IN D IA N CA S TE .

BY THE LA TE

J O HN WILSO N ,

nox onu ur ma '

r or m BO M BAY DRANOII or
'

mm u no '
m
m
n Asurxc 300 , n u)

SO M E T IM E VICE-CHANCRLLOB O F T HE UNIVE RSITY O F BOI BAY,

M IS S l O NARY O F T HE FREE C HURC H O F S C O T LAND.

I N T W0 VOL UM E S .

VO L I . .

TIM ES OF IND I A ON
FI OE ,
BO M BAY .

WILLIAM BL A C KWO O D SONS ,

ED I NBUR GH LO N DO N .

1877

A ll rights reserved .
BOX BA Y I I
PR NTED AT THE T K ES O F INDIA ST I “ PRE S S .
 P A RT F I R S T — Wha
t Ca
st e is .

P A G ES .

9 — 12 S E CTIO N I . IN T RO DU C T O RY RE M A R K S .

12— 17 S E C TIO N II . THE M E A N I NG , SP H E R E, A UT HO R T Y I A ND

S YM BO LS OF C A srE '
.

1 7 — 53 S EC TIO N III . O RTH O DO X V I EW O F T HE FO UR O RI G I NA L

CA sr E s '
.

Th e Br h ama Hi f u d P
n s o r or e rs rese nt p rete n si on s of

hm
. .

th e Ba a Th K ha
r t i y a Th n. e s r . e V i sh y a a . Th e
S hudr a .

53 72 S E C TI O N IV . O nr n o o ox V I E W O F T HE MI XE D C AS TE S
a aut th a
.

M nn s
’
cc o n . M aa Tabul aV i
r r e w“ Conserv t i ve a
p
S iri t of O rth o d ox S ch o ol .

7 3— 2 11 S EC TIO N V . O RI G I N A ND DE V E L O P M E NT OF IN D I AN

C A sr E '
.

Noti c es i n t h e Big Ved Th e A r s nd D s us a . yaa ay Th . e

ay P
E rl ri e sth ood Th e Ri sh is Th e sh t riy K a a ad s n

am
.

a at
.

a a
V ish y s Th e S hudr s The G o d Br h C a s e no

ytm
. . .

s a
ti i
s e c nst i tuti on of t h e Ar y a Th Pu u h aS uk ta
s e r s

maV da I t h Ya a
. .

a
Not i c e s i n th e S j u V d Th e . n e r e . e

Pu u h a M dh a N t i
r s i th A t haa
e V d a I th o ces n e rv e n e

hm hm
. .

Ba r aa A i t ayaB a
n s aaqu t d L g d f re r n o e . e en o

a
.

Su a h h pha N ti
n s i th A a
e y k a a d
. U p ai h ad o c es n e r n s n n s s.

I t h S ut a R a
n e pi tul a
ti r s. ec on .

2 1 2— 27 7 S E C TIO N VI . C A srE '

I N T HE IN DI AN EP I CS

m
.

Th e R aayaa Th n . e M h bh aa aa
ta r .
 C O NTE NT S .

P AG E S .

2 7 8 —3 1 5 S E C TIO N VII TE E BUDD H IS T V I E W O C AS F TE .

Buddh a Da t f hi d a
. th Hi d t i e o
'

s e s oc r nes Buddhi st
Lit a
. .

ertu Buddha R l ati

re . t Ca t
’
s e on s o s e Th e V a
j a r

aa Th Ja
.

S hu hi a
cd S kada Pa n i a n r n . e n s .

3 15 3 53 S EC TIO N V III . A P EE P AT I ND I A N S O C I E T Y
. BY T RE
G RE E K s .

H erodot us a
A rri n — A l ex ad n er s
’
ex p e di ti on . M eg as

m
. .

th en e s . Hi s c l ai fi a
ti
ss c on of t h e Indi a ns . S tr b o a Pt . ol e y .

3 5 4—4 1 8 S E C TIO N CA N H IX
LAW B O K S A N
. LA R STE I T E O D TE

I N I A LI RA R D N TE TU E .

L i t f S miti S ub t a f th a
s o t of A ug i a M a
r s nu s nc e o r s

k haa Th P aah aaS mit i Th M a

. . .

Th M i t a
e s r yuk.h a e r s r r . e .

4 18 42 2 S E C TIO N X . C A S TE IN T HE HA RIV A NsnA .

42 2 — 45 0 S EC TIO N XI . CA S T E IN T I E I P uRA N A s .

s o na
Li t f th P u a e r s No ti c es of C at s e i n th e seve r a
l
Pu ana
.

r s.
 PA RT FIRS T — WHA T CA STE IS .

I -
INTRO DU CTO RY RE M A RKS
mil y ad p a
. .

PRI DE a t y f fa
of n c es r o l p iti ad n erson os on n

mi n whi h a
.

oc c up a ti and on , f l igi u p o re o s re e -
ne ce . c s

wil l b i m mdia
,

e t ly e i th g a
e d ha
see n , at i ti s e r n c r c er s c

Ca ul i a t I di a N a ad
”
of t i s e,n t p s o ec ti r o n . on s n

p p eo l a w
e s, l l a si n d i ei d u al h
s a i alvl u t i s, i ve n co n r e s, n

all a g a d
es, a t a
l ln t i m b p t t ak
es , a
ee n
gg a t d ron e o e ex

w im
er e

i w f th i
v e s o e r o
p ta na d t l ai
orm f th
nc e, m n o c or e

l
se ve s aa tu a l a
n nd h i t r i a l ad ia l up i i ty
s or c n soc s e r or

t whi h th y ha h a
o c e d n a d q ua
ve t t itl Th a
o t pi i t e e e s r

whi h l d m ay f th l d t ib f m t
.

c e n o e o en id r es o en o c on s er

th i p g i t
e r ro ath di t ff p i g f th il
en ors s e re c o s r n o e so on

wh i h th y t d ath h il d
c e ro e, sf th un mo ad
e c re n o e s o n n

oth h a l y b di
er e ven i wh o l i gh t th y j i d
es n ose a e re o c e or s

maif ta f th i m
,

th p e a
ti
ro c re ons or ti n a g i
es a y p on s o e n r er

sona l g d wh mth y w
o s o hipp d hab e ors
y e , s ee n ve r ex

t e nsi ve i n i ts i nfl uenc e th roug h out th e worl d T he h i g h e r

mm m
.

co u i ti ad l a
n es n c sses of e n, a
ung r te ful t o P rovi
d en c e for th ei r ad anta g w h v ftes l k d
en re l ha
a ve o en oo e

t m
,

with c on e
p t ad d i d ai tnh l w ;
s w h il t
n onh l w e o er e e o er

h ave l oo k d wi the
y j a l u y a d
e nv d p i a
ti e o s n e re c on

C m
,
,

on th e hi g h erpa a t
.i l y fo w i nd i i d ua
r l ive d d e v s
,
n ee ,

2
 WHA T C A S TE IS .

e x ce
p t a ad pu i fyi
un d e r the l i be r l i z in g n r n
g in fl u
u
s f u h l y fa
c es i th h a b
o o a bl
r i o ve e en e s n c e re l
y to
m
,

d pt th l ag ua
a o g f t h R
e a p t n e o e o n oe ,

Na mg u p a qu f im u ip i
'

en s et ro v o s et se n o n ec s s ,

V ix e a n ost r a v oc o

or o f th e Roma a t n or or, Q u at
n o su e ri o re s su
p ma a s, t n to

n os g er mu ub m
a i iu s s ss s .
“
1 W ho ma k e th us to d i ffe r ? ad
n

wht a th
a re e re s
p on si bi l i t ies o f o ur re s
p e c t i ve
p os i ti on s
ha b q
veu een e sti on s b ut se l d o m a ma p u t nd d e th e subj e c t
o f d isti nc t rec o n i ti o n
g a m mn Th e e x iste n c e of co o

b th h d i th h um mi l y ad th p ati f a
.

ro er oo afa n e n n e r c ce o

mm ympa u h a by th m
,

co th y a
on s d u a
j ity f n s cco r, ve e or o

m b g i u l y l k d T y a y ad mi h i f
en ee n r ev o s ov er oo e r nn n sc e

ad u l ty h a b m t t i l y th
.

n cr e ve qu ee n os e x e n s ve e c on se enc e

o f ati ia
l p
n um
so c
pt i ad p t i
res T h ta t on n re e n s o n e c on s n

m
.

ex
p i f th
er e n c e o
g al b f h u a e a
t u h a en e r o se rv e r o n n re s

b t u l i k t ha
e en no t f th H b w a
n
ge A g u th o e e re s e, r, e so n

o f Ja
k h e

Th e re i s a
ti ag
th at a pu
e n er i th i w y
on re re n e r o n e e s,

A d y t i
n t wa
e h d fr m
s no th i fi l th i s e o e r n e ss.

Th i ae re
g a tsi 0 h w l
e n erft y a t h i y on , o o re e r e es

A d th i
n y l i d a l ift d up
e r e e s re e .

Th i ae re
g sat i w h t t
e n erh a a w d on o se ee re s s or s ,

A d th i j a
n w t th ak i
e r -
ee s n v e s,

T d o u th p
ev o f m ff th
r e ath oor ro o e e r

dy f m m g mn :
,

A d th e
n a
nee ro on e

It i s among the HI NDUS however tha t t he , ,

i ma
g i a n

For d e sc e nt ad n l i n e ge , a ad th t i n e h n
gs wh i c h we o urse l v e s

h ave n ot amp
cc o l i sh e d th es e I a ly a
ll
sc rc e c our o wn . O v id

l l y a th m my
.

1
'
Th e l o ft ie r t h t we a re a re , e ore hu b l l e t us c onduc t

o urse l v e s .
Q ui n ti l i a n .

it Prov . x x x . 1 2 14
-
.
 I NT RO D UC T O RY REM A RKS .

11

t io n o f n a l a
tu a d p r n o si t i ve d isti nc ti ons i n hu maity han s

b e e n bro ugh t to th e p m f aful ad

ost e r n e rn i c io us de ve
m a
l op e nt e v e r e x h i bi te d on th e f c e o f th e g l o be Th e .

a a a a
d o c trin e n d pr c ti c e o f wh t i s c l l e d C A S TE , s h e l d a
ad bn o d b y th i
se rv e p p l h a b s l y eo d i m l
e,
y s ee n on

s ha d w d b y th w
o e t ia l aag m t whi h w
e ors soc rr n e en s c e re

o f l d t b wi tn
o o d a e mng th p ud t ae sse ti n a
o d e ro es n o s n

a m g the p ud t d f m in th na
on ro es or e rs o ti Th en e se on s . e

Eg yptia n wh a
s,c d i ng t o, H d tu c or id o d e ro o s, c o ns e re

t h ml mt a n i nt f a ll a ad wh ”
e th
se v e s e ti n
os c e o n o s, n o

ad ib d by hi ma
re esc r e s i l y r l ig i u b y d
s e x c e s ve e o s e on

ay th p pl ad t m
n o er e, uh a ddi t d t th i a
n oo n c c e o

u t mt a
eo e r

t ia
c es o r l c d pt ay th
s o s o m t n al y a
o n
p o e r,
”
os e r

p a
ro c h d t h m i
e th i e ati a l
n a nd fa me ril y p n t oni re e ns on s ,

ad th p i il g a
n e nd r v ut m f p i t a
e e c d p pl s o s o r es s n eo e

i w d i
v e e f n b th t
re e re n c ed t a nd o upa ti n ;
o es c e n oc c o

b ut i th m n ul ti tud d i
e i ty mpl i a e, ti ad bu
v ers co c on , n r

m f th i l igi u ad ia
,

d e n so e n ess o e r rel d i ti ti o s th n so c s nc ons, e

Hi du h a l ft th E gyptia fab h i d In dia

n s ve e e n Ca ns t r e n .
s e

i th
s d n a
e c on ti fae l l th p id j a
s on o l uy a nd t e
y a n rn e, e o s r

f aa i t ad p d m
y ,

o n n c en i at p pl d a
n re l ing wi th th
o n n eo e e e

t ibr whi h th y ha ubj t d ad

es c e ve s whi h t h ec e n o ver c e
y
m
,

h a ul d ft
ve r wi th ut th
e o eny p a t hi of a g e si d es o re c o n ze

co mm humaity It i th ff p i g f t ad i ay
on n s e o s r n o e x r or n r

a m
.

ex a gg ti n a
er d y o ti fi ati n a d f a l
s l t h cfa l eon ,
p
n o e s S e

c ul a ti n a do l igi u n up ul o i ty f ag a
re o s sc r t ount y s o re c r

u d g i gu w t dp
n er o n n f d g
on e a ti a nd
roc e sses o e en e r on c or

r upt i n It i n o w th
o sul a w l l a th e b dy
so f s e s e o

Hi d ui m m
.
o

n l M s t ha a y t h i g
o re t h a t n a n w i t h i n e ve r c e n

Herodot Eut e rp
dm aga dh aS h a
.
.

1
'

T hi s i s a i tt ed b y th e n aE
a
ti v e s of In di g G n r

m y q rarra
. .
s

t a
,
.

tri aa
Ph d k é , i n the Hi n du Dh a aTa
-

(p r v . a
s s nge “ r
12 WH AT CA S TE Is .

th e S
phere of th e o bserv a
ti n o o f o ur o wn g re a
t p oet ,

a a it i
Sh kespe re , s

Th tam t on s e r Custo mwh a

ll ,
o sense doth a
e t

O f ha
”
bit d s ev il .

It i s di sh on ourin g m aa a
l ik e to th e C re tor o f an, nd i n

ju i r on sma h au to m a n t e c re t re . It is e ph a ti c l l y th e
f I d iaad h pa a o f In d i s woes It is the
’
cu rse o n n t e re n t

m m m m
.

g a
re yt f l i h
e ne
g t ad i p o ad en ten en n ro ve en t n

ad a m t i I di a I i h g a
v nc e en d b a nl h n t s t e r n o st c e to t e

ium
.

tr ph f h G p l
s f p ao i I d
t i a Ie il os e o e ce n n ts ev

m
.

a
doi ng s of l te , i t i s
n t t h ld t a h a do ea th oo o o s ve ove r
y ,

b l w ad h a n a
e o n b a nd h l l b n a
e ve th Wi th i t te iov e e e e s rr

im t a
.

bl ed d b f ee u ps la in g i t h a
e ore nd s
p w roc s e o e r,

att ti
en ma y w
on l l b b t w d n i ts e i g i n d l pe es o e o or e ve o

m t haat a
,

e n s, c nd ul t and
r c er, n u wn duty with res s, o o r o

res
p t teci t t i u ed i fl u nc e
o I
s c on
n n d i an n i ty n e o soc e .

—
I L TRE M EA N I NG , S PHERE, A UTHORI TY, A ND S YM BO LS
o r CA STE

a m ata
.

C A ST E i s n ot aI diaw
n n n ord Its ori
g in l for c s

b y wh mi t wa di a
. . ,

b l g t th P tugu
e on s o e or il y ese , o s or n r

u d a
se m g th ml t p on at mul d e se v e s o ex ress c s
”
o

a ki d ad qua
,

It waa
,
” “ l it y
” ”
r c e, n
pp l,i d b y th n . s e e

P tug u
or wh th y fi t ai d i th Ea
ese, t t d ig
en e rs rr ve n e s o es

a a m a
,

n t th ul i t f l i i u d i al d i i

mmm
e e ec r s s e
p y g t o re o s n so c

m a j a??
s no

s a amm ff fi srfég i mwa

m
m it a a it fi m figwi
e
'
{ s et r
aaa wa
a ia
.

Ner erF
ég i
'

rg r r s; er
m
en -
-

tr e rs s r se
q fq (f ; q r
e gf
— It
’

z i s by ma e n s of th ese C at s e di sti n c ti ons th t i n a

t he Bh aa tk h a
r dath Hi du l i g i
n e n re on h ab s e en so wel l p re se rv ed .

T he se Ca t di ti ti n a th
s e s hinc o s re e c e f su pp ort of th e Hi ndu rel igi on ;
wh en i t (thi upp t) gi
s swa y t h or ve s ere c n ab e no doub t th t the Hindu a
rel i i on
g wi ll sink to d estruc ti on .
 A
M E N IN G A ND SP HERE OF C A S TE .
13

t ion s wh i c h th e y o bse rv e d mg
a on the Hindu pe opl e ,

p atirul al yc a f u dr d s o n e on r cea .
’
The In d i aw d n or

wh i h pac tially p rd c orre s with C ste i s Jé tz

on s a '

qui a
e l t v en

m
,

t o the La
tin gens , (i n th e i n fl e c te d for
g en t ad G k
n re e

y év o g, a
r c e or n ati whil on e Jé ti bked -
ath e re
pre se n t

m ma
,

a
ti ve o f th e f u da
o ti f th
n ons o e c a ste -
s
y ste , e ns the
d i sti nc tions f a (g ti
o r ce en s a aa V rn n

l ly m
,

o th er word use d for i t b y th e Hin dus, ori g in a at a e n

d i fferen c e i n c ol o ur G r d u l l y the se Indi aa aw n o rds,

a mt
.

c onv en i en tl
y ren de re d
p by C A STE, h ve c o e o re re se n t

n o t o nl
y v a rie ti e s
of r c e n d c ol o ur, b ut e ve r
y aa
o ri in l ,
g a
a
h e re di t ry, rel i gi ous, i n sti tute d , n d c onv en ti on l d ist in c a a
ti on whic h i t i s po ssibl e to i g i ne C a a
ste h s i ts e c ul i r
p m
aa .

re c o ni ti on s,
g th o u h of
g d is c ord n t c h r c ter,
-
a — oa aa
f c re a
t ion , fo r ma
ti on , c o ns ti tuti ad bi th i a ll a
on ,i ti f n r n v re es o

a m
,

ad
e x i ste n c e n l i fe , wh th g ta
eb l b ut l h u
er v ea e e, r n , or

up hum a
,

s er n It g i v e s i ts di re c ti on s for re c og ni tio n ,
ma a a
.

a p ta
cce a a aa
n c e, c onse c r ti on , nd s c r e n t l d e d i c ti o n , nd

i d
v c e vers f ah um ab i g ohi a pp aa i t h n e n on s e r nce n e

It haf m
,

w ldor i fa y pupi l a
g a ds ah d ori t n nc e, n n oo s

i d mth d f u ki g ipp i g d i ki g
.
, ,

or da ne e oa ti g so s c n s n rn n e n

ad idi g f wahi g i i g a i ti g ad ma
, , , ,

n vo n o s n r ns n no n n n s e r

m ti g f itti g
,

i g a
, ,

i g ; f l thi g d
n o c o nd a n ,
re ss n , orn en n o s n ,

Thu i d i bi g h p p l
s, nf Ma ba Ca
la m (Lu ia
e sc r d n t e eo e o r, oe ns s .

C at
n . VII. 37) sa
y s

A l ei d ag
ai a p b ente tod r c e o re

b ul a m p ta i m
, ,

D fa e a
s co
g i a os se n :

A da mmn i om t h um pa b
s, e s en e nno c o re

A pa t
s
qu a b i
r es , atu a ei a co r r n r e ns n

D u md o ha
s d g t ; p qu a b
o es e en e or e no re

Nai ha ma d am di a
Pla
re s c 5 ; os 8 0 e en os n

t m aq u m b i a
A l i a
o c p s ern
; or n o e e o r
g
m i tu aa
e n eat a ntiqu s r r c s e e
14 WH AT C A S TE Is .

risin
g ad
n re c l inin
g of mi a n t a
ov n g , v isi tin g ,
d l l i g; r ve n

i ti g ad f m
,

o f p as e ki g n a di g l i t i g a
, re n , nd s en n , re c n n o e

d i ta ti g n i g i g w ki g p l a
s n n
y g
or i ann d fi g h t i g n I t , n

l ad
, ,

ia ad
.
,

hai t l a
s s w f s or soc l i g i u i g ht p i i l g
n re o sr s, r v e es , n

oc c upa ti f
o ns
; i t u
or ti g ns r ct ra i n i g n a d , d u a t i g ; n . n e c n

f or o bl i g ati d uty a
on , d p a ti ;n f d i i
r c ce
g i t i or v ne re c o n on ,

ad r m y f ad t ag
,

serv c e ,i n ce e on i or e rrors, s ns, n r ns re s

i f i t mm ui a id a n ad mmu i
d fil mt a
s on s or n erc o n on , vo c e, n ex c o n

c a ti on f or e e bl a ti en ad puri fi a tion, f n c on or

ti em t im m m
,

fi n es, c ha s s i
en s,
p t u t i
r so nl a t i b a
e n s, i h on s, n s

mnt ad a
e s n
p ita l
c u t i I
ex e c t u f l d
ons t h w a y f n o s e s o

mmitting wha t it a aum

.

co ll i c ul a
s ti g in a
s n, cc d f n s n o

a m m
,

p u t t i n
g aw a y i ; n d
s n f a q u i i g o i t c d i p rn i g eri t s e ns n er

ad l i g mit It t a f i h ita a
, ,

n os n er t re n s o n y n er c e, c o ve nc e ,

a
.

p ossess on , i a d d i n
p i a
s ossess on
; d f b a g in g a in lo b r s, n, ss ,

a It d a l with d a th bu ia l a d bu i g ; ad
.

nd ui n r e s e r n rn n n

mmma ti n ai ta
.
,

a nd i j u y a
,

d a
,

wi th co e or o , ss s ft
nc e , th n r er e

la a
.

It i t f e in h t wi th a
n e r er s, s or l l th , ti nd e ret f ons ev e n s o

l if ad wi th wha
e, n t p d ad f l l wre c e es wh a n t i o o s, or s

s upp os e d t p o d ad f l l w l if
re c e e n It o ig
o up m e re ns s re e

uma la a
.

i th i
n e nn bl er nd di i i
e c sses f th Hi d u v s ons o e n s,

wh th e erth y e ig ina t ior fa m il y d e n t i l i gi u esc en , n re o s

o
p i i
n on s, i n i il c va d or s c reu p a t i oc ci l a l i
ons, or n oc re s

d e nc e ; a d ni t p f t r
ro e sses
g u l a t a l l t
oh i i e t t e e r n e res s,

a ffa i rs,ad l an tire hip Ca ons t i th g uidi g p i

s s e s i pl e f n r nc e o

ah f th l a ad di i i
.

e c o e c sses n f th H i du i w d i
v s on s o e n s v e e n

th i di ti
e r s t nc a ia or t d ssoc a p a i t
y e A a c t i ca y . f c s e s n o

th e ,c la sses or di i i f Hi du
v s on s o i ty n soc e .

Th a e uth i ty f Ca or t o t pa tl y
s e w itt
re s s la wr on r en s,

p a r t l y lon
g e d a y f
ena b l r a n d n a a t i
es p a tl y rr b a l v es, r on v e r

t a
r diti on ,p a t l y r t h i j
on u t i e f i
n t unc t ons oa d ns r c o rs n

p i
r es s, t pa r tl y n u to m a n cd u a
s o g a n d p a tl y s n t h
e, r o e
 A UT H O RI T Y A N D S Y M BO LS O F C ASTE .

15

c a p ir ce a d i
n f i t
c on ve n e n c e t a i T h o t f s vo r es . e ro o s o

la a a a a a a
”
w y M
s s t h W hnn , l V d t h
re d i e d o e e e or n nc e s n

a f u h a p f tl y u d tad it th i m
, ,

m
o b se rv n es o s c s e r ec n e rs n e

mmia ut m f g d a
,

lf a ti fa
”
e or l c s o s nd o oo ti en, se -
s s c on

tm
.

N d ubt tha
o o awh ha l l f l l w th n ul po s i b d o o e r es resc r e

i th S h uti [wha
n e t wah a
r d f m th V da ]
s a d
e i t h
r ro e e n n e

Sm t wa m mb d f mth La
,

i ti [wha
r s re e w] wil l a e re q ui ro e c re

mi thi l if ad i th t i p ibl ha
,

fa
”
e n s e, n n
pp i
e ne x ne x re ss e n e ss

Cu t m Th ul ad u t m
.

i t a d t la
”
s o s wr n s c en en . e r e s, n c s o s,

ad p j udi ad b ah ad ff
n re c es , n re c ad es , n o en c e s , n c on c e s

i
s on s, ad i t m n i i ad m
n er p m
ss on s, i f C a t n a co ro se s o s e re

n um u ad a ero
p si i u n a d c m p l i
r c o a t d b s,
y d n co c e e on c on

ce p ti on T h y
. a ta tle
y h a a t
re c on s i d b yp i d n a d c r c er z e r e n

f l l y ad f q u tl y by wi k d
n re en c e n e ss

ad ym
o

hai t m ad
.
,

Ca t s e ak a s nd s ig r s, b l s n s, n s o s, n

s
y m b l i a
o l a t ac w l l a c s,i t l a
w s a e d u t m ;
s a d s s n c s o s n

v er
y g a t t re i l a i d b
s re ss
y i t t hs i ta t h i b i on e r c on s n ex

ti on Th g ad i d e f Hi d ui m
r n n i t h tuft f h a
ex o i n s s e o r

l l d i S ak i t hess
.

f th h a — a
a a
on th e w c ro d n o e e c e n ns r c or

mul [ mta
,

k ql i ad in Ta
,

s ki /Uni i n M a thi r s en n e st

th p f m me t f
, ,

wh i h i l ft th
c s e a f th aa
e re on e e r or nce o e s cr n o

t u
o ns re , th fi t on thi d y aa e rsft b i th i th
or a
r e r er r n e c se

o f th th e fi t la ree f th Hi d u ?
rs c sse s o I qu e n s n c on se enc e

o f th i m sak Hi d ui mi p pul al y k n w ath S h

r n s s o r o n s e en

d i d ham f th S h a
,

a
a
-
r l ig i o r re l
q i i on o I t h i g h t h e e n e e

y a
e r a f t th er
p ti n f a B
e c onc e h m a ( tho p o ta r n e re re se n

ti ve o f th p i tl y l a e ) i r es t h l c th f ss m t h a t f
n e e e ve n ro o

th t w l fth f mth a
,

ap i r nce K ha t iya a or d i s r n t n e e ro

m
,

o f a Vi k Va s i hya th a or
g i u lst u i t a d
, e r c r s n er

a
“M a
nn i 1 08 1
’
Se e M au n 1 1 35

aa
.
,
.
, . .

1 S e e M o l e swo rth
’
s M th i Di
r c t i on r ay , sub voc .
 16 WH AT CA STE Is .

c h nt, a th e i nvestiture wi th the a

s c red c ord sh o ul d oc

c ur th o ug h th is s cr mt
aa en i n th e c a se of these cl a sses

ma
,

p at i ulral y e a
gc r er for i ts s
p ec i a
l bl e ss ing s ,
y b e re

so rte d t o by the mi n th e i r fifth , si x th , or e i

g h th y e r a
res ec ti v el
p y t It shoul d n e ve r b e a
del yed i n a
t h e c se of
aB et/m umb y d hi i t nth y a; n f a
.

r e on n s s x ee e r or i tha t o

K ha st iy a b y d hi t w ty
r , e on d;n s en -
sec on or i n that f a o

Va i hyab y d h i t w ty f u th : Thi i n
s e on s ti tur en -
o r s v es e

mu t b ha s l l w d by th
e mm
o u i a e ti n f th G iya t i
e co n c o o e r r

f th V da t m d mt a d
,

th e v e rse o e e Th pa
s es ee e os s c re . e r

ti es wh g l t i t
o ne a t b ec k n d a p t at
re a d
o e re c o e os es n

ut a t § wi th wh m i n i t f md ith
by B a
o c s s, n o n o c on ex o s o or e e er

in l a w affi i ty or n hm a di t d f ub
, e ve n r ns s resse or s

i t
s s enc e Th aifi ia l t i g e f a
s cr h l a ha t c s rn s o e c c ss ve o

b f md a afahi p ib d i n th La
.

e or ft e er s wB k on re sc r e e oo s .

C ta er i d at th l th t b w ad th ta
n or ers s o e c o es o e or n, n e s ves

t b o ai d i u d aa
e c rr e uth i ta ti
ss i a i t t im a
e s or ve n nc e n es re

m
.

no wi a b ya n th ugh le nc e ,
g t ab l i h d u t
o i g on es s e c s o re ns

sup mi re th e m a ttn Th b w fe se y H i
e rs d u e ro o ev er n

mu t b mak d a t l a h i i ata
.

s e t wh r e t f e s en e s n s e o c e re

m ia i u pi g m t i d i a
,

onl pu ity wi th a r
‘

ti v ro f hi s en s n c ve o s

a
,

p a t i ru l a ca t a dr c t a i al
s e, i n a
sec w h i pr c on n e x ons s ors

p er f p a
o t i ul a g d r a d c g d d r i t h
o i sa i d
n o e sse s n e r v re

f m" T h
or s . mak a p t ad d t ad fi g u f
e se r s re s o s n o s n res o

p a t i ru l a c i a n d h a
r s z e
p an d l i h i n ta
s l a d e, ti
‘

ne s or z o n v er

ca l ath ca
, s ste g u l
e a ti m a y q u
re i A g a i
ons
g re re . n en r v n

M a 36 1 M a 37 1 M au 38
am
‘
‘
n n , 11 . . nn , 11 . . n ,
n. .

tr rfi r M a nn , II 39 .

m
. .

He , wh o no t enti tl e d t o di sti ngui sh i ng ak r s yet l i ves b y we ri ng a

mak ta
suc h k t h i ml f th ir s, es o se e s ns of th ose wh o a re e nti tl e d to suc h

mak ad hall b b
r s, f m th n s e orn ro e wo b m f ab ut aim
o al r e n .
”
M an
n ,

iv . 2 00 .
 O RT HO D ox VI E W o r T HE F O UR O RI G I N AL CA S T Es . 17

il l us tr tiv e a o f so m e o f the mi s
g i ve n in o ne o f the pl tes a
of ath
M oo r s Hind u P
’
n eo n . T h ey gg su est to aCh i rs

t ia a a
pt inl l u t na
t i s r on of th e a
fi g ur ti ve e x p ression o f
th B k ef R la
ti
oo o e ve on , the ma rk o f t he be st i n t he a
fo rches

I II .
— O RT HO Do x VI EW or T HE FO UR O RI G I NA L CA S TEs
o r TH E HI N DUS .

A c c ordin g to the o pi ni ons of th e Hi nd us de e md by e

the m th or o d o x , th e o ri g in a
l Cat s es were four i n n umb e r,

th ta f th B i hm o a m p i t l y l a ; th a
e rc t f th ,
or r es c ss o e

K ha t iya
s wair la
s, th a
ort f th Va i bya
rr o r c ss o e s s, or

M an til
erc ad A g i ul tu a e l l a ad tha
n t f th S h i
rc r c ss n o e r

d a S
r s , or il C l a e rv e ss .

F th a k f p
or i g th uni
e s e o a y M a
rese rv nn e ve rse . s s n,

th B i g up m
e l y gl i u a
e n s l l tt d
re
p a a te d u t i tor o s o e se r e es o

th wh
ose p a g p ti l
o s r n y f m h i m u th re sh i a ecm ve ro s o s r

T B i hm
,

h i thi gh ad h i f t
s ,
n a h a g d th
s oo . o rc ns e ssn n e e

d uti f adi g [the V da

es o re
] a d t an h i g i t f a i fi
e n e c n o s cr c

lm a
, ,

i g f ai ti g th
n o t ss s ai fi n f gi i g a
o e rs nd o s cr ce , o v n s,

am
,

o f re c e i vi ng g i ft sfi
"
To de fe n d t he peopl e , to g i ve l s ,
to afi t a s c ri ce, a o re a m d [the Ve d ], to sh un t he l l ure e nts
o f ua l g a
se x ti fi ati a i af w w d th duti f a
r c on , re n e or s, e es o

K ha t iya T k p h d
s r . f a
ttl t b t w la
o
g ee er s o c e, o es o r e sse s ,

t aifi t a
o s cr d th ip t u t
c e, ay t a
o re d t l d e sc r re , o c rr on r e, o en

a t i t t a t h d uti
n e re s f aVa i hya O
re
p i i
e
pal es o s ne r nc

S up m Rul aig t aS h d m; a m
.
,
’
d uty t h e re e er ss ns o zl n e

ly t ,
th b f
o se rve m ti d l a with ut d p
e e o re -
en on e c sse s , o e re

a th S i
fi m
ti t ut d W k a t h
m m m
Th ese s of th e BrRl IIn ni

aad i t
re e x c o ns e or n s, oc

c a
l ly d e no m t d b y th m
i a n W W W513 EH
e e , , , vs B
. n

IF l .
 18 WH A T C A S T E Is .

a A im i l a i g i ad im il ad uti
“

a a ib d t th F u C at i th S ha
ci tin g th i w th ? e r or s r or n n s r es

ti P a a f
ha bh a a
re sc r e o e o r s es n e n rv o

th M a ata M a a B a a a a a
a a
h
a
h
f th P u a
e ;1 i t t y
r g t d
n l e s , v , n se ver

o th ers o n a ;1 i t he J t i M lr G a l as nd f n e -
or r o

uth i ty i B g a l ad th U pp
,

Ca f a
i t h Ja
P i s
'

t s e s, o or n en n e er rov n c e

o f I d iaq u t d b y M C l b
n o e k ti V i r ka o e ro o e n e -
ve

im
.

f Ca
, ,

i a f a uth i ty i th W t f
h ya
or Di ti sc r t n on o s e s, o or n e es o

ad i th S a d i Khadaf th S ka n da

a ath B a a
n n e Pu r n o e

r n ath g a t p a eti a l a uth i ty f th M a

re r c c h or o e r r

mafl T hi i fat i th i w ta
,

ns s, k n f th c i gi sf e v e en o e or n o

m
,

th f u la
e o by th
r c Ca t
sse s y t w p al t e s e s s e no re v en

t h ug h t ut t h wh l f I di a A l l t h a a
th S ha
ro o e
po e o
g f n . o er ss es o

e t a wi th p
s r s, t a t i t h ub j
re t f a
rese n ons on e s ec o

d iff t ha at
e re n ad u h th a i a
c r c e r, bu d a -
n s c e re re n n nc e ,

M au i 8 7 9 1 n I h i ad -
h qu tai f mh Hi dun t s n ot er o t on s ro t e n

wB k I m mJ mi i g u h f h i
. .

La i l y f l l w S i W il l i a
aoo ,
n o o r one s , o tt n s c o s

ex pl e tiv e s aa
s aat d by th t t ad b i g i g th
re n ot w rr n e d e ex n r n n e re n er

mtim l t th igi a
,

a ta S h a
l
a
i g n s so e e s c o se r o e or n .

a h h a ti P a aa dh 7 2 2 2 3 a
1 M b r n 7 D i f frv t
’
,
. . v . . e re n c

f Ca t a gi w k
ha bh a
igi i th

Pu a
co u t f th
n s o e or n o s e i l ud i g t h
re ven n o er or s, nc n e

raad th M a
n s n a
etawh i h t u th w d r f D Jh c o se e or s o r o n

i m
, , .

M ui (O igi ar, l Sa k i t T t p 3 7 )
r n ns
“ rad up f ex s yh t g . s e o ver e e ro ene

ou sl mt e e th p d u t
en s, f diff
e t aro
g a dc s p o t i g w i d l ye re n e s, n re re se n n e

di ff t d gm
e re n ati ao l t d i wh i h h a b
c en th w t
e n c es t h b c ve e en ro n o
g y e er

th ue s i mpil
c c e ss v e c o di t f th w k wi th ut a
e rs or e
y
o rs o
g a d t e or o n re r o

th i m utua
”

a
e r l i t t y c on s s e n c

m
.

a y a a V d a a m
a
I I t h nM t e ( d h s i t h i t t h dev s e n e
g g v en o e o
.

a a p a a m a ”

mmm m
(b h d t h w h i fu l ) wh ( B h d i
m
g v n, e o rs
g t th o s r c c or n

a
, o e

t
c on e x t) a t d th C a
c re t q é e Ir s es
? f
'
'

aw a
e
1 fi
’ -
.
f U N I r Z

y ”? 5 711 75 ” II I 7
th Bh a g a
1
a a
7 I
t t h m t th d i w
n e v , e os or o ox v e

of th ig i
e or f Ca t
n
go i i S k adai i a
s e Is dh 33 34
v en n n I . . v -

E a
. .

C l b o ek roo y l p 177’
e s ss s, v o I I.

a t w f m f th i w k w b f m th l ag ad
. . .

Th e re re o oI s o s or no

m
e o re e, e r er n
all
a
s e r.

fil S a
hy d ri Kh a
nda
, A di Ra
has a a
p '

y , C h . 25 .
 WH A T CA S TE IS .

s ri n s
p g to l igh t, h e is bo rn b o ve the worl d, t he a c h ie f of

a ll c re atu aig re s , ss ned t gouad r t he t re au ys r of d utie s

a
,

rel i i u ad i il t t e x ists th e un i v erse , i s

ama i a
n e v er In
g o s c v

a
.

a
ll i ff ec t : the we l th of th e Br h th e Br h
m
n e n , s nc e

ai n a l l b y hi p i mg i tu ad m
s e n ti tl e d to i t i s r o en re n e

n en c e of bi th Th B a th m
r a a t b ut hi w f d;e r n c s s o n oo

m
.

w ahi w a a l a d b t w b ut h i w i al
f th B a
; n re n es o s s o n n
e rs pp s o s

th ugh t h
ro b l e hm a i d d th
enev o ence o e r n n ee o er

m ta
,

or l j y s en o Hi i h t q ua l iti h w s n eren e s, o e ve r

s
pa i l
rn
g y th y m ay b d e l p d a q u i l fe e ve o e , re e sc e nce , se

t l
c on ro d ti p u i t
ev oy p a
ti t
on ,i t ud u l a r ,
e nc e , rec e, sec r

ad a d u d tadi g th
,

n s c re n g i tie rs f pi i
n t u a l n e rec o n on o s r

hm
,

i t
e x s en c e ,ad th i b di p iti t n e Ba n a1 orn -
s os on o se rv e r
” '

m m a a
.

In e v er
y b f h i be d y p w d er o
g l y i d s o , o er n or re res

en t Th p u ifyi g G ag e i i hi
r i g h t a hi
n n es s n s r e r s

mu h ml f ;
.

t i s th t afG od hi the d e vouri n g fi re is

a
o o se

i n hi s h ad n the hol y t t /Id s, p l c es o f

or i
p gl ri ag e m
a
a i n h is right foot ;1 th e
re c o w of
pl ent
-
y ( M -
d l z enu ) m
a
m a m
a a a
a
fro whic h l l de sires y b e s ti sfi e d , i s i n the h i rs o f

his b ody T he Br h n i s the

“ ”
first born , by n ture ma -
a
m m (dwij a) by
.

a a
( g j a a
); thr n e t wic e b o -
th e aa
s cr

m m
,

e nt of th e aaj ;
i n th e dei ty -
ou e rth -
a ”
(bhri d e v a
)
a
tu ; ad
,

b y h i s d i v i ne st s n the in tell i g en t o ne ( vi
p r a
) y
b
a m
,

h is i nn te p co re he nsion §
d G i ta i i i
.

M an n i 9 3 9 5 , 9 8 1 01
- -
1
’
Bh g aaa v -
x v 42
m mm y ym m
. . .
, , .

1 a a g th
Th e se re on e co on s non s of th e A ak ha r os

hm
.

Khadai i b a aaga4
ha
n r v r

mh tm mp
.
,

T he fol l o wi ng v erse fro t e Ti rth aM a yah a b s ec o e o

mm
pul a r

mm a
wr s t
ma
m
?
’
?! e s

a aa m
e f
rr6
“
nd t sn r
e n?
I r
e !
"
N
A l l th e Ti rth a th e worl d ai n th e oc e n a
ama
s In re

A l l t h e Tz r thai th e aa i n th e Br h
'
n s ri g h t
’
s n oc e n re foo t .
 OR T H O DO X VI E W O F T HE BR A HM AN
a
.

The Br h ma a i gi a i a
di g t th S ha
lt d i n , th us e x l p it i e n or n os o n, s o
c or n o t aup i e t a ll la
s r w f a
ma
s er or o e ve n o

at wh
,

l ha
,

or c r c e r, it la h with hi w dl y i
e ne ve r c s es s or n
t t
ere s s E. t uth a ve n d h ty m
r u t b di p n d wi th
o ne s s e s en se

f or h i p ul ia a
s ecd ata g r I t hv n a f e u a l n e c se o se ns

a a a a m
.

g r ti fi t ic on s ,
y M
”
f s a si ag f f
nn, d a t o rr es, o oo e en

by w aaifi f b fi t p t ti
a ui g t aB a
co f fu l f
s, o e or s cr ce, o e ne or ro e c on

hm a th i i i a a
Ba
”

m
c cr n o r n, th e re A s no s n n n o

hm a a a m m
.

r
y n t h
”
s au st h i t e s a l i
e b i or T

m
y y y ve

ad a a m m
,

a a a a a
a
'

n
y t
'
b z
y r i t ord pr i t '
b
n
y t r o r e ve n s

m m
,

a a
,
'

h a d
A Ba
y trr
(t u t r
f l h d ) ; n b u t l t
s e oo h i n e ve r e

ub t by d g l i i g (hi d hm a
’
s s rs o -
v n re r n

ma y w i t h u t h i t a
o ti t ak t h
es
p p y on t f a S he d a e ro er o
’
rr r

H (th S h d a a
.

h i d f h i w
’
e e ) II d r t hi g s, n ee h i no n o s o n : s

mat ma
,

s er
y d u b tl ta k ho i p p y I ess,t T t h
e i i s ro er o s n

th m t h u l ty m
, .

j u ti ts ce, oo , id e os a y i n
orr h i a b
cr e s c se e

a f th m t ba b au t a tm t f th l w
a
dd d e f or o e os r ro s re en o e o er

d
o r e rs, ad u b m n i g l i n
y t
ec o B hnm a t h H
e n en ci o r n s, e n

md Th y at u
,

d u a d w i ti g a i
s c re r d g
n s aha re n no e re e s e . e c

a l l y j i thi a
en o n t i u d pit ful s ro c o A p i t ha
s es ll e n ess . r es s

b fi d fi
e ne h u d d (p aa
ve ) inf h re l a d a l
n sd i ; e s n er so er

m hat ad tw l if h l ad a
,

t w ty fien — if a ve , erc n n e ve , e s n er

ma f th n o il la F
e se rv a bu i g
e c ss f th a mor s n one o e s e

ma ha
.

c la a ss, t wi b ce -
ll b fi d
orn l y tw l
n s ; but e ne on e ve

for r i ba ld y t t b utt
r no d o th a t ha
e ll b d u
e re , e ve n s e o

He n c e , th e a at th wa i wh i h aB a hm ah a
a(K iya
di
aPaa a
re n e ss to t t s e e er n c r n s

ah d h i f t I th dm
Pa a a a a
m
w d ) i

m
s e s ee n e y r nt i id r n s r xx s s

a
.
, ,

W ? I R! I WW
? E I
'

t l f ee t w s? HG Te f fing E ir n
Th b a f ad p of a
w t e r wh i c h h ab in a a
Ba
-
e e rer o ro s e en c o nt c t wi th
hm a f t h aa l l th e si ns o f h i s b od y th e reb yd y ed
’
r n s oo s estro .

Ma ii i 1 1 2
nn , v . .
T M a nn , iv . 4 .
1 M ann , v i ii . 417 .
22 WH AT C A S TE IS .

bl e d A o nc e b orn ma n, who i nsul ts the t wi ce b o rn -

a
.

wi th g ross i n ve c tiv e s, o ug h t to h ve h is tong ue sl i t ; fo r

h e s pr n g fro a m a
t h e l o we st p rt o f Br h If h e en am a m
m ad l a wi h t um
.

t io n th e ir n a e n c ss t c on l y ai f h e a y , s e s '

aaa(u l i f of G d !) a i tyl
’
O h ! De v d t t se ess
g t o n ro n s e,

t e n fi ng ers l g ha
ll b
on s e th urst re d h ot i nto h is mu h o t .
”

S h oul d h e , th roug h pri de g i ve i n struc tion s to p rie st s

mh
,

c o n c e rn in g t h e i r d uty , l e t th e ki n g orde r so e o t oi l to
b e d ro p pe d i nto h is mu h ad a
o t“ A m a n e r n of th e
l y pl a hi m l f
.

a wh
l o we st cl ss , o s ha
ll i l n so e n t ce se on th e
sam a t with
e fse on e o t he h ig he st , a sh
ll e ithe r be
b ai h d wi th am
n s ak e r on h i s h ind er pat r or th e k i n g
shall a u aga h t b
c se s o e ma
d e on his b uttoc k ; sh o ul d
he s
p i t on hi mth ro u
g h p rid e , th e ki n g sh l l orde r a
b o th of h i s l ips to a
be g she d ; sho ul d he [dec enc y
.

a
.

a
re q uire s the suppressi on of wh t here fol l o ws ] If he
s e iz e th e Br h ma n by the l o c ks, or b y the fe e t, or by
th e be ad
by the thro t, o r by the sc rotu , l e t
r or a m
ma
,

t h e kin g wi thout h e si t ti on c use i n c i si o n to be de a a

a ”
m a
i n h is b n d s t Ig no i ni ous ton sure i s ord i ned , i n ste d a
m
.

o f a pi ta
c l p u i h e t f a a
n s d ul t f tnh p i t l
or
y n ere r o e r es

l a ; whil th pu i h m t f th
,

c ss e e l a i thi
n s a en o o er c sses n s c se

ma a a a
a
y t d t l
ex e n f l i f No h l
oss o l k i g l e e v er s n s

aB hm
y
a th ugh im ;
.

r n, i t d f a o ll p i bl c on v c e o oss e cr es

l t hi m
e ba i h th ff d n s f m hi al m b ut wi th a
e o en ll
er ro s re

ad h i b dy u hu t N g a
a
h i p p ty
s ro u er se c re n t s o n r o re er

i mi k w ath tha l a a m
.

cr e s no n on
y gi B he ar a d n s n r n n

th ki g th f mu t n t f mi h i m i d a
a
e n ere ore , s n o e v en or n s n

m
,

i d af kil l i g a
e o
p i t 1 n A B h a w
r esh b h i r n, o,
y.
s

M ann , v i i i . 2 6 8 27 2
-
.
1
‘
M a
nn , v ii i . 2 8 1 3—2 8
-
.

