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NWJZ E171504 Curic
NWJZ E171504 Curic
NWJZ E171504 Curic
New data and distribution of common spadefoot toad Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768)
(Anura: Pelobatidae) in Western Balkans
Ana ĆURIĆ1*, Adnan ZIMIĆ2, Tomislav BOGDANOVIĆ3 and Dušan JELIĆ4
1. Society for Research and Protection of Biodiversity, Brace Potkonjaka 16, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2. Herpetological Association in Bosnia and Herzegovina ATRA, Alipašina 207, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
3. Croatian Odonatological Socieety “Croatocordulia”, Vijenac Hrvatske Republike 9, 31550 Valpovo, Croatia.
4. Croatian Institute for Biodiversity, Croatian Herpetological Society Hyla, Lipovac I. 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
*Corresponding author A. ĆURIĆ, E-mail: anna.curic@live.com / anna.curic@live.com
Received: 15. June 2016 / Accepted: 26. March 2017 / Available online: 28. July 2017 / Printed: June 2018
Abstract. Based on known literature data and data collected during field research in 2014 and 2015, we present an updated
distribution map of the common spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus) in Western Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia).
Pelobates fuscus is listed as least concern on the global IUCN Red List, data deficient in Croatian Red Book and the populations are in
constant decline. Until year 2014 this species was only suspected to inhabit Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today we have confirmed
localities in Posavina region (western, central and eastern part) presented with precise coordinates and elevation. In this paper we
also present first findings of tadpoles, more precisely, the reproductive sites of the common spadefoot toad in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. In Croatia, this species is found along the rivers Mura, Drava and Sava, including most lowland areas up to 300 m
above sea level. Historical records of Pelobates fuscus in Adriatic region are discussed and compared with the distribution area of the
Italian isolated population.
Key words: conservation, decline, Posavina, Pannonian Plain, common spadefoot toad.
Introduction ations happened from 115,000 - 10,000 years ago with the last
glacial maximum (LGM) about 26,000 years ago and it ended
The common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti 1768), around 19,000 years ago (Sibrava et al. 1986, Clark et al.
is a wide-ranging European anuran species, which can be 2009). As the ice sheet spread south, populations migrated
found in lowlands and hilly areas of central, eastern and from mentioned refuges and back. This was followed with
southeastern Europe, up to western Siberia in the west and the rapid increase of temperature 13,000 years ago, when the
northwestern Kazakhstan in the east (Hutchins et al. 2003). increase was 8-20 °C in both summer and winter tempera-
By the last studies of genome variation there can be identi- tures. Range of Italian population spread to the Eastern
fied two main groups: P. f. fuscus as East European and P. f. Europe and Balkan Peninsula, but in the 1970’s the species
vespertinus as West European group (Litvinchuk et al. 2013). vanished from this area (Džukić et al. 2005, Crottini et al.
Considering the Balkans, the species range is quite frag- 2007).
mented (Džukić et al 2005, Sillero et al. 2014). Balkan low- Main aims of this study were: 1) map the distribution of
land areas are preferred by the common spadefoot toad and P. fuscus in Posavina region in Bosnia and Herzegovina and
it can be found in northern and eastern parts of this region. Croatia, 2) discuss the historical records of P. fuscus in Medi-
Also, there are isolated areas in Dalmatia and Istria which terranean biogeographical region (Rijeka town and Dalma-
are considered to be a part of the species historical range tia), 3) to compare species ecology based on temperature,
(Džukić et al. 2005 and references therein), but no precise precipitation and altitudinal preference.
