General Navigation

FOO Lesson 03
Plotting & CRP 5
Objectives
At the end of the lesson you will be able to:

Plotting
• Enter positions on a chart using geographical co-ordinates
and derive tracks and distances
• Plot DME ranges on an aeronautical chart and derive
geographical coordinates
• Track, course, heading, distance and speed
• Given two positions, measure the track and distance.
Traingles of Velocities
• Define the triangle of velocities, e.g. true heading/TAS, W/V
and true course (track)/GS.
• Explain the concept of vectors including adding together or
splitting in multiple directions.

2
Objectives
At the end of the lesson you will be able to:

Traingles of Velocities
• Calculate wind velocity components on the basis of
appropriate data:
• head wind component (HWC);
• tailwind component (TWC); and
• cross wind component (CWC).
• Extract TAS from IAS/CAS and Mach number on the basis of
given appropriate data.

3
Objectives
At the end of the lesson you will be able to:

Speeds
• State the navigation purpose of TAS and GS.
• State that the purpose of IAS and Mach number is for the
application of standard procedures and the observation of
overspeed and stall protection (limitations).
• Calculate groundspeed given appropriate data.
• Calculate ETO of waypoints, flying time from distance and
GS

4
Plotting: Introduction

Navigation is the process of monitoring and controlling the

movement of an aircraft from one place to another

Through
•Use of basic navigational systems
Or
•Modern computer based systems

Modern aircraft carry all the navigation equipment you need…

… but what happens if it all goes wrong???

5
Introduction to Plotting
So we might well need a system where we can keep an accurate update of our
position…

This is called plotting!

6
Track Definitions and Terms
• Track
- The projection of the flight path of an airplane on the surface of the earth
- May be True, Grid, Magnetic, or Compass
• Desired Track (Course)
Cross Track
- The planned or intended track of the aircraft we want to follow Error
Track
Angle
• Track Made Good Distance
- The track that the aircraft has actually flown
- Always behind the aircraft
• Track Error
-The difference between Desired Track and Track Made Good
-Stated in degrees L or R of the Desired Track
• Cross Track Distance
-The shortest distance between the Desired Track and the aircraft’s present position

7
Heading, Track & Drift

Drift
• The angle between the aircraft’s Heading and Track Made Good
• Described as Port (left) or Starboard (right)

10° Starboard Drift

Wind

8
Definition and Terms: Time
Estimated Time Overhead
The time in UTC when it is expected that an aircraft will reach, or overfly, a given position

Actual Time Overhead

The time in UTC when an aircraft has actually reached, or overflown, a given position

Estimated Elapsed Time

The estimated flight time between one position to another

Actual Elapsed Time

The actual flight time flown from one position to another

Estimated Time of Arrival

The time in UTC that an aircraft is expected to reach a given position

Actual Time of Arrival

The actual time in UTC that an aircraft arrives at a destination

9
ICAO Chart Symbols: Navaids

Common ICAO chart symbols used in plotting:

VOR TACAN

DME VORTAC

VOR / DME VOR/DME COMPASS ROSE

NDB

10
Common Plotting Symbols

Heading / TAS Vector

Track / Groundspeed Vector

W/V Vector
1026
Position Line

1430 Pinpoint Fix 1430

2 Position Line Fix

0628 DR Position

0920 Air Position 1145 3 Position Line Fix

(Cocked Hat)

11
Plotting Equipment

12
Plotting Charts

Three Types of Chart

Mercator

Polar Stereographic

Lambert’s Conformal

13
Understanding Coordinate System
Latitude
• Increases towards poles
• Max of 90 degrees
• Measured in degrees N or S
• Datum is equator ( latitude is 0)
• 1 deg = 60 min
• 1 min = 60 sec

Longitude
• Increase towards the Anti Prime meridian.
• Max of 180 degrees
• Measured in degrees E or W
• Datum is Prime Meridian (Longitude is 0)
• 1 deg = 60 min
• 1 min = 60 sec