1 M a nn , v i i i . 3 7 9 38 1
-
.
 O RT HO D ox V IE W o r T HE BR A HM A N .
23

p ower ad th n aai h a ro u ll a
g h u t wi h mm
v r c e, s c se ce - e e n,

g i t
r w i t h th a i fi i ale t h a d
s cr t p f m c i l a t re ,
o e r or s e rv e c s,

wi th th i t
e r c o nse n ha l l b fi d by th k i g i h u d s e ne e n s x n

d p aa But am
,

re n s a f th il l a wh th n o e se rv e c ss , e er

u b ug h t h m m m
.

b ug ht
o or n a y o
p l t p f e i l co e o e r or se rv e

ma wa a
,

d uty b a uh a
a A S ha
t d b y th lf i t
i g Ba
u ec se s c n s c re e e se -
ex s

en t f th pu p
or e f r ose o hm d a
se rv n r ns r
'

t h ug h m t d by h i m at i t l ad f m
.
,

o a i pa e nc e s s e r, s no re e se ro

ata f ata atu a

Th B a
s t fe o i tud serv f t wh i h i
e : l t
or o s e c s n r o

hi mby wh m a h b d i o ct d n e hm a e v es e e r n,

d m
,

e ve n , i th a s dj ud i a e t i hi w a u ad
c or a kn s o n c se , n ne e e

no mpl a
co i t t y a
n l a u th iot i f ro t h p u i h m t or es or e n s en

o f hi sm i e nei t b i g l ft f e s, t h i ml f t ta e n k e re e o se o e ven

a
Th B a
g e nc e t
hm a ath m l th g a
.

t a

a
e r ns , s uth f th
e se ves e re o rs o e

p re c e
p ti p a t ve f t h H i d
r s ou S h t a h a f
e l i g n s r s, ve n o ee n

o f ha smwha t e i ta ti g th i p t
ev e r i ad u g
n s n e r re e n s on s n r

i g th i p
n e r
g a t i re ro O l y t h y m u t
ves . w a d a d n e s no re n

i t p t th V dawh i h th y p f
n e r re e e ,
t b th h i g h t
c e ro e s s o e e es

re v e la ti f th wil l f G d
on o e Th i w a th i ad a o d o . e r r s s re

ful a th a s t f th g d i h a o e T h y ad th i o s n e ve n . e n e r

wi v es,ad da ug ht
n a t b w h ipp d ag d e rs. re o e o rs e s o s on

e ath ]: Th y a
r l l g th a et th y h a i e may i ta
e e ve n n ns nc es ,

au au i 3 1 3 2
a
1 24 1 4 T M

mmm
M viii

a
n -
n x -

a ea
a m
. .
,
. .
,

I i g r q t fi q a
i fg q
“I a
o l l way B h a a; t
'
' '
‘

n s, r ns re o

S up m D i i it y
.

h i pp d th y a a Ma i
”
3 1 8 I th
a(K iya a
b w
aPu a
e o rs e : e re re e v n nn , x n e

m
. .
.

Padm a d a a ) i i a
i d T h d a w h
a
r n t g n s r xx s s e oo n o
y r

m m
,

m
,

w h i
orsp aB h a s i g u drh i t t h i g h
n, t h a d b t a
i ov n ro n o e r n ,
o ns

m hi ml f g a (i u l a ti n
th et ) d wi p
m al B a
th e e ri t of se oi n ro un d se v e n s ns r c on en s
g
o f th e wo rl d . In th e a mw k i t i a
s eid th a
t “ im
or hm a s s ,
or r ns

a re p
t o b e wo rsh i pe d , b ut t S h ud ath ugh ub d ui g th i pa i
no r s o s n e r ss o n s

t he t a
w th a t th i n n t t b e at i b tt th a th e
o w f g e d en s e er n so o oo
co e s
g s o

”
i n te n t .
24 W HA T C A S TE I s .

k ic ke d, a n d be te n,
n d c urse d a a
nd f ri g h t e n e d ,
n d d e , a a ‘

g a
r de d t h e h i g h i
est d e t e ,
i s n d d i s t re ss e d n d d e a
s t ro
y e d a
t he i r c h i l d ren O ne of th e i r n u b e , r K s hy p , t h e
y t e m
l l a aa
aa
.

a
us , w s the p ren t o f th e s u n a ri d n o t h e r A t r i o f t h e

m m ama
, , ,

oo n O the rs o f th e , the y h o l d w r o u g h t g re t r

a a m aa
.
,

v el s i n c re t io n nd f r t a
i o n B r i h s
p t i t h e i n s t ru c

m
o

m a
, .

t o r o f th e g o ds, i s s i d b y th e a
to h ve turne d th e oo n

i nt o ai d f c n er, or lpa f
t w ka o mu l s o e nor o s en g th ; ad t
n o

re ta i hi p w
n s i t o by er ove r i g i t w i th u t w h
c ov er n i t r s en

aum auddy a m
,

ss es a a V i h a k a
e r nc e a th y d l a s v r e ec re ,
pp r

un t m
,

l i pt ff th ha a
.

c o nd a d f t f th
e s n ee k it
o u d e s ,
o e ro n ,

ad ut i t a
n c l i t tw l so p i
n o i w h
e ve i h i t a pp a
e ce s , i n c e rs n

t h et w l ig n e ve s f th d ia T h a
s o e zo mi d i i d ua c l th e s e n v e

ahit t f th g d th y a t f md h a ; ad
.
,

rc ec o e o s, e sser or e e v en n

a th f hi at m
,

aufat u d ahi l d f g a wh i h
S i ta
no o r ss, c

f Ra
er o s c s e n c re c

th wif e ma ul d t di ti gui h f mh
e o co no s n s ro er

m th y m
,

a
,

o w n n Kaso hya p a a l sad y n ti d re k e o ne ,

e e,

f b a
.

th pa
,

th ug h h i d i ff
ro t wi
s e ren e nt f f wl
ve s, e t r o o s, o e s s

o f p y f buffa
re l o w ad th oe s, co l s, f t d ai n o e r c ov e n -
oo e n

ma ad th im
,

l ; f ha
s wk o ul tu s, v il ab i d ; f t h
re s , n o er s r r s o e

Ap a a wa
s r s , or t y pm h er n
p
-
t a n d th p t il
s , se r e n s , ; f o er re es o

t re e s; f i l bo i g ; ev f t h e nG a d
s h a o a a de f a i m a ln rv s, n o n s

wi th H a l th y t l l u m
e, so , a d fi e whi l e s, e re e

Bhg g u i m
'
z
'

p a t d t i t i t r e
p p y to f n
s u m p
rot i ; aer d o co s on n

S p ta a a a a a a
a
e
g i t i t p ve b i l i ty fs c ti n t i d A o g ty
ex c on n s

hm am
,

th g a
e t Br re i i a y nt th S u
ss o n rth f I di a o e o o n ,

s wa l l w d up th o e aa t th e oce n ip ad th p a d re e s s, n en sse

it i m a a a m a
Ba
p g t d re w i th n l t e T h h is n t f t h eg t
c ev e e s o e re

hm
.

r ah ns f d tere a thu a
re e rre l l ud d t by t h
o re s e o e

Hi d u l a
n wg i Wh with ut p i h ing ul d p
ve r o o er s co ro

Bh gaa
vataPur a
a n ,
v i . 6 26 28 -
.
 o a onrn W H B H o x VIE
‘

or T E RA MAN .
25

vo ke those h l y m by wh mth all d ui fi re w s a

'

o en e vo r n
o e
g
-

c re a
t d e awi th wa
, tthe t d i ka
se bl a m e rs n o r n e, n d th e oon

wi th i t wa ad i s a? wha net p i ul d g a
n i w a l th
n cre s e r n ce c o n e

by pp o i g th wh i f ag y
ress n ul d f a m th o se , o, n r co r e o er

w ld a
,

or d s
g t f w l
n d a d reu l d g i b i
en s o
g t o or s, n co ve e n

new g d ad m ta o l ? s Wha t mna d i u f l if or s n, e s ro s o e,

w ul d i j u th by th a id f wh m wo l d ad g d
m
o n re ose e o o r s n o s

p p t
er e ual l y Th f l l w i l
g y gl i ha g a
i d e o o n s o s s ne

uni al u
v e rs
y i I d i ac rre nc n n

T he wh ol e wo rl d i s un de r th e power o f t h e god s ,
a p
Th e god s re unde r th e owe r o f th e maa
h B a
ntr s ,

mat aa u d th p w hma
B a
Th e n r s re n er e o er of t e n r

hmai th f ou G ”
Th e od 1
'
r n s e re ore r .

a a a a
Ba
The se f bric tions, whi c h pp t e r o us so r i d ic ul o us
ma
,

a ad
d i t h S ha
were i nt e n d e d t o sec ure t o th e r h n s v ene r ti on n

a w e Th d au a e enl hab ma
e vo r, so , s e en e n e s

u t th m Th y m
.

t a t
r o se c th i l i
re o ut t b k il l
e e r ves e s no e

mt mu ff
.

ed a w ha s e f th ve se en , or e os e n or o s o e n c es

m
.

a a a
,

Wh n i
en d i i du l w p f
n y p v wh th y ee s or n e rson o e

ma a m m a a a to m t f h i i
D u ga
y h k i l l dve h u t k e e s e n ne en or s n

fi m
,

i pl ad wi th th bl d f
aath u ad y a ; b ut B a
r i ty Th g dd e o ess r s e se e oo o

am hm am a
.

n o s n ut b e rs no r n s e s

Ga udath b a
a
ifi d t h f Vi h u u d to e re r n se
cr ce o er
s r e o

m
.
, ,

eat y e v er t f a t u sor
p t B ho a w h i f
c re res, exce r ns, o,

swa l l w d w ul d h a a
o e u d ai uff a
o b l pa i i hi ve c se n ns er e n n s

t m mpl ifi d apati
,

s o ah ai a c id t ha b s s s o ve ee n e x e e on r en

Whil S hud am th ml
,

la ai a ff a a
l l d th K a
r oc c s on e r s o er e se ve s s s
y
myamaaa( l u tay
.

crifi by wha
ces t i a s c e e r n vo n r

Ma

m m a
n n, ix 3 14 3 1 6
.
-
.

a a
fim
'‘ '

ifi l i

am
fifi s rfi
aaa
r rr
a
c

f a
wi r r o
t
4
 26 WHA T C A S TE 1s .

a
d e th ) , Br h a
ma ma
ns k ay u ha re no t re q uired
'

to e n s

f h ml
c

a ma a “

aB a
ti
c on se c r on o A wi b t e se ve s t ce orn n, s

hm
-

y s
.

Ma wh bal y aa
nn , ul o awi h ai u
re ss ts r n t n nt s

i
t on t ohu hi mha l l b wh i l d a
rt b u f a uy i t c en t

md T i mi abu hai g mi h imi a

s e r e o or r n

h h ll a
t e e n e r sr t v n s tte n n n

g a d
e r, b y d i n
g w i h a b l a d es f g a h
n , e ven h a
l l t e o r ss , e s

b b e i o rn ad tw y a m n ig a
on e i n f mh e nt tr ns r t o n s, ro t e
w m bo f im p u s q u a
od u p d “ L i f h
re w m ut r e s e. o e v e r, s

a
.

ly b p d i l l f a
Ba
n ot on
p t e
y h
re se rve f u d ex c e on or t e vo re

bu i m mf a
;
u b
t t d d st bl e Th
re n hm a
ere co o rt e e r ns

m m m
.

g al l
et h f
f i g t a d
e oa h t l
er n
p a d s h e t t e e es ; n t e o st

h i u i
e no a a d f by g i i g th mp
s s ns re to ne If or v n e re se n ts

am a l l hi w h wil l g h l l i f h g i h i
.

aB a
n se s co e o to e ; e ve er n

hm
,

a a h wil l g t h a I f n
G ag a
d on tio n t o
a
r n e o o e v en o

a i ay wh l il l a
.

b B
’
n s nn v ers r
g g i t h
o e v es e v en o r

ma th p n s, p e ti g t h m w
ersoni l l a q ui a l
re se nl th n e c re e

mit wh i h ab bta
er i d h i b dy wil l b a
c c n e o mil l i ne : s o e on

o f tim m gl i u that h u
es ore h wil l h a am
or o s iln e s n e ve

li on f i gi
o may aia v r g a d
ns,
p al a qnui w i
c t h rr es , n n ns

j w l ; ad h wil l l i i h a wi th h i fa
e e s n e thve a n e ve n s er s

may y a ath a pati l i th l ad g i t

Ba a
n e rs s e re re r c es n e n ve n

hm m
o

r a La nd
g i
ns t . B h a u h
ven an o r n s se c re s e ve

a d w aa f paa a a
m
re co
g t h s b ei l i g i f
ss l e c ro ss e o n n e rn

l a ; a um
,

Va ta a; ah u ah a l y pa
’

i
r ve r, z r
'

o se, e v en ce n

b l l a f d mf m
re re e hi g h a o t ; h ro f d m sc orc n e s oe s, ree o

f m pa m m m
,

wa
ml l ; f ati g f B a
ro i wh l ki g
n
p fu en f d f n er es , re e o ro

o ff i
e ns v e s hm
e a pati ul al y a
s e s n t o r ns. r c r

bi thr mai a s,g a d d a th rr t h h i g h

es t mn i t Ie f s, e es er

ah u b d fil d by a u l a b i d itti g d wn
.

m pu wh p t d t aB a
o se e e e n nc e n r s n o

A p p g ift t aB a
up on i t it b ec o es h re en re se n e o r

ma hm
,

n . ro a ad a er th b d wi l l
o r n on e e

Ma nn , iv . 1 65 1 66
-
.
28 W HA T CA S TE I S .

ti n ne d th ro ug h out th e d y Le t th e twi c e b orn yo uth , a .

“ -

i
a a
i t i s s i d , wh o h s be e n girt wi th t h e s c ri fi c i l c ord , a a
co l l e c t wo od for th e h ol y fi re , be g food o f hi s re la
ti n o s,

sl e e
p on l o w b e d, and
p e rfor suc h o ffi c es a m am a
s
y
p l ea hi se s p re c e pt o r, un til hi s re turn t o th e h o use of hi s
n a
tu a
l r ad a u t i ti h i With dev oti on n s er es e s

d dt
o r e re tudy th a o mmad d t a
s b e Vé d H e is co n e o

i f mh m
.

s ta n y fl
ro h p fu g a l a
n done
g tab l es er es , r s, v e e e

w m aid ul a
, ,

j ui c es , t d oub ta th k i ll i g
en , fc e s s nc e s , e n o

aim n a
t d b i g ung u t f hi l i m
e b bl a
e n k p wd s, en s or s s, c o er

f hi y
or w a
s ei g a n dal u i ng a
e s, n um b ll a
e ua
r n l s s, s re , se n s

a
d e sire s , wr th , c o v e t o usn e ss , d ai nc n
g , si n i
g gn , di c e ,

d i put d t ati ad fa
l h o od r He i s j
e n oi n e d to
’
s es, e r c on , n se

mth
.

l p a
s ee l ad on e , n t o pe rfo r e d uty of a re l i i o us
g
m di at
en c n .

a aa
a
I n th e O rde r, th t of the Gr ih sth o r H ouse
sec on d

a
hol de r, fter t he Br h m a a
n h s c h o se n, or
g o t c h o sen,

for h i s wife ,ag i rl wh ose fo r hma s n o de fe c t , wh o h s a

aa a a m a a
.

n g ree bl e n e , wh o w lk s l ik e oo se , t or u
g ; y o n
g
l phat wh
e e n hai ad t th a md a
, o se t i qua nti ty
r n ee re o er e n

ad wh b dy i di ti gui h d by ft ad wh
,

n o se o s s n s e so n ess , n o,

a f th fi t m aia a a
f th B a
in th e c se
g to l t h o ul d b
e rs rr e e s s e

hm
,

o e a l a § h h ul d li wi th h i th
r n c ss e s o ve er n e

t i t t fi d l i ty g i ing h
s r c es el gat a tt i th ug h v t er e e n re , o no

f mth m t l t d mti
,

ro e a “ ki g t a
os exi up a e o ve , see n o r se

fa mil y m b a ,
i g
e p i a
l l y a n w
r c n i t h u t w h m es
n a ec so , o o ,

Ma u u 108n Th
,
h . am h m .ad a h a e u ot e r st te e n ts e re e re o n t e

thori ty of th e c on t e x t .

1 M a 1 6 7 1 7 8
nn , 11 .
-
.

1 S ir W . Jone s m a
k t hi aph i pt
es s en c o e ro s , o r dj ut a
a nt b i rd . The
S ak i t
ns r , h owev e r , i ha aa
s g ns ,
e c se .

M au i i i
n ,
. 1 2 , 1 7 , et c .
if M a nn , ii i 6 8. .
 O RT HOD OX VIE W o r T HE BRA HM A N
‘

. 29

t ur l a a
d pt or a l a ti o f afa e d,
th a t b
th e s v on o er c nn o e

H ha t a a a
’
e ff t d ec e p t i u e i gy l s i u o r c se nc e s n v r o s

mi ut ad bu d m i t ad m i
.

n e n r e nso t d e r es n c e re o n es , c o nn ec e

wi th tudy sbl a
ti t fi th p o ta ti onsf f d o re e re se n on o oo

i i h h a i m a d b i a i a
i mt f Ba
t o p tS t ug r t
s, gro
p t ul l y t h n e e n s, r c r e
“twi b ceth -
t ta orn hm ai a l gu t
e en e r n en o r n c es s

ad t h ff i g f i ad wa ma f
a t t A t th S h a
n e o t
er n t th o r ce n er o e n es o

n c e s o rs - d dha ti a l f ae t ad r s , o r re v e ren e s s n

i
se rv c e s
p f m d i th f a
er o r t f e
g d e h er or n ce s ors o r or o s, e

hat a i d i i ti g
s o vo h l di g i t nv u wi th pa
n or o n n e rc o rse r

ti la
es b ui g u d ay di a d f m
o r n i ty i m
n er
p t y n se se , e or o en c

mt m
, ,

a
or de fe c t (h el d un de r th e d o c tri n e of the p ye e s c os s i
t o b e th e c o n se que n c e of pat i m )
s cr es de sp i si n g Br h
mai a mpl ym t
,

a
l i n c n st i tute s, or foll o wi ng e o en s un c ong e
ni a
l wi th t he Br h ma a ni c l d o c tri n e s ad n
par c ti c e s. o r

g uil t y o f c ri md; D u i g e r n th e fe ati s n

g, he ha t s o
p re

se rv e hi s mi d i aa
b l ut
n so e co mp o s ure , for th e sh e ddi n g

ak
Th ough th e S ns ri t fo r so n , a
i s p utr , th e re c i roc l wo rd for p a
p i ta (L a
t
r,p a
t afath . er e r,
) th e a
fo l l o wi n g f n c i ful de ri v ti on of i t , foun d a
e d on th i s do c tri ne , i s g i v e n b y M nu, i x a ( 138) S in c e th e so n de
f m m
.

l i v e rs a li ( y )
d é hi fa th t h h l l na ed p ut h wa

a
tr t re ev e s s er ro e e e s

hm hi ml f I
,

al l d p ut a by B a
”
th f
e re ore c e r r se

t M a iii 7 0 t q ‘
nn , .
, e se .

1: A m g t h p a
on ti t h u t b e a i dr d a t h a
es t t d a ts u p o e vo e re e en n s on

im a d a l a k a th
'
l l f fl h th p a ty upp t i h i m l f b
aa
ev e se e rs o es e r s or n se
g es g y
ay u g b th m
,

t a ai d b f th ld
S ha
i
p p t f aS ha
r ffi c, o n ro er rr e e o re e e er or v ce v e rs ,

da th h u b a
n c e r, d f a
e d a th pup i l
s n o d ar , e or re c e or o r

a l l f th m pl at (u d i ai fi ) aaiga
,

se er o e oo n -
t
n f th se a n s cr c es , n v or o e oc e n,

a m ia
n e nc o t a i lm a am
s , a k f b w ad a w
n o n, afa th i er o o s n rro s, er n

t u t d i th
s r c e V éda by h i
n e ata m f l ph at b ul l h s so n , er o e e n s, s, orse s o r

ca ml aat l g ak p f b i d ab d f p ti g d g a
e s, n s ro o e r, ee er o r s, re e er o s or n o s,

sh ph d ak p
e er f b uffa l ee th hu ba
er d f atwi
o mai d oe s , e s n o ce -
rr e

w m
,

o a M an i ii 1 50 1 6 7
n .
— n ,
. .
 36 W HA T CA S TE 1 s .

of at aw ul d d th m b f hi mt
e r o se n tl e e sse s e o re o re s es s

a a d a
a
s
p i irt n g s t f ; f l h d
e r, t g ;
o t t
o es w i t h se oo , o o s c on c

t h f t (p a
e ood ap aha ) t R k h a a a s d a g i t a
rs t i o s s s n on ,

mti m h hat ga
-

t o sc o u d l “ A t th
n a
re s
i
l hi e s e e, e s o re e s

di g f m th Védaf m
.

si l t g u t wit h a
en es s th i a
re n s ro e ro e

w (D ham m m
,

stitut f la es o aS hé t a ) f t i f r -
s r ro s or e s , ro

l p m (I t ihé ag
,

hi t i a a ll y a a
a
s or c oe pp li
s d t th M s e ner e o e

m m
,

ha bh a ta ) f ra t i q u i ti (P a rod a ) a d f n t h es r n s n ro o er

m ia l ff i g ai m
,

sc r iptu t At thre s a l f d
e s e c e re on o er n s n oo

mpa m
,

t b a
o t by th
e e n
y i d l a d t b
e co f a a i l , s ec re o e o o re v

i n t h w k f p p i ti a t h a g ta afat wh i h
th B a
e or ti o bl ro on n ve e es , c c

e hm a f th p
r t da
ns o
y a h y i a d m i t tei n
g 1 re se n re s n

H ha t b m t pa b ut th t im f t h
.

e s ti ul a a
o e os r c r o e es o e

m th ad da
on y f h in l ig i u i “
Ho m u t l i
s re o s se rv c e s . e s ve ,

wi th i ju y no wi th th l a
n rt p i bl i j u y t ai
or e e s o ss e n r o n

ma ma f ga
, ,

t d b i g by pu ui g th
e e n s, i i g ub rs n o se e ns o n n s

si t wh i h a t i tl y p
s e nce c ib d by l a w re t
s r c
p i re sc r e e x ce n

ti m f
,

es o H hat k p h i h a i a il ad e s o ee s r, n s, n

M au n i ii 2 3 0 j
’
Ib i d i i i 23 2
m a a m th wi h ti l a i
, . . . . .

1 a Th e n c es to rs o f ti fi d a
en Wh re s s e ol e on t r ce,

l y bl a
,

ba k l
r e c e nt i l s or v e tc h e s , w te r, a ro o t s , ad n frui t , g i v e n wi th
mi m th
,

p resc ri b e d c e re on e s ; t wo on s, wi th fi sh t h re e m
o n th s , wi t h

v e n i so n ; fo ur wi t h mu t t on ; fi v e , wi th th e e sh o f s uc h b i rd s fl s th e a
t wi c e b o rn
-
ma
y a
t ; e si x m o n th s , wi th t h e e sh of fl
ids ; s e v e n , wi t h k
a
th t o f s p at l p a
o t te d d e e r, ll d é a ; i w
ori t h t hathe
t f th n e o e, c e n n ne o e

ra m t m th a t h y a en t i fi d wi th th fl h
on s re f wi l d b a ad
e s s e e es o o rs n

wi l d b uffal ; l w i t h
oe st h at f a b i t
e ev en h a ad f t t i ; a
o r s or re s , n o o r o se s

wh ol y awi th t h m
e e il k f
r w ad f d m a d e f th a t m il k ; f m
o co s, n oo e o ro

th fl h f t h l
e es g a
o d w h i t g eat thoni at i fa t i
-
e d u
re tw l e o , e rs s c on en re s e ve

y a M au ii i 2 6 7 2 7 1
e rs .
”
n , .
— .

Ma i 2 Th f u th h a
nn , v pt i m ay p t e o p ndr c er n n re s ec s c o rre s o s

pp at m t h a igi a
. .

w i th t h th i d Th y a
e r . e l l y b l g d t tw e r o e o ve or n e on e o o

d i ffe re n t C od e s .
 O RT IIO D O X VIE W or T HE BRA HM A N .
31

ad l i pp d hi pai
be ub d u d ; h i matl , h i t
'

r c e s ss o n s s e s n e W e ;
H m
,

ad hi b dy pu t ga
*
th e sun
'

n s ut o re . e s no z e on

wh e th e r ri si ng or setting (unl e ss i n reli gio us serv i c e s) or

m
,

e c l ip se d or refl e c t e d i n w t er o r dv n c e d t o th e i d dl e a aa
mu t b
, ,

o f t h e sk
y . He s e re se rv e d i n h i s in t erc o urse with
h is wi fe ad n n e i th e r e at wi th h e r, n or se e ati g H h er e n e

mu t
.
,

u a wa H
m t f aSh a
s n e it he r di sh o n o th
r e r n or fi tre , n or er e

mu t
, .

s n ot dwell un de r th e g ov e rn en d aH o r e

mu t m
.

s n e i t h e r d n c e n o r si n
g n or a l
p ya u i al i t uon s c ns r

mt mu t
,

e n s or wi th di c e . He s not use t h e c l o the s o r v es

se l s whi c h h a
b e e n us e d b y n o t h er
ve a t il l th e y a re

al m
,

p uri fi e d a
Th e be sts wi th wh i c h h e t r ut
ve s s be
m
.

so un d , ad wn
; ad h ut b t id a
el l t a
i r n ed n e s n e ve r es r e

mmb f th b i a H mu t t ut hi wn
e er o e ov n e r ce . e s no c s o

n ail ha
i
s or H ha t b b i hi
rs
p h a n d e s o e so er n s s eec

l y f mK ha
.

co nd u t H h a t a p t g i ft
c e s o cc e s on ro s

f m
.

t iyaad Va
r s i h ya; ad
n H ha
s s n n e v er ro

mi a
e s

to o b l ig i u
se rv e re t i g h t (wh awa k ) o s c e re on e s n en e

nd a t mn n ad ni g H hat k p a
,

a or t aoo n , n eve n e s o ee

d i ta f m f ai m
, .

s n ceth d t y
ro al a nd
g ta bl e e s ro e rs o n s ve e e

se e ds n o t d i n fo o d
si mHe
l
p y u ust susp e nd the se . m
a
re d in
g o f th e Vé d s d uri n g th un de r, r i n, e rt h q u ke s a a a a
am a a a m
,

an d o th e r t o sp h e ri c n d te rre n e c h n g e s n d o ve

mt en s He mu t i s nt e r mit th g
e re a
di n of th e V éd fo r a a
ab a a af g
.

d y aad n ni
g h t wh en e s t o f l b our , ro aa
t a e

h i mad hi
, ,

d o g, o k pa
r a a b tw
sn e sse s e een n s u
p p 1 i 1
mmad d t a i f mi i q ui ty
.

He is co b ta n e o s n ro n ,
l e st he

a i 35 37 M nn , v .
-

h a aw i ll b a f t wa d p l a i d
1 T h i i w
“
t t s s no no e c se , s e er r s ex ne .

a k al a d P adi t wh at i f h wa d i
t I on c e d s e e rn e
p d t n ,
n e re n c e e s s o se o

d a w f mth i i j u ti
r ro H sya d i tl y a
n id I h ul d i f
nc on . e v er ro s , s o n er

th at th t a he ad p upil h ul d it y l l y t g th !
e c er n s o s ver c o se o e er
”
 32 W H AT CAs T E 1s .

sh ou d l b e p uni she d for i t eith e r i n hi s o wn perso n o r

in th o se o f h i s de sc e n d n ts His or l duti e s h e h s a ma a
m ia
.

to p refe r to l a t th ugh g a
his t p c e re on c s, o re ex c e

t i ons, e sel wh ti d a m a
d t thi
ere ul H no ce re e o s r e e

m m m
.
,

is n ot
p i t t
erd t t a
k f d f a eil a o e oo ro se rv e n,

e xce
p t raw g a i f a i gl i gh t wh it m
r ay n or s n e n en

be n e c ess r ay f or th e su
pp o rt of hi s l i fe . He h a
s to be

a
l ibe r l in g i v i ng gifts t o th ose dese rvi ng of b e n ev ol e n c e ,
a n d h e i s n o t b e t oo
p roud o f h i s c h rit
y
“
B y f l s e a a
m a
.

h o o d, a
s c ri fi c e be c o i by p r e ,
es v s e ri ti es
n;
g o fo r id aut
n o ug h t ; by th e di sh on our of p ri e st s, li fe i s di in i sh e d m
ad n by th e d i spl y o f c h ri ty , i t s fruit i s de s troye d a a
a a a
.

rd t o fo o d , th e h o use h ol de r,

Ba
In s wel l s o th e r
re
g
hm ra h at h w th g a n s, t t up ul i ty
s Ho s o e re es sc r os e

mu t a id a ti g g a ad m
.

s vo li i l k e uh n r c o n o ns , ee s, n s

mn ad a
,

ro o ll
s g
L
tab l ai
n d i d u g t h ug h t h
ve e es r se n n o e

m m
,

ve
g t a
b le p k we i p u i t d
roc e sses
y ; g u a d no no r re s n

i
re s n s , s upp d t b li k th bl d f ai m o se al ; ad o e e e oo o n s n

cai u bi d a
rn voro nd q ua d up d ad m
s ay thr s f r e s, n n o e rs o

di ff t d
e re n H m i gh t a di ng t
o r e rs law pa e c c or o one r

m p i f li ad
.
, ,

ta k f t h h dg h g p
e o upi e e e o orc n e , so e s ec es o z r s,

ml
,

ha ad a re s , ll q ua d up d
n a p t d w h i h h a r e s, c e s ex c e e , c ve

M au
n ,
iv . 2 04 . S ee a
uth o ri ti e s fo r th e p re ce di n
g st t mt
a e en s

i n the c o nt e x t .

1
“
It i s di ffi c ul t to se e th e re a son o f th e i nterdi c ti on of th e use of
t h ese ve
g e tap i t i t b f u d i th i t g mll
a
bl es , unl ess p e rh s s o e o n n e r s ron s e

imp f t l y k d Th i m f a ti g th m m
,

es p ial l y wh
ec en e r ec c oo e . e cr e o e n e se e

t ha b
o ve ap ul i al y h i u
ee n wi th th Hi du l gi l a
ec t r e no s on e e n e s o rs

am mth fl h f
.

Th twi eb wh h ai t ti a
ce -
l ly a t
o rn uh o s n en on e en s roo e es o

mh g ata m k al k a i
,

ata e -
o or g a li i d g ad e c oc
-
ee or n on on , or r c, s e r

d immdi a m t a aa
, , ,

e t ly At e il a
e b l f unde i g d a
.
”
ti g o ne en s re v e or s ne e n ,

M a
n n, v . 19 20 -
.
 ORT HOD OX VIE W or T HE BRA HM A N 33

b ut one ro w of t e e th
“
A c c ordin
g t o a th no e r, he
migh t u ma
.

se c on si d e r a
bl l a
ti tud e e i n th e use of fl e sh -
t e

mmi t d by h imwh hai g h u

No s i n i s co t e o, v n on o r

ed th d iti ad th m
e a a t fl h m
e at whi h n e n e s, e s es ~
e c

t d t h im
es

h h ab ugh t himl f a
e squi d hadp
o , se c re , or rese n e o

by a thno er .
”
t Y et wi th out the se rel i
g i o us rite s , he
a
,

woul d c on tr c t ag a
t i re s n by e n co ur a
g i n
g t h e ugh t sl e r of

ai mn al whi h i th m s, a i i t
c , n f e n, s s ron l
gy d i a
pp d s rov e o

b y th l g i l a te ad t w g
e s ors n 1 no no e n er a ll y t d t re sor e o

H h at ubm f m m
.

e s it t g ao s t i i o re n c on v e n e n ce s ro c ere o

n ia l d fil m t a e u d by t h b i th ad d a
e en c th f la
se e r n e o re

ad nn ti n f ai u d g a
l wl y Cha a
ti v es n co ec n d b y th o s o v r o s e re e s , e

t u h of th
o c n d l a
e a n d f a ll o p a ti i a o r es n

m ia l im
,

ta
f th B a
s t f e o p u
c e re i ty§ Th d
on ut i p i b d r e es re sc r e

hm ah u h l d i h t a u h am
.

or e r n ut
o se o e r, n s or re s c s s

k p hi m
,

ee bu y th a
ev e r l t ad s u , ev e r on e er n e v er sc r

a a
,

l u d u i u
Va
p u o s t n c o s

a a m
.

na H W
Ba
Th pe t h t h i t f t h r s il d n th e er o e e r ess, e

hm m am lm
,

a n i n th thi d A h a u t b aa t d a
'

r e r s r ,
s e v s e ore

se l fd i d a nd
en e t i t d th a n th H u h l d re s r c e At e o se o er

m m
.

th a pp
e a h f l d a
ro c
g h u t a b aon d hi f
oa il y a d e e s on s n

M au n , v . 18 au 3 2
.
1
“
M n , v . .

j: Th g e t i a
f
e ne r M
l dan u t h i u b j
oc r ne ot m a y b u d t d on s s ec e n ers oo

f mth f l l wi g paa
ro e o
g o F l h nm at a t
ss b p c ues d w i th es -
e c nn o e ro re

out i j u y t n ai mra l ad th sl a
o ugh t
n f ai m al
s, b t u t th
n e er o n s o s r c s e

pa th t b a ti tud ; f m
o e fl h ma t th e f l t m
ro aa b ta i es H wh -
e e re ore e n s n e o

im
.

t t th d a
c on se n s th f aa
o e al h wh k i l l i t h wh d i
e o n t it
n ,
e o s , e o sse c s ,

h wh b uy i t h wh
e o l l i t h wh d
s e i t h wh
o se s it e o re sse s e o se rv e s

up ad h wh m
, , ,

ak i t h i f d ; th a igh t p i n i pa
,

, n e o es l i th s oo es e re e r c s n e

la M au
”
s ugh t er . 48 5 1 n , V .
-

Ma nu 85 t q v F th p i al l a w
e n th se m att ore e s ec s o ese ers , s e

m
,
.
, .

th e M a yu kh a un d S h a u h aa n d A sh a u c h a
er
(p u i ty a nd i pcu i t y ) r r .

5
34 W HAT CA S TE I s .

wo rl dl y ff irs aa He mu t t l y fs no on e e d on h e rbs , fruits, ‘

th m mu t w aa
.

ad tn ro o s , but use i aifi

e n s cr ce He s e r

ak at
.

bl ak at n el o a tu re o f t he b of
’
c
p e s hi de , or ves r re e

and ufl hi s hai b a nd n a
d a il t o g ro w t i uall y
'

s er r, e r s c on n

mu t b
.

Vé da
,

He s e co n ta
n tl y s a
g g d i en e n re a
di n g th e

mu t b
,

and i th
a
e r re l i i o us e x e rc i se s Hi s d ev oti o n
n o s e
g
m li d bakwad ad
.

vai d by
r e ust e ri ti es Le t hi s e c r s n

h im ad awh l da
.

f wa
or d r s on th e g round ; o r l e t y st n o e

on t i to e
p or l e t hi c onti nue n m i mti i i g ad i t
o on r s n n s

t i ng alt a
t l y ; b ut a
ern t u i at e ad a t u t s n r se , n o on , n s ns e

t h i mg t t h wa
,

le t ad ba
tho o I th h t a e e rs n e n e o se son

l t hi mit m
.

e
p d t fi s fi ; iex t h ai
o se l t hi o ve re s n e r ns e

s ta d un d wh th l ud p u the h ai t
n c o v e re e re e c o s o r e v es

s h wo i
e rs th c l d a (wh th a n e p at i o se son en e ev or on

c au d by t h d y a
se i i i ) l t him
e w a hum
r id r s e x c e ss v e e e r

v estu ; ad l t h i m
re a by d g
n e th a u t i ty e n c re se e rees e s er

o f hi d ti n
s A b ad i g th u
ev o o f a l l ma n on n e se o e ns

h m
.

o f g atifi a ti
r utf t h pu p
c on , f ui ti g h i
e s or e r o se o n n s

so ul wi th th Di i S pi i t a
g g ei m di t a
t i
v ne a d r , en e n e o n, n

s tudy th a d Up ai sha d
e s c re
p h i l p h i a l p a t h i n s, or o so c n e s

ti t a
c ti re S huffl i g ff h i b dy if h i a
se s t ta k d n o s o e s c e

ma h i g i t u
.
,

by di a by ay f th
se se n o e se e ns , — e s v en o n

d e tad
rs —h will in t ,
a l tati e i t h di i r se o ex on n e v ne es

a
se n c e T
ma
.

Th e S a
n y n si , o r A n c h o ri t e , i n the fourth A shr
'

a
at im m
,

h s
p o up on th e c ourse n ow e nt i o n e d ,
rov e c s
p ra t i
i ng c on te pl ti o n h o we v e r, ma ore t h n uste ri ti e s m aa
m a m
, .

D el i g h te d wi th e d it t i n g o n th e S upre e S pi ri t , b e i n g
fi x e d i n suc h e dit ti o n m a
wi th o ut ne e d i ng ny th i n g a
ay m
,

a
e rthl
y w i
, t h o ut on e se n s u a
ld e si re , W i th o ut n
p a
u co

M au n ,
v i . 22 23 -
.
T M a
nu , vi . 32, e tc .
 W HA T C A S T E IS

t he tt m
a pt
e in a
l te c e nt uri es esp e c i a
lly of mul itud t es

ma m wad
, ,

rec l uded fro ll p i r estl y se rvi ce s, t o bec o e n er

p
a
.

i t a
a a a
a
ing dde votee s o f v rious orde rs n d g r d es
n s n

ma
s .

a
.

There i s very g re t de fe ren c e shown to th e Br h n,

e ven i n th e Vi e w o f the f c t th t h e i s now l eft wi t h a a

out al ga l mdy fo f i g i hi w b ha
e re e lf
r en orc n n s o n e

th e u ju t la
n w whi h h ham
s ads t d wi th h i
c e s e c onn e c e s

o w l if h
n e, ad upp t I a
onor, dd a th
n b s a or no er o se rv

mak I ha at g i mp i my
.

a
ti on t thi o s re r ve s ron ress o n on

m m a
.

i d tha
n t a g a t d a
l f t h B reh a i l l gei l a
t i o e r n c e s on

waf m s, roth fi t i t d d e ly f rs ff t ad th a n en t it e on or e ec n

ai d i t
,

wa afa
,

d ig d t b
s ne v e r es ne uti o e c rr e n o e xe c on s r

ath p i tl y p ati i t l f wa
s e r es r c d A i t l
ce se s c on c ern e n n e

l ig t a i n th Ca l utta
.

en ti n w it ve r R i w j u tl y a
er
y e c ev e s s s,
“T
h wh a ga
ose t t th ml
o rro
g a t h e m u
o t e se v es re on ors, s

a t l a t p f
e s t b g uid d by a
ro ess m l a
o et d ta nd e ore e ev e s

ad f duty thath i ighb u A m

r o n a n wh
e r
p i dne o rs o r es

hi ml f th g a i gi m dm
.

se on t f hi e re ut a i t t ha
ness o t s or n s

th hi m m
,

it b h e ov e t b r h ig h p i i p
o ol f o a l i
se v e er r nc es o r

hath wh mh a ff t up i ity Th
Ba
n ose ov er o e ec s s e r or e

hm a ha ao di gl y l a
.

r ns id d w
ve cc ul r f n o n se vere r es or

th g nm t f th i d Wh th th a uth f
th S ha
e ov er en o e r or e r e er e ors o

t ai t d d tha
.

e s r s t th i an enut ul e h ul d b e r s ere r es s o

th y m l y p po
, e

f l l w d ut i p a
o o e oti wh th n r c ce , or e er e ere ro s

ed af p i tl y dig ity wi th ut i t d
to ex hi bit the i r i de o r es n o n en

a t a m
Ba
i g t
n li it i t i
o re yze t d t i O t h i g s no e s o e er ne. ne n

hm
,

ta
i tha t ath aak wl dg d
,

h w o i ev er, s cer n, s e r n c no e e

athl y up i h ha
no e r d l i ttl a
s
pp h i
er or, f hi d e e re e n s on o s e

l in quen c ie s b e in g se verel y v i si te d He c o ul d no t be
ll d t a u t f d pa ti g f m hi m ai mb a
.

c a e o cc o n or u e r n ro s x s, ec se

n o o ne wa s at l i b ty t j ud g hi m A au
er t u l f o e n s ere r e o

a a
.

l if ul d th
e co f p g
ere oret st r i n t n h i i n rove no re er re o s
 O RTHO DO X VIE W or T HE KS HA T RIYA . 37

a a h
c l i n ti on s ,h i m l f [ th th n
p i tl y e se or e r es co mm
u i y n t

f whi h h waa mm t a
F mth B a
c b ] h e ll w s e er c ose o o

hm
o .

2 a w p a t th
ro e r n, e ss o e K sha
triya
a awil l b a ft wa
.
,

th W ai
e th rr or, or r d e r, s e er r s ex
p l i nead ,

t he Rul er or Pri nc e .

A cc ording to th e orth odox v ie w of C ste , the Ksh a a

a m am am a
a
tri y i s deri ve d fro the r s of the g od Br h n in
‘

the s am aa
e w y s th e Br h n i s d e riv ed fro ma
h is h e d m a
aa a a
.

T hi s ex pl n tion of the o ri g in o f the Ksh triy , ho w

e ver, i s n ot c on si stentl y a
dh ere d t o , even i n the L w a
B k wh i h a th g a
oo s, c ret upp t f th Ca
e re st y t mor o e s e s s e

th ha a
.

I thn e se v en p t f t h
c C d er o f M w hi e h i o e o nn , c s

ev i d tl y i t d d f
en n en th u e f thor ul i g a e uth i ti
se o e r n or es,

th e c er a t i a d
ong l y n f t h p i
or i oth u t f
e t h r nc e s s se or

Si th
nc e w l d d ti t ut
e or f aki g qua
es k d e o a ll n e on

s id th
e s, L d e a
or t d ak i g f c re e th ma i t a n or e n e n n ce

o f th i y t m
s s s e b t h l i g uo a d re i i l f m
io i s h i m n c v or n

w f m [th
g
ti l t d a
, ,

a l pa a
A i l a (va
o f t e e rn r c es r
g d n
] I d ro e o s n r

a m a a a a
,

n y )
u Y , A k S
( y )u , A g i
r V u a r , n r n

Chad aad Vi tté ha(Ku a a

,

a ki g wa
,

n r n s) d i v er n s nc e n

m
s

m a a
,

co p d ose f p t i
o l d w r f
c es th r h i f n
g ua ro ese c e r

d i a n d ei t i h es, q u
e t l y u
c onse pa a l
enl b i g i
s r sses e n s n

g l or
y L i k th u e h eb u s n,
y a n
e d h a t rns
; e es e r s nor

aay hum a a ath ga him H i

.

c n n tu n c re res on e r z e on s

d m ; h th g d f t i
e

fi ad a i ; h b th un a
.

re n r e, o s n oo n e e o re r

m
o

b uti j u ti (Ya
ve s ace) h t h g d f w a l th
e ( K u e é a );
o o e v r

h the e re
g t f w aent o( V a a ) ; herst h l d f
rnn t h fi m e e or o e r

a m t A ki g
en . n th ugh a hil d m
, even ut o t b c , s no e

a aR
C l c utt e vi ew, 18 5 1 , p . 53 .
1
'
a
b S ee pag 1 7 ove, e .

1 M dtrd i n th e sin
gul ar, c orre s p ondi n
g ( ty
e ml gi a
l l y )
o ow i th th c

ti n m m
e

La atc aa
nd ou
'

rz r o wn a tter .
38 WH A T C A S T E Is .

a
t re te d l i gh tl y, fro am m ta ma id a hah n l; e t t e is e re or

no, h i ap w f ul d i i i ty wh
e s a pp ao i er h u m a v n o e rs n n

atu a l d uti f th K ha t i ya a
”
Th
a
e n r es o e s r c

d i g t th Bha a a a m
,

c or n g d o G i t h
e i p l d v u -
, re ero s , s en o r,

p t i a
er n c i ty p l i y t fl i g i b at
o tl l icb a l i t
no
y a d ee n n e, er n

a
, , ,

ad gl y
Th B a
”
fit t g
ness o t O th i w f hi
o ve rn ti er V e so s c re on n or

hm
.

wil l a ft wa d fa ll t b a
er l l ud d tr s a whil
o e e o e r ns, e

mi
.

setti g f th th i
n w p or ad up i i ty
e r o n re e -
n en c e n s er o r

k w h wt fl a a a
,

ne tto th p w f ul od w l th y er f t h i e o er n e o e r

o w a i ai d wa
n r c e, y t
n y i
v re t t w i t h t h s no ve r c ons s e n e

a
e n erl d ma t i a u m t wh i h w c m t
n no nc e en s c ere

mwhi h
g g o os c on

sisten t with the rel i gi ous s

y ste c they sou h t t
g o

uph ol d
a aa aa
The Ksh tri y , c c ord i n g to wh t h s now b ee n s i d , a ’

a a
i s se t forth i n th e L w Books s the essen c e o f j y
es t ma
ad p w ; a
n nd ath g a
o er t di p fj u ti a
s t i e re s enser o s c e, en

f pu i h m
p r

la l y i th m
r antt e nt f whi h h i t h p er o n s e o c e s e er

lm m
,

son a aif ta ti (p u n h d aes a

rd ) a d w h i hon t h u g h s o t n c o

d d b th b y g d ad m i t b l n i tl y a
, ,

t Bra
n ee e o o
pp l i s d n e n, s o e e en e

o hm a n 1 H i t b th p t t s . f th ai u
e s o e e ro e c o r o e v r o s

Ca at t n di g t t h i
'

t s es p e ri b d d u t in § I d oi e r resc e es n s

a a
.

ha h
n d Ba
c i
g g r h i fu
n ti h t b id
s b y t h d
nc i i ons, f e s o e e ec s on o

l a
e r e hm afil H m ru t ul ti a t h um il i ty a
ns nd b e s c v e e

wa n d b y th
r e a mpl f ki g wh i th l ak f it e ex es o n s o, n e c o

l d th ml
,

ha i
a
ve nv o ve i uin H i j in d t e k
se v e s n r e s en o e o se e

a d ad ul ak wl dg f mth B hm
.

s c re n se c a ad
r no e e ro e r n s, n

au 3 8
M n S m f th V I I -
o e o e g od s h ere m ti en one d are c on te m
p t diff t f mth
. .
,

pl at d i a e n s ec s ere n ro ose i n wh ic h th e y ae r e xh i bi te d in
t h V éd a
e s .