data are given and these records have not been confirmed
yet. Until the year 2014 there was only one unreliable record
of P. fuscus from Bosnia and Herzegovina found in analyzed Materials and methods
low predatory impact, shallow and stagnant water with aquatic tal of 9999 times, following the procedure in PAST software. Climatic
vegetation in the entire Posavina region. At the same period we also data and Digital elevation model were downloaded from WorldClim
surveyed terrestrial habitats for adults and metamorphosed indi- - Global Climate Data version 1.4 (Free climate data for ecological
viduals. The final mapping was done in late summer and fall (Sep- modeling and GIS; http://www.worldclim.org/) web service which
tember, October) when we were only conducting night survey of is based on weather conditions recorded from 1950 to 2000. Data
adults and subadults. We also collected new data by determination were analyzed with PAST 3.06. paleontological statistical software,
of photographs provided by local people and known experts from where we used PCA analysis to compare monthly mean tempera-
both countries. All literature and personal data were collected and tures (tmean_1 = January, tmean_2 = February, etc.), annual mean tem-
presented with precise name of locality, country, reference, coordi- perature (tmean_Annual), monthly mean precipitation (precmean_1 =
nates, elevation, year, UTM fields (10 x 10 km) and sample size (Ta- January, precmean_2 = February, etc.), annual mean precipitation
ble 1). Most literature data was provided only with locality or area (prec_Annual) and elevation (Altitude) of the localities in two gen-
name and elevation. T-test was done comparing climate from locali- eral regions (Continental and Mediterranean). All precipitation data
ties in Continental (this study) and Adriatic (historical range) re- are expressed in mm/cm, temperatures as °C and elevation in m
gions. Personal data with exact coordinates and altitudes were used a.s.l. Elevation data were corrected for localities where we had con-
for comparing localities in terms of annual mean temperature, pre- fident field measurements with a GPS device.
cipitation and elevations to get the overview of suitable habitats due
to those parameters. For Rijeka and Dalmatia regions only three his-
torical records and localities were available and we used them for Results
ecological niche comparison with the mainland localities concerning
the above three environmental parameters. We also used two his- With literature data and data collected during the field re-
torical localities from Italy, both from Trieste area, for more compre-
search (two year period) of P. fuscus in Bosnia and Herzego-
hensive statistical results regarding historical ranges within the
Adriatic group (Džukić et al. 2005). In order to determine the poten-
vina, as well as literature and personal data from Croatia, we
tial lower and upper variable limit (for annual mean temperature, present an updated distribution map of the common spade-
annual mean precipitation and elevation) in the small Adriatic (his- foot toad (P. fuscus) in the Western Balkans (Bosnia and Her-
torical) group (n = 5), we bootstrapped the observed sample for a to- zegovina and Croatia) (Fig. 2). The total number of sites is
112 (suggested historical ranges are excluded). In two years (old river stream) is accessible in regards to canals where
of active study (2014, 2015) we recorded 12 new sites in Bos- most metamorphosed individuals were found. Tadpoles
nia and Herzegovina and three in Croatia. All together more were caught in 2014 and 2015 at the same site, in two sepa-
than 30 unpublished new localities are listed for Croatia. rated pools. Due to heavy rain in 2014 this population had a
Data presented as localities under UTM fields have four seasonal breeding explosion and the number of tadpoles, in
UTM fields where literature and new data localities overlap different fazes and sizes, was several times greater than in
(UTM fields: BQ79, CR37, XL41, XM41) (Table 1). Rijeka 2015 when we noticed absence of spawning and eggs. It is
town data are presented with precise localities on the map, very likely that spawning season started earlier in 2015 and
unlike data for Dalmatia region where precise locality is not that the number of amplexus was lower while only ad-
provided (Fig. 2). vanced stages of tadpoles (possible last season tadpoles)
During mapping in Posavina region we found surpris- were found in early summer in waterbodies in the Čardak
ingly many individuals and confirmed that the species is lo- locality.
cally common in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We managed to Data for Croatia were collected from 2002 until the pre-
confirm P. fuscus in all three investigated regions: West, Cen- sent, with several data from year 1991. New significant lo-
tral and East Posavina region (Fig. 1). calities in Croatia are confirmed in Grubišno Polje, Ivanovo
In the western part of Posavina we found the common Selo (45.668614 °N 17.26418 °E) and Bjelovar, Rajići
spadefoot toad in Jošik village (45.213929 °N 16.862567 °E), (45.900727 °N 16.70047 °E), connecting the Drava and Sava
municipality of Kozarska Dubica (Fig. 1) (one female found River populations in the central part of Croatia (Fig. 1).