14
Finding / Plotting Coordinates on Chart
Draw
ADo• small
LookLook
point
thefor for
where Latitude
Longitude
opposite
line
Understand
Narrow
along
thefor
twonumber
number
the
finding
lines
the
search onto
on
latitude
scale
meet,
the the
the chart
ischart
coordinates
&between
the marked
marked
longitude
the
required
point
degrees
of
and
as on
on
area different
different
a particular
ensure
per
and
ofthe
concern
minutes
they Parallel
eachof
Meridians
coordinates Latitudes
point/location
cut given
other

ABC
N 621050
W 0233010

15
Drawing and Measuring Track

1.Plot WP1 at 4910N 00510W

2.Plot WP2 at 4940N 00300W

3.Construct and measure the track (°T) WP1 to WP2 and distance

4.Plot WP3 at 5013N 00337W

5.Construct and measure the track (°T) WP2 to WP3 and distance

16
Drawing and Measuring Track
Plot WP1 at 4910N 00510W
Plot WP2 at 4940N 00300W
Plot WP3 at 5013N 00337W
WP3

324°T / 42nm

WP2

WP1 071°T / 89nm

17
Definitions

• VELOCITY Comprises 2 elements, a direction and a speed

• Direction Measured clockwise as an angle from (usually) True North

• Speed The rate of movement per unit of time

• TAS The speed of an aircraft relative to an undisturbed air mass

• GROUNDSPEED (GS) The speed of an aircraft relative to the surface of the Earth

• HEADING (HDG) The direction the aircraft is moving in the undisturbed air
(i.e. The direction the nose is pointing)

• TRACK (TRK) The direction travelled by the aircraft over the Earth’s surface

18
Mach Number
• The speed of sound varies with temperature. As
altitude increases, the reducing temperature
causes the local speed of sound to fall.

• Most commercial aeroplanes in service today

have a limit on the maximum Mach number they
are allowed to fly at.
• This maximum operating Mach number is called
M MO.

• But if true airspeed increases with increasing

altitude, while the local speed of sound decreases,
then the Mach number must increase.
Effect of Altitude on Speed

Mach Number = TAS ÷ LSS

Airspeed Calculations IAS

Instrument & Position Error

Indicated Air Speed (IAS) shown on the ASI must
be corrected for any position and instrument
errors
CAS (RAS)

This corrected speed is known as Rectified Air Low Speed High Speed
Speed (RAS), or Calibrated air Speed (CAS)
Density Error Compressibility

TAS EAS
The CRP5 can be used to: if <300 kts

Calculate TAS from CAS if >300 kts

Correct for compressibility + Compressibility Density
Calculate TAS from Mach No
TAS

21
CRP5

• The outer scale is TAS and is marked: TAS

• The inner scale is CAS (RAS) and is marked: R.A.S

22
TAS from RAS
Example
The pressure altitude is 13,000ft and the SAT is -9°C; RAS is
185kts. What is the TAS?

Solution
Step 1: In the AIR SPEED window, set the temperature (-9)
against the altitude (13,000ft: shown as 13)

Step 2: Find 185 kts on the inner R.A.S. scale

Step 3: Read off the TAS on the outer TAS scale

Answer: 226kts TAS

23
Correcting for Compressibility
Example
The pressure altitude is 29,000ft and the OAT is -38°C; RAS is 268kts. What is the TAS?
Solution
Step 1: In the AIR SPEED window, set the temperature (-38)
against the altitude of 29,000 ft (29)
Step 6
Step 2: Find 268 kts on the inner scale
Step 251 & 3
Step
Step 3: Read off the TAS on the outer scale as 427 kts

Step 4: The TAS is above 300kts so we have to apply

compressibility

Step 5: Go to the COMP CORR window and move to the left by

1.27
divisions (427 ÷ 100) -3

Step 6: Go back to 268 on the inner scale and read the corrected
TAS on
the outer scale as 415 kts
24
Definitions

• WIND VELOCITY (W/V)

The direction from which the wind blows and its speed of movement over
the Earth’s surface

• DRIFT The angle subtended between heading and track

• Starboard (S) The aircraft is blown to the right of heading (track is greater)

• Port (P) The aircraft is blown to the left of heading (track is less)

25
Finding Track and Groundspeed

Suppose our heading is 270° with a TAS of 210kts

For a 1hr period the vector would be 210nm long (scaled down)

The wind is 120/60

For a 1hr period the vector would be 60nm long (scaled down)