1 B h
'
a
g aad G i ta iii 4 3 v -
,
x v . .
1 M au n , V II . 17 3 2 -
.

Ma u 35 n ,
V II . .
1I Ib i d . V II . 37 .
 O RT H D X VIE O O W o r T HE K S HA TRI A Y . 39

to a id ai u
vo v r o s k in d s of mm a
i l iti ad or es n se n su a
l it i es

mm d d i ght m m
.

He is re c o en e to c h o ose e i i n ste rs, so e of

who ma t be a b k ad th i
v e rsed i n the s c re d

a
re o oo s, n o e rs, n

th a f wa Th a mbaa a
a
e t r o dr ( d t ) e l t d b y ss or se e c e

hi m h ul d b
.

ki l l d i a l l th S h t a H
live i aa
s

n
pi ta l
o

u
a
c u
a
d d b y
e

a d
s

s t
rro a
e

d n eth
n

a
h ul d
w y
e

e se r
s r s

,
.

n o
e s

er
o

a s

di ffi ul t f ac pp h o d w l l d f ro c d d by ,
f t ni fi ti e -
e en e or c on s ,

hi w pa
s o l a b i g i n it
n ce t Hi wi f h ul d b f
e n s c e n re . s e s o e o

hi s o w l a ( aa n c a ) a d
ss f g v d d r t a d a gn a
ob l oo esc e n n re e e

m m
,

H a a
ai fi ad i gi ft t B a
p erso n u t pp i t e d ti s
p i t o n o es c r es

hm
.

ad b l ib a a
fl i g i th muth f aB a
n e l i er n s cr c es n n s o r ns

hm
.

“A n o
'

er n n ea h i t l d;o o r n, e s o

i fab tt
s r tha n ff i g t h l y fi
e er ;o i t er n d s
p ; o o re s n e ve r ro s

it n e v erd ; i t i ri es u m d ? s I b a t tl h
n e ve r c o n s e
”
n e e

mu t b b a l ut ad g u H mu t ub
s e r v e , reso e, n e n e ro s e s s or

lm
.

di a nt t e a th th ai u d i t i t i hi a
o on e no er e v r o s s rc s n s re

H m f mh i
.

ut a i ta
s se ubj t a d i g t
x es ro s s ec s n
e r
g c or o

ma ; but th ugh dyi g with wat h

a
th i e r e ns o ev e n n n e

mu t t i a a m m
, ,

s no n
y t f
re c e v e a B h a l a x d i
ro r n e rne n

V é d a wh il a a m tim h mu t uff
uh Ba
th e t th
s, e e s e e e s s er

no s chm a t d i f hu g 1 Th a f
r n o e o n e r. e se so n o

t h y a m t fa u a
e e r bl f os w a th vo ad r e
p h or e er n c ro s, e

mu t h f hi wal i k a
s c o o se mpa or ig sHi t r
p he c ns s roo s e

hat m ah i ai d l i
.

s o rc ad a d i g t ai d
n v re ne s , n c c or n o v r e

figu wi th
res , id a bl kil l f m
c on s i g wher th ug h t
e s or n en o

a m
, ,

ex
p d ie t a a
en a,
g u a d a
v n, d a a i bre rd y a d ral ,
n n o ,
n so

wi g ad a t
n s n Hi di a
c e n re
y l di — w h i t
s or w u l d n r so e rs , o o

m
.

a pp a e i r,
g h t h a b f a i d t i
veb a d a
ee n o t v r e r es n c s es ;

h wa t d i p
e s f i ba
o ttl a d i g t
s ose o th i n a p a i e c c or n o e r c c

ti es .
“
M b i Ku uk h t ai M a
en orn t yai
n Pa
r u s e r , n s ,
n

Li t ra
l ly af re m
a 1 M a nn , v i i a
e n , o . . 84 .
1 M nn , v n . 133 .
40 W H AT CA S TE I s .

ch a
aa l nd i n S hri r sé n a ah e is re q uired to en a
g g e in
m wh a ta
,

a ad ll a
,

a
th e v n, n o th er d l i gh ten H o re n e

ma
.

h at
s o res
p th
ec t d i ti ad B h e ef q u
es d n r ns o c on e re

c oun tri es, ad t a

n
pp i t o th m a p i o nf hi w o ve r e r nc e o s o n

a ( aha
r ce ) Tv h ins i g h b u wh u o
pp t h
s nei au o rs o s or s c se ,

a
.

h h at p a
e tis ki d
o r c ; d fse lf p n a ti
ness h n or se rese rv on , e

t wi th hi d m
-

h at b s d y t pa
a o e re i i o ad n wi th
r s o n ons n e ve

mil y wh q ui d A ga
h i fa
s en rein t m i f tu l t h ii
re s s or ne e n

m
.

h i
re se rve w a l th ; a t ths p e f h i w al t h l t h i e ex ense o s e e
p
a m
,

p h
rese rvei w i f ; b ut ast l l t el t h i p e v en s e rese rve

h i ml f se a t th h a
,
ad f hi wif ad
e ve n e z Hi
r o s e n s

auM n1 93 , V II . .

1 M au 2 13 Th p i n i pl h i v l o ved is a a
ppl ill ed

Ba
n , V II.
e r c e e re n to
hm
.

cl a sse s of th e Hi ndus aw l l a t K h a
s e t iya s o s r s. Th e as h a
r n ve

e m
b di d i t i
o e n th e foll o wi g S ak i t p
n b
ns r rov e r

ai
aa
enn ui s i ( ts t f f 7 t
r s s 5 5 i ?
ge r s i
s st =r si
f t 33 : g a :

P re serv e y our wi fe , p rese rv e

y ou pel f
ay But g i v e th e mb o th to s ve o urse l f :

Th th w al th a th wi f
’
e re s o er e , no er e

But wh i th a th l i f ? e re s e re no er e
”

By al igh t h ag (b y a
s Padit f mth W
c n e n ro e e st ,
) th i s wi se s -
a
yi n
g
ab d i fa u f th p

a
c n e re v erse wi f n vo r o e oor e

aa a
a
f ris f( i
m
s eri s s hr= =r t
a
,

t er r {11 733 s
’

g rsr g ff =

“ P re se rv e y our ma p n, re se rv e y our p el f

a y u l f;
But gi v e t h e mb oth to s ve o rse

Th th l th ad th
w a
’
e re s o m; er e ,
n o er en

But wh h a ll th i l i f a
ga i
o s ? se e s e n
”

Fo r ah t m
s or m t th
co i len apa
on p e se v ers c e s , se e er b y th e l te a
R Nes. b i t i thn O i tal Ch i tia S p ta
e r en t S pt r s n ec or, e . 1 8 42 .
 O RT HO D O X VIEW or T HE KS HA T RI A Y . 4!

re l i
g i o us nd do a a a m
est ic d utie s h e h s to t tend t o i n the ir

own rel t ion s a a a aa

A fter bl ution h e h s to e t t noon ,
a
.

a a a
t kin g fo o d pre p red by f i th ful se rv nts ski l l ed i n the
m a
d ifle ren c es o f ti es (l uc ky nd unl uc ky) , nd h l l owe d
'

a a
by t t pu l i
e x s re f p i H m a t
s ve o
y h n d i t h i
o sonm l f e e ver se

wi th h i w mn i t h i m
.

s o ap ae t n t n t a ki e
g d u nne r r e s, n e

ahw
c re, l t h
o h ul d b b t a
e ve r, es
y d b y teh m
s A
o t e e r e e

u t a hai g p f md hi
.

s nse ft er l igi u d uty h

v n e r or e s re o s e

ad m ti m t
, ,

sh ul d d a
o l wi th pi e i a i in s es n “ e ss r e s re re en I

Wh u a al l y t i p t hi a ffa h m
.

bl p a
f th mt aB a
en n e erson i y o ns e c s rs, e

mmi t th up i t d hm at
F mth B a
co e s e r n en e nc e o e o r n

hm a but f ma d a h ha
.

ro e r S hu n, ne ve r ro r e s

k th int p ta
,

to see ti e f la w O f th a
e r re t ki g on o . n

whil aS h d ad id a
,

k
’
wh tupi dl y l
o s oo s on u e rI r ec es c ses,

th ki gd mh a
e n ll i k l ik a w i d p m
o s s n i 1 T h e co n ee re .
”
e

ki g i th g ua
n s d ia f a e l l p p ty i n l udi ng th a
r n o t f ro er c o

mi ad th wn f th ha
,

lf f t a
l f b l gi g t B a
nors, n e o u t er o
( t h e o re s re rov e

hm
-
e

oth ha a) a
a
er e on
pn t t h t f
o u d
r b y ns ex ce o n

a l a n d
e r e B h m a wh m r ay t a
k i t w i t hn,
o ut a y d
o d u e n e c

ti n a
o h i th l d f as e ll s H a l e or i th w a
o l th e so re ce ves e e

n th fa
.
,

f a la il u f h i a
Ba
o l l th o er c sses o
p t th et f re o e rs, ex c e o

ma r h ns , wh i c h mu t s g o t o the ir own co mmu ity n

ay a b i g h a
wi th out i n t d § H i th u h l d
n
p c se , e n esc e e e s e o er

w ad u t m f th
.
,

o f th C at la e s e ai u l a f th
s, n c s o s o e v ro s c sse s o e

mmu ityfii i faap ati d by g d m ad i

tu u B a
co n n so r s r c se oo en n V r

c hm a ad t i
s r l ua
i t t wi th l a ns,
g n no n co n s s e n oc s es

a f j u tic th ki g hi ml f i
.

I th d i p
n ti e s en s t t on o s e, e n se s no o

b m
e ad a wi t ; ade h h aal t m a
k a m
ness
pt i n e s so o e n ex e on ,

M a d fi m
a 1 M a nn , v ii i 9 1 M ann , vi i i 21
'
nn , VII . ne . . . . .

M enu, i v . 18 9 .
1 M e nu, vii i . 37 38 -
.
42 W HA T C A S T E Is .

ge ner a
lly in the m
at f gi i gter o v n t es ti myt on o c e rt a
i n

m f wh ma h um
,

cl a f p pl
sse s o eo e , so th ug h t t
e o bl
o re o oo e,

and om t s
g a
e t t oo a pp a rea o H h
e r a t s e s o

d th a dm f a d a mp t t
,

or e r i i t a
e ti th
n s r on o l t o s, or or e s, o co e en

wi t wi th
n esses , id a bl l mi ty f mth I d ia
c on s er e so e n ro e n n

a a m a a
i ty f B a
p i
o nt f i w ;o w i t h
V e d u g d t t h p e re ti d i gr o e co r ve

n hm
o a K ha r t i ya V a
n s, i h yaad S h fi d a
s r s, ; s s, n r s

ad with th
n g i ti
e f i
re c o j u y n a i d ont a u o b tnh r s o ccr e o

t a t
o ad p t ity f mth p a
nc es o rs n os er ki g f fa lro e s e n o se

h d oo
p t
, w h
ex ce a p i u m t
eni i t o wsh toh i ve n e rve ne s, en s

i i f u d t t b t a t d by p j u yn Th L
s n s o n no o e c on r c e e ve n er r e

l gi l a
e tis by whi h h i t b g uid d i th
on c e s ma
o tt e t e n e se e rs , o

mJ i ay t m f d p
,

u th w d
se e f S i Wil l ia
or s o r
“
ones , s s s e o es o

ti ms ad p i t a n ft b th i d d l i m
r es c r it d by l a
o w b ut a
n ee t e r

m
.
,

a
,

ful l y pi i c on s
g t g i rn u t u l o u pp t
ve t h u g h w i t h s or o

mutua i t i mta
,

l h k ; i t i fi l l d wi th t ag
c ec s s e s r n e c on c e s n e

h
p y i a d
s cs at u a l
n
p h i l n h
p y r w i t h i d l u
os o
p ti ti n e s e rs o s,

ad with a h m f th l gy m t b u l y fi gu a
,

n sc e e o eo o ti ; os o sc re r ve

ad qu ntl y l ia b l t dag u m
'

n c on se e i
e o
p ti ; i tn e ro s sc on c e on

a b u d wi th m
o n i ut a
s d hil d i h f m
n e a l iti
n wi th
c s or e s, c e re

mi g a on es lly a b uda
en e r d ft id i ul ou ; th pu i h
s r n o en r c s e n s

m t a patia
en s l ad fa i ful f r m i m d a
re r n nc d ful l y o so e cr es re

cr ul f e th or o
p h i b l
ers re
y l i g h t re a d
en s t h y m s n e ver o

a
,

r l th ugh i g id
s, o ugh r th wh le no ai on e o e, re , n o ne or

m g th l at
a a p i fi d i M a ( ii i 6 5) th l a
V é da B a
A on e t er cl ss re S ec e n nn , v e e rn

hm
.

ed i t h th
n e a wa
re e i ti g s,th a d fi ad l i
r ns n on e s c re re , n re

i u a a a qu
t t h Bh a
d t w h h b d d th w l d It i i
ty a
g o s ev o ee s o ve n on e e or s n c o n se enc e

m
.

of th p i i p l h
e i
r nc ol d th a e e re ad th a
nv ti
ve e n o er n ve er

ch at n sf B m ba y a la
o im oi g th i gh t f th i
re h i gh p i t
c n e r o e r -
r es s

(M ahd i
j a grc at k i g ) l
s, ort d l i re att d a t
n sh u t f l a
w o ec ne en nc e on e co r s o .

1 M a nn , v i i i . 66 112
-
. S ee a
l a
b so ov e , p . 21 .
44 W HA T CA S TE rs .

c au th y i w th i d a
se e th b y th publ i
V e t f th
e r e e c se n e n c e o e

la w aaa t s mtf a n l l t h i t ag
o ne i en or e r r ns ress ons .

It i th d uty f th p i
s e l y K ha t i ya t k p th
o e r nc e s r o ee e

Ca t b l wh i ml f l
s es e o t th w k p set i l yp c o se o e or s res e c ve re s

cr ib d f th m H h ul d
e or d th Va
e i hya t p a e s o o r er e s o r c

m y l di g a a
.

ti se t a
d r e, or ag i u l t u o ne d t -
en n or rc re n

ad th Slu d at at i th
,

t da
en a ttl
n c e on c e i n e
’
r r o c n e serv c e

of th e t wi c e
born It is inc u b en t upon h i t o re g u m m
a am
-

a a a
.

l te l l rket ri c es, wi th d ue re g rd to th e i n terests

p
y a
of th e b u e r n d sel l er
*
T hi s ri nc i l e o f C ste l w i s
p p a a
mad ma
.

the fou da
ti n on of th e d e n o fte n d e on g ov ern

mt en to i t f i
n e r e rema tt n ers of s a
l ad t ae n r de The
mS mith w
.

d oc trin es of A da e re n ot in v og ue wh en th e
aa
l ws ttrib ute d t o M a au wn e re re duc ed t o C ode
ma
.

It i a
l th duty f th
s so e a a a o l e K sh triy t o i d the e

p ti
or ft h on oom m u i t y i
e c m a i t a
i i g i t l dn h i p n n n n s or s ov e r

th f me a
l p ti n Thi i a
e e or ma tt
o fm uh qu s s er o c c onse en c e

i ti m
.

wi th th H i du ; ad it i
e n s at ly n t d wi th s so n e c onn ec e

Ca t th a
s et it m ay b p p w a d t d t
e t i t a
ro er on r s o e vo e o

se
p a at t
r i n f t h
e s ec i w k o o s or

i th m ati m w p
.

3 L aing th K ha e v t iya e s r n e e n e, e ro

i hyawh i s t h Ca
.
,

dt
ce e ti o th Va no ce e ttl k p s o e e -
ee er,

ha
,

th A g i ul tu i t a
e r cnd th M rs nt e erc

ann a
.

a a
,

In a p a g i n t h C
ss d f Me l dy f e d o e o re re e rre

f a
,

to i t i ai d tha t
s s t k p h d ttl t b t w o ee er s o c e, o es o

Ia a a
,

g t
r esses , ifi t o s crd th i pt u t
ce , a y o ren e sc r re , o c rr o

t ad t l nd a
r e, t i nt
o e t a d t ul ti a te l a n d a th e
ere s . n o c v re

M a nn , v ii i . Di fi c ulfi es I n re
g rd a mat a ft
to th i s t er re o en

fel t b y our own ofi c i l s, p rti c u1 rl y i n the aa a ma tt fg a

i F hi t
ma
er o r n or n s
'

a l Sl ma Ra m
.

s to th e re ov l of t hese difi c ul ti e s , see C l bl

’
o one ee n s es

ad
n
‘

Recol l edt iuns f v ol i . . ch a

p 24 . .
 O
O RT HO D X VIEW or T HE V A I S HYA 45

f aVa i kya a a f th
a
duti e s o s t u l d u t i The n r es o e

Va a a a
.

i hya a
s
y t h B h
s a g a d
s G i t e g i l t uv
-
re r on re ,

m
, ,

k ping
ee f a ttl oa n d th c p a t i e, f h a d i e t r c ce o - -
e rc n se o
”

R p ti g th
es ec duti
n in d d wi th ut ay hi t ato
ese e s, ee o n n s s

mpaa im m a
,

th i e r co ti p ta r n t h ve i f a t ior f t h l
ce , t e n or on o e

er Sa k i t b k i th ug h ut l f n i t t
ns r oo s s ro o se -
co s s en .

I th La
n wB k e th g a l oo di a
s, a fl t i ng
e en er or n nc e s
'

ec

th e V a i hya a u h a th f l l wi g A ft p f m
s re s c s e o o n er e r or

m t di g with tha
.

i n g th ini ti a t y aa
e or s cr t f th e n s , en n o e

ai fi i a
s cr l th a cd ad m ayi g awi f f hi w l a
re , n rr n e o s o n c ss,

h h ul d b a
e s o tt ti t hi p p
e en bu i ve o p i as l l y ro er s n e ss , es ec

th a t f a ttl k pi g whi h h i by
o c e -
ee n ma t c e s no e ns o ov er

l k ath L d f m h a m mitt d a
,

oo s e or o ttl t hi
en s co e c e o s

mwa
-

m m m
,

t u t i th a a a i a
f th B a
r s n
y e s h h e t t d n t
s et h t s co e e o

o hme aad th K h a
r t i yaH m
n n ut e s a y r e s n ev e r s

m
.
,

I k p ha ee g f c a tt l r e o u t
no c th u p e n or s o e rs s er

se d h ime in thi ha g w h il h i
s c w i l lri g t e u d t a k e e s n o n er e

it W i th t h p i f m atil e r c es o mmditi h ha erc n e co o es e s

m
.

t b a
o qua
e i t d c
p i a l l n e
y f g es
p a lec a l i o e s, e r s , c or ron ,

l oth p fum ad l i qui d

, ,

c , er es H hat b n ki ll d i n s . e s o e s e

so wi ng d i th
see qua li ti
s, f l ad i n w ig hts
n e es o n e

ad mau i th
,

n e s ll
re s, ad d f t f ati l s f
n e ex c e enc e n e ec s o r c e o

t ar ffi i n th a c, d ata g a e d d i a d v n a t a g es f d i ff n n t s v n es o e re

di t i t i th p b a
s r c s, bl g a
n i ad l
e ro
g de i t hn n o ss on oo s, n e

b di g f a
re e ttl
n i th wa
o c
g f
e, n a t i e t h a es o s e rv n s, n e v

i u l agua
r o s
g nf m 1 i t hes ob t p l a f
en , k n
p g i e es ces or ee n

Se e a
b ov e , p 1 7 , wh e re th e words “to c ul ti v a
t lad
e a n s re , by a
n
m
.

e rror, o i t d t e

d G i ta iii
.

1 Bhaaa
g v -
, x v . 43

1 Thi i ti mat a
sdi n es v ers it y of l agua
gni e n A nc i ent Indi aad n pe r

a
,

h p i s n th e b orde ri ng c ount ri e s h ol di n g i n terc ourse wi th i t .

 46 W HA T C A S TE IS .

g a
o od s ,d i na
l l m asu n f ff t i g pu h a an d a
l
e re s or e ec n rc se s e

ug mnta ti n f hi w a mmad hi
.

Th a e l th h ul d
e o o s e s o co n s

v i gil at a a ndn l i itud wh il h i a

c re t t ti t th e
so c e, e e s en ve o

n u i hm t t a a “
g i i v n
g f o ll toi n tr s t u ! C n en o se n e c re res
E
o

sid a bl i t l l ig n
er ad i g nuity mt ha b n
e n e e ce n n e se e o ve ee

qui it f th V a i hyadut i L t th i b m ak d a ’
re s e or e s s s es e s e r e

a ta
.

n i di a ti n f th
n c t f o i ty wh n th Hi du
o e s e o so c e e e n

a
L w Bo ok s we re co m
p ose d .

4 . We c on c l u e d thi s sk e t c h by re fe rri n
g t o th e l e
g l a
p o si t i on o f the S hrid r a
m
.

a f thi p iti a
a
In i ll ustr ti on po i l l y w h s os on , es ec en c o

p a d
re wi th t h a
t f h i g a t m a t th
o B h m
s a re m s e r, e r n, so e

no ti ha a
c es l a dy b ve
g i b
re
y u T h een
p i i p a l ve n s e r nc

d uty ai g d t th S ht d ai tha
.

Ba
ss ne o t fs e i g th r r s o erv n e

hma th K h a t iyaa d th Va i hya p i a

Ba
r n, e s r l ly n e s es ec

hm
,

a f wh a
,

th e r d ata
n, or
g p i i a l l
o se
p y h h a v n e, r nc e s

a
,

b e en t d c reTh ug h ut th e La w B k hro oi e oo s, e s

d mti l a t wh m i tud i
.

i w d aa atu a
'

v e e s o es c s v e, l o o s e rv e s n r

ad f whi h h a t b di t d ad wh p
n o c e c nn o e v es e n o se ro

m m
,

a a a
.

p er ty i t t
e ve nh di p sl f h i te ff F
s osh i o s s er ro s

da il y a
g g en m n t i t h f
ea m il ye f his un p i i t
e i s o s s er o rs ,

o b i u tha
v o t s mo ia l abl uti n wa n t
c ere n qui d t o s o re re o

b th
e u
e c o nse
q f i m
p l n t
en c ea t w i t h o h ims H i e co c s

m
.

l i gi u d g a da a
th B a
re o ti
s h w
e r i p l
on , t d oi g e v e r, s co e e c c or n

t H i du l g i l a
o n ti O
e s hm a th f l l wing
on n e r n e o o

L t him t gi a
.

i j u ti
n nc a la id i
on s Ma re n d nn e no ve

i
v ce t a Sh i d a
o ( p
r t tr hi w
n or a t
ex c e ) w h a t o s o n se rv n

ma f mhi
,

re i ns w ta
ro bl ; sla ifi d b ut t
o n f e n or c r e er o

wh i h p ac t h ab r ff d (t th g d ) s een o l t hi m
e re o e o s ,
n or e

M ann , ix . 326

1 S ee a
b o ve , pp . 17 , 2 1, 23 . M a
nn v i i i 4 13 4 1 4
.
-
. x . 1 2 1 12 3
-
.
 O RT HO D O X VI EW o r T HE S HUD RA .
47

gi v e s iri t u l c oun se l t o s uc h
p a n , n or i n for h i of ama mm
a
th e l eg l e x pi t i on for hi s si n a
S urel y h e wh o
ma a
.

a
de c l re s th e l w t o se rvil e n, a a
n d h e wh o i n struc ts

m
hi in t he m
o d e o f e x p i ti ng si n si nk s wit h t h t v e r a a
mrita A B a md
y
mai n nto a
th e h ell hm an a e A s v .
“
r n

a a W
t f aB a
is t
n ev e r b th p o p t f S h
e i d 1 h i l t he re c e or o r r
'
e e

hm a m m
.

fi t pa a
a
’
rs r o
p u d h u
r l d i d i n s co o n n e s o n

c a t h li
e ; o f a K
n ess h a
t i y p w o; a d f a V ai s r
’
s, o er n o

hya w a l th th a t f a S h i d ah ul d i di a
’
s s, e -
t o r r s o n c e c on

t m
,

e p 1
t Th V é d a i t b e a d i t h p f s n ev e r o e re n e re sen c e o

aS hi d a ad f him aifi i t “b p f md ll
.

‘
r r n or no s cr ce s o e e r or e

l m it ?
.

H ha b u in
e wi th
s no s
“T h y wh ess so e n r es e o

i
rec e v e
p p t y fi m ro a S h d a
er f th p f m a '
o f
’

rr r or e e r or nce o

it t at d fi a t m d am f
bl t t h B a
r es o c on se c r i i t e re re c o n e ne , s n s e rs o

th b a l T Hi gi ft a p ta
”
e se w s h s, no so cce e o

ma w
e r

m t l imit d d
.

a
n, i d f ld
ere re c e ve l y i th o o on n e os e e

g w
re e , h t h B h mena w h h a d e t h m a rt l i n, o no o er e ns o ve ,

might ta k f mhi m a w g a
e i ro ug h f ai gl r r n en o or s n e

i gh t i i I la w i t i t hu w i tt Sh d a
’

n n n o e s s r en rr r s , e n

m m m
t
,

a
g g d ie l i g i u d u t
n re i u t p f o a h s t h th e s, s e r or e c on e

m y f hai g th i h a d ; th i f d m
fBa hm
c e re on o s ut b
v n e r e s e r oo s e

th t
e or s o a ; ad th i md f pu ifi a r ti thns n e r o e o r c on e

M au n iv 8 0 8 1 -
S ir mJones
Wi l li a p atl y n th a uth i ty r o e or

m
.

m m ta ma
.
, ,

of Kul hrk
’
aBh a tt a a d Ma h ah de
a
o ern co t en n or on n, s e re

mi t
,

so e n er o p la
ti i i t o ns n c on s s e n t wi th th p aa g a f e i g t B hss e s re e rr n o r

m
a ad wi h i t
n s, n t s c ontex t.

1 au M n ,
1 n 1 56 .
1 Ma nn , I I . 31 . M a nn , iv . 99 .

If M a nn , i ii . 17 8 . M au n , xi . 13 .
11 M au
n ,
x i . 42 .

11 a u iM 2 2 2 n I M a v. n nn x i 24 it is s a
id “Le t no Br h ama n

m maaifi
,
. .
,

b g a i f f a S h i d a f if he p e rfor a
ft uc h
aChaa
e v er g t
e ; ro r r or s cr ce er s

be i
gg g hn h al l i
, t h e s t l i f ,
n e n ex e, b e b orn d l a n .
"
 48 W HA T CA S T E I s
-
.

a mWith tha t f a Va i hya but t hi l gi l a

A Ba
s e o ti is ; s e s on s

no t i t tl y g a
c on s s e n d d hmre ai pu ifi d byr e r n s r e

wa ah hi b m; aK ha
.

t tha ter re c t i aby wa

es s t oso s r
y er

t ; a Va i h yaby wa
,

d di g t h i th a ta
S ha
esc e n n o s t re k n s er e

i t hi muth a t u h d by a
,

n o s o d aby wa t r , er o c e n ex

G a dua ti i Ca tr i d d i p on d n s e, n ee s reserv e

a a m m
,

W a
a
i n e v er
y t d i c
y n
y hil f
n ev er c e re on e, or e x

m
.

p l t h
e, t i k w i th
e s W h i hc aB h a i h i t t hc i r n r n se s s ee s

fa
,

t b tw l i h l g th a K ha t iya i t b
a
o e e ve t nc es on o s r s o e

a a a a a a a a
Wh aB a
l
e e ve n; th t f V i h y t o ; d t h t f S h s d en n o r

hm a t m aa l d fil m t
, ,

i
n ne en r tu a n, o re o ve n r e e en

i t m
.

a a
.

a k fi a l i a i f l a a K h i i
d aS h a
s o pp e t ve
y t c
y to on s o c s r s

m ak f u;a e Va o i hyath
r ;a sd aad a w re e n r n o

ma tw 1 M u h i t b f u d i th a d b k
, ,
”
n, o . c s o e o n n e s c re oo s

aaa
i n th e spiri t of th e se in j unc ti on s It i s c uri ous t o n o tic e

ma i p t d a al l with aS hi
.

th t Br h n s re re sen e s on ev e r

d ai r l ig i u tatu t i l l hi
n re w bi th f m
o a l d
s s s, s ne r ro rev e e

Sh i d a
,

i ptu
sc r ad tha
t h h at
re i w th tatn fa e s o v e e s e o r r

at h ul ti m
s atumf h i
e w d g a dati i th a f o s o n e r on n e c se o

th g a t t ff
e l
re es o enc e

I th g a f l i f ad d a t h th p i il g
S ha
n t t t e re es e ve n s o e n e e rv e es

fa a f a y t i t d haat H m
,

o d a r re o ut v er re s r c e c r c er e s

n t m H m
.

o ay i ay Cat up i t hi w
rr n n ut s e s e r or o s o n .
"
e s

M a nn , v . 40 1
“
M a nn , II 62

a
. . .

1 a P
S hi v
u a a
dh iii I th i s a
nd oth er ch a
pt of al i ttl
k w P aa
r n v n e rs e

m
.
, .

no n ath i y ui
r n e re s v er c r ous i n for ai t on re s p ti ec ng th e wo r
ad th b a
,

sh i p of S h i a v n e o serv a
n c e s of hi s v ot ri es .

M a nn , II 17 2 11 S f am p l M a iii
ee , 1 7 1 9
o r ex e, nn -

k aS h a
.

Ba
. . .

Ma nn , iii 1 5 A rhm a if h ta d a
n, t hi bed a e e r o s s

m
. .

afi rst wife , si nk s to th e re gi f t
ons o t if h b g t a
or h i l d b
eny h e e e c er

he l oses ev en h i s p ri e stl
y ak
r n .
”
Ib i d iii . . 17 .
 o m
a o nox v rs w o r T HE S HUDRA . 49

a id i ayi g th b dy f aB a
n c rr hm a th ugh
n n e o o r n, o ev e

th a t f hi m at t th bu i g bu yi g g u d tha
o s s e r, t o e rn n or r n ro n

l it m a a
,

th fu
e a y t
n erb h i d d r d b t u
est i t no e n e re n o s r c on s o

t h a m a t u Th u h a f a w
'

en er y e v en t g t t n no oc c r
’
e so e rn e o o

m m m
.

( th e t t f t h
os h l y reth ) i t h a
t l
o e b
y y ro e o n or s on

wh i h h c a ay hi w ki m t th g a r
e c n c rr s o n ns en o e r ve
’

H i ma l a k d a
.

s t t b ort i tl y l s ft Th ft i
re n o o e s r c oo e er e s

h i u i hi m hi m m
.

l th ai th a b H a
i
a
e no s n n n o se ov e
e ss
y e

drin k th e i ri t of ri c e , wh il e i t i s i n te rdi c t e d t o Br h
s
p
ma K sha ad Va
triya i hya§ P b a bl y b a
wi t h B a
n s, s n u f s s ro ec se o

hm
,
.

hi s i
c on n e x on ai a l h u h ld h ak
r n c o se o s, e r n s

h i gh th aa
er ti a t wh n r upa z ti n s, h m a yo o se oc c on s e re

s or t wh t m t d by h u g
en or ” T h
en e u l t y w i t h n er e cr e

ma
.

a
whi h h c
y b e p u i h d f t h l i g h t
e t ff n s e or e s es o e nc e s

a a B m a a a a
b y aB a
g i t t
nsh h w
e h lr d y b u g h
n s,t t e ve re ro o no

ti ce ll Hi m
'
ud s hm ai quar er l l y t th r n s e on o e

t ai h um th b i d ké ka
.

k il l i g f a a
n o e , n c( th I
ne on , e r c s e n

d i a R ll ) a
n o f g a er d g ai a l , d a wl ro , a w ” o , z r ,
n o , or cro .

H i bl i i a
s futu w l d
ss n i a futu bi th d p d re or , or n re r , e en s

a a a
Ba
p i
r nc i p yl l h i i on S i l t ts d se rv c e e rv e en n ce on

r hm a l a d i n t h V éd a h i fl y u u h a k e p
n s e rn e e c e o s c s e

md f i tu i f it l f th high t
,

hou ad a fa
,

se n re e or v r e, s o se e es

d uty f aSh fid aad l a o d h imt futu r b a n ti tud e s o re e e

Pu h um
,

la
.

bl y i g th h i g h
Ba
re , se rv n w ti p he er c sses , s ee n s eec

hm
,

n e v er a gat rro ki g fug

n i e v er se e a h n re e n r n s, e

ma
,

y a tt a i t h h i g h tnl a ( i a e th b i th ) esi t c ss
”
n no er r

By mi t l lig t w it
.

so e th p i ti
n e ad diti
en r e rs , e os on n c on on

o f th I di a en Sh u n d a ab ug h t t ti i th H i
r s, s ro o no ce n e n

M a nn , v . 1 04 .
1
’
a u M n ,
v. 92 .
1 M an ii in , v . 337 .

M au n ,
xi . 94 .
[1M a u n ,
x . 99 . l l See a
b pp ov e . 19 20
-
.

M au n ,
xi . 131 .
fi M a'

nn , ix . 3 34 33 5 -
.

7
 “
WHA T CA S T E I S .

d u L w Book s, a ad n e x h i b ite d in ai n c en t
( n ot th e mt os

ai )
n c en ta i ty hab l ik d t t h a
In di so c e t f th , s e en e ne o o e

ata A faath d p i a
H e l ot s o f S p r ti f l i b ty
. s r s e e r v on o er ,

th ia
l d g a
e so c da ti ad th atua e l uff i g
r f b th on , n e c s er n s o
‘

th la f la w
e se c s se s o d th wad ub t
s ve s e re c o n c e rn e e re s o

bl i m It m u t b k pt i m
,

l e ssid a c on sil a i ty er e s i d r . s e e n n ,

h w o th a
t wh i l t h
e v e r, H l t w la f th ile e e o s e re s v es o e so

ad u ua
n lly m l
p y d
s i a g i u l t u al
e l ab u th So h u
d a e n r c r o r, e r s

w la
e re s f th h u h l d ad
v es o mm l y mpl y d e o se o n co on e o e

i d m ti
n o i I
es li g i u ta
c s erv c e s t u th S h u d a n re o s s s, e r s

i m
.

w l w that h H l t
e re o er Wh a f n ad
e e o s en re e re n c e s e

m
.

t o th e ir o bv i o us use ful n e ss i n ol d e n ti e s, i t i s diffi c ul t

t o un derst p a ad th
h na t w i t he w hi h i t e c ul i r
w u l d e c o

m th y w
,

se e g a d
e d u l ere n t h u
re
pp i t i r
n e n e ss o e s os o

m
, ,

th at th y w p n
e — a w l l
e ret h y i ro
g h t b — t
e, d i s e e e, o s

co nt nt a d b ll i n a
e ta nn
y at re t i l l ea g oa l a g m t r e e n er re e en

mng th i up i
,

at th i d p i wa u d a
s o e r e re ss o n s se c re o e r s e r o rs .

O f th f u l a f Hi du w t a
h l d by th B a
e o r c t d f it i
ss e s o n s no re e o s

hm
,

e a tha t th K ha
e r t iyaad Va ns i hya e s r s n s s

a a
a
n l g
o i t In
on p l
er e x s t i f t h i d t i ex t h i n on o e r o c r n e on s

ma ahu m
.

tt th y e r, f t o th l g d f Pa
e re e r aa n e e en o r s r ,

all g d i a
e na
e t i n f th g d Vi h nu wh
nc r o io aid t e o s , o s s o

h a k il l d a K ha t iyai n t w ty n a
a
ve l l th e e
g g s r s en -
o e en e

mnt t th d t u ti n f th Y daaby Kri h a

e s o e es r c o o e v s s n

a mg d ;1 ad
,

c n id
o d a
s l n in a a
e re ti n sof th a c rn o o e s e o n

a um may ad i w f h wi l d l g d
Paah u a
F or s r n t d wi h
rev e o t e e en s c o nn e c e t

ma M ui T
r s r pp 1 5 1—1 7 4 Th l a
see
’
r sugh f h
e x ts , e s te r o t e

mt a
. .
,

a yai l a
K sh tri id i s gs b y d th f t h
n re o e es , e on os e o e a
L w Boo k a nd s,

th aa ti f it a t aa il a
bl f th p u p for wh i h t h y
B a
e n rr o ns o re n o v e or e r ose c e

aa pp al d t b y th md hm a
aaa
re e e o e o e rn r ns .

1 Th l g d f thi al l g d d t u ti a gi i n th e M h bh

aP u a
e e en s o s e e es r c on re ve n

rata ad th Van i h a ena S W ils Vi h

n v r s . ee so n s
’
s n uP ur én ap 6 10
, . .
 WHA T C A S T E IS .

hol ders The m hat e rc n s o f In di at oo , c l at ve o Buddhi s m

am mth
.
,

in g re t ul ti tude s , ai s s e v i de n t fro e i ns c ripti on s

o n th e Buddhi st Ex c aati v on s, ad i
n s sti l l ill ustr te d i n a
the a aa f W t I dia I th u
c se o f th e J i n so e s e rn n n e co rse

f a i hya m
.

o
g K ha t iya ad Va
es , a i l y f A ya
s r s n s s, n o r n

a a m a
a d dt Ba
bl d oo i g th p ul i h
se e n u l i d by d
e ec r on o rs c e n

hm m
,

c c or e a tu a tu a ll y a
o
p i r d w ay ns, no nn r s re e

m m
,

upp a ft i ad i h i l l a
ut f B a
s
p t
o se , t er u
ro o on n n e sc e ne o s so

i ty f I diag a th m l
c e o n hm a th ugh ve e se v e s o or r ns, o

l p i tl y l a t h y m
,

by th a e re i g ht t b a l t g th
r es c ss e no e o e er

ak wl dg d t ha th i tadi g I
c no e e o
y p ve s s n n .
n e v er ro

i f I diath a ul ti a ti g ad l a b ui g
Ba
v n ce o n ere re c v n n o r n

hm
r a al l d wh a t ak wl dg d by
ns , so c -
e o re no c no e e

m
,

1 t h i b t h
e r i g al t
reb f t h re na l t a p n
; a d ener o e o e re s n

wh o c l i amath i pri v il e g e on l t h e o f th e si x c o n s ti

ama
s e r
y re

x
t ut e d work s o f th e Br h ns — th ose o f re di ng t h e a
2
Véd a aifi i g f th ml ad g i i g a lm
a
s, s cr c n or e se v e s, n v n s

E a m a m a m
.

a
tél é B a
l f h i l f B h b f
Bh a a f Guj aa
x
p t es o y us d c ss o r ns e o n

th hm i th S h ai
Ba a f th M aa th a
In e t r ns o r n e en v

hm
.

u t y ad G a it i ; i
Ba wa
r ns o t e r co n r n o err or e s n

t h Ha ig a hm a f th Ka t i ka Ta d i th M a
ha ta a
i e ;r ns o e n n e

as M a t
n a B h m
,
a or f O d a O i a wh
—
s n r ns o r ,
or r ss o

a al ik l y t ha b ig i a ll y A ya f th
'

re s e o ul ve e e n or n r s o e r

i g ad ul ti a ti g t i b ki g l a at
aB a
n n c ti v i n r es se e n e ev on n c s e,

s hm adt i a r t i g th m l ns by th i p e er o rt n e se v e s e r rese n

e mp l y m t t I
o t i t i u th
en sat i t h B g al A m y s n o or o s n e en r ,

S ee A uth o r s
’
J ourn a
l f aT
o our i n Gu j aa
t i Or ,
n i
r e nt a
l Ch ri s

ti naS p ta
t ec or 1 8 3 5, p . 2 50

1 L ’
e tt er o
f
Huddl estone Stok e s Esq to th e a
uth or

ata B a
. .

I Not ic i ng th e Mhma s n r ns , Mr . A S ti rl i ng (Tra

ns . of As
Soc vo l xv p 198) ay B id s s, es e s c ul ti v ati g wi th th i
n w had e r o n n s

mI m) aut ad A aad th pi
.
.
,
. .

a ab u(A
‘

d r en s of th e K r ru nd i c u c oc o n n re c n e
g , ,
 o a r n ono x VIE W o r T H E M IXED C A S TES .
53

may ati wh ha
of the p
Ba
n d p fr es d t b l g t th o ro e sse o e on o e

r hm ah d ha b k w t d l a th m l t
n oo ve een no n o ec re e se v e s o

dm m
,

b fa l w g a d t g t a i tt a i t
wam t h a th d i d uppl y f B a
e o o er r e, o
g i
e t i nc e n o re en s n

whi h th c e re s o re n h e e s re s o r

ma A l l t hi i a i d wi th th full a dm i i f th fa
t th B a
ns s s s t e ss o n o e c

hm
.

t ha ai a
e l th
r
y f t h
n c t t a l t i ti
e or f o e o ex nc on o

th K ha
e t iyaad Va
s r i hyai a s nl t g th i a dm
s i i bl s s o e er n ss e

m f th Ra f m
.

Th d e t f e sc e n o j put p i
so e o th ae r nces ro e n

i t K ha
c en t i ya wi th a
s r mi tu f f ig ad a
s, — b i x re o ore n n or

a m a a
ua
g i nl b l d — oo u d i b
seel s w i t h n u t t h
en
p e , ev e n o e r

ay f th md n Pa
,

tu ro n sa d v oc c o i kath w t hy
e o er r n e or

mTd
,

ad g ia
n l C l
en l Ja o one es o .

IV — Oa . V W H
o no x M X C IE or T E I ED A sr s s .

A di g t
c c or Ma i a th
n o igi a l d e r l p mnt f e or n ev o e e o

h um
,

ai ty wa fi d t th F u Cat
th B a
n s c on ne w o ti d e o r s es no no ce

hm
.

Th Ca t
re e s e s, a th K ha e t iya r ad th Va n, i e s r , n e

e b ya h a
”
y a e stwi b s, t h f u th th S h u
re ce -
d a
o rn e o r ,
e r ,

ad th i t afi fth
,

is onc e b -
o rn n Th
e re di i i
s no e se v s on s

o f h um a i ty h w n s oc e it m ut b o at
e v e r, a s e s ee n onc e , re

ad hi
,

q uit i a e nd q ua t t th e ig ie o f it p g e ex en c e s o s ro re ss n s

t y
or O th la f m wi th th
er c sse s o d ut i mu t ha
en , o er e s, s ve

a a
.

a pp a ed i re I d i a w n l l a i
n th u t i
s e s ft n o er c o n r e s, s o o n er

m
,

t h efi t tt rsl t i
se i t fea y en i d a nb l b od y f t h
n c o ns er e o o e

b p ai h y y f q u l y f l l w h p l u h f m w h h
a
p er t l ee es , or t n, et ve r t re g en o o e o ,
ro ic

c rc m
i u ta sth ync e a alel d H a l i a
re B c h m a e a d t h y a f u r d ns , n e re o n

y wh i g a
e ve r ere t un m b re f M u nk a d d am e rs a d o S a b a ak a s n r r rs , or

di ta y f i a a h p l h l y i
a
h t l l T h w h h d l t u g
o se g o n e e o or n
e re r g
re n e rs o v e s.

th i e r u a
p ti
oc c ad a ff t t
on, d p
n i t hec B d o V é
es d a Bse h m a e e or r ns ,

p a lm h a b a b l t a at i fa t i l y
a
wh l i u on I s t t
ve no een e o r ce s s c or

m
o ve

m a m
.

th ig i a d h i y f h M a t a B h a w h I i f d n or

a
e or n t n t s or o ese s n r ns , o e re

semb l h t e ul t i a t i
e c g B h m
v a f
n T i h u
r t a d B h
ns oé r n e r.

M an 4 n ,
x . .
54 W HA T C A S T E IS .

d esc en d at
fi rst pro g e n i to r S uc h c l sse s H in dui s
n s o f o ur a m
ma
.

re c o g n i z e s ; b ut i t v i e ws t h e n d c ert i n d e
g r d e d c l sse s a a a
m
,

o f th e pe op l e , n d o t h e r b o d ie s o fa en no t
y et with i n t h e

a l f
e o H i nd ui m a th i u s f su b i a l ie t ss u e o a d c on n n erc o rs e n
p
a
,

a d ul t y ad f a er ft n p p g oa ti b y er t h a -
t iro u a d on ss e, n

t th mam It a l l th mth
,

t a re s e ul ad hyb id
s
“
es n r s
E
c s e e

maS a/ am) Th ig i th u a
.

M i d Ca xe t Va s es n c tt i e or n s r

but d t th m
.

e o i d ub tle s ti l y o f a fi ti na e ss e n l ha a re o c o c r c

t er Th M i d Ca
e t xemu t ha i g i a s es,
”
t d p i i s v e or n e r nc

m a a m
.

p yal l f t
roh i fe u p t i
n c re se o i t h H i d u
oc c o ns n e n co

mu ity b ugh t a
n b ut b y th g wi g d m
ro o ad a n d di i
e ro n e n s v

i um f th d m
,

i
s on o f la b u ad b y th o r, n ta e c rc i at s nc e o e o n n

p p (
eo l t h
e A y a et b i’
m m
r d ia ts, l y o t i e d ) m i g e i e no ce co n n

t wi th a wh i h k pi g i th m
,

c on ta c b ig i a l t ib or n r es, a i c ee n n e n

f Hi d ui mh a ith ul tim
,

b y d t h pa
e on l e e o n b s a t ly ve e er e en e

ha m th ml
,

d g a
e d d
r e ,
ora in ta i d f ve i th i
ne w or e se ve s n e r o n

t a
re re t a p s a i u i
re c d p r od s I i t
n de u en — w i t h
en c e n ro c e,

i f m
.

af w pl aa
e ex ti — th
n o n s, a ti whi h i g i e n or on c s ve n

res
p t i
ec
g t h n m b y M a e W a a b l t nn i d ti f y e re e o en

d i ti t f m
.

a l f h i d ig a ath
bl i h d B a
se ve r o ti s es nf t ib on s s o se o r es s nc ro

th a t f th d mo i at l a wh i h
e o n nta c ss hm ai m c es s e r n s

ad th y t m f fa i th wit h wh i h i t i a ia
,

n e s s e o t d c s sso c e

l a im m
.

