IMPROVED SELF-SCHEDULED ACCESS CONTROL FOR VEHICULAR AD
HOC NETWORKS (VANET)
ABSTRACT:
Wireless ad hoc networks are self-configuring,
dynamic networks in which nodes are free to
move and it forwards the data packets over the
multiple hops to the destination . Nowadays
these networks are widely deployed in military
applications, vehicular surveillance, and
disaster relief.Now, car is a formidable sensor
platform, gathers the information from the
environment and sending it to drivers and
infrastructure to assist in safe navigation,
pollution control and traffic management. In
this paper the system proposed the Enhanced
Non-Cooperative Cognitive Division Multiple
Access (ENCCMA) proposal with MAC
protocol.These protocols are responsible for
active nodes. This proposed algorithm that
combines the Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA) schemes with CR techniques
to fulfill the requirements of real-time
communications. The emerging field of
cognitive radio (CR) networks is to alleviate the
problem of spectrum shortage by transmitting
on other vacant portions of the spectrum. In
addition, it can produce variations in spectrum
occupancy such as vehicles joining or leaving
the company.
Index terms-Wireless Ad hoc Network,
Enhanced Non-Cooperative Cognitive Division
Multiple Access ,CR, MAC,TDMA,and FDMA.
1.INTRODUCTION
Driving means changing the location constantly.
This means that it demands for the information
on the current location and data on the
surrounding traffic, routes and much more. The
main category is driver assistance and car
safety. Mostly this is based on sensor data from
other cars. We could think of brake warning
sent from preceding car, and collision warning,
tailgate, information about road condition and,
detailed regional weather forecast,
maintenance,awareness about traffic jams,
detailed information about an accident for the
rescue team and many other things and also the
updation of cars navigation systems to follow a
nearby cars.
Another possible category is maintenance of
car. For example when car is break down it
send the information about your car to access the
online help.So far there is no communication
system between vehicles and between roadside
and vehicles has been put into operation. there
are many application like detailed information
about fuel prices and near by service station
services ,infotainment for passengers includes
chatting,gaming,etc,
2.VANET
The emerging technology of Intelligent
Transport Systems (ITS) has more attentions in
cooperating safety systems for vehicles. To
avoid the road transport problems the vehicular
ad hoc networks (VANETs) and intelligent
transportation systems (ITSs) are developed
through wireless communication technologies
by reducing traffic congestion and fuel
consumption. here the VANET is preferred by
combining the two techniques called FDMA and
TDMA. Generally VANET and ITS are able to
support both safety and non-safety applications.
Safety applications include automatic collision
warning, bad weather detection and notification,
remote vehicle diagnostics, emergency
management, and other assistances for safety
driving. Non-safety applications include
providing real-time traffic congestion and
routing information, high-speed tolling,
automobile high speed Internet access, vehicle
tracking, and many others. To address those
requirements vehicular and transportation
systems are introduced. These result in various
types of communications and networks using
vehicles: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I),
vehicle-to-roadside (V2R), and vehicle-to-
vehicle (V2V) communications. The main aim is
to provide highly reliable and to provide the
information to vehicles, drivers, and passengers.
Fig1.Represents the types of vehicular
communication.
3. COGNITIVE RADIO
Radio spectrum is a limited resource - contested
by many, granted to few. The increasing demand
for this precious resource and current fixed
spectrum allocation policy, have on one hand
created starvation for the resource and on the
other have led to underutilization of allocated
spectrum. It was shown under the observation of
the Federal Communication Commission that
over 70 % of the allocated spectrum is not used
at any given time even in a crowded area where
the spectral usage is intensive. Therefore, there
is a call among the researchers to come up with
solutions that would not only solve the problem
of under usage of spectrum but also improve the
current usage. Cognitive radio is a novel method
to solve the underutilization of the radio
spectrum. Cognitive radio users use the
frequency bands allotted to licensed users,
whenever these bands are detected free. The
licensed users are often called primary users and
the unlicensed opportunistic users are called
secondary users. Research in cognitive radio
MAC designing centers around developing
efficient and robust medium access and sharing
schemes to be deployed in networks with the
presence of both primary and secondary users.
Different from the existing methods of
opportunistic medium access in CRN's, we aim
to exploit the channel state information in
scheduling data transmissions in a network of
connected nodes through a competitive
contention mechanism. Simulations show that
our changed MAC scheduling protocol for
distributed CRNs is capable of selecting
interference free links among various competing
links across the spectrum. We try to simulate the
protocol in a situation that has the presence of
both primary and secondary users, wherein
spectral opportunities available to secondary
users are limited and eclipsed by presence of
primary users. Efficient communication among
the cognitive users ultimately demands spectral
mobility and dynamic spectral sharing. Use of
channel state information makes a user self-
aware of the surroundings it is operating in and
guides it to decide its own contention schedule.
Our contention mechanism is adopted from,
channel aware aloha that is basically designed
for single channel, and channel aware ad-hoc
networks.
The objective of our medium access control
protocol is to not only distributive choose
between the competing links - ones those agree
with user and spectral limitations and are
obviously, better among other possible
selections, but also to embed the concepts of
spectral mobility and dynamic spectral usage in
a wireless multihop network that has the
presence of both primary and secondary users.
4. The ENCCMA Proposal
The Enhanced Non Cooperative Cognitive
Medium Access (ENCCMA) proposal
represents TDMA mechanism which improves
the efficiency by guaranteeing the access delay
to ITS applications which require the real-time
communications. The proposal consist of a
TDMA-based medium access control
mechanism. Here the signals are divided into
different time slots to share the same frequency
channel to the user. The users transmit one after
the other each using its own time slot by analyse the result. There are different modules to
applying CR techniques to perform the outperform the proposed system
information transmission required by the  Network formation.
application. This enabled each user to learn and  Cluster formation and CH selection.
adapt to rapid changes in VANET environments.
 Path selection
another techniques used here is FDMA.
 Dynamic channel allocation
FDMA is a channel access method which offers
users an individual allocation of one or several  Performance analysis
frequency band or channels which is used in
multiple-access protocols as a channelization
protocol. The ENCCMA mechanism has been 6. Simulation results
designed to enhance the performance of the Scenario 1: This scenario shows the simple
original proposal. WSN network with mobile sinks, sensor nodes
and access nodes.
5. The ENCCMA Algorithm
The ENCCMA algorithm handles the actions of
each user.Basically, it determines the
transmission region and number and
identification.

