation and development

The purpose of world bank
The world bank provides low-interest loan, interest-fee credit, and grants
The bank’s stated purpose is to “Bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries”
To achieve this goal, the bank focus on several area

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-Overcome poverty by spurring growth, especially in Africa
-It also manages international financial crises and promotes open trade
-Work with partners to bring an end to ADIS

-Help reconstruct countries emerging from the war, the biggest cause of extreme poverty
-Provide a customized solution to help middle-income countries remain out of poverty.
-Share its expertise with developing countries
-Work with the Arab league on three goal. They are to improve education, build infrastructure, and
provide micro-loan to small businesse
III. Structure:
-Handled by an executive consisting of 22 directors
-The President of the Bank is president of the entire World Bank Group. The Chairman is responsible for
chairing the meetings of the Board of Directors and the general administration of the Bank
-The President of the Bank is always a US citizen to be US
-The Vice Presidents of the Bank are the main managers, in charge of areas, sectors, networks and
functions. There are two Executive Vice Presidents, three Senior Vice Presidents and 24 Vice Presidents.
-The Board of Directors is composed of the President of the World Bank Group and 25 CEOs
IV. Principles:
Provides low-interest loans, interest-free loans and grants to developing countries for a variety of
purposes including investment in education, health, public administration , infrastructure, financial and
private sector development, agriculture and natural resource environmental management
Main activities of the world bank:
-Promote socio-economic growth in developing countries through technical assistance, project loans to
governments.
-Mobilizing investment capital from international financial markets and using them in development
projects in developing countries
-All world bank loans must be repaid at interest rates higher than market rates
V. Contribution:
The World Bank is comprised of two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).
- Fund creation
IBRD creates capital sources for loans to developed countries through the sale of AAA rated shares on
the world financial market. While IBRD makes a small margin of profits from these loans, its greater
revenue stream comes from lending the funds it owns. This source of capital includes reserves
accumulated over many years and contributions of 185 shareholders (are member countries) of the
World Bank. IBRD's revenues are also used to pay for the World Bank's operating costs and to support
IDA activities and debt relief programs for poor countries
- Providing loan sources
Through IBRD and IDA, the World Bank offers two types of loans and credit: investment activities and
activities related to development policies. Countries use first-class credit and capital to invest in goods,
labor, and services to support social and economic development projects in a

variety of sectors. The second type of loan and credit is used to provide quick disbursements to support
certain policies of a country and its administrative reform programs.

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- Manage trust funds and provide non-refundable aid
Government and private donors deposit money into trust funds held at the WB.These funds are used For
a variety of development purposes, WB also mobilizes external funding to finance IDA's non-profit
activities and grants, as well as funding sources for support activities. technology to meet the special
needs of developing countries. IDA grants are often used for the following purposes: gaimr or debt relief
for poor countries that cannot repay debt. , improving water sanitation, advocating for immunization
programs, combating HIV/AIDS, and supporting civil society to create initiatives to reduce emissions
and the greenhouse effect.
- Providing consulting services
WB also plays a role in providing situation analysis services, consulting and providing information to
member countries to help these countries develop socio-economic
- Capacity building
The World Bank has a role to enhance the capacity of the partners, human resources in developing
countries, and its own staff to help them acquire the necessary knowledge and skills. to provide technical
assistance, improve government performance and service delivery, to promote economic growth and
sustain poverty reduction programs.
The debt crisis of the early 1980s—during which many developing countries were unable to service
their external debt to multilateral lending institutions
The reasons:
╸ a slowdown in the world economy
╸ high interest rates
╸ a decline in commodity prices
╸ wide fluctuations in oil prices
⇨ The bank had become increasingly involved in shaping economic and social policies in indebted
developing countries

UNEP..

I. History
1972: The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
was held in Stockholm, Sweden
1972: UNEP was established by General Assembly Resolution 2997
BEWEEN 1974 – 1986: UNEP produced more than 200 technical guidelines or manual
II. Process of formation and development
Over the last thirty years, it has increasingly focused on climate change, helping create or implement
environmental treaties and institutions, such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
In 1988, it joined the World Meteorological Organization to establish the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), a leading authority on the science of climate change and options for adaptation
and mitigation.
UNEP is also one of several "Implementing Agencies" for the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the
Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, and the International Cyanide
Management Code.
III. Structure
Leaderships of UNEP:

20
Administrative Council: Reviews the implementation of the resolutions of the United Nations General
Assembly and introduces strategic global action programs in the field of environment.
- 16 seat – Africa
- 13 seat – Asian
- 6 seat – Eastern Europe
- 13 seat – Western Europe
- 10 seat – Latin America; Other Nations
Executive Director: Inger Andersen (born 1958); Mostafa Kamal Tolba (1922–2016)
Secretariat: The Secretariat is headed by the Executive Director elected by the United Nations General
Assembly for a 5-year term. Secretary, Secretariat of Governing Bodies and Stakeholders
Environmental Coordination Committee: The Environmental Coordination Committee is composed of
the heads of the UN system organizations, chaired by the Executive Director of UNEP.
8 substantive divisions: Science Division; Policy and Programmed Division; Ecosystems Division;
Economy Division; Governance Affairs Office; Law Division; Communication Division; Corporate
Services Division..
Finance source: Annual budget of the United Nations; Environment Fund.
IV. Principle of operation
Mani goals: UNEP is the only organization of the United Nations system established to provide
directional paths and global action plans to improve the quality of the life without harming the world

UNEP’s role as catalyst and coordinate has been strengthened since the United Nations Summit on
Environment and Development (1992) adopted Agenda 21
V. Contributions
THE ENVIRONMENT INFORMATION EXCHANGE:
- GEMS - Global guidance system
- GRID - Global information data source
- INFOTERRA - The ground information system
- IRPTC - The international registry of hazardous chemicals
THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL FIELDS:
- Convention on Biological Diversity
- Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
- The 1985 Vienna Convention on Protection of the Ozone Layer
- UN Framework Convention on climate change
UNEP and Strategic Plan of Biodiversity (2011–2020) and the Aichi biodiversity targets
REGIONAL: Since 2009 UNEP in West Asia and UNDP in Iraq have worked on a large portfolio of
projects, including supporting Iraq with its reporting obligations under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol Vietnam – UNEP
Relations:
9/1987: The Convention on Early Notification of the Nuclear Incident
5/1993: Convention on Biological Diversity 1996:
Convention on Biological Diversity
6/2002: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

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UNFCCC

I. History:
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established an international
environmental treaty to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system", in part by
stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by 154 states at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth
Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It established a Secretariat headquartered in
Bonn and entered into force on 21 March 1994. The treaty called for ongoing scientific research and
regular meetings, negotiations, and future policy agreements designed to allow ecosystems to adapt
naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic
development to proceed in a sustainable manner.
⇒ The objective of the Convention is to stabilize greenhouse gas accumulation at a level that would
prevent hazardous effects.
II. Process of information and development:
2015 - Intensive negotiations took place under the Ad Hoc Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced
Action (ADP) throughout 2012-2015 and culminated in the adoption of the Paris Agreement by the COP
on 12 December 2015. More on the Paris Agreement.
2014 - At COP 20 in Lima in 2014, Parties adopted the ‘Lima Call for Action’, which elaborated key
elements of the forthcoming agreement in Paris. More on the Lima Call for Action.
2013 - Key decisions adopted at COP 19/CMP 9 include decisions on further advancing the Durban
Platform, the Green Climate Fund and Long-Term Finance, the Warsaw Framework for REDD Plus and
the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. Under the Durban Platform, Parties agreed
to submit “intended nationally determined contributions”, known as INDCs, well before the Paris
conference. More on the Warsaw Outcomes.
2012 - The Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol is adopted by the CMP at CMP 8. More on the
Doha Amendment. Several decisions taken opening a gateway to greater ambition and action on all
levels. More on the Doha Climate Gateway.
2011 — The Durban Platform for Enhanced Action drafted and accepted by the COP, at COP17. More
on the Durban outcomes.
2010 — Cancun Agreements drafted and largely accepted by the COP, at COP 16. More on the Cancun
Agreements.
2009 — Copenhagen Accord drafted at COP 15 in Copenhagen. This was taken note of by the COP.
Countries later submitted emissions reductions pledges or mitigation action pledges, all non-binding.
2007 — IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report released. Climate science entered into popular consciousness.
At COP 13, Parties agreed on the Bali Road Map, which charted the way towards a post-2012 outcome
in two work streams: the AWG-KP, and another under the Convention, known as theAd-Hoc Working
Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action Under the Convention. More about the Bali Road Map.
2005 — Entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol. The first Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol
(MOP 1) takes place in Montreal. In accordance with Kyoto Protocol requirements, Parties launched
negotiations on the next phase of the KP under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for
Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP). What was to become the Nairobi Work
Programme on Adaptation (it would receive its name in 2006, one year later) is accepted and agreed on.
More about the Nairobi Work Programme.