S b g tt
o ns , by th t wi
e o en b th e ce -
orn o n e c ss e

d ia t l y b l w th mwi
e e o l gi la e t a l l im se il a i e las o rs c s r n c ss

m
,

[ w i th th i pa e r t b u t t t
re n s ,h a ] b a u no t h y a e s e ec se e re

d g a
e d d b y th l w
r e f th i mth
e o ne ss o S u h i th e r o ers c s e

m m
.

p i
r a lev ul f r th e f
or w e so n s o d g l w o en one e re e o er

C m migo h p aa
en t n
g onl a q u
t e d f m ssM a Ke u l l fi k a
st o te ro nn ,

tta
Bh a , a
s n o t i c e d b y M r O
( g i i a
l S a k i t T t p . M ui r r n ns r ex s, .

sa y Th i
s, fi fth Cat ; f C at a t b p di a
e re s no t d f s e or s e c n no e re c e o th e

mi d t ib
xe i g th a
r t l ik m
es,ul th y b l
se e n
g t a t h p e e s, e e on o no er s ec ie s

d i ti t f m
s t f th i fa
th a
nc ro th ad mth o e r er n o e r.
”
 ORT HO D OX VIEW or T HE M IX E D C A S TE S . 55

[ a th
th n e ir husb ad n s ] : fo r t he so n s o f wo m en t wo or

a
F maB a
t h re e d e gre es l o we r, l e t th is rul e of l w b e kn o wn
rohm a aVa i hya ri b a n, on s s orn

so n all d A mc ba btha wh
e aM a i a t h l a w
s , o, s nn n no er

s a
y h ul
s, d l i b
s
y u i g od i d a d wh l
ve a c r n so r e rs ,
”
n o se c ss

i s
g i a
re c o b l a t h A
n z mba t ai a p p l e m t i s d e s eo e en o ne

by Pt l m
,

yfi
“
a
o ed p t d a a V a i dy a n re re se n e s
”
or

P hy i ia; j: s c aSh d awi f [i b ] aN i l dda

n
”
on
’

II r e, s o rn s z ,

or ig i a ll y i w d a a
n ttl dv e i ha b i tat e f s se e n n , on e o

th A b igi
e but aorft wa d app i t
n e s, d “ t at h er r s o n e o c c

a p
a
Th e Cod e , i t wi ll b e ob serv e d , does n o t te l l us wh t th e o ffs i g r n

ofaBr h ma ad aK ha t yaw m a f d t i th p n n s rz o n, re e rre o n e re c e d i n

g
g a
l l a
w
e n eri P b a
b l y a ha h d i a
pp a dsf m t h ro v e rse s e re s e re ro e

mau i pt I th S a
.
,

h y i d i Kh adaf th Sk ad a Pu i aw fi d
féfi m m
n sc r s n e z r n o e n r n e n

a Fa
.
,

u
C
— 7d
’ A fi
‘

i t th us wri tte n z r
x rr
z r r 3
g n en :
IITETE HQ B
T HU
T3 1057 35

3 11 53 d p i g f aV i p a(B a
— Th e hm a aK h a
offs r nt iya w m o a r r n on s r o n

i aJII u d hd bhi hi kta

s r
( a i t d i t h h
s ad ) a R aj y (
u a f p i
no n e l y n e e , n o r nc e

d t)
e sc en k d h igh i l igi th aaK h a
re c on e t i y a Kul l k a
e r n re Bha t ta on n, s r .
’
lI

suppli IlI u d h i al tab ut a

es rdd t i t aa ppa tl y d ig a
c v sz c
'

,
ti a l s o ,
s re n es n on s so

g i t
v en t h i koi d f ff p is
g M d h h
sy na K a a
o
g a Ko dya jsh a r nP ,
'

z , r z , Or s . re

fi d t th
xe f u d ig a
o ti
e se Si W J o r
( M a u es 6 ) u ppnl i on s, r on e s n x s es

md i d m a t i th
.
,
.

th w d e Th y a a
or s , But t h
e re na e n or er . e n es re n o n e

or d f f u
er ak b ut p i
o o r f f u Ca
r n ts, a ll g d t b ex f re ss v e o o r s e s, e e o e o

i gi ad qua l ta tu Th M u d ka bk hikta M u d hd akta

t i h l d b y th B a
' ’

one or n n e s s e r zs o r r v sz

hm
.
, ,

Ca s e s e at b l g i e i t r ns o e no on er n ex s en c e .

1 a
’
a P
Ap fia l A pfi da ra P t o
t,l l i b V E.d B e rt
’
p 2 0 4 '
r t, . . ll ,
. . . .

I A t i d b y P
s f
no L a ce t h a pp a a f th V
ro esso r ai dy a sse n , e e r nce o e

h i pu li g ; b ut p b a
e re s b l y th
z z nC d ha d it i i w t gi
ro t a e o e n v e o ve o

Va i dya m thath ak f aVa ore i hyaa a n h f th e r n mi d l a o s ,

s e c o ese xe c sses

pata k i th dig i ty f th fa
r es n th e O wad th C d gi t th
n o e er n r s e o e v es o e

Am
.

ba htfi ath d d ppi g th Va dg/aut f i w It

'

u
s f di e c re o sor e rs , ro n e z o o v e

m
.

u t y f th A m
,

i p ba
s b l tha
ro t th e ba s h th a l i k
e co th K a
n r i t ik af o e s, e e r o

th e t da
e p re s n
y fu i h d m a k ab l p h,y i i a rn s
o t a e ll i e
g qu a rek r e s c ns r r v n c s.
56 W HA T C A S T E IS .

md al
a aa aa a aad th
ada a a
n e so P r sl / v in t h e J t i V i v e k -
n e

m
, ,

a
S h yé d ri Kh n S on r or g ol d s i th i —

ma a a a
.
,

F ro Ksh t riy , o n Sh u d r wi fe , spri ng s c re a a a

t ure c l l e d Ugr ,a”
a a m a
th e p t ro n y i c o f eo l e i n t h e
p p
t im f t h V d a p h a
-

e o
p t h i gi ea l f teh H u g aia n s, er s e or n o e n r

n ati wi th a a
on , tu p a tl y wa l ik ad pa tl y il n re r r e n r se rv e,

f i u i hi m
e ro c o a s u l i h i at ad
n s mmad nn ers, c r e n s c s, n co n

e d wi th t h K h a
— tt i a d P ukka at b a e ft wa d s r n s o e er r s

m ti d t l i by kil l i g aima
,

l tha
Ba
en o ne t li i h lo ve n n s ve n o es
J
r

hm aby [w m f] th [l w ]
.
,

Th fa e so n s o r n o en o re e o er

c la f aK h a
sse s, ot iya by [W m f) t w ad s f a r o en o o, n o

Va i h yab y s[l w ] l a ,
a al l don eA p a ad a o er c ss, re c e s , or

d g a
Ba
d d
e r e

F maK ha hm aw m
.

t iyaby a
ro ai b a
s r . r n o n, s orn

At th e aaa
ti m a ta (Ra
e of
j a dh a m m
th e u h a h a a
M h bh r ,
r a n s s n

pa a 2 209 2 2 1 8 Ca l Ed l iii p 4 43 ) th N i hdd a ad

V i dh ya
rv vv -
. . vo . e S s n

mu ta
. . . .
,

M l k ha d w l l i g i th i s a put d
'

ec c s e n n nd t h e n o n n ,
e re e

da f th wi k d V aa k da t a h un d d th u a
’

d nd

f th Ni h a
e sc en nt s o e c e en re re c on e re o s

( lca s se s T h p i tu e dat hc gi re o m t h a h a
e d s e re v en se e s o ve

apaty lik th t l l af i t typ ab i g p k f a d f md

“
’

r e e or s e, e n s o en o s e or e ,

d wa fi h r f th s l u
o f h ad w d wi th
e co o r d [fu i uo y a
c nd re -
oo re r o s e es,

fhim
, ,

bl a k ha i pti w ha ll a ft wa d a
”
c i T th i d r . o s e sc r d t on o e s er r s ver .

T Th l a i g f
e c a g l d m i
ss nth w i t h a
o N s h i d a o m u i u s
; b u t t h z
'

c se e s c r o s e

a a a ie f m l i g a ai mmnl y
a
d
a
i d l th
a
N h d d w t u
’

zs s no c on s e re so n ro e r n r ce s s co o

pp m y a a m a p k am ti g
mm
R i 3 3 w R
a
su d I t
o seh .
n n e fi d f .
, e n s o en o s ee n

wi th C ub a th pi u a d p i f th Ni h da (9 1
m
”
d b l n

W W faar I? ) Th B m
e o s, e ov e r nc e o e s s 3

y g ld m
,

fi ba t li k
'

rfi r
r II c
i th h w d e o o s s, o ev e r, on
’
e

a ia t d wi th th Ni h é da a d pl a df b i g id d a t
h ya S ai w d
t b

f ub B a
o e sso c e e s s, n e or e n c on s e re sor

hm a Th S a d i Khadagi th

aaPa
o s n r s t
e r p ves o e on r, v e e

m
-

ah aam thath l igi u ta

.

fa Sh fid a It d
a
s r s v o re tu n e re i o s s s o r en o

h ima
, .

na t es Ma h hi d a g a t Sh u d a Th a
s i tw k h w
r ,
or i b utre r . or ,
o ev e r, s

al a t p du t i e ro c on

a
.

1 I t h S a h n
y d i K
e h a d a f t h S k an d
r a P u i a th U n
g a g t s t h
o e r n ,
e r e e

ak f aRa
r n j put
o .
 o nT IIO D o x VIE Wor T IIE M IX ED C A S T E S . 57

s a w [the s en t l i ve b y to
“
maa i
g g h n n orse s ad n

d ri vin g a r a c s t n d wh o , o f ol d ,
th mu ha b s ve ee n e

g a
ret t ad i t i a l ba rd i t r t
on r w h i h , or rec e , o mil i i
f h fa e e
s n c

h waf u d
“
n

i h yaby am
e s o

F maVa il ita
.

ro y a s d t al w i f r or s c e r o e,

m
,

s
p i gr n a M d g / ad a s
“
a uth i d t t a l w
z i t h h
, a ”
n or z e o r ve e rc

ad p ba bl y a na b ig i na l in ha bi tat of th p r
”
di —
se , n ro or n e o

i
v nc e o fM a g h a d a a d a V a i d é h a ”
f t h u n t y f n o e co r o

Vi dé / a fi t mn t i n d i th Sa
,

z -
n k i t w i ti
rs e
g a b o e n e s r r n s s e

na ka t l i by wa w mn
,

l ngi g t Ki g J a i ti n g
F m t i ya B a
o n o n o ve on o e

hm
,

aS hud a n a Va i h yaK ha a n
’

ro r o s s r or r

w m mi d b d a
, , ,

a n a b fa l l d A y g aa
'

o n n re or so s o xe re e c e o v

m
,

a a a
,

(a n t u oj u n ti ) ;
s ro K h t t i s
“
d g a d
c d b i on s r
”
e r e e n

n im
g
wh m
,

by k il l i g a
,

u t li
o s a l ; “
ve and a C / ci zug é l at h n s
”
z e

m ta
,

—t wh o se tri be is
-

”
l o west of l or s,
g ed b re c o niz
y
P tol e my a h a
t fada li sa t o th e K n , or G ond l i , on the ri ve r
Ta p t (p
t i h ap t h G
'

a d — a dj i i g t h
er P h y l l i t s f e o s, o n n e ce, o

ma
,

a i d t i fi d ath Bhi ll — d ha
ha a
th e s uth e th G o r, en e s e s, or e on

Its t il l a wad i g t ib f th M a h a
F maB a
s r t ) n er n r e o e s r

hm a by a Ug af m
, .

ro a le i b n a r n n, n r e s or

f th A m
,

i ta b y ba h tha t ib a
'

A er on e o e s r e, n

d ig a t d f m A b a f Pt l m a ’

es n e y t h b n k
ro f th zr o o e on e s o

m
, , e

I du ad a a a
hh ad Ka a
'

d h
'

b A h
thi wa
t t f l f
‘

re s e n e e n
n p s, y n re t r, e o c ss o

sh ph d i S i dh Ka
e er s d n by n f ,
c , n on e o

th A y g wat i b a
e o c a pp i t d t r l l e, o n e o se

l a
”
th
e er .

aaa
Th e M h bh ata p f t ha b i t d b y Ug aa
r ath ro e sse s o ve e e n re c e r sr v s e

f th S t taL m ah ah aawh i a id h w ha
’

i d
mpa
s on o e l o t rs n o s s o e v e r, o ve re c e v e

m
,

mVa
,

i ha aa a p a p p a
a
i t fro y di i l sf Vy d t h ut d inl ,
sc e o s ,
e re e co e r,
”
s

h is n am b ea f th V é daad Sh t a
e rs, o e s n s r s .

1
'
M au 6 12
n ,
x .
-

1 M a nn . 1 5 ,
x. .

P tol G eo Ed Be rtu p 2 04
. . . . . .

8
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

The ah i ha
so n o f da by a S h ud a s wm ai by t i b r o n s r e

aP ukkaa t l i by kil l i g aims

”
o ve al tha t li i n n s ve n

di w m
,

h l o es but th fa S h ud a by a
e son o Ni h a a r s o n,

is n a md K ukkuta e ka .

O b f a K ha tt i by a Ug a i a ll d S a
a
ne orn o s r n r s c e v

p k a d
( g a to ); -
a e d b
er
g t t b yn a V ai d é ha
o ne a e o en on n

Am ba h th i w m ai a l l d Vé a wh
”
s o n s h ul d t ik
c e n o s o s r e

mu i a l i t um t
,

s c ns r “ en s

wh m w m f q ua
.

Th ose th t wi o b b g t e ce -
l o rn e e on o en o e

la b ut wh f m h m
a
c sse s,
p o t t er o r
p p i no e ro er c e re on e s,

m a a m a
a
p p eo l d e i t
eno V é ty n el u d d f r t h G y t ior e x c e ro e r

F m u h a ut at B h m
, .

“
ro s c n o a pi g a c s f a r n s rn s so n , o

i ful a a md at i j aka ta a a a a a
Va d ha
s n tu n n
r e k A t r t n
’
v n
‘

re ,
y
mt
, ,

ta aaP ushp ah ; d S ha
n ,
d a a a i kl a wh — n z ,
”
.
o se e o

ha b i ha bi tat f th u t i ath w t n
a
ve e en n n s o e co n r es n e r e es e r

p a t r f t ho V i d h
e
y a g n r n e

F mu h a ut a t i ya m a
.

ro s c t K ha n o c s a ll d s r co es son c e

Jha l l a (Ra j gu u) aM a l l a(w tl ) aN i hl aifi

a
'

r re s er c z v

a
, ,

Na ( t a a d a ) a K a
nc e r a r a K ha a ( f t h r K h t
y a s
”
o e s

d a
, ,

t ib ) a
r e ,
D ai ta
n — f th
r at
v c at f th
,
”
o e e s ern co s o e

p i
en n s u l a
F mu h a ut at V a
.

i h ya i b a a ll d
a
ro s c n o c s s s orn son c e

a a a a m a a a a
a
S u d h L
nvh é yy K i u s h r V ij n M i t t r d r n

t m ti
, , , , ,

S ét a tav — th l a e d b i g s ath Vi dhy i

en o ne e n ne r e n

a
,

A Da y u — s i g i a l l
”
y a orA y n u t a t f n on -
r n. or o c s o

a m m
,

ay pu
n l a re c b g t ss, a A y g
e w
e s , on a a S a i a n o
’

. o n, r n
'

d h a r w h h u l d
o k w
s ho w t a t t d ad d
no hi o o en n ress s

mat
,

s e r.

a m f mV a al y 0
V en co es ro in ,
re .

l Thi i upp
f
‘
d by P fs La t b
s s o se ro e sso r sse n o e for L z c h
'

a al a
vz ,
'

c ss o f

p pleo t d awai i th Ea
e, no e t f I dia s rr o rs, n e s o n .

1 M an
n x. 17 23 -
.
60 ~
W HA T CA S TE I s .

ala P a hl a a P ia ] Chi na K d ta
'

s, v s ers ns s rr s,
'

m f p pl
,

D aa d a ad K ha
r s, ha[a l l i d t ifi d a a
n s s en e s n es o eo es

a n d t ib ] r A ll t h
es t ib f mn wh i h a p u g o se r es o e c re s r n

f m l a p dud f mth mut h th a mth

ab am ut at ad a
ro th e c sse s ro ce ro e o e r e

hm
, ,

th i gh ad t h f t f B a
, n e oo o r , ec e o c s s n re

c a l l d Da e
y u w h t hs t h y p s, a k th lea g gua er f t h e s e e n e o e

M l é h hha tha t f th A ya r
' ‘
c c s, o r o e r s .

Th M i d C l a
e f th H i du
xe i th i g
sse s o i e n s, e ve n n e r e ner c

d ign a
es ti a w fa m n um u tha
o n s, re no n th r o re ero s o se

whi h a h i di a t d th ug h d ub tl th h ab
t f th B a
c re e re n c e o o e ss ere s e en

hm
,

ag a t i di p i ti
re n t h pa
s os on on at e r o e r ns o ex

t en d th m m i a l l y b y d th
e no n f u d m ti d i
e on ose o n en o ne n

th m a i t La
e ore wB knc e n T hi fa t m ay b ill u t a
oo t s . s c e s r

e d by ay f th Ta n bul a i w f th C a
o e t t u t d r v e s o e s e s c o ns r c e

a i ay f th p fI di a ai th a
—

a a a
i
ha
b y th ti
e n ves n n o t e rov nc e s o n , s n

o f th M a e h
s t a M a t
rh u t y
r a t a l i
ort a t i r co n r r ns er on

b i d g d f mm
, ,

a nd t al a ti
r ns f wh i h i aa on o ac
y w i th n n r e or

i t in t du t y m i t d u d ath mt
, , ,

s ro a tt b h
c or er, e ere n ro ce s e os

is d um t f th ki d p
,

d i tin t ad p
s c n re c e ua b l dj
oc en o e n ro c r e

Th B a hm a ha p d d f mt h muth
aTh y ha aight t th p f
1 e r ns ve ro c ee e ro e o

o f th g d B a e hm o r e ve r o e er o r

ma ad u f th S i t S aa m t ad th S i
.

m t ( aa a
“

nc e n se o e x een cr en s n e x

l igi u W k S aa a)
”
Th S i t
a a
re o s or s. e x een cr en s s ns r s

l l ud d t a th f l l wi g
,

h ere a e o, —
g a bi
re d l a e a i fi
o o n z r z z n s c r ce

t p m
,

o ro t p t i a
o e c on c e c k w l d g i t w h i t
on , or u ; no e e en oc c rs

Th e oc c ure n e of c th e Chin aad Ya

s i aa i n r
n s n th i s v e rse i ndi c tes a
th i s p orti on of M a nn to b e a
l te r th a thn e ti m e of th e G re e k s i n In di a .

f M a nn x . 4 3 45-
. Se e , on so m e of th e trib e s h e re m ti en on e d ,

Wil son s V i sh nu Puri nap

’
17 7

aa
. .
,

1Th i s ch aat I gi
r c er ve it on c o mpai g r n th e th i Ta
M bl r es wi th th e '

mil a d um of a th G wfil é
Beng l , S ta O i ath C aa
u t y th Ta l aa
si r oc e n ts e r t e, r s , e n rese

co n rmil , e co unt y M a li m t
r ,
v
, e c .
 O RTHO DO X VIEW or T HE M I ED CA STEs X . 61

aaa aifi ita f t u ; aaa

bhaaai fi i t h th i d mth f p g a
p uns v n l it y i
, s cr th ce onl v n e trz s n v o

n s cr ce n n
y ; V i h
e u r on o re n c s n

th m th f p g
,

li ai fi
ba t Vi h u i
a
s cr th ce o s n n e se v e n on o re

a y ; im
,

at a a a a i fi i th f u h i h
i g h t h m th ; j a
n nc
y s onn t t n s cr ce n e o r s x or

m m m y gi i g
, , ,

e taka on ath bi th r f
e r ce re on v n

f mag l d
, ,

t h i fat la i fi d butt b f
d i i di g th nal t i g ; a
n n c r er ro o en oon
e ep s e ore

v n m akaa
e r a vea m i g th
s rn h i l d n r z , n n e c

on th t th e l th t w l fth
en hu d d ad fi t
e e ve n e or n re -
n -
rs

m m
, , ,

da y; i l k a a
n sz
g a a i
y g hri u t t bz
p e t cd t rr n o o e re s n e o

th m
,

th th i d l u ad a f h h i d l i h f
ig ht ; i ya
e oo n o n y t te
g t r t n r o e r or

al kaa ayi g h i m ut t b p t d
a
n sz r v o n c rr n o o e re se n e

f u th m th a a
,

t th o u i th thi d
e s n n e p hra a or o r on nn r s n

mwi h m
,

fe edin g hi rice i n t he si x t h or e i ht h o n th ,

ayya
t g or

wh e n h e h a ut hi
s c s te e th ; c hud kdr , t onsur e i n the
a; aaaa
,

se c on d th i rd u n , i nve st it ure wi th th e

aaa
or
y p n e r
y
am ma
aa ma aa
st rin g i n t he fi fth ; e i ghth , or si x tee n th ye r ; fi n y
i n struc t ion i n th e g y n tr , ath t ri f
-
fte r th e M unj
m
e

m aifi ia m
,

o f i n ve st en t wit h t he l d a a
i a
on s cr c c or
c e re y s

v attaal i g th M u j af mth l i
r n oos n eham a n ro e o ns v z
-
r

m m m
, ,

r iag w i
e, th i t i d i a t as t d t a d e i ta t e n ece en s n c on c o n s

sv aga haafu a
r ro l n m i ad b qui t f wad
, ne r c ere on e s n o se es, o o r r

th t a
e en r n f th p i
ce oi t i t S a g a e s h a Trh n o v r or e ve n
‘
e

m t h m ti d a
,

a
.

di p s ti
en s f uch f th S aa
on o s o e cr en s ere en o ne s

p d
re c e b i t h ei at t r d d w i t hs t h i j u y f al l
en d l i a
e t e n r o e c e

mi l i Th i mu h m y With ut
,

f l i g i fa
ee n n es e re s c c ere on o

ll y m a l im m
.
,

ay a a H a a
f th B a
n re
p t ior l l t h i d u S or t n e n cr en s

hm
,

a ha b
.

Th S i C ti tut d W k
“

e x on s e or s o e r ns ve ee n

al a dy m ti
re dT en on e

d d f m m
.

2 “
. Th K ha t iya h a p
e s r th a s ve ro c e e e ro e r

In th i s m tien on of th e S mt
aa cr e n s, I h a pi ve r nc i
pal l y foll owe d
M ol esworth (Di c ti on ay pr But co m
pa S t re ee l e s
’
Su mm
ay r of

a ad Cu t m
,
.

th e L w n s o s of Hi nd u Ca
s te , p . 30 .

T S ab p
ee 1 7 ove , .
‘

.
62 WHA T CA S TE 1 3 .

of th e g o d T he y h a ari gh t t
ve o t h e use o f th e S i x te e n
m t ad T h
.

S aa cr en s l ig i u W k n re e re o s or s .

3 Th Va i hy a h a p e d d f mth f t f s s ve roc e e e ro e oo o

th g de Th y h a aigh t t t h u
o e f th S i t ve r o e se o e x ee n

m t ad Th
.

S aa l i gi u W k
a
cr en s n re e re o s or s

d df m
.

4 Th S / d ah a p e th f t f t h
I r s ve ro c e e e ro e oo o e

a a h T w a a
m t th ugh th Na
g d o T h y h i g t e t t h u f ve l S r o e se o e ve cr

maM at a T h i d uty i t
.

*
en s ro e -
n r s . e r s o

th
s e rv e th th Ca
e t o er re e s es .

T hu W a t d t h F u Ca a a
a )
s t (
e re c re T h e e o r s es v rrg s e

m m m
.

g d oB a h al p r d u d M.i d b so S O ro ce so e n -
o o ns . ne

of th waK a e se hya p a B i h i [tsh f M ai h

s i f s e so n o r c on e o

th eM i nd b S ] w h -

g a ornbi t h t t h g do ns , o ve r o e o s

a a a a e
a
(D é ) dv s T i t n d ti u d t hns n s o c on n e

p g ro i f t h
re ss o n w l d T Th B o h m a h a
d t he or . e r ns e

pa l Saa mt t a l l wed t Sh d a a U paa yaa

I

The p ri n c i

ha a
’

a
cr en s no o o II r s re n n

m m m m
,

Ma n
y a a d S a a a t t
na a T h N a M a
v t ar a t
n h i p l e -
n r s re e s e

m f th g d adi ti gui h d f mV di t t
, .

in v oc a ti f th
on s o a e n es o e o s, s s n s e ro e c ex s .

1
“
I t h n d t i ef th M i d
oc r n e o b f B a h m ae h a
n l l u d -
d t
o rn so n s o r e re e o

m
,

d
( g i
es dl
ney i a b u n f n of p sc t i g t
reh
‘

h a gor f i ,
i
or t re v e n n e c r e o nc o n s s

e nc y ) th i M au (i 3 2 t q
e re Is , e v e n n ath y f th igi f th
n -
e se . e or o e or n o e

h um
.
,

a a qui t i
a a
n r ce i t t wi th the th d
n c on s s en i w f th ig i f e or o ox V e o e or n o

Ca t
s e Hai g di id d h i w b dy i t t w pa
v n v e t th l
s o d [B h m n o n o o r s, e or r

m wi th th ha f m
,

ma
.

a t ]b a lf a l ad wi th th h a lf a a l ; ad
ll t f B a
th e c re or ec e, e e, n e e e n

tf m K w 0 mt hm
, ,

i th a
n al h
e a t d Vi ij
e e c re e rt . ano ,
os ex c e en o r n s,

[ M a un i h s p t d
e re rea p a k i
re se n e
g t B h i
rg u f th
s s M i
e d b n o on e o e n -
o rn

f md by M a mth p Wh m tm
,

S o n s, o r S on s or u] th a t Ia
e n th a a l Vi a j e e rson o e r

a ft er p f m i g d
er o r ti n a t d I wh a
ev o mth
on , c re a t f a l l th i
e : o e c re or o s

[ w l
or d ] B i
.
g d i ue nt f m a
es rotu I p s f m d
o y
or a d u u
c re re s, e r or e v er r o s

ad fi t a
,

d ev o ti on , n t d t rs Ma h ah i
c re (g at
e R i h i ) t
enh l d f rs s, re s s e or s
'

atu Ma i h i A t i A ug i a P ul a tyaP ul a h aK a tu P a h
h i h th aBh igu ad Na
c re re s : r c r , r s, s r r c
, , , ,

taVa ada Th y du d wi th g a y
M au ad D a
s, s s , r ,
n t r g . e ,
e n e re e ne r ,

a a ad th a f Dé a ad
a Pi h a
t d th b d
p w Yuk ha Ra
c re e se v e n o er n s n v s, n e o es o v s, n

Ma h ahi rs f b u dl
s o o n e ss kh a o ha G a
e r, s s, s s, s c s, n
 O RT HOD O X VIEW or T HE M IX ED CA S T E S .
63

c us t o mf o re c e i v n
g i in maia
g rr e fe ma
l es of a
ll the
at (th wif at b i g th fi t )
a
fo ur C s es e e of hi s o wn C s e e n e rs

mai
d th f m
.

Th e I hat iy
xs al r f Th s Ca t rr e e e es o re e s e s,

i l udi g th i w Th Va i h yaw l ud th
f th B a
nc n t
e r o n e s s e re o ex c e e

f m hm
.

ea
l es a ad K ha
o t i yaC a e t ad r n n s r s es, n

t m oay th of th i w ad th S hud aCat Th

rr o se e r o n n e r s e e

m m
.

S h d aw
’

II
p i
r st t d t t a t
e re a i ag er n l y i e o c on r c rr es o n

th i w Ca
e r o t S u h wa th n u t m f th f m
s e c s e c s o o e or er

m a
.

a g T
es h ff p i g f u h i
e o
r g a i s al l d
r n t h o s c r es s c e e

A ul m
.

n a Th ff p i g f u l a
o
f
wful i e o b tw s r n o n c o nn e x o n s e een

t h h ig h
e Ca t m ad l w er at w m i a s e ll d en n o er c s e o en s c e

th P a t l m a Th p i d f
'

th t i tu wi th
L

f th B a
e n r z o e er o or e In v e s re

th a d th a
e s c re d f th m al i u o re hm an o e e ss es e r ,

K ha t i yaad V a
s i hya
r Ca t i [p b p l y]
n t i t d s s es s r er re s r c e

m m m
,

t th a
o
g f i
e
y a (t t h
e o n ne t o f t h e rs o -
e co en c e en e

dhaa A p aaa A u a Na
'

rv s, g a S p t
s r s s, s r s s, e r e n s, Su p na ad th dif
er s, n e

f nt
e re la f P i t zi c Ki a
sse saa p o l s, nn r s, e s, fih ai u b i d
s es, v r o s r s,

b at d M
s s, ad wil d ai m al wi th t w
e e r, EN , n n s o ro ws o f t e e th Th us
a
e

by m y a
pp i tm t [ th a
t f M th o n en o nn , e so n of
“

th e se lf e x i sten t
-

]
ad by th f
n f d ti
e th
orc e g a t o a t ed
ev o al l t h i m
on , a e se re one s c re s ov

b l ad i m ma bl w l d wi th pa at a al l tt d t ah a "
e n ov ti
e or tu se r e c on s o e o e c c re re .

To th i paa a pp d
mt t h th d t h y f Ca t I di t d s e, rec e
o se e or o ox eo r o
g s ss e, s o o

att tien i y l t u
on t
n t h y u th f B
ec mb a y m
re s a y y ao ag eM o o o n e rs o . r .

M ui (wh r t al a ti I ha a
o se d pt d i g i i g i t 0 S T p
r ns on ve o e n v n . . . .

mgl a
,

I a d t t i t h u f ot i
not I t
ce, w i l l b b s d t h
re e rs a
t o e o se rv e

am g th aon tu f md by th t
e c re Ma h ah i a M
res or e wh a t e en rs s re en , o re no

sp ifi d ab i g f ay pati ul a at H w d th i
ec e s e n o n ati
r cb y th r c s e . o o es s c re on e

Ma h ah i i t w i th t h f u b i g a
t d paa t ly a d b y th
a
rs s c on s s e o r e n c re e se r e ,
n e

im mdia t a e t f B a hm e ad ib d i
c o r 31 [i w h i h st h y ae sc r e n v e rse ,
n c e re

p k f ab ugh t f mh i h a
,

s o en o s d h ad
ro t ] ro s e ,
n s, e c

Fro mA nu, wi th , ad l m
ah a
ni o ,
r,
g a
i
r n , or l ine , mai g e n n i n t he
d irec t li n e of n ture a .

1
“
Th e re v e rse of th e p re c e d i n
g .
64 WHA T C A S T E Is .

a) a m a
T h ose wh o se th re d
h b
a
’
n i n th y e r
y t c e re on s no e en

l mi d withi t h t p i d a a l l d V é tya Th
th V a
so e n ze n er o re c e r . e

h il d b t tya by a d ul t y wi th th
Va
c re n o rn o e r s er e

w m of th i w a t a a tya S ata
a
o en l l d th
e r o n c ti
s e re c e e r -
n

( V t
r a
y p g y) A g airo t h enb f i l l g a l n, o se orn o e c on

f th m
-

m ti d
.

i
ne x on o f ay ef th a b en o n on e o e ov e -
en on e

at wi th t h w m f ay th at a a
a a
c s es e o l l d th
en o n o er c s e re c e e

M i d Ca a a a a
a a
xe t (S k J t
s esi ) T h u th o n f t h J r t i -
. e rs o e

Vi ek at h e Br a ha a a a a a a
ta
i h M K
ad th P aahu a
v
jj t V i é k t dh l p l it v e v

m
-
, ,

aP a a
,

a
a [ w k f
m g th M aa
u h i
a
n e p r s r t t y r or s o or

a on th B eh m a ] y a t
r h a m a y r ns , s ere re n

M i d Ca xe t i thi l a
-
ta g (
s es K al i Y u na
g ) whi h s a t s e -
c c nn o

b d t m
e i d ad d
e er ib dne Y t wi th th h l p f
n es cr e e e e o

um a
.
,

M au ad t h th Ri hi t h y
n n e o t 1 3 4 p du d
er s s, e en er e ro ce

f m t h A ul m aad P a til m a ad th m
aJa
ro e n o s i tu (by n r o s, n e x re

t h S aka
e ti ) f t h f u
n r -
i gi a l Ca t o Th y e o r or n s es e

i b th i md
.

a th C a
aJa
d e sc r e f ub i t e r nd o ti es o t s s s en c e , no ce e s es

whi h a f a c bl t t h S ak a
re re e r ti ad th e whi h
o e n r -
n ose c

a t Th f l l wi g i th um f th m o n s e

y f mg d— th B a
re n o e o e s o

hm
.

a K ha t iya Va i shyaad Sh i d a 4
‘

th M u dh a
Di re c t l ro o e r n, s r n i r

m th A m
, ,

F m a— Va ik ta ba htha th P é

i ta
th e A
ro ul n o e r -
s ,
e s
, e

ah aath M a h i hyath Ug aad th Va li ka Kaaa

Ch a
r s v , e s
,
e r , n e -
r n

aa
— th S a i déh ikath Ch a da
r n

F mth P a t l m a tath V a la
th M a
'

a
ro e r z o e , e e n
, ,

e g ad h a th K h ata N i sh d a t h A e
y g a a s -
e o v

F mth
.
,

ro Va tyaa d th S aka
e r a t g th a di g t
s n e n r s o e e r, c c or n o

th p di g b k 36
ahu a ta
e re c e n oo s

T wh i h a t b a
o c dd d f m re th Pa o e m aP a p a
e ,2 2 ro e r s r r ,

T tal f Ca
o t o num a t d s es e er e 134 .

fMa th i m a a
a
S th i j u ti pp 1 5 1 6 But
Va bh a
u b
ha
ee e n nc tt on o n on s e r, ov e , -

mpa wi th it f th a f th t m
. .

ppli a ty th M a a ta
A nu h a
co re ti ,
or e c on o e er r ,
e r
,

ha aPa a6 2 6 2 1 T th ut a la a th
C handa l ath V a
s s n rv t he re e o c s e c ss e s re e

Sh i d an f m
-
,
.

tyaa d th V a
e i dy ab g tt
r by a n al e e o en t r o e es

hm
, ,

of th B ae a K ha
r t iy a a i d Va
n, i hyal a s e pe t i
r ly ,
r s c sses r s c ve .
 O RTIIO D O X VIEW O F T HE M IXE D CA S TE S .

TA BUL A R VI E W O F THE C A S TE S A BO VE REFE RRED TO .

Fr o mth e Br h a
ma n to the S hri dr ah , ere the K un bz
’
or Cul t iva
tor .

C ats e. S a k it d
muati
ns
t
r
on .
eno M aa
a
r th i d e no
n t i on
m
i
m
E ng l i sh d eno
ma t z on
a a
M le P re nt . Fe m
a le P arent . P roc esswn .

ama a
. .

Br h ma
a
Br h n n

A n oi n ted i n Br h ma n

a the h e d
K ha t i ya Ksh a
t i ya a a Re g ul a
ama
s r r K sh t ri y r

Am ul m
.

ba h gh a g Br h n An o a
Vai h ya s V i sh ya a a Va
i h a s y Re g ul a r.

Mah i h yar g o a a
K sh tri y

Ba a
Josh z
'

7 K und G ol k a aa-
K un d G ol k a aa -
Kund -
ha
aG l a hma
n o r . Br h ma n A d ul t e ry .

wife of

a th
haB a Ba
no er

a a aa
R nd G ol k -
aa
R nd G e l e k -
a R gt d a aG l a hma o r n hm an r A d ul te ry .

ama
wi d ow
aA m
Ap bah
s th aB
r- hi h a
ka s or Br h n. K sh t ri y a a A d ul t e ry
Am
.
,

baka
Sa
ath i r C h ai t r r o ee or K sh tri y a a Br h ama n a
P r ti l o
ma
,

Bad
a ama a
r

mi th ma
.

11 P a aa
i r sh oo o G ol ds Br h n S h d” A n ul o
Ugm
v

A ul m
. 0 0 0 0 .

a
,

a a a Sh d a
K sh tri y
K a aa
’

12 U g r II r n o

B l l mta
.

13 a
n sy k r e l -
e a a S h d aé a D g
S h ii r sé n r s n ,
e en e

A dh i k a a
,

worker A dh i k a ti § r on .

K ha t i ya K h a t iya
Ba
s r s r

ka a
Brijj a maBa
aa a hm a Ba hm a
V ra
1 B i rdg z
'

n th . P r th i -
. r n n r

tya ,

A nup ai t a
aaa k at h aB a
n

A
'
ka
aa
v rt Dwi ti y B i r g i 2 Do Bgijj a hm a n n r

m
Io . . . .

P a th a
i a
or r

Ba
a aa ka B a
gi
a
r

Kaa a Tri ti y B i r g i A a ta hm a
'
16 t dh n -
. . 3 . Do . v r n , or r .

D wi ti ya
i a
.

Ba
agi
a m
r

sh é k h a
P ush p a a a aBa Ka a h a B h a
a
17 i r C h turth -
4 . Do t d n n r .

o T i t i ya
. .
,

i a
r g i r r

Ba gi {I r

a a
O r M urdh visikh t
N w a l t g th t i t . 1 o N w a
l t g th
o e t i t er ex nc .
'
o o e er ex nc .

t G l d m i th a i p ta t
re p a
rn or g i nt h m m u
e rson i ty M a y ay t
es h y a
n h ie cot d b y fa u n n s e re ere nser e vo r,

a
s
a
s
a
o .

aa l l th ha a a C a t t h h ul d a k l w t h S h u d T h y h h w a er n r s e ve, o ev er,

B a
ft d i t t h eor s o r n o
di cr gs, c c or n y o e s e

m
n
.

m
s ,

r h a n p g i t
ro e n a i b dor t t h sc r e o e .

By a K ha t i ya ad p ti g a t ad ai a id n r e, s s

i a
s

m
s r o

a a
.

a — a a t f V i h u d l a t t a t Th u i d

a
d
'

i V i re p p y e v o ees o n n ro er sec no c s e. e n er c Is
T h B g or IIr Is , s
-
s,
a
g r
a
,
p
,
e

ti n cti i
on s nM a t h t (
r i 2 3 4 ) a p,
u l
,y bi
,
t y re re r r r .

9
 WH AT CA S TE I S .

at ak i t d aa m a a ant m
a
ma
C S M th i d
‘

ns r M le P Fe l l b ’

m
s e. e no i E gl es}; d eno rent .
m
r eno e
a
re
ai
.

tzn t on . t n z on t on

aa a aU p a a
. .

1 8 M g dh . Su
r
y
-
aka M a
g h al a s
'

c Br h m
a a n P ush p sh é

aa
aa a Ba aa a
kh r

19 S h ti k a aK a Dév p l i j ma M g dh
na
’
sv -
Id ol dress er
-
r h n .

a
aaa a a
r r

2 0 S udh aé a a m
a
ada
n v ch i r y J g ,t n , e c , . of V r ty -
v n V i sh y
Bh
ma a a
ru , Vi fi ve k inds of sh e . A nu
a
ja “ a a
a aa
, M i V ni s p n ft
t ré y s vrit ,

a
,

2 1 S h fi dr ao o o o o o o
. 0 K up b f . o 0 0 t o c o o C ul tw tor S h fi dr ao c
'

S h l l dl '

a t o 0

Of t h e S t t us a o
f the Cul ti v to rs a
ama
.

aa m
a?
23 M a
2 2 A b h fr G w li H erds n Br h n

g ad h aBan d i -
Bh a
ta aK a v vr M i ns trel o f th e a a
V i sh y
ja na aa
a ama
M dg dh s

ab a Shu
aa aa a
24 Nh vf B r er Br h n dr
ab M éga dh a Ug a
a
Nh
a
25 A p r N p i t f -
vi B r er r .

2 6 Jh l l sa R j g u
ur l la
Jh a K hast i ya S h u d a
r V r . or r t
V é t i ya r K ha t i ya s r

Wrestl er lla
Jh a K ha t i ya
Ba
s r

m a hm
.

U bre l l r a Va i déh i k a
n

a
30 K a ka
29 8 fi d o u

n ya a s r

3 1 K fn a
aa s v

aa a
2 R th k é r e o o .

L ower th a S h id a
n z r s

a
.

i t l i k aK a
Va _ Dh a
ra df Sh u a
a
dr
a aa Ch
Ka
n or r n .

a
,

84 aa y a s th . P r bh u or P aK r . P abhu r a
V i d éh i k a
M h i sh y a
aaK a a
bh u
35 A p aa ar -
y s th P r bh u or P a P abhu
r r K y aa s th

aa a aa a
bhu
36 P r bb P r bh

ka
aya aa
Bh d bh unj y a a a
a
Gr i n p r h er

a
3 7 A n dh s -
c

38 M a
ni k a r Vi dh rf Jewe l l e r A d ul
39 a
K t érf Turner 0 0 0 .

it a t i t p la
la
T h i s isti n th Ja gamab i ng th p i t
e n er o f t h Li ng a
yi t a
o md ,
t e n e e r es s o e s, o ern sec .

mth Sak i t Jy shthahi f 1 Va O Kan a

t d th K a f th B a
i ty f th p di g
f mB a
F ro o e re ce n
t e ns r e c e r e r re

hm th a r Pa bh u b i g g a
.

l ha ya t i a
,

ai a
. .

t ua
_

In s n ti on ro r n c l n re e s s, o r s, e n re r v s o e r t

m m mt
,

in th e att er of ofll c e - e
‘
p l oy en .
 W HAT CA S TE I S .

at
C ak d eno a at Fe m
al Pa t
ma
S ns ri t E ng l ish M le P
ma
s e . d eno ren . e r en .

in tt on .
in t zon .

69 A rc he r
m
a
aa V
O il n

7 l N ga
v lli Bete l l e a
'

k
l -

f
a
a
yf
n aa
Ka
r s e l l er

am m
.

72 ach k Gl ak Sh l a li.
aa
r ss er

7 3 S h ki l ya a L w Bab
a
o r er N pi t
maa
. -

7 4 Sh b r lV a e ver A v ri k
'
aaa
Wa a nd ka
ata
’
e ver A v r

S p i nner
7 6 Sh ush i ra a
() P a
M ker of K uk k ut a '
A bh i r .

a
co rse s i lk

c l o th , L ow
Wea
ver

- c o o . o u t

78 R ak i k a
n u -u m aa l Ch rc o

ma
o

a
d ad C h a aaa
ker
a i k aad Kir G a utt aa
S ha a
’

79 Y v zi s n n r ss c -
er P sul k P ul k s

k i l ya b uk sw r H orse
a
aa a
Tr i ner
8 0 P t ul . P n g ul P a
ng ul
'

P aul a
ka s Sh ddr a
Th i eve s ai da Ka
Kur i av nta ka v r

Am
. .

M ah w a
s e rers ba h th a V a
i dé h i ka
s

m
-

F la
g n e

8 3 Brik un sh a F ortune tel l -

A yog
'
aa v

aa
ers , e tc .

84 K l a
nta v D a
n cers .

a Br h ama aao
ha
Be N i sh d
a
rers n O 0 0

86 P sh ul p l ya
a or Wa
nj a
ra
’

or
' '

a
P ush s i k a Nis da
ah u V i k aa
P syi r Baj aa n
'

Fi h m
-

87 Ka i a taka a ah aao aao o

Ba
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a
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aM a G h a
F ound er
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n

k ukk ut a
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aaa
N i sh d

L ower th a thn pe r ec ed i n
g b u t hi g h e r t h n Ch nd l s a .

T yh e d o n t r esi d e i n v i l l g es a
a
.

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ri Re e l ter of m
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.

a
9 5 D h us k r Co a rse a a Sa ta
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Bl ak c s m
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 ORTHODOX VIEW O F T HE M IX ED CA S TE S .

m mai
M le P a am al Pa t P rocess
m
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ma
rent . Fe e ren .

li a a aB ah ma
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.

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ai m
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l K Bel d ma
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k tm
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a
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1 Vai h ya y a
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s o . m
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r v r

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£ 952 112 C h ul a N i ch aP ai t
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ma
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la
.

a aa D i sti l l er V é na A b hf
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. S ush k l r.

Th e touc h of th e f o l l owi n
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ai aa a
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, r v r

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70 WHA T CA S TE I S .

at ak i t d aa
th i am a at Fe m
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m j: M rent .
m
C S E ng l is h de no M le P e
ma
s e ns r eno r i ren
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t ton. n t i on. ut t i o n .

1 22 T aa
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1 28 K a aa
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S h M h 6 Sh v p k
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a
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131 a a
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1 32 M t aa a Pl aa
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1 33 M l y h ri , Y aaM u a
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. T u ush k a r suds .

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aa
n k h o r, S o er i
1 34 M au h ya n s Ad mK h
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or C nni ba
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Be si de s the C a ste s b ov e e n u er te d, i t i s d d e d t o tl a ma a
a b l h re oth er C st e s a
ih th e c ity o f Fund e l e v e n , a
aa
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r ,
—
,

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aa
i c c o rdi n g t o th e Sh str
p
A l t og e the r, th e Re c ogn iz e d C ste s i n th e M a r th C ount a
m
a ount t o 1 4 5 Th e ra n k p op ul a si n e d t o th e se C st e s d o a a
aa
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.

n o t i n e c h i n stanc e ac c ord wi th th t e st a bl i sh e d by th e S h str s a

Th e l ist, th oug h c o prehe n din b ut th e f
g i li es nd g e n e ] m m a
a
aa
o f th e l o c l C st es i s i n dee d f r fro a
b e in g c o pl et e But f m m
t w m i m
, ,
.

th i s j sub e c ut a ft wad e s er r s re turn a th in no er c on ne x o

O ur o bj ec t a
tp t h ab m rese n s ee n ere l y t il l u t at th p
o p s r e e ri n c i

a c c ordi n
g t o whi c h , i n th e o rth od o x V e i w a i ti i n C at ha
, v r e es s e t

a Ba hm a a b ut p g a
h aa
T his sh o ws th ph
th t t h e r ns re oor e no r e rs .

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ers: mi a ti i t w il l { d a a ll a t t i b ut d t t h M a d g
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-
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,
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.

