Gjeoteknike 1-Introduction

GEOTECHNICS
Week 1. Introduction & First Class
Dr. Emre ÇEÇEN
ececen@umt.edu.al
Content
Part I
• Course Description
• Course Outline
• Text Book and Recommended Readings
• Lab Schedule
• Activities
• Assessment
Part II
• Definitions
1
Course Outline
Date Topic
st Introduction
1 Week
Formation of soils
Engineering properties of soils
Grain Size Analysis
nd
2 Week Weight-Volume Relationships,
Plasticity, and Structure of Soil
Consistency (Atterberg's) Limits
rd Engineering Classification of Soil
3 Week
Revision - Problems Solving
Course Outline
Date Topic
th Soil Compaction
4 Week
Water in soils:
th
5 Week Permeability, Seepage
th In Situ Stresses
6 Week
Stresses in a Soil Mass
2
Course Outline
Date Topic
th Stresses and deformations in soil and
7 Week
distribution
th
8 Week Midterm
Stresses and deformations in soil

9th Week
Compressibility of Soil
th Compressibility of Soil
10 Week
Consolidation and settlement
Course Outline
Date Topic
th Consolidation theory
11 Week
Shear Strength of Soil

th
12 Week
th
13 Week Lateral earth pressures
th
14 Week Retaining walls
3
Lab Schedule
Date Experiment
st
1 Week Sieve Analysis
nd
2 Week Determination of Moisture Content
rd
3 Week Specific Gravity
th
4 Week Liquid Limit Test
th
5 Week Plastic Limit Test, Shrinkage Limit Test
th
6 Week Standart Proctor Compaction Test
Textbooks
• Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Budhu,M.,
2010, Wiley
• An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering,

2010, Robert D. Holtz , William D. Kovacs,
Thomas C. Sheahan, Prentice Hall
• Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual, Braja M.
Das, 2012, Oxford University Press
4
Activities
Lectures
• Theory and Principles
• Examples
• Group Work
• Quizzes
• Software, Case Studies, and Applications
Lab
Six Experiments
Assignments
Assessment
Attendance 10%
Mid-term Exam 10%
Assignments 10%
Lab evaluation 5%
Final Exam 65%
100%
5
• The marks on this utility pole (left) indicate the level of the
surrounding land in preceding years. Between 1925 and
1975 this part of the San Joaquin Valley (right) subsided
almost 9 meters because of the withdrawal of
groundwater and the resulting compaction of sediments.
• Subsidence of buildings in Mexico City resulted from

compaction after groundwater was pumped from
unconsolidated sediment beneath the city. Subsidence has
caused this building to tilt and sink more than 2 m.
6
• The Leaning Tower of
Pisa. The tilt is the
result of nonuniform
consolidation of soil
beneath the structure.
Historical Perspective of Soil Mechanics and

Geotechnical Eng
.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa,
Italy.
Morning, 1 March 2004. SW
view
Height: 54 m;
Max tilt: 5 m out of plumb
Tilt direction: E, N, W, and S.
Weight: 15,700 tons;
Base: φ = 20 m;
Reason: a weak clay layer at
11 m depth
Solution: excavation of soil
from north side for about 70
tons.
14
7
Historical Perspective of Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering is developed after 1927.
The development of Geotechnical Engineering as a

branch of Civil Engineering is absolutely impacted by one
single professional individual –Karl Terzaghi (1883-1963).
His contribution has spread to almost every topic in soil

mechanics and geotechnical engineering covered by the
test books
15
Historical Perspective of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical

Engineering
He started modern soil mechanics with

• theories of consolidation
• lateral earth pressures
• bearing capacity
• stability
Born: October 2, 1883 in Prague

Died: October 25, 1963 in Winchester, Massachusetts
16
8
Rock Cycle
Soils The final products

due to weathering
are soils
(Das, 1998)
Definitions
Soil for Engineering Purposes

The uncemented aggregate of mineral
grains and decayed organic matter (solid
particles) with liquid and gas in the empty
spaces between the solid particles.
Agronomy definition:
Soil consists of the thin layers of the
earth’s crust formed by surface weathering
that are able to support plant life.
9
Definitions
Solids
Liquid
Gas
Definitions
Soil mechanics
The branch of science that deals with the
study of the physical properties of soil and
the behavior of soil masses subjected to
various types of forces.
10
Definitions
Soils engineering
The application of the principles of soil
mechanics to practical problems.
Geotechnical engineering
The subdiscipline of civil engineering that
involves natural materials found close to the
surface of the earth.
It includes the application of the principles of
soil mechanics and rock mechanics to the
design of foundations, retaining structures, and
earth structures.
Soil Properties
Physical Properties Mechanical Properties
Gradation and Structure

Bearing Capacity
Soil-Water Relationships
Compressibility
Atterberg’s Limits
Shear Strength
Soil Compaction
Permeability
11
Soil-Particle Size
Silt Sand Gravel