22
2001 — Release of IPCC's Third Assessment Report. Bonn Agreements adopted, based on the Buenos
Aires Plan of Action of 1998. Marrakesh Accords adopted at COP 7, detailing rules for implementation
of Kyoto Protocol, setting up new funding and planning instruments for adaptation, and establishing a
technology transfer framework.
1997 — Kyoto Protocol formally adopted in December at COP 3. More about the Kyoto Protocol.
1996 — The UNFCCC Secretariat is set up to support action under the Convention. More on the
Secretariat.
1995 — The first Conference of the Parties (COP 1) takes place in Berlin.
1994 — UNFCCC enters into force. An introduction to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change.
1992 — The INC adopts UNFCCC text. At the Earth Summit in Rio, the UNFCCC is opened for
signature along with its sister Rio Conventions, UNCBD and UNCCD. More about the two other Rio
Conventions: UNCBD and UNCCD.
1991 — First meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) takes place.
1990 — IPCC's first assessment report released. IPCC and second World Climate Conference call for a
global treaty on climate change. United Nations General Assembly negotiations on a framework
convention begin.
1988 — The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is set up. More about the science of climate
change.
1979 — The first World Climate Conference (WCC) takes place.
III. Structure:
The graph above “Key interlinkages of the UNFCCC workstreams and secretariat organizational
structure” provides an overview of the secretariat divisions and how they are connected, how they
interact and how they will contribute to the implementation of the secretariat’s work programme.

Specifically, intergovernmental engagement will be focused on providing ongoing operational oversight

to the established processes and bodies, which in turn will be focused on delivering in full as guided.
The secretariat, in support of Parties, presiding officers and the elected chairs/co-chairs of the bodies,
provides a critical link in ensuring the effective coordination of this effort.

The data, information and knowledge generated through the established processes and bodies will be
used to inform future action and to foster deeper and broader engagement with relevant actors, whose
expertise and experience can be used to enhance all the established processes and bodies.
IV. Principles:
Article 3 of the UNFCCC sets forth the principles guiding the implementation of the Convention. These
principles are derived from or consistent with the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development.
- Article 3 (1):
+ Principle of fairness
+ Shared but different responsibilities
- Article 3 (2): Taking into account the needs and circumstances of developing countries
- Article 3 (3): Precautionary principles
- Article 3 (4): Sustainable development
- Article 3 (5): Principles of free trade

23
In addition to their guiding nature, these principles also shape specific commitments. For example, with
the principle of shared but distinct responsibilities, Article 4 of the UNFCCC provides for commitments
common to all members and specific commitments for developed countries.
V. Contribution:

One of the achievements of the UNFCCC has been to establish a reporting framework which provides
information on greenhouse gases emissions and removals using common categorisation and definitions.
This framework encourages reporting of data from most of the countries that are party to the
Convention. This data provides essential input to:

● Climate scientists (looking at the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions and removals to
temperature change and other environmental factors) in predicting whether climate change and the speed
of climate change pose a significant risk to humans or the environment
● Tracking progress in historical emissions and removal trends. Allowing policy makers and
environmental groups to identify successes in, and challenges to, reducing emissions and increasing
removals
● Prioritising actions for emission reduction and removal increase

ARAB LEAGE

I. History
Demonym(s): Arabs Year
of foundation: 1945
Headquaters: Cairo, Egypt
Parliament: Arab Parliament
Type: Regional organization
The Arab League, formally the League of Arab States, is a regional organization in the Arab world, which
is located in Africa and Western Asia.
The Arab League was formed in Caiso 22 March 1945 initially with 6 members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjodan
(renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5, May
1945.
Currently, the League has 22 members but Syria’s participation has been suspended since Noverbem
2011.
Following adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March
1945. It aimed to be a regional organization of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy,
resolving disputes and coordinating political aims.
05/08/1942: Launching what was know as the “Arab Unity Consultations” phase.
07/10/1944: The Arab Unity Consultations led to the signing of the Protocol Alexandriaby the heads of
governments of Egypt, Trans-Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Lebanon.