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a
e t e i d t p ut th S
h
ad th y u t h ml b y a
r s rr o r e s
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r e e r ns re r o
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ce ere ss ne o
a a a
.

t i ya S m f t h B a
h
m t) l a im
e re n e R i d d h i k ( u t h
hm
ex c se i t h h h t h f t h o r:
aad E u
te t
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se v es re r
t th Ya
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d b y th ai t K h a
s e
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a
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t h T uru h k a b ut th i i
x s r

da
s o k ft
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nd C a i b a
e e
l a
qs n s y s so e c onse e c e, s e re s
e l nn .
 DO K VIE W OF T HE M IX ED C A ST E S .

t o be a
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th t th e v i e w ofth e o rig i n nd o
p a
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s es th a
t t o wh i c h orth od ox H in d ui s
to
‘
th e presen t d y T h is is a ob vi o us, n o t on l
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mwhi h ma ab
.

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c s e er

but fro mth e re

p rese n t a
ti o ns c on s tatl y m
n a h e e r

n the ir inte rc o urse wi th th e ir p up il s, a th eir po pul ad in n

of Hi d ui m u h a th am a aa
S ha
n s s c s e Hin d u D h r T tv o
k é l g th P ad i t f th B m
,

t i Ph a da s r ba on e n o e o

C ll g i B m
,

S i ty ad E l phi t oc e n ba y p u b ns on e o e e n o

f w y aa a m
,

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p i g h
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w i p ul iaw k ; tha
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ec K ha rt i yai d i or ts e s r s rec e

atu t hi
n app rei t d mo l
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o n e ai h y e o en s e s

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”
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Th f u fi t as t h eay oh a r i t d
rs f c s es , e s s, ve ex s e ro

f t h S aha(th ug h th A ul m
.

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f ma l y ti m Th ro um b e r f a t h h ld es e n er o c s es , e o s

m
.

t th p t da y b oi i
g g t h
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f r n n e er

mf
, ,

ti o n s o f c o un t r
y, o f c usto , o c on d uc t , o f foo
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tta
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works (g o od , i n d i ffere nt , n o w) , of h c

t ic ul ia
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p
— o
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th u ad a h a ”
up on Th i i o d d i d ubtl
s n s . s n c re se , e s, s o es

r i
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”
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m
,

s h ul d b oak wl dg d by th p w ful G
e c no e e e o er o ve rn en

c oun tr wh i c h w ul d fi n d i t d i ffi c ul t t o ov e rth ro w e v e
y o

m m
,

st a aa
od ern of th e at h b g th
The dv n t g es o f c . s e, e e s

t b a u d ia
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serve , d t rep i f n en e, o e oe s n o s ec

whil th i thi g di g a ful i th m at i

a
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ad th am t d t th m
,

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rn s, u h ub d i a
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S e e Hi nd u Dh am
a aapp
r T tv , . 60 7 -
 WHA T CA S TE IS .

th e ml se v e s a To persons
re sub ord in a
t d t e o th e Br h ama ns .

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l o w c ste se eki ng l e rni ng, n o t c l l e d fo r by th e i r p ri
-
a a
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upse t th e order o f th in g s, to th e pro duc ti o n of g e ne r l inc on a
n i e n c es ad n d iffi c ul ti es In a
l l t hi s h e i s but a re
p re se n t a
ti
ma
.

n of th e o rth o do x , ad n s ti l l
p re v a
il i g n s c h oo l O l d In d
m ff
, .

d i re c ts i ts un i fo r e o rt t o th e c o nse rv a ti on o f c at s e wi th all
p a d p t i
ec ul i ri tie s E a y th i g a d t n re e ns on s ver n v e rse o c ate s

m f th a
.

i t p t aau
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s s re s n or o en o e v nc e o e

Y uga i a
g p p a at y t t h d t u t
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ag u d a tt m m
,

t i th ui u a t a t h a d
Pu a
s e sse
p p p y t n e c ro s e s ro ec e in

a th fi t th a
r n t i g a li a ti
s , on f M uha mma d e rs re en n s o r re z on o

qu t i th N th f I di a
c on es n e or o n .
*

Th e fol l owi ng ve r y c uri ous s e c i p m e n of th ese p ph e

ro c i es i s h ere wort
of a
tt en ti on

of a a
th ree t ri b e s , b ut d e gr d e d ,nd A b h f aa d S hu d a s wi l l upy S h a ua h t aA a
’

M en r s n ti Sh r Oc c r s r v n

A b ud a mbh um i a d a ut a ad Babaia wi l l b m at f th b a
,

a nd M a
, ,

nd S h u l a
Da b ha
r : t r s o - c s es , nk n f th r r ns e s e rs o e s o e c

th Ch a a hm T h wi l l b t mp ay m ah ig ni g
,

ik a
rv d a e ga nn d Ka r i s r. es e th a
e c on e or r on rc s , re n o ve r e e r

i l nt t m
,

ki g n f h u l i h pi i t
s o c r s s r p a nd
v o e a d di t d t e fa
er, l h d ad wi k d e v er T h y wi l l i !
c e o se oo n c e ness . e n

n w m
,

d ae th o n hi l d
o e ad w ; th y wi l l i up t h p p ty f th i ubj t th y wi l l b
c ren , n co s e se z e on e ro er o e r s ec s . e l

l im ad wi l l f th m t p at a ad fa
,

it d p w e o e r, n or pid ly i e os ll th i l i
r r wi l l b h t th i d i
r se n i e r v es e s or e r e s re s ns

ai u u t i i nt m i ng l i g wi t h th m
,

a bl a nd th y w l l d i p l a
e, e y b ut l i t t l p i ty
r s Th p pl f th
e e e eo e o e v ro s co n r es er n e

m
.

a ad th bab ai a b i g p w ful i th pa a
a
f l l w th i
o o pl
e r ex e, n e r r nst g f th p i
e n o wh i l t p u
er n t i e ron e o e r nc es, s re r r

a g l t d t h p pl wi l l p i h W a
re ne ec e e eo e l th nd p i ty wi l l d
er s . a da e y by d a y u ti l th w l d wi l l e e c re se n e or

T h p p ty a
, ,

wh l l y d p ad
o e r ve l en wil l nfro aernk ; w a l th wi l l b th
one ly
co u er r f d ot i pa e e e on so rc e o ev on ss

ly m
.

w l l b th s l b nd f u i
e e o e o b tw n t h o n on ; fa l h e d wi l l b th
ee e se x es a f u i l i ti ga
se ti
oo e e on e ns o s c c e ss n

ad w mn wi l l be bj t m l y f n ua
r e

n o e o ec s l g a ti fi a
ere ti Ea
o t h wi l l b
se s a t d b ut f
r cit m in
on r e v e ne r e or s e

th B a hm ai a l th a hm d ga
.

t a re u s res e r d wi l l n c n ti tut aB a re a t a l typ

co s (a t h e ta ff a nd r n e x e rn es s e s re

wi l l b th e l y d i ti t i n
e on f th
s nc aol d s o f l i f ; di h
e se v e r ty wi l l b th
or e rs o uni a l m a f
e s one s e e v ers e ns o s

i t
s s e nc e w a k wil l b th
e ne ss a
us f d p d e ; maae c nd p
e o um pti
e en wi l l b ub t i tut d f
ence en c el ai re s on e s s e or e rn

l ib a l i t y wi l l b d
er ti e; im pl a
ev o bla ti n W l l b
on s p u ifi a e ti n ; m utuaol a t wi l l b m
i e ai a g ; fi
r c l t o sse n e rr e ne c o

wi l l b d i gni ty a
e d wa t a fa ff wi l l b
n er t md a h ly p i g
ro Am id t a
e e s ee ll a t h e wh i th o t s g r n s c s es e o s e s ron

wi l l i gn re ap i ip a
ove r l i ty th u r nc i ti at d by m any fa ul t s v T h p pl e u a b l t b at h h a y bu d s. e eo e n e o e r e e v r

im p d
ose up n t h m o b y t h e ie a a i i u i g r w i lvl t a k
rc o f u am
s sov e reg th a l l ns ,
y f t h m u n t a i e re g e on e v e s o e o ns,

w i ll b g l a d t f d up n wi l d h n y h b
e o ee o t fl w o and l a ; th i
e e r s , ro o s, ly i g wi l l b
o e rs , e ves e r on c ov er n e

m
,

ba k ft o ad t h y wi l l b p d t th l d ad wi d ad u ad a
rees, n e e ex ose o i
e co N a l i f W 11
n n n s n, n r n. o n s
’
e 1 ex c

m
r

a a
, ,

ad t w ty y a T h u i t h Ka li a a a u u
a
th n h l l d n y t t l d n t i l
e t h s h c o ns n ro c e e e n r

m
re e en e rs . g s e y p ec

m m a
,

a a a W a a d w
a
pp hroc i t es i h i l st i nn i l on V i h u P u pp 4 8
so n s 1
’
4 8 2 F s n t t fr nt h k i or o re er o e s e n

m
-

a
,

a
.

a
,

ia a
.

a
.

ui u a ad di p a f B
the r P u a
c ro ti
s v r on s n i n sc re
pp 6 2 2 6 2 6 o f t
c es h se e w k t h 12 th S k n d t h h g e s e or e o e v

f m
-
.
,

a nd th n lui
e co c st
s on o f th o na o e o r s.
 O RIGIN or CA S TE T HE A RYA S
— ’
. 73

V .
-
O RI G IN A ND D EVELO P M E NT or IND I A N C A S TE .

THE ati fi ia l y t mf Ca
r c t t whi h th tw p
s s e o d s e, o c e o re c e

i g ti ha b d t d wa t t a
n se c on s ve
h g
een w t h f
e vo e s no e ro o

a
,

i gl a
s n g e f f w
e , or e ven o t u i T h hi bi t
e i f c en r e s. e ex on o

it s ori g ad d in l pm t
n th g a
e ve o t d id a tum a
en ll
1s e re es er 1n

ah i t th hi t y f t h
re se rc es n o ia
e l l if f I di a
s or o e so c e o n

a m
.

It i t b s o
g tt d
e reth t t h a
re t i ael f u h a e er s or s c n ex

hi biti a b ut f l im
on re it d t t ad f diffi ul t i t p
o e ex en n o c n e r re

ta ti on . W aag u ti e rr n f th mafaa p a
e o r no c es o e , s r s r e

ti ac bl i h
e, l gi a
n c l drono o c o r er

W b gi wi th gl ai g f mth Veda
.

1 e e n e n n s ro e s

fi f m
. .

Th al i t u
e e r es soa ti rc es o I di a i ty
n or on on n n so c e

a f u th l d t p ti
re , o co rs e, f th
e o at ad ai
es or o ns o e v s n v r

ed b dy f I d a l it a
o o '
tu
n d 1 n mi a t d t h Vé da
er re , en o n e e s

f i g t th m f thi i f m a
.

I n re e rr n o e ti wh i h a b
or s n or on , c c n e

co ll t d ec e l y wi th m on u h la b u w m u t di ti tl y
c o r, e s s nc

re c og i t h
n sei p u l i a h a
e r a t a ec l i t a y a
rcd l i g i u
r c er s er r n re o s

works
id m
.

The word Véd aaw , s e h ave e l se wh ere s a a

y b , e

re n d e re d Fount -
oi Knowl e dg e
-
or o f Vi si on , it s roo t a
p
p ae i g i
r n t h n a de dw L a
G reek 8 t 35 w
ti i d ’
n e c
’
,
n v o

ad id ad Engl i h wi tfi Th w k t whi h
n v eo, n s t e or s o c

t hi ami a
s n
ppl i ed h w s h a em p ,
h i o e v er, ve no co re e n s ve

t t
c o n en s s ui ta bl t o t h i d i g a ti e— wh i h a pp a e rt es n on , c e rs o

ha b ve g i e en th m m l y b
v en a u f t h i
e g e a t e re ec se o r re

a g a
e d t i
n m at d es ab l h a a t a
e m b d i
ve ne r
y g e c r c er, s e o n

th e l igi ure g aod h y ms .

f t
sonh a i n t sI nd ian , ns o e nc e ns .

I ndi aTh ree Thous ad Y a A g p

n e rs o, . 15
10
 WHA T CA S TE 1 8 .

af u i
Th e y re o r n nu m
b er, th e Big , S iz m
aYa
j u ad ,
r, n

A tha a Th rv e Big Véd awhi ch c on t a

i ns thei r ol dest
ma l a mha i i S ahi d
.
,

t ia di er n n its ol de st for s, n ts n t or

m
,

c ol l e c ti on, so e or di i h fli k st c s or c ers

(fro mwh enc e it rec ei ve s i ts n m) aag d i S i k a

a e rr n e n z t s;

Hym
,

or p ns, a
l l y a dri nc i p
i g t t h i aut h a d c c or n o e r ors n

th g d t wh m
e o s th y a a
o dd o d Th Yae
j u (l i re re sse . e r

t a
er ll y aifi cia l ) Véda u i
s cr tw l l ti — th oc c rs n o co ec o ns e

k th m ai t b a m
,

K i h a Bl a
r s n or c i ga l th
e a ore n c en e rn so en e

bl y d i d f m
, , ,

o f th T a ei tti iya(p ba r th ro h l r er v e ro e sc oo o

sec t by wh m i t wa f mo d) a
— d th S hul l a Whi t
s or e n e c or e,

m f th Véj aaéya f a igi

,

b a i ga
e rn l th a so e n e o e s n o n or n

im w m ti
,

s il a t tha r t o d A lano
g p t i f en one r e or on o

it m b th f m i d i d f mth Big
.

s t ia
a l i er s n o or s s er ve ro e

a b ut th ha
,

to o l f f whi h i t i
e q ua l i o th c s e n e ex

t t f m att i b th f i t f mu i t df Th S i m
id by th B a
en o er n o o s or s n e e s

Védawhi h i a c hm s a t has e r ns o ve

l mt th wh l t t f m
,

es l d a w a
.

f it
‘
‘ '

vers r s os e o e o s c on en s ro

l ti g th mh w ma f m
,

th Bi g
e se e c ni ll p ti e o e ver, n s or ons ro

m a m
,

a a
,

p a ti rul a c h y r d i
g g t h
ns,
p i i
n
p ya ll f rr n n e r nc or

aifi i a
s cr l cha ti g a t th
c m aaifi
n n by a p a t i e so s cr c es r

on lal a f p i t i
rc ss o Th A tha ar es s Védawhi h i a id e rv ,
c s s

In the Bl ak Ya
c j u r V d é athe e a
pp
, eai n r r th e M S . b efore m e

to b e a
b ut 1 8 3 6
o di sti chs .

1
‘

In Dr S tev enson s edi ti on i t

.
’
oc cupi es onl y so m e li ne s . In
Benfey s, i t h
’
aa
b ut
s o 2 7 35 .

1 Th ugh m o m (S ik ta l a
u da t a
ost of
i — f mthe
i g d a dHy ns i s, on ro st oo n

ul ap k ) f h Big Vé da
ct s o ai ddf p
en o t e l ad fa
a mi ly re nte n e or e rson n

m
-

u i i
se , b i u f m m f h m f la
t s o v o s t p iti ha h i
ro so e o t e o er c o os on t n t e r

m
,

a ia h S ahi i
sso c i ll
tes n t e i th a
t a wh at dnfi i d
tc or c o ect on, so e e n te or e r

a
h d b een do t e d by th e ap
rti e s c ti ng s pa
ri ests wh en th ese l ter a ap a
m
hy ns were c o osed m
p
Th us, e g i n R V v rg I7 , we h ve
. . . . aa a
76 i t
WHA T CA S TE 1 s .

th ough al im
of i t d i til l f a e n i t , s s ti g a o d a lun e res n n v

a bl e, c ha at r c er .

Th l ag ua n g f t h V e o
i d a — w h i h
e a f t e i tsr j y d c er en o e 1

m
e

p t i
os e r or c u l t u a m t b d
re, c i ae t d th S ak i ta
o e e no n e e ns r

( l i t era l l y d ta
c onc re) u l ti a t d h
or c a b fv u d
e t b -
s e en o n o e

i t im m m
,

a t ly t d b th i
c on n ec e g a a a d n a
rb l r n v oc es ,

m
n e o

a a
,

no t on l y wi th t h a i t l a e
g gu a n c en f P i n u l t i t es o e rs e ;

mi a
,

ly d e no t d th n e Z ad ad P a e h l i but wi th th
n n v ,
e

G ree k La ti G thi C l ti ad th
n, o c, eEu p a l a
c, n o er ro e n n

m m
,

g gu a es, c o
p h d d re i t h I
en e d T u t n i fa
e i l
n y O o-
f e on c .

th e se l ag ua n
g i t i es ,t t h p a s no b u t t h e i tre nt , e s s e r or

co ui s n, ahab s s f m th i phi l l g i a
e e n se en ro l mpa
e r o o c co r

ison , ah f th mth wi g i t w l igh t th p u

e c o e ro n s o n on e ec

l iaf mad ta
a
r or s t n i s wh i h th i es ld t w d fi t
n c e r o es or s rs

b aec m u t wh e c rre n tab l i h d by en es ti

s e l c on v e n on

m
,

ua s
g e
; a d n a h f t h
e c t a
o i i gp e f c onf u b q u
n n t ro o s o s se en

i n ve n ti ad mdi fi a
on n ti of w d a d i g t th
c on o or s c c or n o e c os

mi ad iac n l
soc
p i ex t h u g h t f
e r e n c e, l i g a do u l t u ee n n c re

m
. ,

o f t h di e
g ver t a d eni in ta n sow i d l y p
e ns a a t d
n c e s, e -
se r e

m m
,

t ib
r est whi h th y b l
o c
g T e h y a e on l.
y f a g e t re ere r en s

o f a l d l ag ua
n o er
g p n k b y t he s
p g o i t
en f t h e ro en ors o e se

t ib
r es , ak wl dg i g a m
c no e m igi ad l g k pt
n co on or n, n on e

u i t d by i t
n e u n e rc oad m m i t t O t hi
rse n co on n e re s s z n s

ma tt er ap f t er e c t f i ta
c onse n l i t ha b o o r en
g s s s e en e n er

a t d a
e d n
p ex d f
resse l a t y a o Th ae h ae rs b e c se -
s e en

mpl
.

w l l put b y D M a M i i l l
e r wh a x ft g i i g e r, a o, er v n ex es

mma
.

o f th g a e r ti a l a ffi i ty ad c ba l a da
n n f v er c c or nc e o

th e co
g a t n l a g gu
e a n w f d
es t t
no h u w i t
re e rre o, s r es

H en c e a l l th di a l t p i t t
e se mm a i t l a
ec s o n o so e ore n c en n

g gu a we h i h w a ct t h m ws h at L a
o t i w e a t t h R m a n s o e o nc e

d ia l t e c s, — l y tha on ta t th a t a l y p i d th wa l it e
e r er o e re s no r
 {

O RIGIN or CA S TE —T HE A R A S Y
’
.

a
tu to preserve to us so e re n n ts o f th t
re other m ma am
a
t on g ue th t d i e d i n g iv in g b irth t o t he o d e rn A ri n m a
a aa
d i l e c ts, suc h s S n skrit , Z en d , Greek , L tin , Go th i c , a
Windic ad C l ti Y t i f th i ay t uth i i
, n e c .
e ,
e re s n r n n

d u ti c a i g tha
ve re so n n t l agua g w a an l i i g l a
e s on c e v n n

m
,

u
g g a p
e, s k i o A i a
en b y a n al l st ib a y s i g i a l l y r e, n or n

b y am a l l fa
s mil y l i i g u d v n ad th a n m f e r on e n e s e ro o

m
,

ath l ag ua
s e
g n f C a e o C a t V
oe ns, l t a i a d
e rv n e s, o re , n

Dat n e,wa s
p k onc e b y a s f w o
p a ena t w h h a d e e s n s o

b uil t th i h ut e r th S s on Hil l e ath Ti b i If

e v en s ne r e rs

mpa th t w ta di g m t h
.

w e co re bl e f pa o a es o i i r s, e c o nc

d enc e s b tw e th l a e en
g gu a fet h Vn é d a a d t h e o d i a l t e n e ec

s
p ko a t
en th p t ed a y y b t
re se nh L i t h u a i a u i t
e a t n n re c r

B l i ag a
er n ret by fathab tw
re er F r h ad Ita n e l ia ee n re n c n n

ad an ft B pp s C m
er o
p a a t i
’
G oa m m a hr a b ve m r r s een c o

m
,

p l t
e e d i t w i l l b l a l t h a t
e se e n c e r
y a l l th t i a l f e e ssen or s

mmaha md ad ta
,

o fg a r db r ful l y f a e en bl i h d br e n es s e e

f o re th fi t e
p ars at i sef th A r i a f a
on om i l y t k e r n oo

Th S ak i t i me ns r l ly as l l i d t wh a
ore c ose t ha b e o s e en

ca l l d th Z ad 1 th l ag ua
e e n , g
‘

f teh m a
n i f t he o a e re ns o e n

i t Z
c en at ia l i t a
o ro s r tu n that a er
y f i t
re , th n
g o n o s o er c o

n a t t e
g uon S mes u h i t h i o th ac t h a ts m s e c se so e re

m
.

s
p t
ecab l i t al
e or e n i t a th l a t G
s s, a
sl V a eK e d y; } e n er ns enne

ad M J h R
n r
. o n f th B m o baer o
y C i i l S e i o
§ h a v e rv c e , ve

M ul l er on Co mpaa
ti r y (O f d E a
ve y
y 18 56 ) p 13
M th ol og x or ss s,

ppli d by th Pa
. .

1
‘

Thi s word i s wi d l y a
e i b th t th t t ad
e e rs s o o e ex n

co mm t e n s of th e i r a i t b k ; b ut a ugg t d by D M ul l
nc e n oo s s s es e r e r,

l m
, .

it is p ba bl y ro c on ne c e t d wi th th S a
n k i t Chh a d a p ti a
e et s r n s, oe c re ,

or Ch at n s .

1 R a h eese rc s i nto th e A ffi ni t y of Lagua

ges n , pp 1 6 2
. 1 9 2 -
.

Zend : is it s l agua
gn e L ondon, 1 8 58 .
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

a a
h el d th t the Z nd i m l a a t i fi i a l f a b i a t i f m
d by th Pa
ere n rc
y s r o c on r 5

t h S ak i t m
e ns r a e i p i t f I di a O thi s
e rs r es s o “ n n

ma w m mak in 1 8 4 2
.

a d th f l l wi g
n t th Pa
tt er e e e o o n re r s

Wh th e er or o i p i t i e I diaf mthei r
rs r es s n n ro

t a m
,

r diti a onl i ire f th ai t l a

n sce nc es o
g gu a e u
n c en l d n es c o

ha fa ve b i a t d
r c m f th Z a
e so nd w i ti g
e o e I ha ll n t r n s, s o

p osi t i l
ve y a t T
sser h i a p t
ere
y i tsh over
p i n n e ex re ss o

f m f th ti ul a l y f th m
.

o so e o w i ti g pa
ese r n s, r i c l i tur
r o e n or

g i a
c l p i w
ec es , h i h h w thc a t t
sh io a u t
s h h a d e r ors no

a dy mm ad f th l agua i w h i h t h w t
a
co n n n
re o
g e
y e c e ro e

m m
.

Th i aa a h G u j a i i d i i
ad t aG uj aa
ere s
pp n t ro c t o r o n so e

i ta f S ak it
,

ns nc e s, n o ti up ti r c orr on o ns r

ti m a
,

wh i h a c t o ne wa k de id a bl
en e u pi i c on s ier e s s c on s n

my mi d Vi wi g th m
n . e a tt n f th Z a
e d l ag ua
er o
g e n n e,

i it g al a I h a h i a
d Pa
h w o e ve r, n s
p t
ene r s ec , t ti ive no es on n

d laec i g th a
rn t f th
no ne o il d a d d p e ex e in e re sse rs

p i t
r es s i In d i a a
n b u pp c n d t h
e s a h a d ose t h a b iloi t y ve e

t i
o n ve n t tha t la u
g ga w i th
n i t t
e, i a d m
s i u t e
e x e ns ve n n

g a
r m m a t i al f c m a d
or w i th i t a
s, n b u d a t a d s g u l a n n n re r

aa n l gi t th S a k i t P
o es o e ia Pa
ns r hl i G ers k La n, ti v re e n,

ad G m
, , ,

n er ai l agua n c g a n d i t ie s, tl y i
s so d b s
y nc e v nc e

B pp a
o nd Bu uf ad rno id t t th g,
n ev a l tud t
en o e ene r s en ,

ad t w it f ata
n o r e o t f i ty a
s e l t g th
o diff
so c e t o e er e ren

f m
ro tha t i whi h th y th ml
n c e w pe l a d
se v es a d ere ce n

i m ay p t di im
,

il at tha t t whi h t h l g d
f th S h a
n n res ec s ss r o o c e e en s

o e h ém ah ad th
n im n il aw k o er s t whi h r or s, o c

th y ae tta h c mi mp ta f
so e
“
or nc e , re er.

Th j udgm t h
e en p d ere h a exb a m
resse py l s een c on

fi md by th l a t t l i g ua l es ah b th i Eu p
n rese rc es o n ro e

m
r e e

a nd Ind ia It i .
w a dm s i tt d by
no y ep t t e ver co e en

A uth or s work th e PArsi Rel igi on, pp 406 7

’
on
-
. .
 ORIGIN O F CA S TE —T HE A R A S Y
’
.

ph i l ol o i st th
g a t b th th Sak i t a o d th Z a
e d ha
ns r n e n ve

n ot on l
y h d aa m m pa t ; but tha co on t fi re n
p p l re eo e

a m g wh mth y i gi a
on o l l y aumd th i ul tim
e or n a t ss e e r e

f mw
or s l g ere u it d i
on er ia nl f ll w hi p tha th
e n soc e o s n e

p p eo l d
es,i i
g g f
v er m t h n a mro m m t
e k s e co on s oc

wit h wh m G k ad th
,

th La o ti e n, I d T ut i
ree , n o er n o -
e on c

l ag ua n
g i d th
e s re c e ve i p u l i a p a
e r i a ec d u l t u r ex ns on n c re .

M t i t os ti g h a i t b
n e res n t s b th a t th
ee n o o serve e

p red m i
o a t a
n n m ti
r ce d i t h en V éd a
o ne b a th n u g h e s e rs ro

w k th d ig a f A yya( A ya
' '

o ut t h ese or s ti e es n on o ) t h u r or r s

u t yf m mt I dia th
,

i d a i t g th
i wh i h it a —

A i yaf th Pa
n c n e co n r ro c c e o n e

r o i a d w i ti g a
e rs s c re
pp l i d b thr
g i
n s, e o e ne r

al l y t t h l ad d t d t th d t i ad it f
ta
c o e n e vo e o e o c r nes n r es o

th A a h Z a i a l i u i al u a d d )
a pp d t T a
e v s ( t t e t
oro s r
g n r c co rse n co e

s o ose i yaad p ia
o r lly t A i y mn s aVa ec éj o th o r e e

m
, ,

p u re o r
p i i ti r A i y a T
veh i A ir y a i. t h A iy a sf t h r s e r o e

P iaad th A ig af th S yth ia ta bl t f th
t B h i tum th A i a
e rs n n e rr o e c n e s o e

A ha c m ia K i g a
e en n n s e af th s e r n o e

G k
re e s,
g i d
re c o i t h
n ze d e ig ant i f t
e h A i a s n on o e r n

p p eo l a e a l ys e ra t h t i m s f H e d tu s l a
es o n d t h ero o
' '
e

e at [ i mf md da
s e rn r o
y o T h
ern al u f t
s.hi d i e v e o s s

c ove r y w h i h b l gc t E u e on
p a s oa h i n
ro h a de n re se rc se nc e

ad t d im md
, ,

n no i i h d by t h n s e fa t th a t th e c e o e rn

Ba r hm ai a l n cmm ta t
co th Vé da
en ha int p t d
ors on e s ve er re e

t h w d A y a m l y a ad ig a
e or
’
r ere ti n sma g es n o , e ni n

S ee R wli nson s a ’
P e rsi n a Cu neifor mI n sc ri pti on s .
111 Journ l l af o

R A S v ol X Wester aad i Tr aati on s of RS N A ad n

a
r n ns c
. . . . .
g ,
. .

Norri s on the S c thi c te x ty of th e Behi stun Ins cri pti on jn J R A 8 . . . .

v ol . x v .

1
'
a
p g a
S ee th e ss es of Herodot us, re fe rri ng to thi s m
att er, ex tr c ted a
a
nd il l u t a
t d i M ui
sr e n rs
’
S a
n k it T
s r e x ts, vol . i i pp 280, 2 90.
. .
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

a
f ig
a
re s

o re
p

l f th Ved a a
o
ec t
;
6 l g d ba d f
n e rs, 0

e
i t a
bl
t ti fi e t
on
t h
th a
s

w tudyi g t h m Th ugh a
s,
u es

q ui iti ad p u
e

re n o
w
rre
i th w esh
ro

s
i h
m
o e

n
s

c
c c ess

e
s on n

o
er s
c

.
s

w ha l wh a a i ta i th
.
,

e ve id
e se Th ere s ere re ns nc es n e

Vé dai whi h th w d A ya mt b u d i th
,
'

s n c e or r se e s o e se n e

se nse o f h i gh p t a b l th i
o r res i p h a
ec
p a fi g u a
e, t i s s er s r ve

u se o f th w d a d i g t th e or , w l l k w aa
c c or n l gy o e e -
no n n o

f ur a a a ” “
o o dj ti f r k ec ve
p i f t h
n
q u , l i t i ex ress ve o e es

t i ki gl y hibi t d i th F ak p pl I th
f aya a
s r n ex e n e tr n eo e n e e ve n
'

o r y a i ort h r f h i g h n e sen se
p ta b l o or re s ec e,
”

m f th u t y A yai
,

b i g th
e n ig i f th
e or a n o e n e o e co n r
’
r s

a a
,

p rob ab l y q ui l t t e f H i g h l
v d
en
“
To h i O p i i i n s . s n on s

h d b t h i t a k f A i a a V a é j i
a
t t

a
t
s ren g y en e e no
y ce en o r n o n

th fi t fa
e rs g a d f t h V r d ird d o f t h P e i wenh i h i o e rs s, c s

th m ti d ath fi t f th u t i a t d by
da H m
e re en on e s e rs o e co n r es c re e

A hu a Ma r ad ad ahai g ha
z or or d ahag
z n s v n c n

Ah i m
-
e

f l im
,

o c a t p d u d i i t by A gh
e ro ce Ma i yu
n a n ro -
n or r n,

g i i
v n g a d i g t c c or f m n f t a d i t i
o on e m t i ord i o r on en on e n

m th f wi t ad l y tw f umm
,

th te t t ex en on s o n er n on o o s e r,

f um m ad fi f
,

ad a di g t a th
n c c or n o no er se v e n o s er n ve o

wi t 11 er, th u i d i a -
ti g wh n th l g s n c d ai t p t d
n , e e e en s re n e r re e

b th a hi gh l a ad a th l a
,

o ti e ev on ti t ud n P f n or ern e . ro esso r

La ssen upp s th a t th i d i t i t wa
oses th s w t s r c s on e e s ern

l p
s o f th B l u ta
es o g a ed M u e ta g i
r th d i tn i t i s , n e s r c n

wh i h t h c i O u ad J aa
e r ve rs t ix s ad than t it x r es r se n

f md th
or e i gi a l a t f b th th I a
e or n sei aad I di a o o e r n n n n n

n a ti t It
o ns i wit h th f m i
s c o nn e x o n d d p e or er s re n e re ro

ba bl t m l y by g g a
e no p
ere h i a l i d a t i
eo b r u t b y c c on s er ons,

th fa
e t tha t P
c iai p k i th di t i t t th p
e rs n s s o en n e s r c o e re

A uth or s Indi
’
aTh re e Th o us ad Y a A g p
n e rs o, . 17 .

1 L a
“
s en s
’
s Indi sc h e A l th erthu mku d
s n e, 1 52 6 52 7
.
-
.
 O RIG IN O F CA S TE THE
— Y

a
A R AS
’
.

a
d y by the ol de st t rib es o f K sh gh r, Y a aa
aa a
s en t r k nd,

Kh o te n , A ksu (the O x us l nd ), T urf n , n d Kh a m il *

a f mth
.

O n th e c o urse o f the s re
p a
d of th e A ry
'

s ro e

q u a
rt e r n o w m ti en on e d , b ut li ttl e l i gh t c a n n ow be she d

a m
.

Thei r l o c ti o n s a s co
p reh en d ed i n th e d istri c ts
k n o wn to the al y I aia a thus en u ma
t d i
a Vadida
e r r n ns re er e n

th e P rsi d am i paa ll l n We g i ve the i r n es n r e

l um wi th th i d tifi a ma
.

co ns, ti wh i h ha b d e en c on s c ve e en e

o f th mby eal di ti g ui h d l i t ay a
uth i ti se ver s n s e er r or es .

Vand d a
d z
'
'

P rsz s a' ’

(a
) Burnouf ( b) a (
L s sen c ) Hag (d) n
a aV aj d a aa aa A i aa
. . . . .

Ai r n Ir n A ri A ri n
2 y e . . n r n .

gg
u h dh é 0 0 0 0 0 . S h uri k 0 0 0 0 S og d s o . 0 e (3 8 1 1 Of S l i gh

m
dh o xf
8 M ouru M awa r C oun try of th e M a, M a
rv
awa
.

t wo M
o o o o o o Ba ct a
r s.
B Rh é é Ba t a o B a t a
a
'
O r r c r l c
N a a a a Ni a ia
0 0 0
' o e .

p u N i i Ni i r s

H a
es s s
Ha Lad f t h
.

l b t e A xi ( f th n o e er s. o e

(A l p p ) Z a ag aa nd e G ok ) H a t r n e re e s er
D a a
.

Ka o o o o s j i té n o S j sté n wi th S ] ta
§
g r n e
7 Va t at h
.

ék ere b ul e e 1

p i ta
n e s e ls
Du ha ka a
. o ,
, .

(H l l e t l 1 e c
Du h a
z

l ad ) n o 0 0 k s .

9 K h i ta W th G u g a
U k w n no n
a Hy a ni a

B h ka a Ju g a
e i ,
i r n or rc

m
n r n.
a
e r

a a a a a a h ia
.

10 H a H A h
E tym
i i d h i u
é t um
A t A
o o o E tym
t r c

H i l mn d ( a
n o s
a
q r er r e os r e os

1 1 Ha a S i ta a
.

t nd nd
m
n s ll y ro s ros e
a
v
a
0 O 0 0 e
a
e
,
H nd
(
m na m
i ne f r er ne r r ve r
a
o
i e ) r v r. s e e
a a
.

12 3 1 5
8 1 P é q B h g f th
‘
i ee
8 o
l ai
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

c ss c s ,
p re

a
Re i
mf F
s en t .

13 Ch i n Ch i nre o eb C i t y i n K h or
a
0 0 0 0 0 .

a
d n ei
aena ma a af th
.

14 V r Ki r n or V run o e G hi l n
aah kh ir a
.

P d s In di n s.
a
1 5 H a aH p t - e
'

ii du
g
Hi n d us t a
r.
n. In T h e S e ve n In In d us C o unt ry
(S e v e n Ri v e rs)

1 6 (D e s c ri b e d) K h or a
a s n
di es .
(s e v e n ri vers

Ne r
cu
ath e c i r
b i en t
)
m
ma
.

o c e n. a ”

See Las s en , ut su r pa .

1 O f Pt ol e m H ai ng
v for i ts d wel l i ng pl - a S ugh d
ce o.

N aT a
y .

In E ty ml g o o c orresp ondi ng wi th th e S ak
ns ri t S aa
yur 1 e r eh er n.

af
y .

(a
) A uth or s
’
P rs Rel i g i on , p . 29 4 . (b) Co m
mai ent re sur
’
1 Yegn a .

mu d
a
( c ) Ind i sc h e A l th e rt h u sk n e i . p . 5 27 - 26 .

(d ) Fi rst C h p ter a of Ve ndi d d i n Bunsen s Eg ypt ,

’
v ol . i ii pp
. . 473-506 .

11
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

The B a ron Bunsen '

thi nks th t th e di stri c ts a a
b ove m en

ti oned were th e h l tin g pl a

the A ry s in th eir r du l a c e s of
’

a g a a
mah a rc n d ro re ss, by e x te n si on , to the l n d of th e S e v en
p g a
Rivers a a
but wi th out t kin g this e sy vie w of wh t y am a
b e on ly a g al g g p a h
en er i al ti a eodi g r t th c no ce c c or n o e

ti
n o ons o f th a i t Z at i a w m
e n c en ay t h l
oro s r n s, e n e ve r e es s

f t th fi t fa
re e r o g a e d f t h rsV a d i d é d a
r t h rw i g o m e n s ro n so e

a i t h A yai t h
'

l ig h t th f d i i f
’

onp e ex n s on o t e r s n e re c on o

I di ai t whi h th y p b a
n n o bl y c t d i th e by th ro e n e re e er e

a
,

w t a f th H i d u K u h b t h t ad
f mH i a
e s e rn e n s
p sses o
y e e s e rn ro

ding f m
,

l a e Ka bul t th Indu
ro o t e u d s, or ro r ro n

th p m t i m
,

e ro f th P apa
on or e s o i u th ug h A a e h ia ro s s ro r c os

t G ha a
o ad thz n by th B l ad P a t th Ind u 1
n s en c e e o n ss o e s
'

f th A ya t h i
, .

O n th p i ti e os on o i gi na l I d ia
e n r s In e r or n

se a t w ha l a
s, t l y th u w i tt
e ve e s r en

A t th ti m a t whi h th
e al i p ti
e f th
c e e r er or on s o e

Vé daw m d th A y a w i i a l l l a t
e d
’
r s ere r nc

mth baks f th ai u a
p ere c o osep
s
p y, oc e

fflu t f th I du a
a
( e n o e v r o nd s en s o e n s

i w d m i a t d th P a j b
a
th T h u h
sa a
rov n c e no eno n e e n
p
e
g o

m m m
.

y an aA h ya th
’

g c a t B rh a i
, al e taret r n c co en or on

th eVé da wh fl u i h d s, la t
o a th f u t th
o rs e so e s e o r e en

c en tu y a ft C h i t i t p t th
r er i
rs m ti d i n e r re s e r ve rs en on e n

m f md I diath t t
,

th Vé daath g a
e s t t a s e re s re s o o e rn n e ex

m
,

o f th Vé da e gi h i a u t h i
v es ty f d i g no T h or or so o n e

ma
.

i
r vers o f th Veda e l l t ha b s b f
se e th o ve een e ore e

im mdia te b ati
e f th w i t
o se rv f th on Hym o e r ers o e ns

( S i kt
ta ) f w h i
s h tho l l ti n fc th R i g V
e co e d a i m
ec o o e s co

y
Eg pt i i i p . 45 9 9 9 .

1 Th'

th a routes i ndi c te d by a (Indi sc h e A l th erLa

m
e se re e ssen .

th u skunde , 1 p Dr M M ii ll e r (Hi st of A nc i e n t S n s ri t ak
a p a m a pa
. . . . .

Li ter ture, 15 l j i w i th th th w sses of th e

maa
. . so o n s e e n rro

Hi i l y .
 WHAT CA S T E IS .

a
0 A gn i , in th e pl c e s in whi c h the des c en d nts of M nn, a a
[ h fi a
rst or re pre se nt ti ve A ry n am a a
n ] i nh bi t, on the

a
t e

bak f th D i ha d a ti th A p a a a a a
;

'

d S i ’

a
n s o e y r st h v t e n e r sv

m Ia mf pi i a n t d with th
.
, ,

Th te se s re s, o o n on , re c on ec e e

south w t a nd
-
t with th
e s ern uth a t y t
no m f e so -
e s e rn s s e o

I di a i
n Tw
n r vers f th ma thu . ti d by M a o o e re s no ce nn

Th u t y b tw th di i i Sa aa ti a d
aata1
e co n r e een e v ne r v ers r sv n

D i ha d a ti f m a ll d B a hm
a
d by th g d i
"
r s v or e e o s, sc e r
'
v r

aa
.

Th S a ti i th S auti th w t f Th ha
a
e r sv s e rs nor -
es o ne s r

( S th h a ) a ti d b P f W i l i h i
Vi h nu P u a
nes v r s no ce ro e ssor
y son n s

m m m
,

na I a
s
j: t r f th i w h i h se e s, ro e nn er n c

mtim p k f i th Veda t ha b a
. .

it i s so e es s o en o n e s, o ve ee n

fa u it wi th th A ya ad thi p ba bl y b a
'
vo r e e u r f s n s ro ec se o

so m m bl a
e re s e — u h p ha p a th a
t
nc e, f l i g i t s l f c er s s o os n se

i th
n a n d f e si t ty m l g i a
l l
s,
y m a a
or l a k — w h
e i h o o c e ns e, c

it b t th H a ore a q aoi t i a i ei th ig i a lr A i y a f r ve r n e or n r o

ma
,

whi h it wath na k " Th Dri ha

,

c s d ae ti i upp es d e .
e s v s s ose

W a3 r 11 1 nr i
3 1 e t a
n ste r nf m? a f erie Tex t of Rig Veda. -

by M ull er, v ol . ii . p . 7 47
a a
a
1
‘

M nn 1 1 . 17 . S ir l l ifin J one s s y s, q
fre uented by th e god s,
b ut th e ori
gi n l i s fiaffi ffid for md by th
e e gods

a
, .

Wil r na
son s V i sh nu Pa p
1 180
’
.
, .

aishthad
V s ev ote s to i t a
l one two h ym
n i s n the 5 th A sh t k aaf o

th e Ri g Vé da
-
.

H
F o r t hei d entific ti on a m Haa q a i t w a
i t h S a a a
oft th e n e r i
'

r sv i,
'

w a i d b t d t Bu uf (C m
e re n e m ta
e i u l o Ya g u a
rn o N t t o en re s r e o es e

m t p u ) F mHaa
,

E la
’
i ic rc sse en s, qa i ti t h d i .t i
xc t f .A a h t a
ro r ,
e s r c o r c o z
’

of th G k (A i a E P d A l iii a
e ree s prt 23 ;n S. t a b l ixb e . ex . . c . r . . xv .

c 2 Di y P i g on 1 09 6 ; Pli
s l ib i a
er e p 2 5 ) v. d i d i t n v c er v e s

m Bu uf whi l a ibi g a m m igi t th a

.

m
. . . . . .

na e . rn o ; e sc r n co on or n o e n es

Ha aq a
i tri a d S a a a t i f l tn u a
b l t o a y w h t
r svh P i a e I d i a n e s e er e rs or n

m
,

ca lna
i th cigi a
l N t i i g
e orh w th d ni t i. t f H a
o G
y c n ,
o ev e r, e s r c o r o,
 ORIGIN O F CA S TE

t ha b i th i ghb u h d f th S a aa ti Ia m
a
o ve e en n e ne o r oo o e r sv .

t a wa th a t th A pa h a b i d i fi d h h i
'

u
a
t t t
a
een en e o
no re y e g s

my m
,

a a a a a
a
b th V i é
p p
e é ti e d i th M h b h t l
en g on e n e r
’
on

a
,

wi th th D r h a d a ti a
.

i d Vi h é I h f h
Vip a
e p s vt t n s n no er o e

h ym f th Rig Vedath i
.

ns o e § — -
th q u i a l t e l vers e e v en

a di g t tyml gy ad t th B a hm l m m ta
, , .

ai a
Vé da f th Vip a ha ha bha
c c or n o e o o n o e r n c co en

f th M a a ta

a
th
t B mth
t or on e , o e s o e r ,

ad th igi f th p
n e or n
— o H yp ha e i re se n e e s s or

Bi ba i f th G s s o k ad th C hhutud e i —
re e i la t s, ti m n e r n er es

th S ha tud i Sa fl ej — a m ti d a h l d i a
a
or re en on e n
e r
g s o

m
,

a ti wi th th a V i h i a h a u h f
ay f th Vé di hym 1 T h Vip a
c onv ers g on t t t
e s e s v r e or o

m
,

hi a
tath
n o e c d th ns
'

e s n e

m
.

dw l l re the s Vi ta — on H yda e p J b es l u , e s es, or ,

— ad th S a u a a a A é a
(p b b l t th d h y )
m ti d i ahym f Va
t
‘

n e y ro no ne r
y r
y o re

md a
, ,

gl: It i thu th a t
ja
en on e n n o ev s s se e n

th P a e b ad i t n i ghb u h d f m n d th s ne i gi a l o r oo or e e or n

ha bi tat f th I di a A ya Th i f th uth
'

o e n n r s . e r v e rs o e so

m i d i h Vadi da
e n t on e d f h Pi a n t t ad id
e nify i g h w d wi h o t e r e, n en t n t e or t

S aa y ur h am f a t I d i a e i n ( w e ho S ab )
i hn j u n l y n r v er no t e e st

6y i h m a i f mf h w d
n

ob h a h Zad Ha
se rv es t t t e n r o s t e o re n c en t or o t e or

afaath
s r s e v owel s a re c on c e rne d
(p ci ii e t se q
) L a
sse n c onc urs in
m
. . .

th e v i e ws of Burnouf He n ot e s a
l so th e a
g ree e nt of th e Zad n

f th u if m
.

Ha
ra i tz wi th th e H
q a ’

aakh a t i
r i pti v ad f th ’

zs o ec ne or nsc r on s n o e

p p
eol t f t
e,h i
oo , o i p ti al l d
ese H a i w a
n sc r
(i t h p l u al )
on s c e r n e r c on

m m
,

t a t df
r c e Ha ay a w
or a f H a ayru th i w a
ro d t h H i r e r v e r, n o n e e er

m f Haa
c

ud Th a y (
u S a a u i S a k i ) h h i k w a i
aA y dhai
‘

r e n y e o t r t g r n ns r e n s s v en

ft ti m by th I di a t th
.

m
,

i na er es i e n ns o e r v er ne r o n co

mma
,

e ti f th a
or t f A a
on o h ia o r c os .

Bh i h m a P a a 3 42 L a g l i i h i t a l a
ti f t h n o s, n s r ns on o e
s rv 11 .

Rig V dat mii p 2 3 0 a a

.

t lai i e e qui
,

-
e yo J i qu l l s s,
”
e ne s s e e es r v r

it l a m m d A pa
,
.
, .

p ta
or ya
no e
’
.

1 gR i '

V d a M il l
-
l t e et l ,
p 8 2 8 er s
’
x , vo . 11 . . .

R ig V éda 3 d A dh 6 t h A h t 2 0 th — 2 2 d
1 -
. . s . . v .
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

at ste ma b rou h n oti c e m a d a d in th e

u a
e s e rn s
y re
g t to ore v nc e

orti on s of th e Ri V d T h a m
Ya ad th G mati
aaa a
p g e e n n e o -

m
,

are fi rst en ti one d b

y S h é
y v sh v , d a
e sc e n d n t of
”
aa
A tri , in th e fourth A sh t k
’
a a
The G ng d (G nge s ) is
‘

m
.

onl
y on ce e n ti on a a
e d, n d th t i n th e e i g h th or al s t
A h ta ka a a
a
h
'

s
1 I h l l u i
‘

n t th t i g i n t v e s ee n n o s o o e er e

l m nti n i m d i n th m f th
.