on macadam road close to canal and arable land in 2015 – There it was a large number of tadpoles found in a small
01:05 am, temperature 19.5 °C, humidity 68.7 %). The most pond (Bajer Pond) in Donji Miholjac in June 2008. Many lo-
suitable localities were found in the central part of Posavina calities were confirmed during field mapping in July, 2010,
and new sites were found in municipalities of: Brod (Brod under UTM cells BR90, BR91, BR93, BR95.
and Liješće), Modriča (Modriča, Čardak), Gradačac (Donje According to analyzed data from 81 localities, the low-
Ledenice), Šamac (Šamac) and Domaljevac (Brvnik). In this land range of P. fuscus in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croa-
part, the common spadefoot toads were found in the areas tia varies from 75 m a.s.l. (Ostojićevo, Bosnia and Herzego-
with arable land as well as several different types of water vina) to 148 m a.s.l. (Murščak, Dekanovec, Croatia) where
bodies (old river stream, different types of canals). All indi- the larger proportion of localities is between 82 m a.s.l. and
viduals were found at night between 21:30 pm and 04:00 am 97 m a.s.l. Most localities had an annual mean temperature
and 134 individuals were observed. Most of the adult indi- of 11.5 °C. In the researched areas this species mostly occu-
viduals were collected in Čardak (Fig. 3a). During 2014 and pies areas with annual mean precipitation between 58 mm
2015 we found only two DOR (Dead on road) individuals in and 68 mm (Fig. 4). Also, with available data we analyzed
Čardak (44.958589 °N 18.405828 °E) (Fig. 1) and three DOR the same parameters for historical localities of the Adriatic
in Liješće (45.086671 °N 18.078906 °E) (Fig. 1). There is a group in Mediterranean Biogeographical Region (Rijeka and
much higher percentage of other DOR species (e.g. Pelophy- Dalmatia) and compared them with data collected in this
lax sp., Bufo bufo, Bufotes viridis), although in 2014, during the study (Table 2). Due to climate differences between localities
big explosive breeding period for P. fuscus, there was a huge in Mediterranean Biogeographical Region (historical data)
number of DOR subadults. In the eastern part of Posavina and Continental Biogeographical Region (new data), the
region we found three new sites in municipality of Bijeljina, data vary in all parameters (Fig. 5). In general, the Mediter-
in villages Gromiželj (44.872448 °N 19.310834 °E) and Osto- ranean Biogeographical Region (Rijeka town surroundings
jićevo (44.915156 °N 19.170806 °E) (Fig. 1, 3b). Subadult indi- and Dalmatia) has higher values of annual mean tempera-
viduals were found at night (00:00 – 01:30 am) in the vicinity ture, annual mean precipitation and mean altitude (Table 2).
of arable land, canals and permanent ponds. Presence of Bootstrap analyses (with 9999 resamplings) revealed that the
tadpoles was not confirmed in this area due to short period potential annual mean temperature limits for the Mediterra-
of research. In total, we found, examined and photographed nean Biogeographical Region are 12-15 °C, potential annual
134 individuals: 40 males, 17 females and 77 subadults. mean precipitation limits for the Mediterranean area is 67-
Tadpoles were found only in municipality of Modriča, 140 mm/m2 and potential upper elevation limit is 692 m a.s.l.
Čardak locality, Bosnia and Herzegovina. This water body Analysis of WorldClim climatic data and altitude (Fig. 5)
56 A. Ćurić et al.
Discussion
Table 2. Comparison of this study data for Continental biogeographical region and historical range data for Mediterranean
biogeographical region for three main topo-climatic parameters: annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation and
altitude in Pelobates fuscus records.
