Final Exam 2015 (solution)

Q1-(solution)
A-

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 ∶
𝑢= 𝐾(𝑥 2 + 10) , 𝑣 = 2𝐾𝑦𝑧 , 𝑤 = 𝐾(𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 ∶ Check compatibility

𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝜕𝑢
𝜀𝑥 = = 2𝐾𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣
𝜀𝑦 = = 2𝐾𝑧
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑤
𝜀𝑧 = = 2𝐾𝑧
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = ( + ) = (0 + 0) = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
𝛾𝑥𝑧 = ( + ) = (0 − 𝐾𝑦) = − 𝐾𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = ( + ) = (2𝐾𝑦 − 𝑘𝑥) = 2𝐾𝑦 − 𝐾𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜀𝑥 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑥
𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (2𝐾𝑥) = 0 𝜕𝑦 2
=0

𝜕𝜀𝑦 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑦
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (2𝐾𝑧) = 0 𝜕𝑥 2
=0

𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜕 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
=0 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
=0

𝜕 2 𝜀𝑥 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑦 𝜕 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦
+ = 0 = → (1) 𝑜𝑘
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜀𝑦 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑦
𝜕𝑧
=
𝜕𝑧
(2𝐾𝑧) = 2𝐾
𝜕𝑧 2
=0

𝜕𝜀𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑧
𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (2𝐾𝑧) = 0 𝜕𝑦 2
=0
𝜕𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝜕2 𝛾𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑦
=𝐾 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
=0

𝜕 2 𝜀𝑦 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑧 𝜕 2 𝛾𝑦𝑧
+ =0= → (2) 𝑜𝑘
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜀𝑥 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 𝜕𝑧 (2𝐾𝑥) = 0 𝜕𝑧 2
=0

𝜕𝜀𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑧
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (2𝐾𝑧) = 0 𝜕𝑥 2
=0

𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝜕 2 𝛾𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑥
=0 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧
=0

𝜕 2 𝜀𝑥 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑧 𝜕 2 𝛾𝑥𝑧
+ =0= → (3) 𝑜𝑘
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑧
= −𝐾
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝛾𝑦𝑧
= −𝐾
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑦
=0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜀𝑥 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑥
=0 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑥

( + − )= (0 − 𝐾 + 𝐾) = 0 = 2 → (4) 𝑜𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜀𝑦 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑦
=0 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑦

( − + )= (0 + 𝐾 − 𝐾) = 0 = 2 → (5) 𝑜𝑘
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜀𝑧 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑧
=0 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑧

(− + + )= (0 − 𝐾 − 𝐾) = 0 = 2 → (6) 𝑜𝑘
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

∴ 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅

𝐵−

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 ∶ 𝐾 = 5 ∗ 10−4

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 ∶ 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (2,2,1)

𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝜀𝑥 = 2𝐾𝑥 = 2 ∗ 5 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 2 = 2 ∗ 10−3

𝜀𝑦 = 2𝐾𝑧 = 2 ∗ 5 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 1 = 10−3

𝜀𝑧 = 2𝐾𝑧 = 2 ∗ 5 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 1 = 10−3

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = ( + ) = (0 + 0) = 0 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
𝛾𝑥𝑧 = ( + ) = (0 − 𝐾𝑦) = − 𝐾𝑦 = −5 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 2 = −10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = ( + ) = (2𝐾𝑦 − 𝑘𝑥) = 2𝐾𝑦 − 𝐾𝑥 = 2 ∗ 5 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 2 − 5 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= 10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑧
𝜀𝑥
2 2
𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝛾𝑦𝑧 2 0 −0.5
[𝜀𝑖𝑗 ] = 𝜀𝑦 =[ 0 1 1 ] ∗ 10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2 2 −0.5 1 1
𝜕𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝛾𝑦𝑧
[ 2 𝜀𝑧 ]
2
 Q2-(solution)
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 ∶
𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 −𝑥𝑦 2 + 1 𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = [ −𝑥𝑦 2 + 1 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 0 ]
𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 0 2
𝑥 −𝑧 2

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 ∶ 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆

𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔.

𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝝈𝒙 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 & 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦 2 + 1 & 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦

𝝈𝒚 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 & 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0 & 𝝈𝒛 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒

𝜕𝜎𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧

+ + +𝑋 =0 → (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧

+ + +𝑌 =0 → (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑧

+ + +𝑍 =0 → (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜎𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧

= 2𝑥 & = −2𝑥𝑦 & = 𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑋 = 0

∴ 𝑋 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥

𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧

= −𝑦 2 & = 𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 & =0 𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

−𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 + 0 + 𝑌 = 0

∴ 𝑌 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥

𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑧

= 𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦 & =0 & = −2𝑧 𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (3) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 0 − 2𝑧 + 𝑍 = 0

∴ 𝑍 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧
 Q3-(solution)
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 ∶
5 1 0
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = [1 2 4] 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0 4 3

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 ∶
𝑨. 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠.
𝑩. 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂, 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑡𝑠.
𝑪. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔’𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝐸 = 2 × 105 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛’𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝜈 = 0.3.

𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑨 − 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝝈𝒙 = 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 & 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 & 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 0 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝝈𝒚 = 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 & 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 & 𝝈𝒛 = 3 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐼1 = 𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 + 𝝈𝒛 = 5 + 2 + 3 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐼2 = 𝝈𝒙 𝝈𝒚 + 𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒛 + 𝝈𝒙 𝝈𝒛 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2

= 5 ∗ 2 + 2 ∗ 3 + 5 ∗ 3 − 12 − 02 − 42 = 14 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)2

𝐼3 = 𝝈𝒙 𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒛 + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑧 − 𝝈𝒙 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝝈𝒚 𝜏𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝝈𝒛 𝜏𝑥𝑧 2

= 5 ∗ 2 ∗ 3 + 2 ∗ 1 ∗ 0 ∗ 4 − 5 ∗ 42 − 2 ∗ 02 − 3 ∗ 12 = −53 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)3

−𝜎 3 + 𝐼1 𝜎 2 − 𝐼2 𝜎 + 𝐼3 = 0

−𝜎 3 + 10𝜎 2 − 14𝜎 − 53 = 0

∴ 𝜎1 = 6.786 𝑀𝑃𝑎 & 𝜎2 = 4.83 𝑀𝑃𝑎 & 𝜎3 = −1.616 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑩 − 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂 ∶

1) −𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

𝜎𝑒𝑞𝑢 = √𝜎12 + 𝜎22 + 𝜎32 − 2𝑣(𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟐 + 𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟑 + 𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟑 )

= √𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟐 + 𝟒. 𝟖𝟑𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟐 − 𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑(𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟔 ∗ 𝟒. 𝟖𝟑 − 𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟔 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟔 − 𝟒. 𝟖𝟑 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟔)

= 7.974 𝑀𝑝𝑎 < 𝜎𝑦 (𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟)

2)-Maximum Shearing Stress (by Tresca )

𝜎1 − 𝜎3 6.786 − (−1.616) 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 4.201 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < (𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟 )
2 2 2

3)-Maximum Distortion Energy (by von Mises)

1
𝜎𝑒𝑞𝑢 = √(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎1 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2
√2
1
= √(6.786 − 4.83)2 + (6.786 + 1.616)2 + (4.83 + 1.616)2
√2
= 7.6148 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑦 (𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟)

Longitudinal Deformation𝟒) − 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎

𝜎𝑒𝑞𝑢1 = 𝜎1 − 𝑣(𝜎2 + 𝜎3 ) = 6.786 − 0.3(4.83 − 1.616) = 5.8218 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑦

{
𝜎𝑒𝑞𝑢2 = 𝜎3 − 𝑣(𝜎1 + 𝜎3 ) = −1.616 − 0.3(6.786 + 4.83) = −5.1008 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > − 𝜎𝑦

𝒗𝒐𝒏𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒂 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂
𝑪. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒓

𝟏 𝟏
𝜺𝒙 = (𝝈𝒙 − 𝒗(𝝈𝒚 + 𝝈𝒛 )) = (𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟑(𝟐 + 𝟑)) = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝑬 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟏 𝟏
𝜺𝒚 = (𝝈𝒚 − 𝒗(𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒛 )) = (𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟑(𝟓 + 𝟑)) = −𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑬 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟏 𝟏
𝜺𝒛 = (𝝈𝒛 − 𝒗(𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 )) = (𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟑(𝟓 + 𝟐)) = 𝟒. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑬 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓

𝑬 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝑮= = = 𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒗) 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑)

𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟏
𝜸𝒙𝒚 = = = 𝟏. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑮 𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟕
𝝉𝒙𝒛 𝟎
𝜸𝒙𝒛 = = = 𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑮 𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟕
𝝉𝒚𝒛 𝟒
𝜸𝒚𝒛 = = = 𝟓. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑮 𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟕

𝝏𝜸𝒙𝒚 𝝏𝜸𝒙𝒛
𝜺𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝝏𝜸𝒙𝒚 𝝏𝜸𝒚𝒛 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝟔. 𝟓 𝟎
[𝜺𝒊𝒋 ] = 𝜺𝒚 = [ 𝟔. 𝟓 −𝟐 𝟐𝟔 ] ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐𝟔 𝟒. 𝟓
𝝏𝜸𝒙𝒛 𝝏𝜸𝒚𝒛
[ 𝟐 𝜺𝒛 ]
𝟐