Veda th ugh c i a
s, o a oc s on e o s e e o e

li on T hi i a p um pti n th a t t h s R i hsi at th ti m re s o e s s, e e

m
.

f th i i ti h a
d t t a h d t h l a d f th
a
o e r co

a
p os on , no
y e re c e e n o e

tig Th di ti ti
er . la k S ha y e ati s m ti m nc ve e r n v AS so e es

a 4 th ahta
Rig V e d k 3d a
-
dhy (M ul l T h s e r, 11 . e

m m ti d by Vaishtha i w d by th Hi du l g d
,
.

Ya ud i a l n s so en on e s v e e e n e en s

aa t m p ay f Vi h i m
,

s c on e i t a Rig V eda5 th a
or r ht 2 d a dh
o s vt r , -
s .

t th G m
.

I n f re e re n c e ati P f Wi l 2 7 th
o Vae
ga (i ii p
o ro e sso r son r

it m
.

G m
. .
, .

3 4 6) a y It w ul d b
s th
s ati i i O ud o ay e e o r v er n e,
”
or

b ai f th ama pp l l ati m t th th w t i i g
Vy a
e r v er o e s e e on , o re o e n or -
es r s n

i Kul u a
n f d f th B ya , h ee er o e e , or se .
”

TT h i s i s i n ah y m a
dd n re ssed t o th e p
i fi e d Ri v e rs, th e 4 th
e rson

of th e 3 rd a y m th
dhy I n th i s h ma n, e S nd h (w
i u h i c h i s i n t h e sc ul ine
m f ath
. .

g d
en e r, th a
wh i l al l th
i t eh f i i ) i e o p k e rs re n e e n ne s s o en o s e

hi f i Wi th i t a i k d th i i th f l l wi g d
a
c e r ver re nv o e o e r r v e rs n e o o n or e r

m
.

— Ga i Ya u S a a a S h w h P a h th
’ ' '

b ha
u ud i h
Hyd at f om I a
g n c t t n t t r sv i ri , e in ? nz , e

a A ikmth C h ad a a tifi d
”
ti th g ( i d
’
r o es r r v e s e n r en e

f mt h
, ,

ro Ak i e a by La ) ad th M a d id h i th
es n e s ,
”
s sse n n e rn vr c e

m
, , .

V ta t i (Hyda f V d a p ) ; A a h a a
hta
h l w i h h S
'

i u
'

j y
’

t t t
z s cp y s es or
s s es e r cz e ,

m
,

th T e ath Rd i th S t ad th Kubh (a i a
rzs
'

e sc t d wi the
'

ve z ,
'

n e
’
ct ssoc e

ad th G m
, ,

th S i dhu) [p b a b l y th K ph ] a ad th ’

l l ud d t i th V é da th Kubha
e n ro t e o en n e o z, n e

E m m a Th Raa e a l ti m a
’

a a
e s se v r es e o n e s, e

bh i t h E m m m
.

aad th S aa a
,

th eA ni ta c, y e t i d b y S h y n e r n re en on e v

i th hy m f ll wi g th a t i whi h h m t i m
,

sh a v n e n o o th n Ya u a i n c e en on s e n .

Ri g V eda4th a
- ht 3d a dh 1 2 h Th s in a l l p ba b i li ty w t v e se ro e re

m(th Si dhu) y t m f i
. . .
,

t d wi th th
c on n e c e a e s e I R Ve n s s e o r v e rs . n . .

4th a h t 7 th a dh 2 6 th
s aga th a dj ti e Gdngya p b a
. v bl y
r ,
e ec v , ro

mea
.

ning
“ fl wing wi ft i o ccu s , or s ,
r ve r,
”
o r .
 O RI GIN O F C S
A T E — T HE A RYA S
'
.

m ti en one d ai s n th e do m
i i n on s of
the pi ous Rij ik a It
is su
pp o se d to h ab
ve een in a aa ad
wh t w s fte rw r s kn own
ath s e c oun tr
y of

T he A ry s in In di , i f we
’

y j udg a
e fro th e Vé d a ma m a
a a
n d oth e r l te r work s, t k e li ttl e or n o n oti c e of th e ir a
e n tr n c e a in to th e c oun try fro mth o e r re
g i on s of the worl d .

Y e t the in te l l ig en t ad re e r of the Ved a a ail y i f

s c n e s n er

a
th t whe n th e m
at ia
l er s of the se wor k w p p
s a d th ere re re e

A ya f wh mth m
,
'

r s o
y t re t we re not in th eir
o
p rie i ti v e a
c oun tr
y T h e
y c oun te d th e ir
.
y e rs b
y wi n te rs ,
”
i n d i a
a a
c tin g c oun tr
y i n w h i c h th e c ol d se son w s
p e c ul i rl y a a a
ma rk e d i T h ey l i d gre t stre ss 011 the s he
'

a
éd lz , or a a a m a
ho aifi rse s c r -
ce like th e n o rt h e rn tribe s C mp a d w i th
o re

m
.

the ir n e ig hbo urs they h d a awhit e or fa

i pl ir co e x on .

aa a
1

They we re n ot ful l y or
p b
el y t
cebl i h es s e d in the terri
tori e s in whi c h th e y we re th e n foun d . Th e f at c s to whi c h
I h a w f v e no a t a p d th re e rre d
ti f t h h ve no e sc e e no ce o e

le a d ad a
uti
rn e u t al a t f th R
n i g Vé da P fe
c o s r ns or o e -
, ro s

s or H H Wil n Tha t th y (th a i t I dia)

so e e n c en n ns

m m m
.
. .
,

h a
e s
y h a d t d d
s, th l f a r n
e x en t h e e se ve s ro o e or e rn

ai
r ce d d p ba
s bl f mth p ul ia p
ren e re i n
ro e ro e ec r ex ress o

u d se m tha on aio i l i iti g l g l if

ore n on e oc c s n, n so c n on e,

ak f ahu d d wi t (hi m
,

wh n th w e hipp e ors a)er s s or n re n ers s

m
,

ab t l ik l y t b d i d by th
oon n o a ti e f awa o e e s re e n ves o r

c l im
at T h ey a pp ea al t h a b a fai m e r so o ve e en r- c o

m
.

p l d l
e x 1 0n e
p p at l a t pa ati l y
eo a de, f i g e s co r ve ,
n ore n

7 th ah t s . 2 d A dh 5th . v rg aa I di aTh
. n re e Th ous ad Y a a
n g e rs o,

p . 2 1 25 -
.

a I b li ta
a
Dr S tev e n son w th fi t p t di s,tt ti e ev e , e rs e rson o re c en on

s m V dap 8 6
.

t hi fa hi t al a I a
f th S a
to s t S c ti f th ee s r ns ddi on o e e- e . n

m
.
. ,

ti on t th i fi t t al a
o sti rs aw h a tha
r ns t fD Be f y
on o e e ve o r n e

G m m
,
.
,

in er aa c pa ni ed b
n, y a c i ti cal a
copp aa
tu r r s.
 0 WHA T CA S T E I S .

i nv ders a aait i a ofid th at I d a

In di ( gp
t h d f t
sh s s n r e o e

F m m t) di id d th fi l d a m g hi whi t
,

Eth r e a or Ir en v e e e s on s

m
e

co pl i d f i d aft
e x on e d t i
y g th i di
r en
g u ba s er e s ro n e n eno s r

ba ia a f
r u h th
n i ab li ttl d ubt w a t
c e s, or s c e re c n e e o e re o

u d n ta d by th
e rs
p ni D ay u whi h ft
e ex u re ss on s , c so o e n re c rs,

ad whi
n ch is ofte n defin e d to si ni
g y f one who not onl
y
doe s n ot p e rfor m l igi
re ous ri te s but tt m
a p t e s to h aa r ss

th e ir T he a
D sy us, h ere m ti d a
aa
en on e , re

a
doubtl e ss th e D qyus of th e P rsi s c re d writing s n e ad th
aa
,

D hy s of th e Be hi stun t bl e ts, rende re d by c oun tri es

”
a
or
prov in c e s ,
”
p rob a
bl y of a n ex teri or p osi ti on li ke th e
G oi m or G en til es of th e H ebrews They were n ot l to a .

g th
e a a
er a b rb ri n s a a
for they h d distin ctiv e c i ti e s nd:
oth tabl i h m t
er es f a t l a
s t apa ti a
en s l i il i a
o ti e s r c v z on ,

th ugh th A ya l a t ly f m m b ai g l im tha
’

o e r s, e ro ore r c n c es n

th whi h th y i h a
ose c bi t d p dt
e t n
g f t h m e
l rove oo s ron or e
’ '

m t i ti m
, .

T ha t th A ya f I di a e ha
'

db r s o a t lyn een
'

os n e c on

e t d with th I ai a w ha d id d p f
n c e e r n t
n s, ly e ve ec e roo no on

m m
,

i th
n la ti e reh ip f th i l agua
on s
g a d t
s o h i e r n e, n e r co on

d ig a
es ti n w a d t d t
on n o but i m u h whi h (wi th
ve r e o, n c c

c ertai a ta gn i m n a i l y u d t
on s d th s e
p i is
p l f n ers oo on e r nc e o

p t i l
o s e r or rei gi u p u l a ti a d o t t
s s
) w aec m m on n c on e s s co on
'

i th i al y l igi u d ad b a Ma f
ad th A ata
n e r e r re o s
ny
c re e n o se rv n c e s .
o

th g d e bj t f w hip f th Vé da
o s, or o ec s o ors ,
o e n e v s

a id ti a
re l en Ea h f th
c w k h a i t g d f Fi i
c o e se or s s s o o re n

t tym
.

A g i ad A ta whi h h w
n n
'

a p ba
rs, bl y c , o e v er, re ro no e o

l"
Wi l son ’
s Rig V e d -
a , v ol . i . p . x 111 .

1
“
a Th
A uth or 3 In di Th
’
u ad Y as Ag p 1 9 In Ri g ree o s n e r o, . .

Vé da3 d a ht 1 t a
dh 1 2 ths agaI d aad A g i a p
s t d v r ,
n r n n re re resen e

a
.

sa th e l d (da
.
,

a th wi ng ni ty c iti e f wh i ch D a
s ove r ro s w ne s o ere or s
’

p ut i k n
p u a
h) r .
 O RIG IN O F C A S T E — T HE A R A S A N D I RA NIA N S
'

Y . 89

a
l ogi c l l y c onn e c te d wi th a th Va u t
a y u on e no e r. or ,

th e Ve di c W in d, i s th e Z adi Va y i V ta Th I d i a n c c or . e n n

d ig a
es ti n f th S u A u a M i t aS i S i ya
on s o e ad n, s r ,
r , t r, n

S a fi d th i
c r, qui a
n l t i th I a e r e i aA hu aM i th a v en s n e r n n r , r ,

H a (g v re Ia i d) ft en g i . a H a r K h,
a éota t h en ve n s v re- s , e

r ul i g n
g l i u or u C or op di g w i t
s sh th S
n a.n k i t orre s on n e s r

U ha th Da w w ha t h Z di U h
'

s s, e n, g ke T h ve e en c s ct on e

m (C ha m
.

nd a a V da i i d a
taTh
o on ) f th r g s ot h e e ,
s re co n ze s e

.M d gl o onf th A z A pa eh Wa ve s t p . e
’

or e rs, er

so nifi d i th Véda a
e n d th A p tya the
p s, t d n e s e re re re se n e

a wa t d h a a th i d t i h
ta
s
g er o s,
p ve t s e r c orre s on e n s, n e

A a A p é ad A th ya A m g th p ifi a
' '

v s ,
n rv . on e e rson c

ti no s f th Vé da
o i A g ha th g dd
e f il s e o e ss o ev c or

m
.
, ,

d i i t ( h u h t w i th t h d u a l
a f th P a
re s
p on
g n
p t
n so
g e re s ec s o no e

i tis ti
c no fZ at ) with th A h im
on s o oro s e r e r n o e r

i i Z d A gh Ma i y u th ug l y m i d d
‘
s s , or n en n ro- il n e -
n e or e v

m
,

i d dn e I th V di
-
on e . Vau a(th d p afn e f th e c r n e v vf c o e

G k ) w h a i th i d afb u d l
re e s e h a l y pa th
ve , n e e o o n e ss e v en s ce, e

c orre s on
p d t f t h V a a
en f t h A a
o t a T h e V i h é D é
ren o e v s
’

i e s v -

a p k f in th Védaath C l l ti g d ad m
.

v s, s o en o e s s e o ec ve o s, n so e

ti m a p ia es l g d th P t t
s s ec fm o s,
p n d we i t h ro e c ors o e n, c orre s o

umi a ad th mdifi a wi th th A m
,

a
n l er c nti o er nd o c on s, e e s

p a d n sa d I a d f thn P i 1
s T h P i t
e o i typ i
e a l rs s .
'

e r s, or c

S e e Note i n In di ad Y a A g p 7 2 aTh re e Th ous n e rs o, . .

1 Th
”
Z a d w d fe [ and i ya a t a w
orh i h m a ora n bsj t s z , c e ns o ec

o f w hip ors It p ds
. atl y with th S ak i t N H
c orre s on ex c e ns r

a
,

a
y j ta w h i h c u i thc R i g V
o c d a (S a hrsi t a B I
n h i i ie h -
e n c

mm ta
.
, . . . .

34 ,t 7 ) as n d wh i h i
. pl a i d b y S ey aath c s ex t by ne n e co en o r,

118 311
y a h, ta y a a dc d vd b y R
,
an l b
re na d u e reM ose n s c rz s
'

ce e r n s . .

Bu uf t a l a qu l ui ff l ai fi S
’ ”

O t b 1 8 40 Th Zad f A mh a
rn o t i t by d ig
r ns es ne on o re e s cr ce . ee

Ju ao l A ia
rn ti q u s e. c o re
p a n d i e n or s s s

m mi m
.

a e hap iita Th
s -
s w d
e . f wh i h th i na e orp d a s o c s e s co ose , re

c orre c tl y p nt d b y
re E d a l
re seD é u ( M auj aéet i Z at h u h t p r z - -
r s ,
.

12
90 W HA T C A S TE 1 s .

a n c e stors ofte n add re sse d in the Vé d a p d wi th s, c orre s on

th e P é rsi Faaha r rs
‘
T he So m
aa apl at ad a s n n s

m t d j ui apl at m
.
, ,

th e fe r en e c e of uh u n , c se d in a
s c rifi c e , and

a ad i fi d p w d l i g hti g g d ad hil i
s e e o er e n o n ex r a
ti g n

ma t i pi a ti ta d i th a m la ti hi p
a f th A ats I th i th Haf th
n, e ve n o ns r on , s n s n e s e re on s

i th Ha m
a
n e o o e v s n e n n o e

m
.

Ya g a nf t h P oi H a e a a a g d i
rs s,
p t d a
o , s o ,
s re re se n e s

t a hi g Z at tha t th fi t p wh ul t d
a
e c n oro s e r e rs ers on o c on s e

h im waVi a g h s th f a t
v nh f Y i m d o, J a m h i d e ; th er o , or s e

d A th yath fa
'

f Th a a F a i d
f U a
th é u
’
s e c on rv
y y t e er o r e on or r n

th thi d S dmth fa
, , ,

th kh y ad K é
'

e r n
, e p pp
er o rv s o ere cz

ad th f u th P au a
n e o r gp é th fa t h f Z
o r ns a a th u t a e er o r s r or

at l I th Vé damt f th
, ,

Z oro s e rs
'

n e p t a pp a , os o ese c onc e s e r

wi th th i w p ul i a
e r o i ti Th
n ecp d t i
r t h es e c o rre s on en n e

V é daf Yi m— wh wi th th I a
.

o o, ia wath i fi t o e r n ns s e r rs or

id a l m
e a th g a t
n, ta bl i h e f th i re l i a ties a nd s er o e r c o on z on

a g i u
rcl t u a d p re i u l t u n— i Y a m a t
ec o r ch S u b d u re , s e er.

f h um l i g wi th th h um
,

or G d o aD ti y d a
o n es a n e n e n

a t i i t athl y g l d a m
,

r c e, no n s e r
g bu t i i t u l t i a t
o en e, n s e

s tat b y e d th g a : Th fa
e on th e f Ya r vem ai th " e er o , n e

V é dai Vi a h a s t th Vi a v s
g h a t v V i a g k f e f t h v n or v n to o e

m m
,

a
,

Ya a a a a
a
g T
n h w i f f Y ie t h V é d e o i Y i th n e s e

f Yi m ad (t j ud g f mt h P
.
, ,

wi f i t
e or s s e r o o, i n o e ro e rs

by a l d im ma l [ a ’
k
]
’
te i i
ort t A u h w
o r e x ste n c es o r s

Pa
ex s, n s t or s or on
, .

i R l ig i
rs p 12 9
e on, . .

Th n m i na ti e
e i ngul ai i
o nd F a
Za ahi Th n un i
v s r s n , r v s s e o s

f m
.

e ini Th e Zad na
ne . m a th e d n min a ti n f t h Fa
n uh a es, or r r e o o s, o e r rs

ha a figu a
ve ti e m eani ng r v

Pa
.

1 A u h el Rel i i n p 4 00
’
t or s t
g o ,
. .

1 S e W t e rga
e a rd n A
es i e t I a
nian M y th l gy i J BB R
o nc n r o o , n . . . .

A S 18 5 3
. . .
 WHA T CA S T E IS .

Ha
vn i of th e Br h ama ad ns n th e H a
aa f h
v n o t e P ersi a "

E ven th e d i ve rg e n c y ad ata g i n m f t h n l i g i
on s o e re on

o f Z at f mtha
o ro s e r ro t f t h Ri h i o f th V é da
e s s o e s,

i i
s m
n a ny
p a t i u l a r l
c i k t h a t rs w h i h i e t h u c n e co rse

o f p ul a
s ec ti ad f mm
on n ig h t a
re o r il y a pp a a m g e s e r on

a p pl eo e igi a or l l y a ia n t d t g th sso c b ut a e ft o e e r, er

wa d f l l wi g ap ul ia l ig i u ad
r s o o n ec r re ia l d l p
o s n so c e ve o

m t Th w d D é a( D a) aha ft b
en e or v or ev s s s o en een

h w m
.

i gi a
,

s o n, u t ha b s ve ad ig a ee n ti i th es n l I a on n e or n r

n ia a f a
n r ce o n
y D i i i t y b f v n t h p a a t
e o re e v e ni f m e se r on ro

o n a th
e no f th p pl
er o e k w aG eo es k ad R m
no n a n
s re e s n o s

( in W h l
osea g gu a n i t a pp es a a 0 6 a d D
e rs ) a s d 8i t 8 n e ne n

co ul d l y b th p ul i am
on e e y t h ecl g i a l ra d id l a t o o u c n o ro s

a pp l i a tci f
on ot h t m eb y t h
er p g i t f t h e I dro i a en o rs o e n n s,

or b y th I di a th ml
e n ns whi h l d th Z
e se ve s, at ia c e e oro s r ns

t o empl y i t aad ig a
o s ti es f D il
n on oI th V é d a 9. ev . n e s

th w d A u ai a l i d t th S u a d F i i th

a
e or s s e o e n n re , n e
r
pp
se n se
p b a
ro b l y f L d o M a t
or ; b u
or t t h B h m a
s er a e r n s, s

i f ta
re l ia ti g a gna i t t h Z
ns a t i a e w h h
o ro s r a d a pp l i d i t
n s, o e

t th i g d G d i
o e r oo o th f m f A h aaM ada
n e or o r -
z or

mul ti i t L d ma
, ,

sc e n or d it a ft wa e d th d ig a er r s e es n

i m ay f th hym f
,

na ti f a D il E ’
on o ev r ve n n n o e ns o

m
.

t h Ved ath t t ia l i f th A yaaw l l a

'

e s, e e rre s r e ne es o e r s, s e s

t h i un
e r see n m ien e a d m e s, i a t d A u a awil l
re e no n e s r s, s

im mdia e t ly a e pp a I e i l l u r t at i n f th s r t i on o e c o nn e c on

i umt a
.

f th I ai a ad A ya th b a
'

o e r n ns , n r s, o i g
e r c rc s n c e s, e r n

es
p i a
ec l l y h
on
p y g i m y s o u l d noi f a yco b n e c ess r e

i m
, , ,

b ugh t f wa
ro ord Th g a
r . t fa t t b e b re ci d o e o rn e n n

i th a t th A yaa fi t f u d i I d ia a t ag
’

s, e r s re rs o n n n s s r n e rs

Co mpa A i ayaB a
re hmaa u
t re
'

r n ,
v . 4 1 9 , wi th Ve ndi d d, f
. a ag r . x iv.

1 S ee No te i n In di aTh re e Th ous ad Y a A g p
n e rs o, . 78 .
 O RIG IN o r C A S TE — T HE A R
'
YA S A N D I RA N IA N S . 93

ad fn gore i a
n e rs n o t b l i h ful l y
d i t h l a
e st d a w s i l l e n e n s

ti l l m m m m
,

s a pp
ore a f p a ea g r w
ro i d i a
ss t l y t b
es n o e e o e

a d du d f m ce th Ri g Ved a
ro e

I th Ri g Vé daam
-

m
.

n e -
i gh t b , p s t d f t h f a
e t ex ec e ro e c

t ha t it i t f la
c o ns s s o uda ti ad ai fi ia l o ns
g fn t h s cr c so n s o e

G d o f m
s, n o al ad di or ti f m n a ti re c th al y ia
n or l on o n e e r so c

ta f th A ya m m ’

s t e o e u i ty i t b
r n co
p nt d I t i
s o e ex ec e s

m
.

o nl
y f ro
p ti a l a d h
oe i t i ca l a lnl u i t hs or c u s ons e re oc c r

i g th a
r n t a y t h ing a n b l a d c n
p t ie
g te h rne res ec n e

soc e i ty f th i w l a
o
y e ro f m n ( a i t t
or o i m T h
o re n c en es e se

a p tty um u ad wh m
.

a ll u i h w
s ons , o e ve r
,
re re n e ro s, n en co

p a d
re t g th o p ed u ti er f u roi u ca dve o al u a b l c u
r ol t s n v e re s s

ll ti g th i f m
.

I n co ec n a ti t b f u d i
e n or on th V é da
o e o n n e

b a e i grn th on ig i a d g wth f C a
e or n t
n it i ro ay o s e, s n e c e ss r

t o l k t th A rya m
oo o e mu ity i tw d i ti t ap t
n co n n o s nc s ec s,

-
th a t wh i h p t c i t re s t i
ec s w i th t h
s c onn e c t i on e e x e r or,

p a tl
r
y am al g am a t d h ti l t e ib ,
w
or i th wos h i h i
e, t a m r es c c e

in c on ta t a d th a
c t wh i h n p t i t w c i al
re s di
ec s ti s o n s oc c on on

mt
,

1 de v el op
1 en

mth
.

aw fi Rig Vedathoug h in
'

Th e A ry s, e nd f ro e -

m
,

so e re sp e c s p t ai t n a a
n e re sti n g
b l d eo l
p ,e ad n c on si de r
y
va di nc e n c v ha i il i a
d th p i d ti f a i
z a
on ,
‘
e r e o r ce n n ex

t a ag
r v a t d g n T h y w e a a
re e
pi i g . a d m i e e re n s rn o

i g ad ai t l a
,

ne e r n t p pl
n with t
n ati
n o er n
g p a t h i eo e, s ron n es

t m
,

of a ad l i gi
r ce ad h wi g g a
n re t p t
on , a d h an t d s o n re c on e n re

of th th e t ib
o wi th wh m
er th y a
r mi tat A
es o e c e n c on c . s

thi p ids f a i l
r e ad i t l a w p ia
o r ce , v o en c e , l J n n o er n c e e re s ec

fa
e tu f Ca
re s ot wh f m ally ta bl i h d i t m
s e a
y ben w l l
or es s e , e e

f u t
or sl l t th p i ipa
o co l ecti wh i h w h a f
e r nc no ce s c e ve o

th i al i t m
e r e r es ai f ta ti i th Vé da w m ti n es d on s n e no en on e .

Di sc ri m t O I d ab
i a n e n r e twe e n th e A ny/ a ads, n th ose wh o a
re

Se e In di aTh re e T h ous ad Y a
n e rs A go , pp . 29 34 -
.
94 W HA T CA S T E I s .

D ayu pu i hi
s s n s n
g t h o se wh o p e rfo r m no re l i
g i ous r i tes
co mp l th mt e e o s ub mi t to th e s ai ficr c es b e th o u t h e p w ful o er ,

th e e nc o ur a
g e r o f t h e s c ri fi c e r a . R
( g
i V ed -
aah t I a
,
dh s . . 4 . aga
v r

a w h
M un i fic e n t h e ro (In d r
) a i l y q u t t h y f t h u , o e s c on e re s o e s, o

di d t p ut t fl ig h t (u d
s K ut a ) toh D a y u i b at t l (Ihn i 5 er s e s s n e

d d b y th m i g M a
.

k d by m
. . .

I d at h in r ay a tt e nvo e ut n en e e ov n r s,

m m
, ,

h ai g a v nt tak d th Ba squ a d t hc S h i ey i l w t h
e w i t h h i e n e z s, s e e s

thu d b l t n th er th u d th
o di i d d t h fi l d wi th hi wh i t
e n e re r en v e e e s s e

co mpl i d f i d (l b 1 7
ex o n e r en s
”

m
. . . .

(W i k I d a) wh e i t hnv ol d f al l
e i n r
g a d b a t h i g o s e or o ov n n re n

c reatu wh fi t re s , d th k i f o th B a rs hm a (th p a
re c o v e re t e ne or e r n, e re e er

f th B a hm a w d r) ad wh l w th h um bl d D a
”
(
’
o e r or
y
oru i n o s e e e s s

md wi h th
. .
,

“Ar e t e th un de rb o l t , ad n c o n fi d e nt i n his stre n th

g , he

(Ind r a
) h agde st ro i ng th e c i ti e s of th e B s s
s on e on y ’

aa O I d ath
'

n r , e

ug m t
.

wi se , th e th unde re r, c s t t hy sh ft g i ns t th e D syu, a a aa a ad a n en

a
t h e st re ngth n d gl or o f th e A ry
' ”
( i 7 y a .
.
.

S w pi g a wa y th D ayu wi th th th u d b l t y u A h wi
ee n e s e n er o ,
o s ns

h a b t w d b i l l i at l igh t up th d y
”
ve es o e
(i 8r n on e r er . . .

I d awh i a n h u d d wa
r y i th p t t i ba
,
o n t tl i h a n re s s e ro e c o r n es , n e ven

f i g ba
c on e rr n t tl ha p d i th fa y th ai fi i g
e s, s re se rv e n e r e s cr c n

A ya P u i h i g th d t i t ut f it h ubj t d t h b l a k ki
'
r n s n e es e o r es e s ec e e c s n

p i il g d m
.

t M
o u (th A ya en ea) ( l r n or r v e e n . 11 . .

“ D t y I d ath t a e s ro w y l u d f a
,
ful l y
n r ai g Pi hd hi ;
, e n -
co o re , e r ro r n s c

a ihil a
nn t a l l th Ra k ha a (ii 1
e e s s s.
”

u ai m
. .

I d al d f t d i n r ig a t d by
or o a ti g p a
s ee i th u s, nv or e o r n n r se , o

wh m
,

hat l ai th
s s ak th
n ff i g ad d i tu b t hy w
o se o hip e e e no o er n s, n s r o rs

p ( 4
e rs
”
11.

um m
. .

C i gh tyo ns th i l i gi u D a
e, y u a a w d l o ne , e rre o e s , s oo en v e sse

i bu t by fi
s rn
(i i 4 T h u h at d
re .i l
”
d l i g h t t th . A ya .
’
o s sc o se o e
'

al a
The t rti f t hi ns h g i on o i t h a t f P f
s ve rse H H W i l w
ereh i h ve n s o ro essor son, c

m
.

I th i k ub t a t ia t aS ki g a
.

n l ly s s n / u ( wh i h a b
correc
y t a l at d “ d s t y a inl t c e r ns e es ro er
”
s er

na Sa i t T t
, ,

ti l y i M ui i d ntl y upl d i t h Vé da
’
ve n l ii pp
rs i
nsc r ex s , v o wi th. . s ev e co e n e

a
.
,

Da y u s u d i a
s, p n sel n n erso se s e

a a
.

a a a '
B a a B a m aa
a
y ( M 7 l
’

1 S y
'
A h n ul l T t
c f i r
g V e d i p 8 0 p p i
er s h n ex h o es r ere

B d hm m m
-
. .
, ,

u d t th
se o aa jed ti B h r a C a t B u
nt t h i i g i g tor fa r d n s e. s s o n oo r, on o ern

hm
,

Ba r ai a l p i i pl n c r nc es .

I H b t h P i
e reh a h i ao d Ra k h a a s(
’
c i w ds b y th n H i d u a d fls) s s soon v e e e n s s ev s

se em i gl y p k n f aap pl
n s o e o s eo e.

Wil son s ’
R V . . 11.
p.1 6 8 .
 O RIGIN O F CA S TE— T HE A RY A S A ND D A S
’
YU S .
95

th e D ayu h ab
spl ad a t th y l ft h ad
s L t u h n u th
ee n ce e n . e s o o r o se

wh t h ugh t hy p t ti
o, ro u pa a l l th i i a l ath D ayu
ro e c on , s r ss e r r v s, s e s s

a u pa d b y th A ya (u 6
re s r s se e
'

r s .
”
. .

u t i g th (A u a a y i fi D a bu t a
'

E nc o )n er n g b h i ti
e h ll
s r s , c rr n o
, e rn

th i w ae rp i ak i dl d fi ad
e ons i h d (th
n p i ) wi th th i
n e re , n e nr c e e r nc e e r

catt l th i h
e, ad th i hai t
e r (i i 6
o rse s, T
n h u ha t e r c r o s
”
o s

m m
. . .

slai th Da n y u C hue u i a d D h
s u i h ai s,
g a t th e i t l pr n n ,
v n c s n o s ee

th u ha t p t t d Da
”
o b h i ti
s
(ii 6
ro e c e . . .

H (I d a ) l wet h D a yun a d d
r t y d t
s eh e i i n i t i
e
( s s, n e s ro e r ro c es . 11 .

6
Pl u k c up th e R ksh s, Ind r , b y t h e aa a ro o t ; c ut au d
s n er th e
middl e, bl i gh t th e su i t : t o wh te v e r re mm a m o te re
g i on s t h o u h at s

dri ven at up th e s i nn e r, c s on th ha
t e e r of th e (c ere m ia
l) w
on o rd

(b a
hma
) y
rt h u mi g w ap c on s n e on .
(i ii 2 . .

i th D a
Hai g l a y u h pv n s n e s s, e rote c te d th e A ry
'

al c o o ur
( or r c e , a
v aa
) (i
rnii 11
mg
. .

W ha
t do th e c a
ttl e for th e e aga th a
y y i l d on the Kz lc
’

s e

m
e no

il k fo r th e o ffe r n i g t S
s o th y h a t o fi m
a ad(f t h n e e no re or e

afi ); b i g
s c ri ce r n a
( )
l th so w a
l t h f P a
em a
ga d h a ( t h ue u 7) o r n e s rer

ad ub d u t u
n s e o s, Ma gh a at (I d a ) t
vh i l b a h ( tn k ) fr , e v e r nc or s o c o

th e p pleo e
”

m(ap t I ai ) wi h hy p t ti th gui l ful

D e fe n di ng h i oe , c v t t ro e c on , e e

im kma(m m
,

pi u (M dyd ab a a
,

o s d a g a
i t th B ah a ) D a
v n r
y u h ab ,
ns e r s s een

d estro y d i th t t f
e th p i l Wi th am
n i d l d
e c on e s or e s o . n re so v e on

ki l l i g h Dayu th u mt
n t e th u h at wi ftl y d t y d th
s o co es . o s s e s ro e e

D ayu s s
(ii i 5 18 )
m
. . .

In dr aO So ah a l a
i th s s n e D ay s ns i n b ttl e a A gni h a s co n

md th mb
, ,
”
su e e e fo re th e n oon (i ii 6
m
. . .

Tr aa da
s
y f
u h ab t w
s d u p a y t h a i s es o e on n e n c en t
(g )
i fts wh i c h
we re o i d by th l i b a
b ta ne l (p i ) th ug h y u e er r nc e ro o r a
(f v our He v e n a
See p . 13 .

m a a a H H W R a
af l l wi g Ya
1 O n t hi s i p t t p g P
or f n l (
ss V ei i i p ro8 6 ) h . t h f ll w . i son .
,
. s e o o

Th K ikq aa a
.

i d by S Aya
, .

i g
n t
no e e s re s kaNi i 32 t b u i n o o n s r. v o e co nt r es

bit d by A m p f m
,
.

hi p wh a i fi d l N d i ka
, ,

i ha
n e i n/a p pl wh d t s, eow e o o not er or ors o re n e s, st c

a a a appa
,

[ ar h t er non-A a ] K i ka
ry i unsu l l y i d tifi d w i t h Stu t h s B h s h w i g en e o e r, s o n

id il H dui m ha ah d h p i wh t hi wa a
,

ren tl y t ha t Va d t c in s
'

no id
re c a e t e rov nce en s s s or s

a d hi mi t m a a
,

k a ga wa t h f u t a
s i h d e f B ud
o n n ig h t
e b o t d t h t t h B u ddh s i e sser e e st:
m
,

w h al l ud d t i f i t w t wh l l y i
o, pa t i b l w
ere noi t h al l i d t io f nc o e rec e ve no ons

k m
ere ere e o

th a da f th Veda Kika a u t ha b a t th al i
”
li
e e r er t e o g I et h i s. n , s ve een ne rer o e e r er
96 W HA T C A ST E 1 s .

ad Eat h)
n y r a o u to o h ve g i v e n ah o rse , a son, aw a
p e on ,
(fo r the

d t u t
es r c i f t h D a y u
on fi o u b d u ie g (i ii 7 s s, e rc e , ad fn oe s -
n
”

m
. . .

Tw f d l i m y mp
o o i [ a
y t h K i g
s T a a d ayu e al l d f re s s e n r s s , so c e ro

haa g ir ss n t h D a y u ] — t h a
t f a l l teh K h at i y ap
s p l a sd a l l t h o e s r eo e, n e

imm ta ls a u or th g d a ia t m wi th th w k
re o rs f Vauna e o s s s oc e e e or s o r

f th h um
.

I ulr the o ver af m (i ii 7 1 7 ose o e n or .

”
. .

Wi th th th u d b l t th u h at e f u d d th n i l er (
o o s c on o n e e v o c e e ss or

l
n ose e ss
) D a p u t h u h a t b t w d is b a
t tl s,t h p h
o b ft f s es o e n e e s ee c -
e re oe s .

(i v 1
a a
.

“ In d r ath ,
e sub due r of a
ll ,
th e Ar ya( L or o rd
) l e ds t h e D ds
a c c o rd i n g to h i s wi sh .
”
(i v 2 .

Th ou (In d r ) rt h e wh o h st aa a qui k l y ub du d th D ayu c s e e s s

a a p a t th A ya (i
' ”
th o u rt th e c h i e f on e wh o h s t g i v e n ti re se rv on o e r . v.

6 4
ath ad fi m m t f th pp i
.

k h t th h a
a M e a o e e v en s , e r n r en or e o re ss v e

um t h m
, ,

a pa t f h w
r ce : re n y wh-
o wi th
-
sthy o e rs , c on s e e ev er e re

a d ia ma k th h a ad th fi m am t t h t f th h a
Ba
r n c e, e t e e ven n e r en oo o or e e rs

of th B a hm a Th u h at d d hum
e -
r a m i wh th a o s re n e re n e ne es e er s s

m (i 6 4 1)
-
.

A ya a yt b' ”
or r s e s o e o ve rc o e . v . .

G l i fi d by u h (I d aor
) b w t
e d wn t t h b u t ts, e n r o s no o o e ro s n or o

th fi m
e t th r p i g (w
,
h ipp ) wh i i tiga
n or o t d by e e rse v e r n o rs er o s ns e

th e O th w th pat f th A yaa l l th Di a ve r ro ,
o n e r o e
'

r , e v

a y wh a
r c es e v e r b i di g (i 6 1 8 e re n
”
v

hu d d im
. . .

Th u h a t d t y d th o p gna bl s iti f th e s ro e e n re re e c es o e

Da yu S h am b
s aa (i v 7 r . .

se a
t s of the a a
A ry s t h n South Beh r M Vivi en de S i nt M rti n (M uir s Tex ts u a a - a ’

aam
. . .

x x i i ) t hi nk s t h t t h e c ount ry of t h e k t s u a
s t prob bl y h ve been i n Ko b l or a a aaa
a ma
.

A ndh . a
In rendering t h e bove ve rse, we h ve co p red t he versi ons of Prof H H . .

ad M M ui wi th t h igi a
.

Wilson
a
n l r. r e or n

m m a m a
.

A a da y a i y h A
n so
'

d a s y a a a
s zy a d y ahi
r td d id n s n s s, e ns s r n, ev o or

m m m
.

d p i d fw d a a
,

e r ve y afa o u t h b i u
or s ,
g p t b y
'
st y y t h b d a
c e or t h uod e n e on or s e so n

m f mth muth ati ula

, , ,

t hat co es t ro p h al l u d i ng
e p i bl y ot t h u ul tri a tcd e s eec oss o e nc v e

a
, ,

di a
l t f t h babau t ib
ec s o P f Mu ell ( U ri l H
ro si t y rf M a i 3 4
es . . 6 ) ro er n s ers s or o n, re

m
. . .

f i g t th i t t p p
err n to pa a t a s d i t
ex a a
re d t
oses h o l
se r e r e n o ,
non, n s , e no se , nose ess .

Wil son s
aam
RV
’
iii p 2 7 6

wa a
. . . .

f i t? s: ( fe r fi rw nn si r s fer
F
s r
r i
'‘

a
t |L re

m
:

a i qrrf f a(ra “
a
is rt a
a
5
'

I n 61 q
’ ‘‘

‘ { 3
5 nts s finfr r

“ga
a r a fifa
t w «w b-r rer: {
‘

a s sit r k HTHN! '

’

Sh m
abaai m t s ore a a
us u l l y styl e d n A s ur , nd h e nc e i t would ppe aa a at ha
t Day a r r

ad A
n ru ma re synoni m ous
”
Prof H H Wi l son R V iii p 444
. . . . . . . . .
 ORIG IN o r C A S T E —T HE A R A S A N D D A S ’
Y YU S . 97

adi p d th i m
A gni h p i u th ha
s tt i g fa
s i th l
e rse it l e o s, e c er n , ess , r e e ss ,

n ai fi i g Pai th Dayu ( 2
on - s c r c n p s, e s s.
”
v . .

Th u h a t f th o a k f Da b hi ti
s , aq ui h d th Dayu
or e s e o v n s e e s s

C h um
,

u i ad Dh u i ( 2 r n n
”
v

mi ty wh i h di id th Dayu ad th
. . .

“ P ut a
d t th n en o e en c v es e s s n e

A ya (
'

r s v.

ad S m k h a d t y th m th w t h m
.

I d a n ab u th Ra
r n o rn e s s, e s ro e ,
ro e

d w
o
y t
n,w B u ll th p e p l t hoa
t g w i d a k s, H w d w e eo e ro n r n e ss e o n

th m d m t th mk i l l t h m hu l th m
.

ae uff a en , s a
oc wa y ad l a e y e e r e n s

ai u I d aad S m
, , ,

th e v or c o a up t g th a
s gna
i t r t h u i g n o o e er ns e c rs n

d m i m
.
,

e a y h
on b u a d h i l i k a bl a
e ti i t h firn 1 P ut y
n u ss e n o on n e re o r

la
e ve r ti g h at d s th n il la i wh h a t
re th B a hm
on a[ a th e v n, o es e r n or r er

b a
r hm a wh at fl h ( a
, w) ad wh l k i a
o e b m i a bls
“ es r , n ose oo s o n e .

(v. 7
hm
.

F aupa y (B a
vo r a) fav u
th e t h i k il
r l th er r ,
o r e se rv c e e

Ra k ha a d iv a
s wa y th i l ( i 3
s s r e e ev .
”
v . .

Th u I d afa u t u i t o nth u a rt i fi t (by t i buti n )

vo re s o r r es o s s es re r o

; th u m t t m
, ,

t hy il re v l l t ad p w ful h
e rs o ha i tt th os ex c e en n o er e ro , s s en e

Dd a i ths midd l f h i th igh L t P aa

n e ta u f i d Pa ae o ta s e rv o r r en rv

p w ful t k t i k d w f mth h ight th i t l i

.
, ,

wi th a o er s ro e, s r e o n ro e e e r e e ss , n

h um a a ifi i g g dl D ayu ( i 5 9
n , n on - s c r c n ,
o e ss s .
”
v . .

Th u I d aa t th f i
o , d of th n ff i g t h L d f h a
r , r e r en e o er n ,
e or o e ven

th u o tu t th
o ve r tabl it i th u d t y t t h
rnes Da y u an
e s d e c es o e s ro es e s ,

g i t
ve s i a t M an u t h u
n c re seL d f h a ( i 7
o ,
o or o e ve n .
”
v . .

O I d a bj t f u p a n i
r l t th g dl
, o ec wh th o o r r se s, e e o ess e er

h b aA ya
e e
t a D an
y u w h
'

war
g wa ag
‘
a i t u
or b a q u i h d s ,
o es r ns s, e v n s e
”
b y us .
( vi i . 8 .

Th o u h at fs or th e s a
k e of th e A ry
'

a aqui
s v n sh e d th e D ayu s s.

v i ii .
( 2
a m g i i g ad m
.

I, In dr aki g th d i ti ti, co e re c o n z n n r n e s nc on of th e
Day u ad th A ya( i i i 4
s n e
’
r v

h um
. . .

Thi p bl d ad ub du d ths ai g D d a(h

e rs on e n s e e ro r n s e re vi e wed
aaai a
s l m t ) wi th i
n y ad th h a
er d ( iii 5 ons e r s x e es n re e e s . v . .

aa
In thi s pt h i i t d t a l a
t i f D M a M ull ( L a t R u l t f th x er s es s o

mim
ss r ns on o r. e
g p e e s r e

Tu a m a
rn R ah p 3 44) hab a e se rc d pt d
es , A l t al a ti n f t h sa s p t ee n o e . c oser r ns o o e e or

by D J h M ui (S ak i t T t ii 406
.

i wi th t h
s, ig i a l gi e or n ven r o n r ns r ex s , .

a a
.

a
,

1 In
'
t h Ri g Ve d a p a t
e i u l a l-
y t h t h d i g h t A f hrt k Ac y s h t
ril t t h e seven n e s,
'

r os e o e

R i hi a m t i d aa
,

s s re b en one s ove .

1: S a
l t h
ever p a a g of t h is c h
er a a t u
ss S e e M u ies o T ts u 40 3 r c er occ r. rs
’
ex . ,

13
 a
Th e A rg/ h s b een
bl t mau himl f wi th th Daya
'

aa e o e s re se e r

a had t y d th i ll a
.

a
In dr , th e l l o f Rij ish v ay
g f P i p at h n, s es ro e e v es o r e

ma
,

gi a
l M a
( y )a A u a
c
( ii i 7
'

zn s r v

ad al ik
. .
,

T h ese p aass
g es, n o th e rs of e n a
tu re wh ic h
c o ul d be ad du c ed , n ot on l
y brin
g t o n o t i c e i n th e

m
,

n ei
g h b o urh oo d of .
the e a rl
y In d i n se t tl e a en ts of t h e

A
'

r
ya t h s, e e x i ste n c e o f r c e s a d iffe ren t i n c ol our, c re e d ,

ad u t m f mth
n c s o A ya b ut
s ro a l th d p e se
'

r s, re v e e ee

a t d ha t d a nt m a a '
se e d re
p t f th n b
co
y t h eA y o ese r c e s e r s,

wh d l ig h t d t wa
o e g w a ae g ai t t h o m el i g i u r ns e on re o s

g u
ro d j ni d i n th i
s, re o c e q u t a d t h w a
e r c on d es n o v er ro n

m m
,

e ve n a l i d i t h p g f t i t
n h i e a ro a d re ss o e, e r n n
pp e es

t th i m
,

d ig a
es ti n a i
on s
g a y a o ia l a d ep i i t ua l b i n r
g er n s r e n s

whi h i th i up tit i u i m
c , n a
e r s g i ni
g t h y
e rs b l i d
o t s n s, e e eve o

b i a
e n tat ta t f h ti l i ty t th i
c ons n s w pe o os o e r o n e rso n s

ad ia
n l ad so c l i g i u i ti tuti n re Th i l t at i
o s ns on s e v o en n

m
.

p ath y a d h a t f a
n a d l i g i n th u
e o a l
r ce
y a i f
n t re o s e r n es

m g th m t p t t ad
,

ed ha ti u d t b a
ve c on n e o e on e os o en n

l mnt
,

i ju i u
n r o s f Ca e e t t th pe s t da
o
y T h s e o e rese n e

b y th m
.

A ya ad th ta i t a l l ia ha
'

r s, t ib n k e r es en e n o nc e , ve

e ver no u i h d ad h i h d th mp a r s e n ti ul a c l y aa
er s
pp l ie d e , r c r s e

t o th e l o we r t ri be s of t h e c o un try , i n th e di ffe re n t pro

v i n c es o f ai
In d i n wh ic h th ey h ab ve ee n a
e s t b l i sh e d

ha b
,

It wil l ve e en n o ti c e d t ha
t th e a
il i i t h et
p g re v n e
p
o f t he eo l e , or
p p e o l e s, t o wh o
p p i n t h e
p re c e d i n
g e x m
a
t r c ts t he A ry s aa p a
re re rese n te d s o
pp
’

o se da i s t h t o f
a aa m
,

a a
D syu We h v e l re dy en tione d wh t we c on si d er
l mai g f th d mi a
.

th ig i na
e or ti — G t the n n o e en o n on en es , o se

o f th u t y} e co A b i gi Na ti
n r Th I aia or or n e s or ves e r n n

m
.

c orre s
p n d t f t h a o wa a t u
en s ot a
t t ah t e n e rr n s o c o

i t th i ma i gs Wi th f t i t p ul i ai m
e n n l i a re ere n c e o s ec r
p c
.

a
S ee b ov e , p . 88 .
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

aw awi ma
a
e ver, th e A sur s ere soon vie we d s c ked, li i u c o s

s
pi ri ts, a pp
so o se d to th e S a r s, or d ei tie s
rm
.