24
03/03/1945: “The Political Sub-Committee” established upon the recommendation of the “Alexandria
Protocol”.
22/03/1945: The Heads of Governments of five Arab states, namely: Iraq, Trans-Jordan, Syria, Lebanon
and Egypt, signed the final version of the “Charter of the League of Arab States”.
II. Process of formation and development
– The emotional urge for the unity of the Arabs.
– The separatism of the States which had been created by the post - war settlements.
★ TYPICAL EVENTS
29/05/1964: The first Palestinian National Council convened in East Jerusalem. 02/06/1964: The
Palestinian Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting. 1976: PLO was accepted in
the Arab League
- The Beirut summit on March 28, 2002
- The League adopted the Arab Peace Initiative, a Saudi-inspired peace plan for the Arab-Israeli
conflict. The initiative offered full normalization of the relations with Israel. In exchange, Israel was
demanded to withdraw from all occupied territories.
- The Peace Initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit.
1979-1987: Egypt's membership was suspended after it signed a peace treaty with Israel.
1987-1/2003: Arab leaders decided to renew diplomatic
ties with Egypt.
1/2003- 22/2/2011: Eritrea joined the Arab League as an observer.
22/2/2011- 27/08/2011: Libya was suspended from the Arab League
27/8/2011- 12/11/2011: The Arab League voted to restore Libya's membership by accrediting a
representative of the National Transitional Council.
12/11/2011- 29/03/2015: The League passed a decree that would suspend Syria's membership but the
government did not yield to the League's demands and The League agrees to create joint military force
III. Structure
- Headquaters
- The Principal Institution
- The Council of the League
- The Treaty of Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation
- The Joint Defence Council
- The Economic & Social Council
- The Committees
- The Secretariat General
HEADQUATERS: Al-Tahrir Street
Used for the Arab temporary parliamentary sessions.
Used for Arab Minister summits
THE PRINCIPAL INSTITUTIONS:

- The Council of the League: Composed of representatives from the member states.
● Holds general sessions twice a year.
● Controls & coordinates the League’s activities
● Has 7 special committees
● The presidency of the Council rotates among member states.

25
● The secretary-general is appointed by two-thirds majority
- The Joint Defence Council: Set up after the signing of the Treaty for mutual defence and
economic cooperation in 1950.
● At the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defence and establish a
peacekeeping force .
● At a 2015 summit in Egypt, member states agreed in principle to form a joint military force.
- The Economic & Social Council: Replace the Economic Council - created following the
Treaty in June 1950.
● To establish the objectives of, and to promote the means for the economic and social
development of the Arab world.
● It also coordinates the activities of the specialized agencies which have been set up in the
framework of the League of Arab States.
- The Committees:
Ad hoc” Committees
● Responsible for carrying out specific tasks.
● Dissolved when their mandate has been carried out.
Committees set up by the main institutions of the League.
● Economic Committees, Social Committees, etc.
● The lifetime of these Committees is linked to the timing of the Session.
- The Secretariat General: Aims at promoting coordination in the specialized fields.Serves as a
communication platform between the Secretary General of the Arab League, the activities &
programmes of the Secretariat General and other specialized Joint Arab Action Organizations.
Represents the Arab world at the international level.
COMMITTEES: legal, cutural, social, communications, health, economic, political
IV. Principle of operation
1. Committed to respecting the established government in each member state and to guaranteeing its
sovereignty and independence.
2. To maintain and strengthen the solidarity among the Arab states in the face of external threats.
3. To ensure cohesion and peace between the member states.
4. To ensure the cooperation of member states in various areas.
GOVERNANCE:
1. Based on principles that support and promote a unified Arab nationalism and a common position
among Arabic states on various issues.
2. Based on the duality of supra-national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states.

V. Contribution
1. Social & Education
Made advances in the educational systems & promote child welfare
Encourage measures against crime and drug abuse
Advanced the role of woman in Arab societies
Presere culture heritage
2. Regional peacekeeping:
Establish pact
Acts as a regional alternative to the United Nations

26
Establish military forces: The Arab League force in Kuwait, The symbolic Arab security force, The
Arab Deterrent Force
Establish constraints: Legal constraints, Political constraints
★ ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION:
1. Better Oil Trade
2. Telecommunication:
Orascom & Etisalat
3. Intercommunication
4. Vast fertile lands in the
Southern part of Sudan
Another contribution: Recognised Israel as a sovereign state
In 2015, The League showed their support in Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia
Muslim Houthi faction and loyal forces to former Presiden Ali Abdullah Saleh.
The league also has been united in its support for Palestine than Israel but has come under increasing
criticism in recent years for failing to do enough for the Palestinians and for Iraq
★ GLOBAL CONTRIBUTION: Economy, Peacekeeping
Cooperates closely with the United States (1958) (1989=>2016: Memorandum of Understanding)
The League of Arab States shares a common mission with the United Nations: promoting peace, security
and stability by preventing conflict, resolving disputes & acting in a spirit of solidarity and unity. In
doing so, the two organizations also work together to expand economic opportunity, advance respect for
human rights and build political inclusion.