This study data (Continental) Historical range data (Adriatic) t-test (df = 80)
Parameter
N Mean (SD) Min - Max N Mean (SD) Min - Max P
Annual mean temperature (°C) 81 11.0 (0.5) 8 - 12 5 13.2 (0.84) 12 - 14 <0.0001
Annual mean precipitation (mm/m²) 81 64.2 (6) 53 - 78 5 99.6 (15.6) 82 - 116 <0.0001
Altitude (m a.s.l.) 81 94.8 (14.6) 75 - 148 5 171.4 (197) 0 - 466 <0.0001
lower level of the Adriatic Sea, P. fuscus would have dis- ing mean results of three selected topo-climatic parameters
persed along the historical Po Valley all the way to Istria, for suggested historical Adriatic range with Continental
Kvarner and North Dalmatia. During the LGM, the perma- range, all three differ significantly. There is a statistically
nent ice border was located somewhere north of Drava River significant difference between annual mean temperature
(Willis 1996), so continental populations of P. fuscus could which varies around 2 °C, which in general means that the
survive in the Balkan refugia. climate in the Mediterranean area is characterized by mild
This connection with the Po River Valley area is still winters and hot summers. It is indicative that the Italian iso-
visible in the biogeography of many other species of ani- lated population inhabits areas with very similar climate
mals, especially fish. There are several species found in (Scali & Gentilli 2003). The temperature in which main activ-
Adriatic area whose distribution today belongs to western ity occurs was observed. According to Nöllert et al. (2012),
and south-western Europe and can be defined as former pa- significant temperature values varied from 4 °C to 24 °C
leo Po distribution during glacial conditions. Some of those which means that mean temperature for species activity
species are Rana latastei Boulenger, 1879 (Gasc et al. 2004, span is 14.0 (SD=1.35) °C. Considering this study data for the
Kuljerić 2011), three fish species, Barbus plebejus Bonaparte, Mediterranean Biogeographical Region, annual mean tem-
1839, Leucos aula (Bonaparte, 1841), Romanogobio benacensis perature of 13.2 (SD=0.84) °C is appropriate for species dis-
(Pollini, 1816) (Kottelat & Freyhof 2007, Bianco & Ketmaier tribution. If there are still surviving populations in the men-
2014, Jelić et al. 2016) and two historical records of Vipera tioned area (Adriatic range), according to temperature pa-
aspis francisciredi Laurenti, 1768, and Chalcides chalcides (Lin- rameters, they would probably be active earlier in the spring
naeus, 1758), deposited in the Natural History Museum of and have low activity period during the summer. Annual
Milano and Natural History Museum in Vienna (Dolce 1977, mean precipitation is also higher in Mediterranean region,
Tome 2003, Torkar 2003, Miras et al. 2009, Jelić 2014). Due to which is a known preference of the common spadefoot toads
paleo Po reconstruction, today’s rivers of the north Adriatic (Scali & Gentilli 2003, Nöllert et al. 2012). According to Scali
basin in Croatia were tributary rivers of Po River (Maselli et & Gentilli (2003) The isolated Italian population mainly fa-
al. 2011) and the populations maintained in Croatia are pos- vors high precipitation during its reproduction period, while
sible remnants of those historical populations now isolated afterwards it is not so important for their activity. Maximum
by the Adriatic Sea. altitude recorded during our study was 466 m a.s.l. (locality
T-test was done comparing climate from localities in belongs to historical range in Adriatic region), while species
Continental (this study) and Adriatic (historical range) re- can even be found up to 810 m a.s.l. (Czech Republic) (Za-
gions, but with large deviation of sample sizes we failed to vadil et al. 1995, Nöllert et al. 2012).
get a confident result. Bootstrapped data showed higher po- PCA analyses of all 27 topo-climatic variables confirmed
tential variable span in all three parameters, thus further in- that there is no overlap between the characteristics of locali-
creasing the general difference between the groups. Compar- ties from the Mediterranean and Continental region. This
58 A. Ćurić et al.
further supports the theory that Adriatic populations are the Acknowledgements. We would like to thank our colleges who
remnant of a formerly widely distributed population of P. provided many data for Pelobates fuscus species and contributed to
fuscus in the Po drainage. Similar unexplained distributional this research.
gaps were recently published, as mentioned, for Vipera aspis
francisciredi and Chalcides chalcides (Jelić 2014) and Romanogo-
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