By joining the two vectors, we can now construct, and measure, the Ground Vector (TRK and GS), giving
us:
TRK: 278°
GS: 264kts

26
Summary of Vectors
TN TN

Wind
Direction
(T)

Heading
(T)
Air HDG & TAS
Position
W/V Drift ° Track
(True)
TRK & GS

Ground Position

27
Multiple Drift Winds

• The final method of determining wind velocity is to use the drift on two (or three) different
headings

• This is called the multiple-drift method

• This method is most conveniently carried out just after a turning point, provided the
change of heading is large

28
Multiple Drift Winds

Example
TAS is 345kts
Inbound heading 245°T (Drift 8P)
Outbound heading 164°T (Drift 5S)

Solution
Step 1
Use the high speed slide and set TAS 345 under the grommet

Step 2
Align the inbound heading (245) under the TRUE HEADING
marker and draw a pencil line down the 8P drift line

29
Multiple Drift Winds

Step 3
Now rotate the window to align the outbound heading (164) under
the TRUE HEADING marker and draw a pencil line down the 5S
drift line

Step 4
Finally rotate the window until the intersection of the two lines is on
the centreline directly below the grommet.

You can now read off the wind velocity in the normal way:
015/70

30
Head/Tail Wind and Crosswind Components
18
These components are solved very simply on the CRP5

Most commonly used to solve problems concerning headwinds or

tailwinds and crosswinds on take-off or landing, and for en route HWC
flying

W/V
Note:
Forecast (VOLMET, TAF and METAR) winds are given in °True

Actual (ATIS and ATC) winds are °Magnetic

CWC
Runway directions are Magnetic

31
Head/Tail Wind and Crosswind Components

Example
Surface W/V 310/30
RW Direction 240
What are the head/tail and crosswind components?

Solution
Step 1
Position the top line of the squared section through the centre
grommet

Step 2
Place the wind direction (310) below the TRUE HEADING
marker

Step 3
Draw a pencil cross 30 (kts) directly below the grommet
X
32
Head/Tail Wind and Crosswind Components

Step 4
Now rotate the window to align the runway direction (240)
below the TRUE HEADING marker

Step 5
Read off the headwind component of 11kts vertically down
from the top line to the X

Read off the crosswind component of 28kts horizontally

FROM the centre line TO the X (i.e. 28kts right to left)

11kts HW

28kts R-L XWC

Crosswind Limitations

Example
RW 32
Wind direction 020°M
Max allowable crosswind: 15kts
What is the maximum acceptable wind speed?

Solution
Step 1
Place the RW direction (320) below the TRUE HEADING
marker and place the grommet on the zero point

Step 2
Mark in the maximum crosswind vertically downwards. As the
wind is blowing from the right, draw the line to the LEFT of the
centreline

15kts XWC

34
Crosswind Limitations

Step 3
Place the wind direction (020) below the TRUE HEADING
marker

Step 4
Read off the maximum wind speed where the line cuts the
centreline; in this case, 18kts

35
ETO of Waypoints
The calculated ETO on next waypoint based Time and Groundspeed

82nm
1029

A GS = 170kts
1000

36
Review
Now, you will be able to:

Plotting
• Enter positions on a chart using geographical co-ordinates
and derive tracks and distances
• Plot DME ranges on an aeronautical chart and derive
geographical coordinates
• Track, course, heading, distance and speed
• Given two positions, measure the track and distance.
Traingles of Velocities
• Define the triangle of velocities, e.g. true heading/TAS, W/V
and true course (track)/GS.
• Explain the concept of vectors including adding together or
splitting in multiple directions.

37
Review
Now, you will be able to:

Traingles of Velocities
• Calculate wind velocity components on the basis of
appropriate data:
• head wind component (HWC);
• tailwind component (TWC); and
• cross wind component (CWC).
• Extract TAS from IAS/CAS and Mach number on the basis of
given appropriate data.

38
Review
Now, you will be able to:

Speeds
• State the navigation purpose of TAS and GS.
• State that the purpose of IAS and Mach number is for the
application of standard procedures and the observation of
overspeed and stall protection (limitations).
• Calculate groundspeed given appropriate data.
• Calculate ETO of waypoints, flying time from distance and
GS

39
Any
Questions?
Thank You