AU

I. History
The African Union (AU) is a continental body consisting of the 55 member states that make up the
countries of the African Continent. It was officially launched in 2002 as a successor to the Organisation
of African Unity (OAU, 1963-1999).
In May 1963, 32 Heads of independent African States met in Addis Ababa Ethiopia to sign the
Charter creating Africa’s first post-independence continental institution, The Organisation of African
Unity (OAU). The OAU was the manifestation of the pan-African vision for an Africa that was united,
free and in control of its own destiny and this was solemnised in the OAU Charter in which the founding
fathers recognised that freedom, equality, justice and dignity were essential objectives for the
achievement of the legitimate aspirations of the African peoples and that there was a need to promote
understanding among Africa’s peoples and foster cooperation among African states in response to the
aspirations of Africans for brother-hood and solidarity, in a larger unity transcending ethnic and national
Differences. The guiding philosophy was that of PanAfricanism which centred on African socialism and
promoted African unity

II. Process of formation and development

In total, 4 summits were held in the lead up to the official launching of the African Union, the:
+ Sirte Summit (1999), which adopted the Sirte Declaration calling for the establishment of the
AU
+ Lomé Summit (2000), which adopted the AU Constitutive Act

27
+ Lusaka Summit (2001), which drew the road map for implementation of the AU
+ Durban Summit (July 9, 2002), which launched the AU and convened its first Assembly of Heads of
State and Government.
The decision to re-launch Africa’s pan - African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by African
leaders that in order to realise Africa’s potential, there was a need to refocus attention from the fight for
decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the focus of the OAU, towards
increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa’s growth and economic
development.

Constitutive Act of the African Union lay out some of the major objective of the AU which are :
- Achieve greater unity and solidarity
- Accelerate the political and socio-econimic integration
- Promote peace, security and stability
- Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance
- Enable the continent to play its rightful role

III. Structure
The Assembly (determines common policies); the Executive Council (coordinates and makes decisions
on common policies); the Permanent Representatives Committee (assists the Executive Council); the
Financial Institutions (consisting of the African Central Bank, the African Monetary Fund, and the
African Investment Bank); the Commission (the secretariat); the Human and Peoples Rights Court
(ensures compliance with the law); the Specialized Technical Committees (assist the Executive Council
in substantive matters); the Economic, Social and Cultural Council; the Pan-African Parliament
(implements policies); the Peace and Security Council (makes decisions on prevention, management and
resolution of conflicts).
Above all that, the AU Commission is the key organ, a central role in the day-to-day management of the
African Union. The current Chairperson of the AU Commission is Moussa Faki Mahamat from Chad,
who took office on 14 March, 2017.

IV. Principle of operation

AU Goals and Principles
1. Personal integration
AU is planned to be a forum to promote regional integration and African unification through
socio-economic integration, continental research: science and technology and the development of
common positions. on issues of mutual interest. The AU also AU is planned to be a forum to promote
regional integration and African unification through socio-economic integration, continental research:
science and technology and the development of common positions. on issues of mutual interest. The AU
also established institutions of solidarity among African

peoples, coordinated action with subregional economic communities and built a common front in
international negotiation and cooperation.
2.Peace and Security
The AU member states recognize that "the scourge of conflicts in Africa is a major factor hindering the
continent's socio-economic development. AU's is the establishment of a collective security system that

28
promotes peace and security for development on the continent. Relevant organizations include those that
maintain collective security.
3. Human rights protection
One reason given by the member states to establish the AU was their determination to "promote and
protect the rights of people and people, strengthen democratic institutions and cultures, and ensure
preservation. good governance
4. No interference
Unilateral interference between Member States is seen as a common security threat on the continent.
In addition to the direct principle ‘non-interference of any Member State’ in the internal affairs of
another, the standard of non-interference is embodied in many organizational principles.
Member State is party to any treaty or alliance that is inconsistent with the principles and objectives of
the Union "and prohibits" any Member State from allowing use of its territory as a basis. to topple
against another Member State. The AU's non-interference principle is based on the principles of equality
of sovereignty and interdependence among member states and respect for the boundaries that exist
through achieving independence
5. Involvement
- Intervention in the member states of the AU forms an unprecedented principle in international law.
AU is authorized to intervene in a Member State at the discretion of the Council regarding serious
circumstances, namely: war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity.
- The AU member states also agreed on the right of ‘request intervention from the Union to restore
peace and security. This is a case of inviting intervention. The AU Council is the ultimate
decision-making body.
6. Respect for democracy and the rule of law
- Africa's New Development Partnership (also known as NEPAD) is one of the frameworks introduced
by African States to link respect for civil and political rights with the right to development. The AU
member states have adopted the principle of ‘Condemn and rejects unconstitutional changes by
governments. The rejection of sanctions is also a principle adopted by the AU members to strengthen
their commitments to the rule of law
7. Funding AU
- The funding sources of AU are mainly: member countries and donors. Aside from the
contribution of the member states, AU is still dependent on External Funds. This source mainly comes
from Official Development Assistance (ODA).
- However, the African Union is looking for greater financial independence.