Clay
Fine Med. Coarse Fine Med. Coarse Fine Med. Coarse
0.006 0.02 0.2 0.6 6 20
0.002 0.08 2 60 200
(mm)
Summary
• Engineering Definition for Soil
• Soil Mechanics: Physical >> Mechanical
• Soil Gradation: Clay, Silt, Sand, Gravel
12
Analysis of stress and strain
normal stress
σ = Fn / A
shear stress
τ = Fs / A
normal strain
ε = dz / zo
shear strain
γ = dh / zo
Stiffness
Stiffness is the relationship between changes of stress and
changes of strain.
The stiffness E' is the gradient of

the stress-strain curve.
tangent modulus E'tan = dσ
σ' / dεε
secant modulus E'sec = ∆σ'
∆σ / ∆ε
If the material is linearly elastic the stress-strain curve is a straight line and
E'tan = E'sec
13
Stiffness
Change of size: bulk modulus
As the mean stress increases materials
compress (reduce in volume). The bulk modulus
K' relates the change in stress to the volumetric
strain.
dσ
σ'mean
K'= dεε'v
where
σ'mean = (σ
σ'x + σ'y + σ'z) / 3
Note:
In soils volumetric strains are due to changes of effective stress.
Stiffness
Change of shape: shear modulus
As the shear stress increases materials distort (change shape). The shear
modulus G' relates the change in shear stress to the shear strain.
dττ
G=
dγγ
Since water has no shear strength, the value of the shar modulus, G, remains the
same, independant of whether the loading process is drained or undrained.
14
Stiffness
Uniaxial loading: Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio
Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are measured directly in uniaxial

compression or extension tests, i.e. tests with constant (or zero) stress on
the vertical surfaces.
i.e. dσ'r = 0
Young's modulus
dσ
σ'a
E'= dεε'a
Poisson's ratio ν' = - dεεr / dεεa

Note:
If the material is incompressible, εv = 0 and Poisson’s ratio, ν = 0.5.
Uniaxial compression is the only test in which it is possible to measure
Poisson's ratio with any degree of simplicity.
Typical values of E
These are a function of the stress level, and the loading history,
however a range is given below.
Material Typical E
Unweathered overconsolidated clays 20 ~ 50 MPa

Boulder clay 10 ~ 20 MPa
Marl (unweathered) >150 MPa
Marl (moderately weathered) 30 ~ 150 MPa
Weathered overconsolidated clays 3 ~ 10 MPa
Organic alluvial clays and peats 0.1 ~ 0.6 MPa
Normally consolidated clays 0.2 ~ 4 MPa
Steel 205 GPa
Concrete 30 GPa
15
Stiffness
Relationships between stiffness moduli
In bodies of elastic material the three stiffness moduli (E',

K' and G') are related to each other and to Poisson’s
ratio (ν').
It assumed that the material is elastic and isotropic (i.e.
linear stiffness is equal in all directions).
G' = E' / 2(1 + ν')
K' = E' / 3(1 - 2ν ν')
Some Suggestions
Attend the lectures.

It takes longer to understand
from the lecture notes
Develop a good feel for the subject.

It is practical, interesting and
makes lot of sense.
N. Sivakugan: Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, JCU 32
16
Some Suggestions
Work in groups.
Some Suggestions
Thou shall not wait till the last minute.

17
Exams
My mama always said,

“Exam is like a box of chocolates; you
never know what you gonna get”
Recipe for Success
I like soils… I like soils….I like soils….
18

Gjeoteknike 1-Introduction

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gjeoteknike 1-Introduction

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GEOTECHNICS

Week 1. Introduction & First Class

Dr. Emre ÇEÇEN

Stresses and deformations in soil

Shear Strength of Soil

• An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering,

• Subsidence of buildings in Mexico City resulted from

Historical Perspective of Soil Mechanics and

Geotechnical Engineering is developed after 1927.

The development of Geotechnical Engineering as a

His contribution has spread to almost every topic in soil

Historical Perspective of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical

He started modern soil mechanics with

Born: October 2, 1883 in Prague

Soils The final products

Soil for Engineering Purposes

Physical Properties Mechanical Properties

Gradation and Structure

Silt Sand Gravel

0.006 0.02 0.2 0.6 6 20

0.002 0.08 2 60 200

• Engineering Definition for Soil

• Soil Mechanics: Physical >> Mechanical

• Soil Gradation: Clay, Silt, Sand, Gravel

The stiffness E' is the gradient of

Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are measured directly in uniaxial

Poisson's ratio ν' = - dεεr / dεεa

Unweathered overconsolidated clays 20 ~ 50 MPa

In bodies of elastic material the three stiffness moduli (E',

Attend the lectures.

Develop a good feel for the subject.

Thou shall not wait till the last minute.

My mama always said,

N. Sivakugan: Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, JCU 35

Recipe for Success

I like soils… I like soils….I like soils….

N. Sivakugan: Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, JCU 36

You might also like