Fig -3 Simple wireless sensor network.

Scenario 2: This scenario shows that all active

nodes broadcast their presence to the
neighboring nodes for the data transmission.

Fig2 - presents a flowchart of the ENCCMA

algorithm.
According to the ENCCMA transmission
mechanism, each transmission region is divided
into different time intervals and each user
makes use of them in a different way. Fig -4 broadcasting of nodes
The listen + transmission scheme is applied
when the selected region is the same as the one Scenario 3: The data is shared between RTU nd
in the previous iteration. First, the user sends the nodes to finding the exact location of accident
required information and listens during the vehicle. This scenario is useful to assist in safe
intervals of the region to check for the presence navigation.
of any interference and then it check the
availability of this region. Finally it allocates
the channel to access the transmission and

Fig -2 the data is transferred by verifying that
identification.
7. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
Along with the simulation results the throughput
and the packet delivered ratio is plotted. The
first graph shows the throughput increases
consistently till the packet transmission take
place and then it
maintain linearly.
Fig –1 Throughput for packet transmission.
This graph shows that the number of data
packets received by each receiver over the
number of data packets sent by the source
is increased . This shows that the system is
efficient.
Fig 6.5The no of Packet Delivered over a Time .
8. CONCLUSION
In this paper the proposed system used the
Enhanced Non-Cooperative Cognitive Division
Multiple Access (ENCCMA) proposal with
MAC protocol. This proposed algorithm that
combines the Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA) schemes with CR techniques to
fulfill the requirements of real-time
communications. The emerging field of
cognitive radio (CR) networks is to alleviate the
problem of spectrum shortage by transmitting on
other vacant portions of the spectrum. By
having the analysis and simulation ,it is
concluded that this mechanism offers only a
less throughput and less packet delay with more
packet loss.
9. FUTURE SCOPE
From this paper, it is suggested that further
studies on STDMA and OFDMA must taken to
fulfilling the requirements of real-time
communications. Since STDMA does not
require slot synchronization and position
information to function.
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