NGOs

I. History:
NGOs went through three waves of development. First is the emergence of 1914. NGOs started to
transform from the mid-eighteenth until the mid-nineteenth century. Elements that had an impact on the
growth of NGOs during this period included the role of East-West contacts, enlightenment ideas and the
effects of the Industrial Revolution. In the late 19th century, cross-border civil society influenced
national and international policies and developed new technologies for cross-border lobbying. But even
before the outbreak of World War I, cross-border civil society officials declined, despite the surge in
INGOs during the first decade of the 20th century.

29
Second is the period from 1914-1939. The period from the outbreak of World War I to the outbreak of
World War II was generally regarded as a period of stagnation in solidarity, but in the end, it helped
facilitate the development of INGO and address a wide range of issues, including those resulting from
conflicts and their aftermath. International NGOs were important to the anti-slavery and women's
suffrage movements and peaked at the time of the 1932–1934 World Disarmament Conference.

The third period is from 1939 to the present day. During this period, World War II had a similar impact
as World War I, including stimulating the formation of new international NGOs outside Europe and
dealing with the consequences of the conflict. US-based NGOs played a particularly significant role in
the peace settlement, including the creation of new intergovernmental organizations, and the human
rights provisions of the United Nations Charter; within this the term became popular with the 1945
founding of the United Nations in 1945. Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, founded in Britain in
1942 and CARE - a major international humanitarian agency - founded 1954 are one of the largest
NGOs that were established during this period. The Cold War and decolonization contributed in turn
provided context for the formation of new INGOs that were more geographically dispersed. In the
1990s, intergovernmental conferences,

the globalization of neoliberal economies, and the Internet provided great opportunities for cross-border
civil society and facilitated the formation of INGO's large-scale cross-border coalitions.

III. Structure:
The structure of NGOs is divided into two main parts
1. Top management Three
entities:
-The Board of Directors: a legal requirement in most countries in order to get it officially registered
with the local authorities.
-The General Assembly: Depending on the NGO's by-laws, members of the General Assembly can also
participate in the meetings by proxy, usually deferring to the Executive Director to cast their vote when
needed.
The Executive Director: who may also be called by other names such as CEO. He or she is responsible
for the overall direction in which the NGO moves, and the responsibility for managing the day-to-day
activities of the NGO and report to the Board.
2. Staff menber
-Administrative activities are led by an administrative manager.This manager may have several staff
members assisting him/her, including a Finance Assistant.
-Communications and dissemination activities are the responsibility of a staff member the level of a
manager. The Public Relations assistant works closely with both the Finance Assistant and Membership
Coordinator on one hand, and the Programme Manager on the other, to publicize its activities and build
a "brand name" for the NGO.
- Programme and project activities of an NGO are led by a manager. It may be assisted by several
Project Assistants, Training Assistants, and other Assistants
IV. Principles:
NGOs operate in many different ways, however, it can be considered into 1 of 2 types: Some owners
organize campaign in order to make political pressure. Others mainly conduct programmes and activities

30
Ex: Oxfarm is an anti poverty organization which has some programmes to provide food and goods for
those who had suffered disability
V. Contribution:
In regional
-Cultural and social funds
This is a foreign non-governmental organization, but classified into a separate area of the cultural fund -
the commune usually does not directly implement humanitarian assistance projects or development
projects
- Foreign non-governmental organizations with religious backgrounds.
These functions were born very early and started working in Vietnam very early. At first, they
considered evangelization and improved education as the main thing, after gradually shifting to attaching
importance to both religious and life affairs and nowadays, most of them use their life to do religious
work
- Foreign non-governmental organizations, specializingin the fielddisasters of humanitarianism,
charity, solid development, recovery
Foreign non-governmental organizations of this type have a wide range of activities, mainly those
established after World War II, such as the OXFAM family of foreign NGOs. , organizations
supporting children, CARE, Action Aid, Physicians without borders, environmental protection
organizations such as WWF; organizations fighting for women's rights In Global
NGOs in Bangladesh can continue playing the role of catalyst in the attainment of sustainable economic
growth and development provided, an endurable, warm and dependable relationship is there between the
Government and NGOs where both are working for the benefit of the people with numerable activities
Many researchers support NGOs’ activities because of their proximity to remote communities and to the
poor their efficiency and low cost of operations e.g., micro-credit programs ,their promotion of
sustainable system development and their potential role for organizing and representative bodies in civil
societies.The rapid growth of NGOs is also seen as a consequence of governments’ failure to alleviate
poverty, growing levels of bureaucracy and corruption and a lack of accountability of government

QUESTION

1. International Monetary Fund (IMF) vs. the World Bank: What's the Difference?
The main difference between the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank lies in their
respective purposes and functions. The IMF oversees the stability of the world's monetary system, while
the World Bank’s goal is to reduce poverty by offering assistance to middle-income and low-income
countries.