Fromthe re fere nc es a a
wh ic h
d i th Ved at e e n e s o

th p w
e o e r,u reso a pp l i a
rc e s, a d i d n c e s, f t h n res enc e s o e

Da y u
s i t s, i m a i f s t th a tnt h es
y w f u d i e ere o n n no

t m a '

c on e
p ti b l p i t i
e b yos t h Aon
y w h et h y r t d s en e e n ere

I d ia Th ubj ti f th mby th A ya q ui d
'

n e s ec on o e e r s re re

t ima m m
.

e d t n g th f
s re n i t a or
p l i h s t
cc o s en .

Th ta
e s t f i ty a
e o m g th A yath ml
so c e on e w
'

r s e se v e s n o

re qui re s u pa o ti ul aa
r t t ti
r c r I en i on wi th n c onn e x o n

t h m u h q u ti
.

e s c ath f l l wi g u D th
es on s s e — o o n oc c r o e

s m
y p t m o f C a
s o t f t d
s e , or o i t Ca en t a pp a
e nc e s i o s e, e r n

t h A ya m mu i ty ai t i fi t b ugh t t ti i
’

B a
e r n co n s s rs ro o no ce n

th Vé da? W hm ere a K ha r t iya Va ns, i hya s

m th f u d t i t ? Wa a
e s r s, s s,

S i i d a ad S a/ a
n r s, n n c s en o n o ex s s

di ve rse ati c re f mth h a

on , -
rod a m thig h ad f t
e e ,
r s, s, n ee

o f th e
g d h a d
o e
p t i l
re s e c
y
— th a
ve i b d t t h fi
en t sc r e o e rs

d th y am p l y
,

f u f th
o r o laese c Hasse s ef th i on o o o e r

oc c upa ti ad p i il g f u d d
o ns n r v e e s, a tio n b i th e o n c re on, r ,

or d t
e sc en C ul d th o b i t
e re hag e f la
no n e rc n e o c sses

a m g th m W th i p ti d uti p ib d
m
on e e re e r res ec ve es re sc r e

t th
o e by a l l g d p ia e l di i
e s ec g u l at i 2 v neD i d re on s

l gi l a
e s ti im pve d i m e w i t h l
en t s,i g i u a ti re i t o s s nc o n s, e x s

at th i i t m
s o e r mu i ad maia
n erc o n on
g ? n D i d rr e c e re

m ia on l d fi l m t f l l w t h ai d ta
e e en o o l e d l ib a cc t en or e er e

t uh fa
o c o
y l a n cf p psse s ol w i t h weoh m teh y a m i o e c e n

ta ay p ati
.

c on t c W ? th e re e re n
p t r c i c e s,f or re e n s on s, o

p a tri a
esm g t h on m w h i h eh a d t h t c d y t i g i e a t en e nc o or n e

Ca t
s e

Th f ll wi g b
e o o n a ti o se rv whi h a m l y a on s, c re ere n ex

p i
en s on o f w h a t w ha a ied thi
ve s u bj t i on a l a t s s ec n e
 O RIGIN O F CA S TE THE EA RLY
— PRIE S T HOOD .
1 01

s ma
l l publ i a
ti c on, wil l ai t ss s us in aw ns erin
g the se i n

q uiri es .

The p osi ti on n d uthori ty ofth e A ry n pri e sthood aa ’

a
a s
p re se nte d to our v ie w in th e C hh n d s porti on s of th e aa
Ved a ha m a a i l l i m i d ki g b ut a
a
Th w d B a
s p t
ve c o y p r ve
y ts e n ve r e

d a mt a l pm t hm
,

a v nce d d en n e ve o ad en e or r n oe s

m
.

no ta pp a i th
e r n H y a a f u
e l l y t a b l i h nsd g is d i g es s e e ner c es

n a ti fa
on o p i t f a a
p y
r es t b l or o
g gi t a t a b li rh d e on n o n es s e

m m
,

p i
r es th d I too th u i g i a t d T h w
s or d b a h na ( f e t h e or r ro e

m
. .

roo t b ih r i b) t utt or c r t p a k t
o ak a e r, i )o s e o e no se,

ma p a
,

e ns y ra d i t i era pp l i d —
n a i s al i t a e , s n se v e r ns n ce s

A yaad D a
'

no w qu t d i i w i th t
n c onn e x onh u — t e r s n s o
o e
y s,

th m ia l p a f h A a l d d
’

a
e c e re on
y t r y e rs o g t pp e r s, n e ec e or o os e

by th D a u I q u t t h w d B h m a
a
e y fi s s n c on s e enc e , e or r n or

B a hm
r i th m aul i
n e a m t ma th utt sc ne , c e o e n e e re r, or

m
du t fp a l T h B a h a
e rs j t a t b d u b rt d ns nn o

m
'

e
c on c or o y r
— k
g e
m
o e ,

a a a a
‘

f
M e b -‘ r fl s d
u ‘. us i h

re i s t h e v z d e se e ts ;
n s d n

1
32 g a a sa t N
c s et a w d i a i d i o th w i ti g a
or b u t
s s n e se r n s o

f m mm
.

th i e r origi a di n s tha t f th
v e rse b ro f th o o er e ers o e

h um afa m
n il y Th y a k .
p i il ge a s u t f
no i r v e e s on cco n o or

g i a l
n di g y i t n t atu T hor s
y a i t h s V . é d a p i ip y a lel re n e s r nc

al a f p i t ffi ia
c ss o ti g a
r e s s, t aifi o c ad th n li s cr ces n o er re

g i u o i
s se rv ce s, al g w i th t h on
p i fi d l a f p oi t er s ec e c sse s o r es s .

T h f l l wi g a i ta
e o o n f th wa
re ns
y i wh i
nc e s o h th y e s n c e

a th b ught t ti
re ere ro Th h at
o no h at th
ce e c n e rs c n ee,

S ha ta k a tu [aar mfI da ]
n th e o i t f t hn r B i h a , e re c e rs o e c s

Th u w h a a s b e h B a v e,hm a (h p a f h b a
ov e , t e rhm a n t e re e te r o t e r

or w d ) p 94 h h a f h b a
or ; t hme a( w d) p 9 5 m
te r o t
“ e a da rg a i or or ; n st

am
.
, .
,

th e br h a (a gai t t h u a
g ns e s e of p 95 t
th e word ) , . e c.

aad th B a
,

1
'
Seeati l b y D R R th
r c e r. . o on B ahm hm a in
r n e r ns

Z . D M G
. . .
, v ol pp
. i . . 6 6 8 6,-
ad th A b t at f tha
n t ati l
e
pub s r c o r c e

l i she d i n th e B na
e e Ma
gai r s z ne
(O c t . by Dr . J . M ui r .
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

p a
i r se th e e , wh o a w thy f p a
i re or o r se ; th e BR A H M A NA S
ra
i se th e e l ft l ik a
a m
ba
ob e oo T hin e , A g ni ,
i s the offi c e of th e H otr i ,
of th e P otgi , ‘
of th e Ri t
j, o f m ’

the N éshtgi '

; th ou at r th e A g n idkr a of th e d e v o ut ,

th in e i s t h e func t i o n of the Pr akat i

s s r ; th ou at r th e
A d / w ryu a a
nd th e BRA H M A
’

; ad th
n e h ouse h ol der in
H ere a m
a
”
e i h t kin d s of i
a
our T dwe ll in g
re
g -
pr e s ts en

ti on e d of wh o th e Bra
, h or Br h m at m ma ns i s th e l s .

E ve n i th h i gh t n f th Vé da th w d B a
e es h se n se o e s e or r

m ai u d m l y i a i m
n s se
p l ffi i a l
ere a d a ppl i dn s e o c s e nse , n e

t aa ti l a i th mmu ity awh th B a hm a

Ra
o n c ve c ss n e co n s en e r n

m tio d a
,

is en l g wi th th ne j ya a p
on i qt e n or r n ce

ti m l a
,

It wa i th a th
a Ba
s t n f th
es ld t p er n os e o e o es or

ti on s o f th Vé dath a t th e w d B a hm s hm aa e or r or r n

c amt t b u d i th
e o o lu i
e se f g d b n e ex c s ve se n se o o -
o rn

i t It i t di ffi u l t i de d a wil l b a ft w a d
f th B a
r es s no c n e s e er r s
p
hm af mhi Védi
.
, ,

s een , t t a t he p g o r ce ro re ss o e r n ro s c

p f i
ro e ss on t hi u b qu t o
p i ti a m
sai ta i
s d by se en os on s n

Ca t s e F mhi p ul i ap i ti ro a t aifi h wa s ec r os on s cr c e s, e s

m
.

o ft th i
en du t — th p u k ta f
e r c on a f thi
c or, — e ro
’

z or ore n, or s

l ma
,

i th
s l it a e i g f th w d
er T hi h
e n nu h o e or s on o r e

may f
.

h ad l y with th i th fi t i ta
wh maVi h a
s re on o ers n e rs ns nc e , n o

o mit aad hi h l b l g d t th
, s s v r n s sc oo ,
e on e o e

ro
y a l a A g i
r ceh g .d f fi th d n u , t e o o re , e e v o re r, or re

S e e Tex t i n M u a p 127 P f Wi l
a a
l l e r s Rig V ed , v ol i
’
-
ro e ss or son

maa I th igi a
. . . .

a p
a
(Ri g V ed , v ol i , 2 4 ) re d s Br h l h th

a
-
n s .
n e or n e re , e

hm a
.

hm
.

w d i Ba h th pl u a l fBa
a
or s r n e r o r

m
, .

1 W i l R i V ed a l i i
’
p w i h h h a f B a
h
l t Ba
2 0 9 t
‘

g son s -
t g v o . e c n e o r

hm
, ,
. .

f it
or qui a s e a ai th t t (M ul l
v en r l p n, s n e ex e r, v o 11

ma
. . .

A di g t
c c or uth i ti
n o al t g thso i t e ki d f p i t or es, o e e r s x een n s o r es s

sh ad i th
re ff i g n
g a t
e o a i S
er n t i W
s oni l u t re oc c s o ns . ee no e n so n ,

sup wh . th a
, uth i ti a qu ted a
e re e d i l lu t a t d or es re o n s r e .

: R
1 gi Ved a i 7 27 -
, . . .
 W HA T CA S TE IS .

th e se m a h a
o c c up
y b i am
ti a onsh ve een n so e c ses e re

di y a
t q u f h t
I n c onse a
b l i h m f h l en c e o t e es s e nt o sc oo s

mmi i g h A yaHym mm y
r ,

or c la f sses or c o tt n t e r n ns to e or ,

th y w
e fi d e re l a not f h I d ia
c on ne to o ne c ss o t e n n

a a f m b h h k i l
a
p p eol T h y w e l e g y e re t e st ro ot t e n

a
.

ad n h p i l y t l a f
e h p p ul i
r e st V i h c sses o t e o t on s v

m m m m
.

a a H a
a a ib d ad wh i h V i h u Pu a
i tr wh y f to h y f h oV ed n o t e ns o t e s

a
,

”
re sc r e n o n t e s n r n

f h m im
, ,

o ne o p a tl g d
e a y a d ad i
ost i a l o rt n t e en r n tr t on

a
tre ti s e s Hin d us is re presente d a
of the s o n e o f t he -

m
,

se ve n o ri g in a
l Rishis of the pre se nt syste of

wa s a s is a d it te d b y a m
l l kind s of Hin d u a
a
uthori ti es
m a
,

a
,

a
lly a
o ri g i n Ra a
j gfi i i h i f t h j h u h
Ba
t g
'
s or r s ro e r s, o

/m hm
,

a l a th B a al a '

s id t b t d t
o e e ev e o e r z rs n, or r n

g ad
r f i hi f
e o h i tal t ar s q u i m t a
s, d b
or s e n s, c re e n s, n o se rv

a Jan c es ma dag .i w h i m t i d a l i th Ved a n ,

o s en one so n e

aaBi hi ;k ad wh i th l a
s s ,
t Hi du l g d i
-
n o, n e er n e en s, s

aE g . a MRig V e d
ul l -
p 9 3 2 t, q e r, n . .
, e . se .

1 V '
a i h
st h a K
s a h y ap a A t i Ja m asd a g i G a u,
t a m a rV i
, h d m i t a n , , s v r ,

a di g t Wil
,

ad Bhaa d a ij a a th Ri h i Vi h u
’

Pu a
n r v re e se v en s s, cc o r n o son s s n

ap 2 6 4 O th l i t f th g a
r n , . . t eri hi a gi
s s o wi th e re r s s, re v en

ai a ti i M a ad t h P u su t F th a f h
Pu a a
v r o ns n nn , n e
g rt e s, e c. or e e o e

p r — w hi
e s,h a al l p t c i t t h re i a l f B h
os e r o r m a i sm a f
o t e rev v o r n er

th d t u t i
e es r f Buddh i m
c on o — A pp di t th N t s , seef C l n l en x o e o es o o o e

Sy k A i t I di a
e s on n c en n .

1: V i h am i t a i
s av m a k ab lr p s i t
reh t adi
r ti f et h e e rson n e r on s o

Hindu ligi re a di g t th h i to i a
on c c or l ad P a
n u iguk a
o uth i e s r c n rc
’

or

ti h wa i gi a
e s, e ll y a
s ormmb f th K ha n t iya e ya l a
er o nd m ili e s r or r o

y at ad h i m l f f mti mam ah h wa d
,

ta r c s e, n se o r so e d d e on rc e s e sc e n e

f m ro K u ha f th l u a a ad wa th a
s o e n r r ce ,
n t f m ay ya
n l s e c es or o n ro

m m
,

a nd a i t ly p
s n ag w h
e rson wi th hi l f w
e s, a l l
o, d aft t h i se e re c e er e r co

m a t Ku h ka Ka u h l a b y th f f hi a
a
' ’

on n c e s or , s z s or u t i ti
s zc s : e orc e o s s er es

[ i i
s c sc r b u t B a c h m an
n
] h r m p ll d B a hes m , to ad
e m i tco h i m i n te
o e r
 O RIGIN or CA S TE — T HE RI S HIS .
1 05

the a
f th er of th e ut ed A v t r P aa
a aahu a
mai p
a
re
p r s r s re re

mit a F mb th
,

a th
a a
se n te d s e n e h e w o f Vi sh v
p r ro o

Vi h m ma m
.

s it a ad Ja
v da g i u r u t inb f B h n n e ro s r es o r

ma f mi d bl d a di g t th l g d l a im
,

ns o xe oo c c or n o e e en s, c

M ay f th Vé d i h ym a by a
,

d t
esc e n . n uth o e c ns re ors

said t b i th o f th p ie e l y l a t erh a boe n e r nc e c ss, or o ve e

rai d f mi t t
se th p i t
ro l y l a o e r es c ss .
’

th Bae hm ai a l
r d i t wh i h h n c ugh a dm i i i
or e r, d t n o c e so t ss on n or e r o

b pl a d up
e al l wi h Vai sh jh awi h wh mh h a
ce on d qual l d
ev e t s t t o e re e

ad h i uma
,

hi d f h i d i pu wi h Va i h th a
a a
s e sc e n t , n t e c rc st nc es o s s te t s s

m m
,

a t l
re d wi h
o ai a,
i i h R t y a a
so
( h 1i —
e vl S rhl t on , n t e n
,
c . . xv . c e

)
e d i t i o n, a a
i n th e M cihdbhci r t W a a B a a a a
ad th Pu a
el s i h d
’
V u h
’
i
f th Ra ma
g g/ g t s n , n v

m m
, ,

n o er a th d ta r n il s e eya n a a s o t a p l e re os e

f th Eig V da i ti m a t a a m y
’

th t e t
ex s o e e
g l n f i t w i th
e t h f
en e r c on o r ose o

th P u aaat
e r
’

n s th fa mil y d ig a
s o e ti f V h dm t aa es nd t n a on o
'

zs v z r
'

o oc c

m m
,

i ua
s o l di a g s t f
re e V a
en s i s h t h a
ro i g i a t i g app
s a t l y i t
, h i or n n , re n ,
n e r

p t i pa a f h til p i a
a
re s e c ve t g ron e o os d i g h w e t
r nc es th c c or n o e v e r, o e

m ad ai u p m ad pl a
,

h e ro ci p t h
oe P u s, a e r n s, n y th v r o s oe s, n s, e se

tw o s ai w
n ts y
e re a m i
on a b l v er t m i th i c la ti e t th er s n e r re ons o e

ro ya l fa mi l y f AJ d/ ya t k i g Dahaa
o e z ,
or thaa od hi n Ra m a s r ,
n s son .
”

W i l so n sR
’
i g V e d a i i pp
-
3 1 8 3 1 9 N i t h t h h -
l g y t h e er e c ro no o nor e

t m ti m
,
. .
,

a p y a la q
a
eo r h f th uth i t i
o e or d i es f u h s u en on e s o c c on se en c e
g g
i f
n re e re n c e t th Ri h i wh a h ad d a
o e s, b out b y th t a o redi ti i t n e e r on s s

a d l i b i tumb th i ,
f o t ti m a
n re e re n c e d pl a o e n ce .

M C l b
r k (A T a l ii i p
o e ro o e, s l ga
r ns v o
g t i d tvh on o, n o ce e

i h y m f th Rig Vedaa b l gi g t
. . . . .
.

a uth h ip f ta ya l
u h a Ma dh a
ors o c er n ns o e -
s e on n o ro

a f Yu a A h a S h i
f R h i da
uth o rs , s c t i
z s n l
; s on i o f v n s v v , so n o

a; V aum
,

U hi a aa h a ; a d P a ta d aa
D i da
s n r s n s, son o o f s v n r r n son o

a O th hy m f th a mV édaa a
,

a
f Vi h a
vo s er ns o tt i b ut d t
e s e l re r e o s ev e r

m dh u h h ad aRi h a bh aa
.

i t aa M a d Ré u ;
a
o f th e son s o s v r s c n , s , n n

m a a a a a a a h a a
a
A b i h B h h f h f D t M d h i h i
a
t t t t ; er o t t ev s r v o

a
t e
o s ; r o r ,
e ;
a a a a a a i a h f B h l a a a
a
to N b h g ; t R h u g o; t V t p y n t o d s ; t r ,
e son o n n o

P a i u
n r v a f t h Lou a a e f k i g ; t
n r r ce o V e a ; t S u d a ; t
n G it
s o n o s o r

ma h t ab ut wh a ft wa mth nf
,

a dat h f Shu a d b a
a
s e son o n o r , o er r s ec e e so o

a
,

S hu a k
n a ; t D p i o a d S h
ev a t a u ; n d t t h p n i l
n
y utha n o o er r nc e ors .

S ev er a l f t h oh y m n e f th l a t s A h
o t a k f t h eR i g V e sd a a by s o e -
re

14
1 06 WHA T CA S T E I S .

Th e Rsi h i s ad p i
n r e sts re c e i ve d maia
ing h rr e t e

a
d ugh ters o f o th er la of th e m
mu i y Th
ama
c sse s co n t . e

Br h of th e pre sen t d a a w l l awa re o f at ;

th is f
Sha
ns y re e c

b ut , i n d e fe re n c e t o th e i r lat t a th
er s r s, e
y ma i tai n n

au h m
th t aia s g c w m i d
rr ul g es e re ere n en c e s , a
nd c on

fi d t th aum a
a
ne p ti
o f e w i f ss f h f t h h i g h on o on e e o e c o e er

cla in a dd i ti
sses, t th f B hm ai a l ak But
on o o se o r n c r n

t wil l th y m
.

wh a ak f th f l l wi g t ye la t d i
e o e o o n s or , re e n

th N it i M a
e j ai f Ka k hi a t th a
n uth r f o al s v e or o se ve r

mth U h ik i t i t
-
, ,

Su ktain th Rig V d awh s e -

e , ose o e r, s ,
-
s o

b t d — wa th ut d da u h f k i A a ’
e no e p g t s
g e re e er o n n s
, g
sla Ka
ve k hi a t ha i g fi i h d hi s u v f tud y v n n s e s co rse o s

l a f hi p a m
,

ad ta
n k en p t w
e ve o j u i
y g h s re c e o r, s o rn e n o e

wa d wh ight a m ad h f l l al p by th
al y i n th m i g Ra ja
r , en n c e on , n e e s ee e

a
d id S aa a h
f Bha
ro -
s e e r
y t e orn n v n e

m
,

son ay ya
o a att d d b
v y h i ti u
v a , t en e s re n e, c e o

K aah aA i l u ha a
v s id s , s aD aaa n ti d by D
to b e th e son o f
'
s , s o ce r.

Mu ll (Her i t y f S a k
s or i t L i t
o a t u p ns r A f w f t h
er h y m re , e o e ns

a ib d t f m im
.

f t h Rig V eda a a a a a a
'

l l y
a
i
f Ka
o e re even sc r e o e e s, re or n r
g
-
s

f P ul m ma;
,

S ha hi th da ugh t aa S h a d t h da
kti ; ad Va
c ,
e ; er o dh ugh t
o n r
, e er o

G i it i th d a ugh t f Sa k th d a ugh t f A bh i a
mil i s f B a
or v ,
e er o n e er o r n

hm a m
,

ai u g tt a
.

O n v r o s fa o r s, or i d wi th e , o r ns xe

d i d f m th
or

a
,

l b l a y Wi l
Vi h u P u a
er ve ro
g , d e rel g d ti oo i , se e e en r no c es n son s
’

s n app 3 6 9 405 448 45 7 45 4 t

r n ,
.
, , , , , e c.

D J h M ui i h i
r . o n
“ O ig i ar, l S ak i t T t
n s l i pp 44 5 6
r n ns r e x s,
”
vo -

hagi a i f paa
. . .
,

th a t a di
“ u ffi i p
s ven se r e s o
g t t ss es s t c en o ro v e c c or n
g o

th t a edi t i r i d b y th
on s rec e ve mpi l f th a i t l g day h i e co e rs o e nc e n e en r s

t y f I di a(t a di ti a l a d u d i p u d a p a
a
or o n , g r o n s so t t en e r il e n n s e s o re v ov r

e ven th i t h i
e r s ron
g a hi a l p p i
e r rc
) B h cm a ad K ha re osse ss o n s r ns n

t i m
, s

t iyaw
r s at l a
e re , ay a igi a
e s n l ly d n d d f m c ses, or
ad n e sc e n e ro

mt
o ne n

th ae s S m f th
e s oc a f d t by D M ui a th
o e o e c se s re e rre o r r re

m ath f th pati m ti d i th fi t paa

e
a
.

s e s o se o e r es
g a p
en h f hi
o ne
t n e rs r r o s

t
no e Th h i t i a
. l i f
e s or c ugh t t t b p
n e re nc e o d b y d th no o e resse e on e
b ounds i ndi c ted b y Dr M a . .
1 08 WHA T CA S TE I S .

The ter mK haiyaa

ppl i d by
s tr , e th e Sh aa s t r s , or

a
L w Books, to th e ai l a i th se c on d or w rr o r c ss n e

H i du m n mu ity i u d i th Vé da l y a ad
co n s se n e s on s e

m
,

no i a ti
n fa p a t
ve o
yp d f k i a
r t a .
p w ossesse I o s t r , or o er . n

thi s se nse it i a pp l i d ts t h g d a e t I d oa a d e o s, s o n r n

Va una
r ad M i t aad Vau a I th Vé da th
n r n r n
*
n e s, e

m
.
,

w d K l t a a a a ”
or p ti
s ze r t h w f ,fi l d ie t h o n er o e , s e n e

o f ap p e rso n d f l a d
osse sse d p p t y ; a d o t h n e ro er n e

n a mK l a e t a p a t i
s t t hr
p f ,p w em t ossessor o o e r,
”
se e s o

ha b ve app l
een i a b l t a y p ac ty e i i g o a u th n i ty r e x e rc s n or

o f ay ki d n t n t K ha
or e x en t iya i th q ui a
. l t f s r s e e v en o

o f K ha s t a p a t r K h a t a '

t
p d s a t i r d b yc orre s on s, s no ce

ma i m
.

La wi th th Z d k i a
sse n , t awh i h a
e enl st r c so e ns

m m
,

p er i u ag i , g w i th
re e nth G k p é a d ty le re e x ro g n e o o

g i ca l l y f i g t
re e rr n th at t i b u t f bo d i l y t e
g t h r e o o s re n

m a a m
.

Sy n on
y f K h t
s o i y w V
s i i a p a ti
r V i h a a t i
e re s t s or
’

am
c
p
at f th p pl il l a m m
,

s er o e
g eo u i ty R
e or v a j t h e co n e

q ui a l t f th La aki g ; ad Rdj ayaa

,

e v en ti o R e n ex , n n n

a a
,

p i
r nc e , th d i t i e f R
er v j T h k i gve o a d h i f f . e n s n c e s o

t h A yaa ft
e
'

r s p ai
re o d b y th Reni h i i trh Veda se e s s n e s

but t a
no w d i th or utt d a b ut t h i
s e re m aa ti e re o

b y bi th f m m f t h G dh a
e r e n on

r th a ro e d r It i ag a s o
t e o e s re

t a ti d by P f
.

fa Wil ad th tha
a
c , s no ce ro e ssor
t so n n o e rs ,

Th a [i th Véda] i d i a
e re re n ti e f Ra j h s ti l nt c o ns o
’
s os e o

E v en S a
yaa
n ( p 4 9 8 ) i w it aa
Mu ppl i d t
l l e r s R V i ii ’
. . . . v e s s e o

t m
,

th l a
e nt i
s d g d ath e qui al t f d haa w a
on e l th ad ba
o s,
la s e e v en o n , e n
, ,

pwo I
er th R V i ii 7 1 7 T a
n e ada y a a y al a w h r s s ro s

h i m lf wi th th g d i th faa
g e o
. . .

ti i mf h i d
. .
,

a
am
i d tifi y
m
en es se ti e o s n e n

n fra
c s

a
o s ev o on , s s,

r rig e r se r t p ts? a nger ur I h a at w f l d

e = ve o o

sov ereig t y th a t fa
n l l th k ha,t ya ( p w ) o a d a
l l t h i mm ta l e s rz
'

o er ,
n e or s

a u re o P f W il gi
rs
” “ a ath uppl i ed w d b ut thi s
ro so n v es r ce s e s or

em
. .

i gl y n th a uth i ty f S ey a a
,

n o
se
n e or o .
 O RI GIN or CA S T E— T HE KS HA T RI A S A N D VA I S HYA S Y .
1 09

t he ritu a
l wh woul d n ot th e re fore h a b el on g e d t o
Th R a
o ve

t he re c o
g n iz e d mil itay a
j y a a rw e n s, s e

a jut mtim Ri hi
l Ba
h ve s seen , w e re E i
so e es s s o r se e rs ve n n

m hm
.

the t i es of th i tua
e ana t
r b a
ft wad r s, o e er r s

n o ti c e d , th e y a
h d th e pri v i l e g e o f c on d uc ti n g s c ri fi c e s a
In a a a m a
th e ti e of th e Vé d s, v is h (rel te d to ves k
l l y mat p pl i g
,

ah u o di t i t 7 ) g
s e or a s r c a li ; ener e n eo e n e ne r

ad Va
n i hyai t a dj ti s wa a , ft wa d a
s
pp l i d t a
ec ve , s er r s e o

h u h ld
o se t wh a
o t b l d
e r or
g t a i od i i d ua l f th e on e o n n v o e

comm p pl Th La on ti eoi aad th e .

G k 6 e n v s s n e re e ¢ xo g

a thre p de t f e
c orre sk a Vi h aon if app l
en si d o v s s e

mtim t th pat a
.
,

l th a
,

so e e s,
go i ul tu al e a d t h t h
s or e r c r n e o er

mmu ity h a
, ,

i du t i a
n l la
s r f th c d
ss e s o f ly e co n re e re n c e on

im mdi a wi th ut g i i g th m
,

t th i
o e r t up a
ti e e oc c ay on s , o v n e n

m p l y f th
on o o up a ti o I aa dd e se t th oc c on s . n n re ss o e

A h i s iv nsth Ri g Vé da f mwh i h w h a a
n e l a dy-
ro c e ve re

qu t d ao e t t w fi d th g ex al i t t f th
e n m e en e r n e re s s o e co

mu ity
,

n ,
of th e wors hi ppe r, or of t h e i n sti tutor o f th e
sai fi cr ce, th us re fe rre d to Fa a
v our th e
p y r er

fa u vo r th e se rvi c e ; k i l l th e k ha
Ra a di a
way t h
s s s, r ve e

P fa t l re cef Rig V edap

o vo . 11 . o -

, . xv.

1 I'
t h a th i m a i s
g i Z as d a l e n n n n so.

1 I R i V e da ii i 1 9 A i i p k f a h p d f
ll d i ha
: g n -

gn t s s o en o s e rec e er o

i hdm m au hi dmhum m
. .
, ,

v s n s a b i g I i ii 8 1 8 h i a
n n e n s. n e s c e v s

d f m
, . .
,

i hp a
’

v s t th l z, e or o en .

I] V i ha w a p
s i t d ut b ys K u h a d
o n eL a a h a i g toh i l a n n sse n s v n s re

ti hip
on s It .u i th am f may f u w t w a
oc c rs n e n es o n o o r o n o ns, s

G wi h W l wi h t
ree n c ,
a i di a
oo t d by D
c Mu
,
lle c , A . ti d
s n c e r. e r. s no ce

b y th ati qua e ia h i t ia
n r w m tin d i t h ab n p
s or d
ns n o en one s ee re se rv e

l d f th m
,

i th Li th uai h wi é p a
n e ti n s a Pa sz ti i g i
s, ab l or o e n or. s re c o n z e

i th G
n e ka mmm D a re e m a p di g wi th the La
-
ti n d m u c o rre s on n o s,

si gl e h use r h m
o .
,

i u d in S a
s se n k it f r a s r o n o o o e.
 WHA T C A S T E IS .

e vi l ; the powe r (kh tr ) n d f vour th e nl

y aaa a m
a
stre n
g th th e c ow (d he n , th e re pre s e nt ti v e a a
of p ro
p e rt
y) ad fa u
n vo r th e pe opl e ( or h ouse ,

Th i spaa ss e
g , wh i c h d c c urs i n th e Ri g V ed -
a6 th ah t
,
. s . 3 rd . a
dh .

ag i a y i mp tat mi tti p
aa
l 6 th . v r .
,
s v er or n on e . T h e t e x t, o n
g re e t i ti v e

a — Ft w d 53 H r fi fi d l il
f r f d q fil d r
-

E éI
'

th us z 3 (8
'

7
’ '

bl
'

cl u se s , run s c b

s im
a a mi e F sp aaat
h i h a
i M s Ri g
-

g 2 er 7 361 .
g ( s r e
r rs . . .

V d é afB B o Ro ya
l A ia
ti s c S oc i e t y) In th e Pa
d ath e words are

a aa a t a
,
. .
.

Ra
,

paat d th u
r e s s et I fe st es tlF F t
r i r
-
s rr
: se t s n

a
se

WHIW: l
2
7
1 Hi : 0 fi rst : w a
r a th e ord
'
’

b e i ng t o b e su
p
pl i d a ah of th e at th d a
wo r h y m a c c ord i n o f n ot

Paa R V ) S yaa a
ft
e er e c l s re e s,
g t o t e s st e

t i on us e d (A uth or s M S
’
of d yaof it n A ch r th e

ti m i d
.

hm
.
,

mm ta
. .

at f l i g f l a
un de r th e t tifi b a a
a
co t en or, c s e ee n O er e s, en es r

(p ay
r
) w i th
er B h m a a (th m a t h a t p a y r a d k h a
q t a (p w ) e n - -
r s, n s r o er

wi th K ha t iyath p a s ty r i i g p w ,
ad dh m
e i th
r w ad
-
e x e rc s n -
o e r, n e ,
e co ,
n

i hat
v s h p p wi t
,
l th
e h V
eo ay i h a t he, a
p y b g g t th p
t l i — e s , e r -
e on n o- e -
eo

p l e T h i i t p ta t i s i t t
n e r re b w d d a t b u t
on i t i w i t
s no h u t o e on e re s o

m
.

al y a ti Th at a f d t i afa u i t wi th t h
Ba
e r s nc on . e n r re e r re o s vo r e on e e

hm
r a ; ad b th a i th Ri g V edaad ai a pad d
ns n o s n e -
n s n n ex n e

f mi t i m u h u d i th i m l m ad
,

or ,
s c se tn i ade r o re so e n n se c re se rv c e s, n

th i i suh a n swa y a t
c h w t h a t i g i a
l l y i t d a
s l t w i th
o s i t to or n e n e re s s

ad t wi th at la m a m
B a
n no It u i thi
c s es
g d f t t h oc c rs n s en r e or e co

m m t f th T a hm
.

enc e eni tti fya o aaf th Bl ak Ya

e j u V da
r r n

fi r fa
o e

t a
c r e

a a a
s: s wa a
m
sir r es
“
: a
r i e f t
-

NT a H rri t i
m
-
s r r e s t
ai Fas tff a a
r

er i
F if w e t
"

s er t it r t 3 t n i

m
( e rs e en

m m
s

H rrai a
tawasl ff t a
t it F i a
wf
“

t a ? it fai r s e cre
ssr er e rs e
"

(A uth or s M S
)
’
a a M a
Th i si t a
i t h ma
y b e th us t r n sl te d n n e

m m m m
.

p ary a k
er,i t p p ou t e- ; a
i t a
i th
-

p w
ros a k i
er t s o e n n e o er, e-

p p u t m; m
ros ero ai ta si th f d m o k i t p p u t m;
a e n n e oo e - -
ro s e ro s o e

ma i th m ilk m k it p p u t m m
,

i ta n a
n e ai ta i th wa l th e - -
ros e ro s o e n n e e

ma k it p p u t m m i th fi p ing m
, ,

e - -
ro s a i ta ero a k it p p u
s o e n n e o s r e - -
ro s e ro s

t m; m h d m k i t p p u t m S yaai
,

ai tai th a ”

a
’
o e n n e er e - -
ro s e ro s o e zt n n

mm tay th i paa m
,

m
.
,

hi s co en
g i d rt i fi b a h a w i
on th t h B h sa ss e, en es r e r n

c at s e, a
g g d f t
en h i t i t u t e f t h a fi or K h at a h me a
k ns er o - -
e s c rr c e
-
r e es

t mu d h
.

th e a
,

uth i ty f th h ea d fa
or di t i t-
o But th -
th e - -
o - -
s r c . e o er er s se e
 1 12 WHA T CA S T E I S .

ad th i
n a ti
e r re pre se n t a til l i th A hi v esa re s seen n e
'

rs,

la f h a a a a
a
c ss o
p h s d e d u l ti t er s i S i d h K n hh d c v ors n n , c , n

K t h i é w dé Th a di ti t l ai a
. l
ere ti f th re s nc c ss c no c es o e

S h hd a i t hi l a l i t a d i t i h b u h d
m
r s n s ver oc n
y y g s ne o r oo

l t im
.

I hi t i a
n s or c a y L a t h i es , a s s sse n, e r n e re

a pp a e rs i th at f th t w E S
n
p
o t h l w eI d u o n v og on e o er n s,

ad wha
n t i p i al l y w s es th y f ti
ec i th a t f t h or o no ce, n o e

a m
,

p p eo l 2 e8p v g t h o¢ t h A aonh i a T h u e n or e rn r c os ns
f
s
1
th i i t
e r e x s enc e aadi ti t a ti i s ta bl i h d i t h s nc n on s es s e n e

ne i g h b u h d f th I d u t h a
o r oo t i to ay i th e
g i n s, s o s n e re on

l d t ti m th A ya I d ia d w l t
,

i whi h i
n c th ,
n e o es e, e r n n ns e .

T h y [th A ya ] p ba
e e bl y r qu d t hns al i ro co n e re ese e r er

i han bitat ; ad i t b n s m mai f t f mthi i um

n ec o es n es ro s c rc

s ta th a
nce , t i t waf m th q u t f th s th ro Ab i e c on es o e o er or

g i ne s i t h ni t i p a t e f t h u
n e r or t y t h at a f t w a d r o e co n r er r s,

m[S l d a
,

th e na e
] w a t d
'

nr rd t t h w h l i l s e x en e o e o e se rv e

at Thi a
c s e m a t b d i d f mth S ak it ;
s n e c n no e er ve ro e ns r

ad i t i t b p umd tha
.

t th i g h t p l l i g h ul d
b Sa
n s o e res e e r s e n s o

e d a j r If t h i ‘

b t i t m u t b u d
s d H i d a
e c o rre c s e so n e z r

fi md by t h ta t mt f
.
,

i n o ld P ia; ad t h i i
e rs n n s s c on r e e s e en o

M ga th tha t t h I di a a ti f t h YSp é a
‘
e s e ne s, e t n n n on s o e n r se n

a u i l ia
x i t th P r es ia b f o t h ti m f A l
e e rs ad I ns e o re e e o ex n er -

P tol . vn 1 61 vi 20 3 yaa l m ti d by Di y
T he re so en on e on s

mEa m
. . . . . . .

P e ri eg v 1 1 42 , un d e r th e n a dg i wh i h p aa
e g th i n c ss e o er s

a
. .
x ot ,

t ak u a f h i au aE a
iBa a i T E a a
i dp Z ddg a 3 ux I Ao
' ,

aab 3 A w a
e s oc c s, e f r s on v o v sr x o
r, or po ov r
g
e
,
” ,

i f imi wi 3 i a
maa i yg ap h aH ai a na Ta
,
e
‘
r r c i rt f 3 13 t e vx v o
g v.
p r s o
-
s s t v ov vrov re s
‘
f
/
y4 4:

m m ov k mut b
x - ‘r
ad E ffi “ T wi “ a di g t th ai at
s e re e
,
l l . o r, c c or n o e v r n
,

a ad
a
di g 2 635 2 536

a
re n 3 01 0
5 n

m m
, ,

1[ Y
'
t th B eh a t t h w
e d S h d a wri th S h u h hd n s c o nn e c e or r s zs

l tyml gi a l h lp f m
, , ,

i
serv c e , th ugh t h y g t o a th i
e in i e no re e o o c e ro s co c

d en c e ]
1 S tr bo a xv 1 6 p 687 By S te h Byz p ‘
rs g a
m The y a di re s

mth am
. . . . . .

t in c t fro e O zu é ‘
c a
ll d e in S ak
ns ri t K shudr k aa I n di sc h e

thum
:
g .

Al ter ku d s n e , v ol . i . p . 7 9 9 8 00 -
.
 O RI GIN O F CA S T E— T HE S HUD RA S .
1 13

The e x te nsi on o f the n mSh a

a d at e r o the ad ad e nsl ve n

serv i l e c la f th u t y q u d b y th A ya
'

sse s o e co n r c on e re e r s,

i t a d i ti ti th m i d d ad m
C ha da
n c on r t s nc on o e o re n e
p t
en en n o re

c or l l y ha
d ia t d t ib u h a th e r es. s c s e la A m n s,

ba shtha t t mu t ha
s, e c e c s ve oc c u d g a rred ua
ll y r

S m f th S h hd a ad m f th m i d p
. .
,

o e o e r s, n so e o e ore n e en

d t t ib
en i th i nt i
r es la d I a
n mi l i d with e e r or n nc ne

t t hi k m
, ,

o th e rs, a y oh a p k na di a l t t y d i ve s o en ec no ver s

im f th A yaad m
,

s il a t th atr o a y h a o b t h e
’
r s, n ve e en e

d dat
e sc e n fa p i A a
n s o
y i m m i g a t i fi T h r or m r n r on " ere se e s

t o ha b vem h ita ti e en i th A ya m so m u i ty
e es on n e r n co n

a b ut th a tua l l igi u p i ti t b gi th
l Ba
o e c re t o s os on o e v en o e

Sh u d a I th ti m f th l itu gi a
r s n hm
e a na f th e o e r c r s o e

mtim a
.

Vedat b a sft wa do ti d th y we
e er r s d no ce e re so e es

m
,

i tt d t ta e k pa t i th A ya aifi
o e
l Nra t l n
g e r n s cr c e sx
'

on

a ft wa er d wh th r s, qu t f th A ya w g aen e c ontl y es s o e r ns ere re

M ay f h am f h Dayu ad h
n o t e n mi f hes o t e s s n ot er e ne es o t e

A y a m h a aA yama
'
r s se e toi g Th ve am ay w d u
n r n e n n ere re n or s c r

m
.

ren t i h n h t fa il y f I dia l a
e n ort g u a
erng w h i h a
pp a b o n n n es c e r to e

m ore c ogn a
t wi th th
e a im mdi a e t ly d i
S ak i t
ns r d f mi t th n e e er ve ro

m fi md by
.

T hi ak i t i t d d t pp th b li f a
s re r s no n en e l o o ose e e e so c o n r e

m
,

th e s tat f th I di a l a
e o u
g ge a tnh a t nt f t hn t i b wh i h
es, os o e r es c en

d I di a t h A yam u t ha b f S y thi a Tu a ia
'
te re b f n e ore e r s s ve e en o c n or

S y th i a i m
r n n

or i gi nO f th m ig a
e ti c tw a t l a n t f t i r o ns , o e s o e x e ns v e

at a m
.
,

c ha r c er, ak d by th di ff
re r e i th S y th i aw d e f th
e ren c e s n e c n or s o e

n or th ad uth fa
e rn n m iliso f la u
g g a e rn es o n es .

Z m p a W
f th Fi t A dhya
1 R h i i h if f h G O S l i 8 3 d
a
b
“ ’
t ot t n t e sc r o e er r. oc v o n e er s

m
. .
.
,
. .
,

t al a a f h S h a a a h a B h a aa
I th i B a
r ns ti on o
y e t t
rs p t p l o i e -
r so n

hm m
,

tha t J u a l o rn . a n a nth u s a r a k a b l p a a g e re oc c rs re r e ss e

p ti g th a aifi t th i ff t If th aifi
Ba
re s ec nl l f th e c o e s cr c e rs, o s e ec e s cr ce r

b a e hm a it i ar i d E hi C m! if h i a
n, s s Va i hyath it i o e e s s en s

hi C m h i th
, ,

Aga , o wi th a
e Ra j a b a dh u
er
[a t a p i ti f th n r ns os on o e

Va i hyaad Ra y a a a a
Sh a
s
j u n h i g u d ] i t
n i A d v v n R u h i th
oc c ! rre s r , n er

wi th a d a i t i Ad a raRu h i th l s r v , n er
”

15
 1 14 IVHA T CA S T E I S .

e x te n de d, ad th
n e
y for md a ttl d ta
te se e s e of soc i e t
y m
a g on

th e a
fll u e nts of t he m ad G ag
Yau é n n n e s, they were de

g r a
d dt e o ma ad pa
th e hu il i tin g
i ful p n n os i tion whi c h th e y
oc c u
py i n M au Th i nm ti .
’
e re s no en on of ay S akaa
n n r ,

or M ix e d, C at s es i n th e Vé d a s

m f th a th
.

(7 In t h e t i C hhada s of th e Véd s, e

af mwh
eo e n

i d af th
e o
g e o d Bahm h r a d a d a m a d
ro ose e n r s n

t hi g h a igi a f th Hi d u a
,

nd f t th f u
s ee l a t e o r or n c s es o e n s re

h l d t h a b n d i d wa n i th d l p d
aa am
e o ve ee er v e s e er ev e o e n or

f md hm m a
,

or B a
e r b f th H i s d u T i d e er o e n r

ad ath pa t f th a f m
.
,

a
,

n s e re n a i o g d w e h tr ces o n, s no o

e ve r O f h Veda B a t e hm a i th s.u t g d r i n th n e ne er en e r, e

m m a a
,

V di l a
e c ua a n a l a d ti d p y ; en on e e ns r er

ain th maul in ma h f p a
g g y e, s re

hm
,

ad B a ”

ath g d
er
n r y e, e ns e o r
-
e
-
sc

hm
.

i th B a
,

A g i th g d f fi
n a
e n d aifi
o O re s cr c e, s e r e o

m
,

a a a
,

o fp a y r a d th er, V r i ha pna ti B i h a
e p a t i B h sn r s ,
or r s

a
,

a f p a R
a
p ti t h l d e
y or th u g h o u t t h r i g V e d
e r, l ro o e -
s
‘

m a
,

T h ug h h i a
l l d Vi hp a V i h at i a d M a
i h a
o e s ti c p
e s n s n

t th l d f m
, ,

ap a Va a a h i f
l l b i g ; ad Ja
i t n

d V dhaS ha
o
s s , e or o en g s v n r ,
e s ove re

a e n tad ha a
s n h a
ve tath s n e s s v e

fm a
,

i p t
ns e c or o d th n ta en t i p t n ap ati a e co l ly s n n s e c or, s r c c

u ful t m
se ai hi p o n a nd n ia l l if s a n d a th
e rson s oc e, s e

co n tant s n um f aifi
co s ad ff ing h i a
er o s cr l ce n o er s, e s so

s
p o k n f a
e th oS fsH a n a de E a th a
on o w l l a e ve n r ,
”
s e s

th i pant a d wab th a d i a a a a
a
e r re n ti g d s d C o t er v ve o n re or,

m a
,

wh th en al y S ktaw e e r
p d }? A d i
s t h
e re c o os e e s re o ve

a paa se t g d r f e
p y a bo i d t h or
g d f m r a t i a l
e r, es es e o s o er

n a tu a nd re
gy th a n i n
en er t d i ti f th V é d
e a b g i
c e e es o e s, e ns

S ee b ove, a pp . 4 6 50 -
.

1
'
Dr . Roth k
t h i n s th t aa
ll t h e p a
ti g o ds a thre e resul t of red es

t i on a
nd a of l ter i nv enti on .

