INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT
ON
LOGIC GATES
SUMBITTED BY:
JAHANVI SINGH
GUIDED BY: MR. NITIN
KANDPAL
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this “PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT” on the topic “Logic Gates” has been successfully
completed by Jahanvi Singh of class XII-B under the guidance of
Mr. Nitin Kandpal in particular fulfilment of the curriculum of
CBSE leading to the award of annual examination of the year
2023-24.

Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my greatest appreciation to everyone who

helped and supported me throughout the project. I am thankful to my
Physics Teacher, Mr. Nitin Kandpal for his ongoing support during the
project.

His advice and encouragement had a huge role to finalize this project
report. I would also like to thank Mr. Jones who was always there in
our Physics lab for assistance.

I wish to thank my parents as well for their support and

encouragement without which I could not have completed this project
in the limited timeframe.

In the end, I want to thank my friends who displayed appreciation for

my work and motivated me to continue my work.

Thanking you!
Jahanvi Singh
CONTENTS
Ø Introduction

Ø Principle

Ø Basic gates

Ø Experiment

Ø Procedures

Ø Observations

Ø Conclusions

Ø Precautions

Ø Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
GATE : -
A gate is defined as a
digital circuit which
follows some logical
relationship between the
input and output voltages.
It is a digital circuit which
either allows a signal to pass through or stop it.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They
are used in digital electronics to change one voltage level into
another according to some logic statement relating to them.

TRUTH TABLE: -
A logic gate may have one or more than one inputs, but it has
only one output. The relationship between the possible values of
input and output voltages are expressed in the form of a table
called truth table.
Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all The inputs and
outputs that are possible for the logic gates.

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA: -
The algebra which is based on binary nature of the logic gates.

BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS: -
They are the logical statement which are followed by logical
gates.
 PRINCIPLE

Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the

input and output, which represents the statement of
Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be complex,
they may all be constructed from three basic devices like a
P-N junction diode, a resistance and an N-P- N transistor.
We have three different type of logic gates and they are the
AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.
 BASIC GATES
The OR Gate: -
It is a device that combines A and B to give Z as the result. The OR
gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra,
addition symbol (+), is referred as the OR.

The Boolean expression: A+B=Z

This indicates that Z equals to A or B.

TRUTH TABLE
The AND Gate: -
It is a device that combines A with B to give Yas the result. The AND
gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra,
multiplication sign is referred as the AND.

The Boolean expression: A.B=Y or A X B=Y

This indicates that Y equals to A and B.

TRUTH TABLE
The NOT Gate: -
It is a device that inverts the inputs.
The NOT has one input and has one output. In Boolean algebra,
bar symbol is referred as the NOT.
The Boolean expression: Z=¯A
This indicates that Z is not equal to A.

TRUTH TABLE
 EXPERIMENT
AIM:
To design and simulate basic logic gates and to design an
appropriate logic gate combination for a given truth table.

APPARATUS:
à Battery
à Battery Cap
à Connecting wires
à transistors
à Resistor
à LED light
à Diode
à Switches
à Cardboard sheet
à Wire cutter

PROCEDURE
DESIGN OF AND GATE
COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A 100 ohm
resistors
CONSTRUCTION:
An AND gate can be realized by connecting the diodes as
shown in the figure. A resistance of 100 is connected in series
with the LED to prevent its malfunction.
DESIGN OF OR GATE
COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A 100 resistors
CONSTRUCTION: An OR gate can be realized by connecting the
diodes as shown in the figure. Here also there is a need for a 100
resistor in series with LED

DESIGN OF NOT GATE

COMPONENTS: A transistor, two LEDs, three 560
resistors.
CONSTRUCTION: NOT gate circuit can be realized by connecting
an NPN transistor as shown in the figure. The base of the
transistor is connected to the input through resistance of 560 and
emitter is connected to the negative terminal. The collector is
connected to the positive terminal and the output voltage at
collector is with respect to negative.

OBSERVATIONS
Stimulation of AND gate
The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working
of electrical circuit:
a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not glow,
hence Y=0.
b) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed (A=1, B=0
or A=0, B=1) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0.
c) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED wi ll glow,
Hence Y=1.

Stimulation of OR gate
The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:
a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not
glow, hence Y=0.
b) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed (A=1,
B=0 or A=0, B=1) then LED will glow, hence Y=0.
c) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED will glow,
Hence Y=1.

Stimulation of NOT gate

a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, hence
Y=1.

b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow,

hence Y=0.
 CONCLUSION
Basic logic gates were designed and simulated and logic circuit
was prepared for the given truth table. Each logic gate and
logic family has unique electrical and electronics characteristic
so they are unique and we can optimise them in circuit design
by understanding their functionality and behaviour. The
AND, OR, and NOT are the basic gates and can produce any
logic or Boolean expression.
 PRECAUTIONS
ü Ends of the wires must be cleaned/rubbed with sand paper

ü Circuit should be switched off when not in use

ü It should be taken care that the values of the components of

the circuit do not exceed their ratings (maximum value).

ü All the connection should be tight and secure.

Bibliography
Ø h5ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate

Ø h5ps://www.wikihow.com/Use-a-Transistor

Ø h5ps://ncert.nic.in/science-laboratory-manual.php