2. IMF vs. WTO vs. World Bank: What’s the Difference?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are
highlighted in the financial press or on television nearly every day. From loans to Greece to trade deals
in Asia, these organizations make headlines across the globe. Understanding these entities and their
missions will provide greater insight into how these organizations help to shape the global economy.

31
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a global organization with 190 member countries currently
based in Washington, D.C. The fund's purpose is to promote financial stability and economic growth
among other objectives.
The World Trade Organization (WTO is also a global association with 164 member countries. The
organization's purpose is to promote fair trade between nations.
The World Bank is also an international organization and has a goal to reduce poverty through financial
assistance.

3. How do international organizations help countries?

International organizations play a powerful role in helping countries to achieve multiple noble aims,
including boosting economic prosperity, promoting social development, improving levels of well-being,
preserving human rights, providing humanitarian aid, protecting the environment, and safeguarding
peace.

ĐỀ THI TÌM TRÊN MẠNG

1. Which international organization was founded in 1945 with the stated objective of 'saving
succeeding generations from the scourge of war'?Hint
A. NATO
B. WTO
C. Red Cross / Red Crescent
D. United Nations
2. During its largest expansion in 2004, which country did not join the European Union?Hint
A. Poland
B. Slovakia
C. Lithuania
D. Norway
3. Which are the founding members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)?Hint
A. China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan
B. China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan
C. China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
D. China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan
4. Which organization was the predecessor organization for the African Union (AU), which was
established in 2002?Hint
A. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
B. Organization of African Unity (OAU)
C. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC
D. There was no predecessor organization to the African Union
5. What does OAS stand for?Hint
A. Organization of Arab States

32
B. Organization of African States
C. Organization of Asian States
D. Organization of American States
6. In which city is NATO headquartered?Hint
A. New York
B. Brussels
C. London
D. Paris
7. What would be a correct description of the OECD?Hint
A. OECD is an organization of the least-developed countries in the world
B. OECD is a sub-organization of the United Nations, concerned with protecting Children's Rights
C. OECD is an organziation of Oil-Exporting countries
D. OECD is an organization of democratic, highly developed countries
8. OSCE is the successor organization to which international conference?Hint
A. OECD
B. CSCE
C. Council of Europe
D. Arab League

9. Which country became a WTO member in 2002?Hint

A. Russia
B. Iran
C. Lybia
D. China

10. The United States is a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Community.

A. True
B. False
11. The Association of South East Asian Countries (ASEAN) was founded in which city and in
which year?Hint
A. Singapore, 1995
B. Jakarta, 1988
C. Bangkok, 1967
D. Manila, 1976
12. Which organization effectively controls the world market for crude oil?Hint
A. OECD
B. OPEC
C. OSCE

D. SPECTRE

13. What is SAARC?Hint

A. An association of South Asian countries

33
B. A fictional privately funded terror organization in James Bond novels
C. South American Andean Regional Council
D. A sub-organization of the United Nations concerned with agriculture

14. The United States has never held membership in which of the following
organizations?Hint
A. Council of Europe
B. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
C. World Trade Organization
D. United Nations

15. The UNASUR free trade organization combines MERCOSUR with the what other
organization?
A. Andean Community
B. Carribbean Community
C. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
D. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

ĐÊ TRÊN MẠNG
1. What was the first generally recognized international organization?
A. Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine
B. World Trade Organization
C. League of Nations
D. Organization of American States

2. What global organization was founded in the Treaty of Versailles and sought to guarantee
global peace through "collective security"?Hint
A. United Nations
B. League of Nations
C. Freedom House
D. SEATO

3. What were the three organizations envisioned by the negotiators at the United Nations
Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in 1944?
A. International Monetary Fund (IMF), European Central Bank (ECB), and the World Trade
Organization (WTO)

B. International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank), and the World Trade Organization (WTO)
C. International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (World Bank), and the International Trade Organization (ITO)
D. International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank), and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

34
4. What organization is made up of mostly former British colonies?
A. Commonwealth of Nations
B. League of Nations
C. Organization for African Unity
D. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
5. What two security organizations dominated the Cold War Era?
A. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Commitern
B. The Security Council and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
C. The Anti Comintern Axis Organization and the League of Nations
D. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact

6. How many representatives to the International Labour Organization (ILO) does each
participating country have?
A. 3
B. 1
C. 4
D. 2

7. What security organization was founded to contain Communist advances in Asia by the Manila
Pact of 1954?
A. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
B. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
C. Australia New Zealand United States Security Organization (ANZUS)
D. East Asian Security Organizations (EASO)

8. What large international organization had its humble beginnings with the European Coal and
Steel Community (ECSC)?
A. European Union (EU)
B. Western European Union (WEU)
C. European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
D. European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)

9. What organization promotes free trade between Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and
Paraguay?
A. SAFTA
B. APEC
C. OAS
D. Mercosur

10. What international organization is effectively a cartel seeking to control prices and quantities
of oil on the world market?
A. OECD
B. CPLP
C. NATO

35
D. OPEC

11. What is the organization founded as a cooperative forum between the nations of Scandinavia?
A. Northern European Treaty Organization
B. Scandinavian Union
C. Nordic Council
D. Organization for Baltic Cooperation

12. What "technical organization" is charged with coordinating postal policies with its members?
A. International Mail Organization (IMO)
B. United Nations Conference on Postal Regulations (UNCPR)
C. World Postal Organization (WPO)
D. Universal Postal Union (UPU)

13. What international organization is charged with coordinating safety regulations for
international ships?
A. United Nations Committee for Law of the Seas (UNCLoS)
B. World Ship Safety Union (WSSU)
C. International Maritime Organization (IMO)
D. International Shipping Union (ISU)

14. What UN specialized organization is charged with facilitating the sharing of weather and
climate information?
A. International Weather Union (IWU)
B. World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
C. United Nations Committee on Meteorological Information (UNCMI)

D. World Weather Union (WWU)

15. What specialized UN organization, established in 1964, deals with financial, trade and
development issues?
A. Universal Council on Trade and Development (UCTD)
B. World Trade Organization (WTO)
C. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
D. International Organization to Promote Trade and Development (IOPTD)

16. What organization is charged with developing policies to protect patents throughout the
world?
A. Universal Patent Organization (UPO)
B. World Patent and Trademark Office (WPTO)
C. World Patent Organization (WPO)
D. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

17. What international organization seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy?

36
A. International Nuclear Power Organization (INPO)
B. International Protocols for Atomic Energy (IPAE)
C. World Nuclear Organization (WNO)
D. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

18. Where are the headquarters of the UN specialized organization the United Nations
Environmental Program?
A. Geneva, Switzerland
B. Nairobi, Kenya
C. Montevideo, Uruguay
D. Dayton, Ohio, USA

19. What is the name of the loose confederation for Eurasia founded after the fall of the Soviet
Union?
A. Russian Imperial Federation (RIF)
B. Union of Former Soviet Republics (UFSR)
C. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
D. Eurasian Treaty Organization (ETO)

20. What is the name of the international organization charged with prosecuting war crimes,
genocide and crimes against humanity?
A. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
B. International Criminal Court (ICC)

C. World Court for Genocide (WCG)

D. United Nations Court of Genocide (UNCG)

ĐỀ TRÊN MẠNG
1. The oldest intergovernmental organization is the Central Commission for Navigation
on the Rhine. When was it founded? → 1815
2. Who is the current United Nations Secretary General? → Attonio Gutterest
3. What is the current estimated population of the European Union?--> 510m
https://www.indiabix.com/general-knowledge/world-organisations/ (link bài)
ĐỀ TRÊN MẠNG
1. The chairmanship/presidency of the UN Security Council rotates among the Council
Members
A. every 6 months
B. every 3 months
C. every year
D.
every month
2. Which of the following is not a chief organ of the United Nations Organisations?
A. International Labour Organisation
B. Security Council

37
C. International Court of Justice
D. General Assembly
3. The office of the UN General Assembly is in
A. Vienna
B. New York
C. Paris
D. Zurich

Contents
UN - PEACEKEEPING

EU…………………………………………………………………………………………………………2

APEC……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

ASEM……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9

NATO……………………………………………………………………………………………..………12

WTO……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14

IMF……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17

WORLD BANK……………………………………………………………………………………… 21

UNEP……………………………………………………………………………………………………21
22

UNFCCC…………………………………………………………………………………………………23

ARAB LEAGE……………………………………………………………………………………..……25

AU……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28

NGOs……………………………………………………………………………………………………30

38