1 Rig Vé da3 -
, rd. A sh t l st . . a
dh . s . 19 .
1 16 W HA T CA S T E I S .

houl d n ot, in so mf m e or or oth e r, h ab ve e en a

l l ud ed to i n
m
s

th e se p roduc ti ons, h d it a e x is te dwh en th ey were for e d .

a
C ste , in the se nse in whi c h i t e x i sts i n th e pre sen t d y, a
w a e m re ad m p ua d
ore d w a an l t g th u kore w e rs e s o e er n no n

mg
,

a t
onh a i t A ya t h
e u g h d u
n c enb tl l i k th
'

r s, o o e ss, e o er

ia
c on soc t d p pl th y h ad a
e i ti eo f ak ad es, d e v re es o r n n or e r

ad upa
n ti
oc c i th i m m u i tyon A P a ha n k hi ti e r co n nc s

m
.
,

ap a a a a a a a a
Vé da S a a
dn h j (p nc t d) i n l l y t i end i th re oc c s on en on e n e

a a a a i f h
at ) ad th Ni h a
A h
’

y s
"
.
y y th n p c t t r s s e se e x re ss ons re e r o e

f u a a( l u
o r v rn s co o dat a t da
rs or c s es n e s s re e s

ut a t th G a dhaa Pi tri De a A u a ad
Ra
o tc s s , or o e n rv s , s, v s, s r s, n

k ha a a pl a
s i d i th Ni ukta But P f
s s, s ex ne n e r . ro e s sor

La p p ly b
sse n tha t
ro e ri th f th p l a a
o se rve s ne er o e se e x n

ti i a
on s dm i ibl 1 K hi ti ah
s ss mak i a e
pp l i '

d i s s e re r s, s e n

t m m
,

th Vé da al a d h a h a i i
aa
e g o en t In
y y en er n c rs n s s n on

mi k t m
, ,

i s deri ve d fro pl ow T h
r s e N i sh d s
(et
o
y ol o i
g .

c a
l l y th e
”
se ttl e d A bori in e s, b ut
g pp l i e d to r c e s di sti n c t a a
fro mh t e a
A ry n ) we re then unknown E v e n wh en th ey
mi t ti th y m A ya
.

c a e n o a i d
no t ice, t th e re ne e x e r or o e r n

s ta t Jaa ig ni fi
e ap n
p as h aj a i i ti m
es erson nc n n es

n a m m ; ad p a ha
.
,

la t th ath Vé daa
er n bl y f fi
e sse o ve en n nc

m
,

j a i a
n n a h i f f fi c I t i e
p b abol L a ve en s ro e,
”
sse n

m m
, .

a dd th a
s, t th ld t ia l u i ti e i t d
o ly
es soc co n e s c on s s e on

o f fi fa mil i
ve Tha t P a ha h hi ti ad p a ha
es
”
j a a nc s n nc n

m
.

s ig ify aa
n gg g at f fi n i i d
re t b u t w h at t
e oh ve en , s ev en e

mm b
e f th a ers o
gg g a t i w i t i e w al m t i m re
p on e re , s no os os

s ibl t e d l a wi th o ta i tyec M ga re th p a k f c er n e s enes s e s o

ai u m l ad m m
.

v r o u i ip a s il i ta y P
n c t ad a i t i g a n
g r en s s ex s n on

th I di a i hi da
e n y i M
ns a a n
y gg g a ti s f fi p . n re on s o ve er

R V iv 2 5
. . . . .

1
’
Indisc he A l therthu mku d s n e , v ol p 7 96
. i . . .

I M eg ath s e nes i n Cory

’
s A nc i e nt F a
g m n ts pr e , . 2 2 0, et . se q .
 O RIG IN O F CA S TE —T HE PA N C HA KS HIT I .

sons or p ati a a
t p r es re re se n t re c o ni z e d
g by the Hi nd us fl ‘

In v i rt ue of t h e re m
ak r s whi c h we a ma h ve n o w de ,
ad p f ad il l u t a
n ro o s ti nwhi s r on s c h w ha w b ug h t
e ve no ro

f wa d w h l d th a t Ca t i s e n th a i t Vé d i t i m
e nc en

a
or r e o c es

m
,

wa a f T
’
s no s
y t t i i t i
s et u t i t hc A y ns h p i
on o i e r s. e o n on

o f D M a M ii l l r th x di t f th R ig Védaad
e r, e e or o e n

m t mp t t j udg i th a i ti l y i
.

th e os co e en e n e c se , s en re n

a da wi th th a
c c or nc e t whi h w ha tu d t c
p e ve v en re o ex re ss

T t i th L d n T im h
.

I a R i w f M ui
’
n ev e o rs ex s n e on o es, e

hath f l l wi g paa
s e o g o D
n C a t ss a w e fi d i t oe s s e, s e n

i M a ad a
n nn t th p n t d a y f m e
p a t f t h
re se n l i , or r o e re

g i onst a h i g e f t h c V é d na ? W o a w e w i th a d s i d d e ns er ec e

N o Th
’
i a uth ity wha
ere s no t i th Vé da or f e v er n e or

mpl i a t d y t mf
.

at a
a
th e co c e s uth it y f
s e o th c s e s, n o or or e

o ff i
e ns v e
p i il g l a i m r vd b e
y t h es B ch m a e; e r ns no

a uth it y f th d g a d d p i ti f th S h d a
’
or or e e r e os on o e r r s.
r

Th e re i la w t p h i bi t th d iff
s no o t ro la f th e e re n c sse s o e

p p eol f m l i
e i g t
ro
g th ; fv n m at i g o a de d i erk i g ro e n n rn n

t g th
o e ; l
er a w t p no h i b i t t h m a i
o a g fro
p p l e rr e o eo e

b l e ong gi t d ffn t a ot ; i l aw
e re n t b a
c ds es t h no o r n e

o ff p i g
s f uh m
rn aia o
g s w ict h a i d l i
rrbl t i g m
es a n n e e s

t i th m t a i
.

A l l th a t i f u d i th Vé d aa s o n t l a n e e s n e os nc

f i t th Hym i a
,

en t p ti or — on o ei wh i h i t i ns -
s v e rse , n c s

sa id th a t th f u at th p i t th wai th
e o r c s e s, e r es e rr o r, e

h u bad m m
,

a ad th a a
aE u p a a abl t h w that
s n n, f p u
n
g l l lei k f
se r s r n e ro

hm
,

Ba r ro e ns re th i e o s o e ve n s

a m
.

v e rse i f la t s ig i
o th a t h er g or t a n f t h n e re ss o e

Hy m ns .
1
S e e M ol e s worth
’
s Maafhi Dir c ti on ay u d
r n er th e c o mp u d o n , of Ifl
‘
'

Th e A ry
'

aa a( v rn or c ol o ur ) i s s pk
o en of aau i ty i
s n n Rig V é d -
a
a
,

3 rd sh t 2 . . 5 9 . .

1
’
Th e T i m es, 1 0th A p ril 1 8 58 .
 “( HAT C A S TE IS .

T he v e rse h ere re ferre d to by Dr . M ul l e r w afi s rs t

l m
b ro ugh t to n o t ic e by C ol e b rooke It o c c urs in t he
aS a m P rim
.

P urus h e or Hy n o f th e l Ma
e va le tr ns a
t d by hi mi m
, ,

l a e n a
h is E ss y o n t he Rel i g ious Ce re on ie s
o f t he Hin d us .
’
a
I t h s be e n q uo te d n d tr n sl te d by a aa
Burno uf i n h is i n tro d uc tio n t o h is t ala

a
ti f th
a
,
r ns on o e

Bh gava taP ur na j ; n d l a
te l y i t
'

a ha b l it a
s l ly ee n er

a
nd c o rre c tl
y re n d e re d by D r Jo h n M ui r, wh ose v e rsion .

we h e re i nt ro d uc e wi th t h e te x t s ubj o in e d , t h t pro aa
m immdia
,

p e r est i a fi te o ts be ai grn s on t he sub e c t j t ly e e

be fore u ma
ysb e fo r md e .

Pu u hah aathou ad h ar s d a s th u a d y ath u ad f t

s n e s, o s n e es o s n ee .

E y
ve r w h p a
d i g t h
e re a the rvh p a d a n p a f t fi e e
g r ,
e o ve r sse s ce o en n e rs .

2 P u u haa l i t h i wh l [u i
r s one
] w h i
s h h a b s a d io e n v e rs e c s e en , n s

H i th l d f i m m ta
.
,

t b o e e s l i ty th a
e t wh i h
or pad by ut i
o or c ex n s n r

m t (7) 3 S g a
.
,

en t i h i s gl y ad Pu u h ai g a
o re t s t ha or n r s s re er n

ma k af u th f hi m th f u th f h i m(a )
. .

th i sA ll a tu c re re s e o r o re e - o r s o re

im m ta P u u h awi th th th pat mu t d
.

l i ty i th
or ky 4 n e s r s e se re e r s o n e

af u th f h i mwaa
. .

upwa d r s o
g a ir p d u od h H t h di ffu ds n ro ce e re e en se

hi m lf m g th i g ai ma im 5 F m
.

y wh a t ad i a a
a a
se e ve r e re t
on n s n e n n n e ro

hi mp a
. .

g V
s i j r n V i j w ra P u u h a b
ov e r i g b h t r d d s r s : e n o rn e ex en e

h i m lf ad (p d u d) th
se , n ath ad
ro p a
ce l f m 6 Wh
e e r n c or o re or s . . en

th g d e ff o d up P u u h ai
s o e re ai fi t h p i g wai t l ai fi d r s n s cr c e, e s r n s s c r e

b ut t um m i t w d ad a
er, s erutum t h s ff i g oo 7 T hi i ti m
n n e o er n s v c

P u u hab p im a l l y th y i m ml a
. .
, ,

a ifi i a l g a
a
r s orn r t d ev th e o e on e s cr c r ss

wi th h i ma t h i
, ,

bla ti s th g d S
e r d h ya a od R i hi s a i fi
on d e o s, s, n s s cr ce

F m
.

8 tha t u i a l bla ti w p du d u d ad l ai fi d
f wh i h V a
. ro n v e rs o on e re ro ce c r s n c r e

b utt H p du d th ai m
er e ro a l ce y u i t h d i ty b th
e n s o c s e e o

m 9 F mth a
.
,

wi l d ad t a t u i a l ai fi w p du d
l l d i h ad a
n e ro n v e rs s cr ce e re ro ce

hy m a m a th mt a m
. .

ns c e r c nd ya
n
j u s1 0 F n, th a t e e re s s . ro

l l ai m
.

w e rep du d h ro ad a ce a l wi th t w
orse s w f t tli
n w n s o ro s o ee co s

m
,

a a a
,

g ot d s, h p 1
n 1 W s h ee t h y f d ( f f d u p) P u u h
en e or e or o e re r s

h w m ay p at did th y di id h i m? Wha t wah i muth

. .

”
i t
n o o n r s e v e s s o

a
A si t i c Re se ah rc e s, v o l . vu . p . 251 ad M i
n s . E ss a
y s 1 p . 1 67 8 -
.

Burnouf s B P i
’

1 c x x ii i.
'
. . .
 WHA T C A S TE I S .

Dr M ull e r h
. al a t l y w l l il l u t a s t d hi t w e m ak
e s r e s o n re r ,

th a t E u p a i ti ro aa
e n crbl t h w th acs t t hi p aa
re
g e o s o s ss e

f th Vé da i a ig i th ath g a t m a f
“l t
f
'

o e s s o er or n n e re ss o

th hym h i H i t y f S ak i t L i t a
”
e I ns . n s tu h
s or o ns r er re e

th u w i t
s r p t
esi g i tre s T h ec a n b l i t tl d u b t ere c n e e o

t a
h t i t i m d s b th io i t h a
e rn a t a d
o i i t di t i
n s c r c er n n s c on

m ia
.

It i ful l f a
s llu i o t th aifi i a
s on s l o l eit u s cr c c e re on s, ses

t h i a
ec n cl phil p h i al t m
os o i t m ti c t h t h er as, en on s e re e se

s on s i th n d f Va
e or er o ata p i g G i l m a um s n m s r n r s r s e r,

utum i t
, , ,

ad S haa
n d a r tai th l y p aa
n,
g i
c on th ns e on ss e n e

f ma a um a
,

Rig Veda -
wh th ere t e or t d Th c s es re en er e e

m
.

ev id f l agua
e nc e o g f t hn m d d a t e f t h i or
p ei o e rn e o s co os

ti on i q u al l
s e y t g G i h m a
s ron f i t a t h am
r s or ns nc e, e n e

m
,

u i a
.

o f th h t e a d o se son, t th
oe s n o
y h y f
oc c r n n o er n o

th Ri g Veda a
e -
d Va ataa l thn am f pi g s n so, e n e o s rn

a a
,

d oes n ot b l g t t h
e on a l i t o b u l y e f t h V
e r eséd i v oc r o e c

p t
oe s I t u b u t oc c m rs i th Rg i V é d a
on c e
(m a d ore n e n

mt
-

m
. .

a
D r M ii ll e r bri n g s down this hy n o th e ti e

ma
.

of ki g th n e fin l a c ol l e c ti on of the Rig Vé d -
aS a
nh i t

at ap
,

“ the work of th e M n r e ri o d, to whi c h h e g i v e s the

a of 1 000 8 00 b e fore a C hrist H e doe s n ot c rry i t
th B a
d te -

fa hm
.

l w
o b a
e r, u llu i
ec t it ise o aa ad s ons o n e r n s, n

b cae u i t haf u d a
se
pl a i t
sh l l ti
o n f th V a ce n e co ec on s o e

a
j y é
s i a d A t
nsh a a fl n T h a
t i t a t b a i d
rv n s
‘
c nn o e c rr e

h ig h th athi i b i u n t ly f m th ai d a v o s, n o on ro

d t but f m
er s s o e co s er

ti on sab f ov e re e rre th di ti ti ( g i d
o, ro e s nc on re c o n ze

by i t) i th Vé di n
“ hym a e l l d th Ri h a c dS i m a th ns c e e c n c n, e

mt (Chhada) a m
,

Ya
”
e re s n d th j u n w h i h s t i d i e s, c se e s o n

ti m i t
,

c a t th e i t f aa tifi i a
e e x s enc e o l di i i at th n r c v s on e e

or i gi at d f th Vedi
n e mat ia
o l a tl a t f
e ti n a l c er e s or c on v en o

ai fi ia
,

s cr l pu p c r ose s.

Mul l er s Hi st S
'
. a ns . Li t
’

. p . 57 2 .
 ORIGIN O F CA S T E —T HE P U RU S HA S U KT A .
12 1

In re
g ad t r o mai g f th P u u haS ktaw
th e e n n o e r s rr
’

a
dh e re to th e j udg m wh i h w h a l wh
ent p d c e v e e se e re e x re s se

upon i t pp Th e sui t g i v e s to th e s s te
ort
y whi c h e ve n m
m aa
.

a
o f c ste i s a of ve r
y l i i te d c h r c te r T h e
p ss aa
g e i n i t
ma
.

wh i h a c ppro x i te s th e subj e c t i s th e fol l owi n

g W h e n

th y p du d P u u h a[p h a a
.

e ro ce p q u ri l s t t w h er s e v en o en

Pu u ha wap du d ] i t h w m ay p ti did th y ’
r s s ro ce n o o n or on s e

se
pa at hri m e W h at w a h i m th ? W h a t w s h i s on e re s

am Wha a
awahi muth th Ra
d
Ba
r s t w °

p u h i th
e re i g h d
ron o f t T h
nce s s n ee e

hmr n s a
j y (p
s a o i ) w a m a d e n r nc e s e

hi a sm; th Var s i h ya wahi thi g h 5 ad th

e s Sh d as s s n e
’

rr r

s
p a r n
g f m h i f
ro t T h i us i
ee a m
’

p i ti w h i h
s o cc rs n co os on c

i b th mta
.

h i a l a d fi u a i a d i b a b l
a
s o p y e g t s c
5 t n
p y r ve n ro ex

p s
re se s e u i d a i g i a ll y e f t h i or h a a n t — T h oB h s c r c er e r

ma ath p it f th wil l f G d
n, s e ex os or o i d f a e o o c on c e ve o s

a mu m
,

n e n or a l oad th s i pi t f t h
e, n
g i f t a de re c en o e s n

fi i g m a d t th di i i ti wa th muth
th R a
f th i
'

o er n s e o e v n e s, s e o o s

ma l e
j y
u a e t h p i wn a i th ie t u m
r n c e or t rr or, e ns r en

m f thi ma
,

o f ff o ad d f
enc e wath a
n e e nc e , l ; th
s e r s o s e e

Va i hya a th s ul ti a t s f th e cil ad th v igi a

or l o e so n e or n

m
, ,

p oss e ssor o f i t w a l t h w a t h
s th i g h
e f t h i a l s a d e s o s e n

l a a th l w t mm
,

th S hu e d a r or s ve, b f th b dy
s e o es e er o e o

l wath f t f thi m l y mta

,

s ocia s a
e l A l l thi i l a
ee o s e s s c e r e

m
, .

h
p y i a l a s c d ta p h n i a l t h u g h
e a ft w a d
or c i t w a i w do er r s s v e e

l ad d g m m
,

ahi t i a
s s or c ati n F th o
y t f c a t
”
i t or e s s e o c s e,

l g i tim
.

is no w b i u th o v o i s, a t waat i th g a
e re s no e t e rr n n e re

h ym l l ti n co f th Ri g V é da
ec on o e -
.

ad Y a A g pp 44 45
In di aTh re e T h ous n e rs o, .
-
.

D Mu r l lu t a
ti g th rrP u u h aS k ta p p l y a
i s ry “ It i
n e r s
’
r
r ro er s s s

ha p u g f m
.
,

l y th S hud a a
o

on wh i
e h id t r th f t f
o s e re s o ve s r n ro e ee o

P u u ha I ah y m f th i a
r s ll g i a
n l ad m y ti al ha at i t n o s e or c n s c c r c e r,

a t b aumd tha
.

c n no t th
e w it i te d d t
ss p esent i t a a
e e r er n n e o re r s

16
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

Nor rs suc h c oun ten nc e of C ste to be foun d l n a a ay f n o

the o l d e n porti on s of th e oth e r Ved s whic h re l l a a ata k
mwha ma
, en
fro t rs
pro
p e rl d n i t d by D M i il l th “
y e o n e r er e one

a
.

g e nuin e c ol l e c tion, the so c l l d Rig Veda th Veda

-
e -
or e
a
,

of r i se
p .

The fi rs t of the se de ri v tive Vé d a a s rs th e S ci math e

aa
,

wh ol e of whos e tex ts , wi th fe we x c eption s, l a

s dy h i tre n e

c d, atua
h ab
l l y f u d i th R
ve ik
ee n c o n n e es
p i a
l l eci t h n

d i th m
y e

i gh th a ada
,

e l 1 It i
n tt b
n n
p t d n s
'
s no o e ex ec e c on

tm
.

qu tl y th a
,

se enu h l i gh t h ul d b
, at by it i di id ua l ly c s o e c s n v

n th ial ta f th a n i t A ya
’
o te s oc s th ug h i t
e o e c en r s, e v e n o

h ul d b a dm itt d ath ug ht by D M ul l th a t th ti m
f th B a
s o e e s o r e r, e e

hm
, .

f it
o t u ti fa ll
s c on s r c wi thi th a t onaa s n o e r n s,

b tw e 8 00 6 00 y a b f
— e en Ch i t W ti af w e rs e ore rs e no ce e

th i g whi h h a t u k u a
.

n s tt ti
c wh g i ve s r i t c o r en on en o n
g ov e r

in
a
c onn e x on i wi th th e sub e c t j be fore us
am m
.

The g od Br h i s di sti n g ui sh e d i n on e pl c e both fro a

a
A gn i, the g od of fi re , n d Vrih sp ti , th e l ord of pr ye r aa a I
m m g th
a a
.

a a
m
A pre i on e ods i s in on e othe r l t l t
-
e ne n c e g p ce e s

hi stori c l a fat a f u di ff t l a p ag f d i ff t
c th t t h e o r eren c sse s s r n ro e re n

pat f P u h ab dy ay m th a tha
,

r s o nr s
’
s ot h d i d t a t
n ore n e e s re o ss e r ,

al it a
s l l y t u wh a
er t h h a ta
r e, t d i 1 3 ad 1 4 tha
e s t ths e n v e rses n e

m n wa p du d f mh i m i d th u f m hi y I d a ad
d Va
oo s ro ce ro s n e s n ro s e e, n r n

Ag i f m hi m y u f mh i b a
,

uth a th & & & I fa

’

t Va
n ro s o n rot s re c c c. n c

m f th f mhi a; ad
, ,
. .

th Ya
e j u V édaa r ll g th a yu a e es c e or ro s e r n

t a di t th Bi g V éda T t i 1 0
”
so c on r c s e -
. ex s . .

R i wi ev e i m l 0th A p i l 1 8 5 8
n
T
es, r , .

1 A
'
t h sS i ma d
e t m ak q u ta t i f
oe s n o m th l a t h y m f et h o on s ro e s ns o e

R i k i t h a b i
s f d b
ee n y W b a d
n e rre th th a t i t p i h ad b e er n o e rs s ec e s een

aag d b f th m
,

rr n e e ore pl ti n f th Rig Véda l l ti

e co e o b ut D o e -
co ec on r .

Mu ll ( A S a L i a i b u b h i l l i a d h a
t th B a
er nc t p t
ns .t t t t t t t r es o s co ec on n

hm
.

. . .

f th Rig V é da aap i d S M ui T t ’
o e -
o e r 2 03 n er o . ee rs e x s, 11 . .

1 B e f y T
n e t
’
fs S e m a V é
ex da p 1 0o ,
. .
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

mf ap i t N thi g of ap ec u a aa
l i r c h r c t e r oc c urs
th S a
te r or r es o n

maa
.

in e l i
pp y g i th n e era to th e . Rcij ti
’

or th e Vi s h .

Th d f th d i a
e se c on tio Vé dath Ya e er v
j u Y a j u
ve s, e s or r,

aa s l a dy m ti
re d i t i
en tw f m t h Bl a
one , ex s s k n o or s, e c

ad th Whi t
n e Th y a pa e .
*
tl y i n p e ad patl y re r rose n r

in ve rse , th p ti a l p ti
e oe b in g g c a l l y th a
or t whi hon e en e r c

i ta
s k f m
en th Ri k ro E lu i e f th i t t f m
. xc th s ve o e r ex s ro e

a a a a
a
R i k t h y pp e i n th i l i tu
e r,
g i l d i ti e r
p i l l y r c re c on s e s ec

th B h m a a
,

nat th
,

a
a
v er y l i k e e r f w h i h s, o l l ti e er o c s co ec o n s,

m m
,

t h y eb l g e on T h y d i a t t h a e u p t i
In n f B c h a e i e ss o o r n

m f m
.

a l p re e i n e but i ne th cfa f pp i ti n e ce o o os on ro

f th I d i a m mu i ty
c -
,

ta i p ti n n or o s o e n n co n

hm
c er

tm
.

I t hn B l a ek Y a j u V é
c d a t h B a aa r nd K ha , a e r ,
s re ,

( w i th t h S u a
p j ( e i t h g d r p p u l
'

ca t i ) aen d Roo d y p a h a o on ,
s os

upp t i g w a l t
nh ) g
e i d a d i t ire c ot i t t
n z e i s s nc n ere s s , n

ti m
or

m
s ,

a al e u d 1 T h d i a f
Ba
t h e n nc e o
'

p y r e rs sever p s se re o e

hm
.

r a n i aifi i t f th th ug h ut thi l l
n s cr ce s se or ro o s co ec

ti on , a t l a t f th p ti
e s o f i t whi h ha b
e or o ns o
p i t c ve ee n r n

S ia a a
a th Ra
e d l d i ti ti
oc s g nc i d i n
on s i t th
re re c o f n ze s o se o

hm
.
,

th B a
e r j y p
u a i e t h M a l n i h t t
, h r nc e e rg e

a a
,

a a
Ma
wi f f i t d k i no n e
g t h e P i i / ti n d i t
e o n r g r v e c c or n o

mm ta
,

dh a a th u l d wi f f a
“

m
”
th e co t en or vki g e n o ve e o n

i th S e da i a l h S wi h a i
( c on c u b n e g e; t n t en e r
; e c r o ee r

th G d m m il l a
, ,

e a
r g ;
’

t h K
v h a t ta t h er
“
g u a d i a en f t h s e r o e

f m
, ,

e a l ; th S a es g a hei tci th t a
n r u ; th B k g
, a d u g l
e a re s re r e
’

cz z ,

See a
b ov e , p . 74 . In t h e t e x t of th e Wh i te Ya
ju r V éd aa
bl y
a
,

e di te d by D r Web er of Be rl i n th e re re 4 045 l i n es Dr W g i v e s

mm tay
.
, . . .

a a aath Sh a ta a a
th e c o of M hi dh
f Ka tya
us l t h e te x t of h
Ba
t en r r , e
so p
hm
r aaad th Sh a n uta8 i t n ya a d E t
e a t f m r l o n, n x r c s ro

th C m m tai f Kakaad Ya
,

a a
a
j i k d
'

e o en r es o r n n cv

a
.

1 T i t ti l yaS ah i t f Y rv i 3 r (R a
n d C w l l o . . . . oer n o e
’
s

ed l i pp 44 5
. vo . . .
,
 O RIG IN o C
r A S T E — N O TICE S IN YA JUR VEDA . 125

the c ol l e c to r
( of th e k i n g p ai d by t h m m '

s ort i o n , s e co en

a
t to r to be th e si x th pa t ) th A k hd ép ath pl a
r
y a
t e s v , e er

d ic e fi " But th e se a p ba b l y p i i pa
re l l y d ig a
ro ti f r nc es n on s o

p ati r es i n publ i c o c e e co enffi Th

or s mm ta t p a k f e s o

ma ml
.

t he s t h e re c o n i z e d supporte rs o f th e k i n g d o s An
'

g
a
pp p ro f t h
ri a
e g o d s i s t h us
ti on o ma
d i e n re c o
g n i ti o n o f

a
c e rt in o rde rs o f t he c o un i ty mm . Brih apa
ti i
s s th e g o d
a f th t uth ful ; Va
a
af u th B a
o f s ee c h
p In dr o f c h i efs M i tr o e r

l i g i u ; ad S m hm
, ,

u af th a 3l
” ”

Ba
r n o e re o s n o o s e r ns

hm
.

r a ad K h a ns t iyaa i w d ad i t i
n s t i r n s re v e e s s nc , n co

i
n e x on wi th th l u f th b a e t u d i
co o a ta ir o e e s s se n c er n

s ai fi §cr ce

th i f m
.

I th
n Whi t Ya e j u Vé da e a ti b a i g r e n or on e r n on

o u ubj t i
r s u h at h f l l wi g
ec s s c s e o o n

I th i V é da
n sth B a hm aad K ha e t aa upl d r n s r re c o e

h i p f A g i ad i
a
t g th
o e i th w
er n e o rs th i o n n n o e r c o n ne x o n s

m m
,

ai th Bl ak Ya
s n e j u Ved a c " Th B h a i r . e r n s en

ti one d a a bj t s f n o wi t h a t
ec ad o re v e re n c e n c e s o rs n

r i sh i fi l s I d a (th t h u
n d r ) i d l a d te b t h h l d n e re r s ec re o e e o

ad upp t f th K ha
n s or t a whi l h i a
o
“
e l t f th s r e e s so se or

d m S m
,

at h g d f th K ha
s e o o t aa d th p i
e s a r n e r nc e o . o

f a d d d i a i fi ) i d l a d b h
a
( so o t en re sse t nt s cr ce s ec re o e e

g d
o f toh B d h i ae fl a r i a p a a gn f m t h
ns , S m a '
s n ss e ro e

Vé daa l a
mmu i ty f th B a
dy f
re d t Th d i ff
re e rre t fu ti i o e e re n nc on s n

hm
.

th e co n aad K ha
o t a a th u i e r n n s r re s n

a a a
m
di tl y
re c
g i d
re c o S l ut t
n zei g i t .t h K h é on s re ve n o e s

t a r
p a t i p p i
, t f
ro fi l d ; t
r e or o t h S i b a d h a i e s o e l ,
r or c r o

a aiyaS ahi ta
T i tt r i 8 n ,
. . 9 .
{l S . Y V i 6 46. . . . .

1 Roe r & Co wel l Ed v ol ii p 1 05 W S Y V 1 9 8

“ ’
s . . . . . . . . . . .

I a
T i tt S f Y V ; 8 10 fi Sh uk l a j u Vé da
Ya l 9 19~
S ah i ta
'

. . o . . . . r . .

Ta i t ti i ya r fY V n o . . 11 . 1 . 2 .

S h uk l a Yaj u Vedai 1 1 8 r-
, . . i 5 26
. . .
 WHA T CA S TE IS .

te e r ; to th e T akaa
psa
a
tibl y m r at f aubj ug a p ro b
t d s er o s e

m
,

t ibr e t th K ul l u ha o
p a
e t i i h a b i t i g nc u t a i u , n n o n no s

re g i t
on s t h b a o f b w
e a d ae rers w ; t t h o o s n rro s o e

Sh a p at i m a t or f b u d t
s er o th V é t a a t i t
o h n s o e r

mat f amul titud t th S m

v , p , e

s er o i ad S e da i t th o e e n en o e

am m
,

a a th a a a
m
d t h l d f t th S gfl l fi
a
n e e er o e r e n
r
y y ; o z

m
,

t a re u s ; tre r t h T a k h
o d a p e t a d R a as / c r e n e r, n c

ah m ad Kam
, ,

th e co c ak ; t th Kul é l ath p t t er o e d a e o e r, n r r

a mta
, ,

th w k e i th
or e r n l ; t th N ish i da
e c o rse r a b ig i e s o e c , or

a l t tl ;1 ad t a a a
mmu ity i Th B a
th ti i d l i t h
'

er n o o er r es re c o n ze
n se
p g sc sse s n e

co n hm ai p k e f a d w d r n s s o en o s en o e

wi th th k wl d g f Ba hm a(b a lm aahai) ad
th Ra
e no e e o r r z v rc s n

e a
j y a a n p d f s b a y
osse sse o r v er

m di ti ti ti thath f th ai d
,

E ven o re s nc ve no c es n e se o e v re

ad um u l a f I d ia i ty u i th i
n n e ro s c sses o n n so c e oc c r n s

Whi t Y a j u Vé da T h y a f u d i
e r i wi th
e re o n n c on n e x o n

th m t m m
.

e
yos t i u i t f H
s er oi d u i t h a t
sr f t h Pe o u u h a n s o e r s

medha f P u u ha m
,

aifi i a
ja
l l y th g d
a
, or s cr ce o r s , no n e o

P a r
pat i A w h l A dh y a t i
o e i d t d t or se c on s e vo e o

th m “
. ,

e i w h i h n t h p a t i ca b u g h t e f w a d r es re ro or r or c o n

t d at ypi a m
, ,

se c ra e l s p ta t i c f t h reu l ti t u d i
re se nu ve s o e no s

m
,

bj t i d i t h P u u h a é d h a A f w f t h
a
n ze n
o g
e c s re c o e r s e o e se

m m
.

pa t ir a es t i
re d a l i
en t h one S h at a p a t h a , B h a
so , a n e r n

In Wil son s ’
S a
ns Di e t T akaai
s r s re nde re d by th i e f, rob b e r.

a aai hi c m m tay th Shuk l aYa

. .

M h idh r n s o j u V daa tta

en h a r on e r e c es

im il ama i ng t t h e w d W b d i p 49 7
’

a
s r e n o or . e er s e . . . .

ah h a a i w h N i h d a a m ai Bh a a f
fl h W b T t i p 5 00 Th w d Ni ha
1 M'

id e t r s v unt s i l l t e s s o n s, e e rs o

daa h w by
’
es e er s ex e or s s s o n

La ma th ttl d
. . . . .
,

sse n , e ns e se e .

1 S h uk l aY aj u V é da i 2 6 r ,
-
.

S h uk l a Ya j u Veda 2 2 2 0 (W b d p
’
r- ,
11 . . . e er s e . .

k a Y aj V a a W p
'

ll S h u l u éd dh 3 0 ( b
r- e d i 841 ,
. . e rs e
’
. . .
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

27 K am
anér Jy kdr m
a a
’

, fo r A c t i vi t y, aM a
k er o -

f bo w
s tri ng s

aR p m
.

R a
j u aj m
a for Fo rt un e , alo e ce r o

aH u t ma
s r
.

a
,

for De t h , n s n

m aD g m
.

Sv ni a
a n fo r th e A ge n t -
of a o n.

a
,

d e th ,
a a
3 1 N d tbk y h Pa m
u y sh ta fo r R i ve rs ,
t hm
n z

m aWa a
,

a Na
i ha da for
’
n
32 Ri ksh zk bhyof
’
c
’
s , ,

3 3 P u u h a
r s y d ma d am v D ur ,
a
fo r H ug h t i ne s s ,
h a a ‘

m
g y r

a a a a a a a nd h a va s a V atya
’

for th e G
’

V
’

3 4 G d h n p y rv s r t r r .

ad A p aa
,

bh y n s r s,

dm
o

m m
ro

35 P a a a a f th A b t a t d aM a a
m
u b h h U n tt or e n
s r c e

m
y g y
r
.
,

a n d aIg n at
,

36 S a a d é aj a é Ap aip da n r t for S p t a
er e n s n or n

m
v ,
.

bhy D a j a ev r s

m
o

3 7 A y bkya h
’

Ki taa v f Lu k
or c aD i p l ay r c e- e

m
e .

a
,

aN n p l a
,

I ya ta a a a D pa t d i
f P i ha
A ki t f r th te d er- ce
’

38 y o -
v e e r
-
o

im m
.
r y
a
,

a a
,

P i ha la
h Bi da
h é bhya l a ha f l B k t
'
e e s e
39 c r or s c s

ma
s c ,

f th Y a tud h a
k er

k ik am aJ aP i n m
.

4 0 Yd tnd hd n ébhy h K a ata n

'

rz
’

or e a k n s er .

a a
41 S n dh y é f
or Jun ti c aP aa
on ,mu r o r .

4 2 G eb y aa
'
f
or th H u e aC n ubi
o se , o c ne

43 A tya
r i f A ffl i ti on
or c aU m a i d ld r ,
n n rr e -
e e

broth er §
44 N trr z ty i
’

a P ai i r v vi dd n m
a for M i sfort un e , aM a i d l d r rr e -
e e

b a
,

t/ r t e r.

a
45 N i shk rz ty i
'

for C r ft , a an A t c re ss

m m m n Am u w m
.

46 S a j ad a S a ak d
n n
’

r rz
’

fo r G e s t ure , a an oro s -
o

aC m
y
k d mdydya Up a m
.

p ai n
,

47 P a r ada o s for L o ve , o n o

ddm
.

ld y a a
,

48 Ba Up a fo r S tre ng th , n Ob s e r ve r .

ya m a(D n t) aF ll w ( P a
,

49 Vana A nu ud/ a fo r Ve rn g )
’

r r z esc e o o er or e

m
.

d bh ya a
,

50 Ut a h Kubj a for th e A ppl yi n H u bal

'

s c
, g n h c c c .

o f U n g ue n t s ,

51 P r am n dé Vdm aa m n for A mu m se e n t. aD wa
e
52 D wabhya m m m
,

h
’
r S a r a ’

fo r Do o rs , aBl a y e r- e e d -p e rs r

m m
.
,

53 S a aya A d ha a aBl i d p
’

pv n n fo r D re i g n n er s o n

5 4 A d h am
-

m
.

a
, , .

a Ba dh i a aD f p n
'

y r r fo r Irre l i g i on , eq e rs o

m
-

a
, .

5 5 P ai t a Bh i h a
ja fo r P uri fi c t i o n , a aP hy i i a
’

y v r s s c n

aa mf P h i l mr
, .

56 P r ej n dn y
’

a aaaha
N k sh tr d rs or os oph y, an A t s ro n o e .

a a
rat h
M h i dh , e Co m
m ta
t ma
k thi aS l a
y
en o r, es s er - o f -
bi rd s, ad th L w t b
n e o es -
orn , th e

1 Th e
'
mawi h th a f h N i h a
c oup l i ng da u t of th e Wa
tc h n t e cl ss o t e s s g g es s t h e i d e ath a t th e

amy ha mi u f m a b ig i a mp l yed a
,

wor k ha
d Ra a s l ib hai g
s ve c o e nto se ro th e or n tr es v n b e en e o s

tc h m
Wa en . S ee a
b ov e, p . 99 .

t T he n m Ya
a t ud ha
ai a
p pl i e n s ed to a ia b abaia ad d m
m g ic ns, r r ns, n e ons .

b i g umai d a aa
”
Th e y ug o n er e n n rr e . M hid h r .
 O RIG IN o r C A S TE - “
T HE P URUS HA M E D HA . 129

5 7 A s h i ksl t uy i
'

a Pr ah
s ni n m
a for No n i n s t ruc t i on ,
-
aC at hi ec z er

m ay
,

ahi k hdyd
.

5 8 Lp fo r E l e a
n I t ga
’
s s ent r t n erro o r.

a
i n s t ruc t i o n ,
59 M aydda
r
y a
i
’
fo r Bo un d ri e s , aR a l
e ve
f O m n er - o e s

mébhy
.

60 A r o fo r C o n v e y a
n ces a E l p hat k p
n e n -
ee er .

61 J aa g/ a fo r R un n i n g , aH
'

v k p
o rse- ee er

P u h ta m
.

62 is fo r N o uri s h ent, aC wl p o ce e er .

6 5 Viryd y a for He ro is m aS h p h d e er .

a a
,

j
6 4 T ef s e
'

fo r Br ve r y
,
aG a th d o er .

6 5 I dyar i fo r t h e E at hr ,
aC ul ti a t v or .

6 6 Kil al ya
'

o
’
fo r W a t er ,
aD a l i s
e t e r- h -
rt s .

6 7 Bh a d a ya fo r W e l l b e i n g aH u k p
’

r , o se ee er

6 8 S h éya P ros p e ri t y , aH l d f IV a l th
'

r se fo r o er- o e

aF tm
.

69 fo r O ve rs i g h t , oo an

mb u ti aTi m
.

7 0 Bh y i aa '

fo r Co s on , b b i g er- r n er

a aFi k i dl
.

71 P r a
bh a
y
'

fo r Li g h t , re -
n er

am f aA
.

7 2 Br dl aya s fo r t h e Re g i o n o n i t n o n er .

p ya
i l ta d
o s z t h e S un ,
7 3 Vah i k thdya P ai
rs m
h taa s r ve s
' '
r ,
for S up re m P aaaDe r i s t ri butor -
o
f
Nala ga
' ’

di se ,
'

d o g ues t s
n
f o o t
mm
- -
, .

74 D a l k uya P h i ta aa
’ ’

for t h e A b o d e M lcer of fi g ure s

’

ev o es ,
-
of - -
.

th e G o ds ,
a n u kya l kdyaP a ka i taam a aJlI
I

s5 M
.
’

s o r r r fo r t h e b d o e of M en '
o ul d e r

x6 S a é bhy l k é Up a m
,

é/ taa
.

r
rv o o s c
’
r for t h e U n i v e rs e , aSp r i n kl er .

bh y a
,

77 A ai tya v i ba dh d r fo r t h e D e s t r uo i o n aCh u rne r

a
.

y o f- A d v e rs i t y,

7 8 M d / dyaaa h Pa lp i l m ai fi al l al fl l tb
’ '

fo r S
’
e z v s l z cr ce , s re r- o

mdya Ra m
f

, c o es .

79 P a ka a i Ea aD y f l t/
’

j y
’

r t rz fo r g e rn e s s . e r-o

m
,
-
c o z es
8 0 Ri ta a ri da ya aTh i i / h at d
.

S é h for Pro s p e ri ty ,
'

y t e n e v s c- e r e

p e rson
a a aa m
a
.

8 1 V i rlz ty y
'

P i sh un , a
fo r M l i c i o us M ur -
aBak bi t c rr .

d e r,
8 2 Vi vi kty i a a a
Ks h ttd r m fo r L o n e l i n e s s , aK l m t ta( L i
s c t or
)
83 A n uk h attd a
s m r fo r S up e rv i s i o n aS ub L i t c or

A nn / a m
-

aa aF l l w
.

8 4 B l dy e c ro fo r S tre n g t h , o o er

m m aC l i m
,

a P ai hka nd a Wa
.

8 5 Bh c ne
’ ’

r s fo r te r b er

m
, ,

a P iyaa d i na
.

86 P i ya
ry
’

r v
’
fo r L o ve , aS w t p a k ee s e

aH m
er

m
-

ada
,

A va a
.

8 7 A rz sh tyd fo r F or tun e (o r M i s
’
s s , norse .

fort un e ) ,
88 S w ag a
y a
l kayaB l d
rg a
d ug h m
a ’

o
’

i fo r H e a ve n , aBh aga d ug h a
'
‘

ta m
,

A ya aH a
.

89 Mu y e pa fo r A n g e r, f (a
'
n ov s t i
e e r- o -
ro n

Blak m
,

i th ? ) c s

aF y m a ne rr .

aJ i o n er .

aWa it
'

er .

s re ve nu
'
A C o l l ec t o r of t h e p ri nc e e S ee b e fore , p . 12 4
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

9 3 K s h e dy ma Vi ml d am
o ct r a
for H pi ne ss, aL i b a
t er or .

m
, .

9 4 Utlchl ni lcii l é a '

S tri ghth i n a , aa
for A rri v l n d N e w Ma f w
8. n- o -
orth

ai a
.

bhy a
h lrr v

m m aP ma
,

a
9 5 V p ush e
‘

M dnuskri t a , for aHa nd so e rov ed - n.

Bo d y,
S h i ld y a A nj n i kdgim
a '

, for Be ut y, a aA
n no i n l er- o f -
th e
e y es

aM a
.

9 7 N i gri ty i '
a for M i s fort une , k er - o
f s he a
th s

o r s word s .
f
98 Y a mya
a m
’
A sh aBa w m a
rre n o n.

m ai m
-

ma
,

9 3 Ya ya Ya
’
s i aB a f Twi 1
e re r - o ns

A a t dm al V m
,

100 A tha a a
.

bhy ro o n o lc , n wi th ut
o -
o

101 S a maadya P aydyi im

v ts r r n , fo r am
pl co e t e - ye r, a aW m
a o n sk i l l e d - i n
-

c oun t i n g

102 P a i a t a yaA ij d ta m at Y a aWom

.

a
r v s r
'

r
’

, for t h e P s a wh ha
-
e r, n- o- s

n o t- born e- ah i ld c

im hat w m
-

A ti t a a
.

103 v r , fo r t h e P re s en t n U nc a n s e- o .

Yea r,

104 I d a t a ya A tishka
v s d ardim v r , for aP rosp e ro us aW mai o n- n - h cr

Y a e r, course s

a a a m a (uu a O ld w m
.

1 05 Va t a a y sV y j r d
’
r r , for t h e Y e r a n -
o n .

d e fi ne d )
106 S a mat adyaPa l ih im m aWh i t ha
.

v s r n for T i e, i d e- re Wo
m
.
,

a n

mdham
.

1 07 Ri bhubh y Aj o i ns c
‘
aS ki d n r ess er .

1 08 d hy ébhya ma ma m
,

h C ha a aD a l i aki n
e er- s s

m
-

D ha
,

1 09 S a bhy a aM a
.

ro i a o v r , n f th fi h -
o e- s er

la
aD a
ss

m
c

1 10 Up ah a D d ha a
.

st d v rd s , for M oun t i n s , ha( D ay u)s s .

bh y o

1 11 Va i h at s Ba i da m
n d n , fo r P o ol s , O ne -
o f -
th e -
Bi nd a
hkya cl a aHunt
ss er ) 1
1 12 N a d a bhya a a a am
.

la u h
'

hvS h h l for Fe ns ,
a a m
,

1 13 P a a y
’
r M
'

g d d r r , for t h e O p p os i te aD eer- k i l l er .

a
B n k o f Ri ve r, a
114 A a
vd r
y Ka i a ta
d m v r for t h e N e aBak aKa
r i atta( F i
n v r s her

ma)
,

of aRi ve r, n

A d m
.

115
'
n o , for Fe rri es , aA nda
n .

Th e g od of t h e oth er worl d

aa ma
.

i In th e T i t ti riy Br h a n u we h ve Y y ima t h e d t i v e fe i n i n e , for Y d y o f t ha a

e S h ukl a m ma
a a
a a m
, ,

a
Y j ur v ei l s tex t T
hi s re d i ng , wh i c h refers th e p erson g e represen te d t o Y t , t h e si ster, or a
ma m m a
-

a
.

a
w i th of Y , s ee s th e ore pp ropri t e .

1 Th mm ta
e co t upl th Bi da Vi d awi th t h N i hdd ap
en or co es e n or n e s ossi bl y wi th refere nce to
mu ta
,

t h Vi d hya
e n i o n ns .

T h w d tt thah
e u d aa
or f y mt ha g t i t u
r ere se s e rr see s o ve o n o se fro mt h e Br h am
aui c

m ai hai g h sen th f i f i ath i eal y ta

, ,

i i
ss on r es v n ti c o e err es o r v ers s e r r s ons.
 132 W HA T CA S T E I S .

139 P p am
an e
'

m
aaa
S il y , fo r De p r ai ty
v , aF ol l o wer -
o f -
h is
own In c l i n t i ons a
a mtka yaA ta nam aS uf
.

140 P r t i sh r fo r S i l e n t l i s te n i n g ,
m
,
-
e re r
Gh ha a Bha ha
.

aSp a
.

14 1
'

y os y
fo r N i k
m
, o se , e e r.
142 A ta
ya
n Ba
'

di a
h i wa
’

n fo r th E d f Li f
e n aM u h p a -
k o -
e, c s e er

ya aD um
-
,

a
n ta
.

'

143 A n fo r I fi i ty
n n bp
m
ers o n

mf
-

Sha a f d um
bda a baa
,

ta
a aB a
.

Ad
’

144 h
’

y g r or S u d
o n t
m
e er- o - r s
aaé Vi nd ada
,

aF ti a l ( aaP la
.

145 M h
'
s f v , or es y v u th se er- o - e

so n o f wo rsh i p )
1 46 Kr ah y
s
'
o e Tun aa dh mam v fo r W e e p i n g , a
Bl ow f the T i m
dh mm
er - o - e.

147 A v aap adya S hah h a a fo r P ro c e s s i o n , aBl w

r s r n o er o -
f -
th e
Conc h
aa a aa m
a
.

1 48 V y n V p
'
n fo r th e F ore s t , aF or t es er .

a m
,

1 49 t a
A nya ydyaD a p a or n .
’
v , fo r aU p aa
n bln ss e aBurn er.

F o re s t ,
fo r Fi re , aWa t ma '

n er

ath mp
.

fo r th e E r aL a e ers on (
“one

m
-
,

wh o cre ep s or oves

a l ng n a
o o

15 2 V y aaé
'
v fo r t h e ‘Vi n d , aC h a
udala
’

ma
m
. .

153 for t h e F i r en t aP l e dan

o -
c er .

(M i d dl e -
o f- t h e

S k y) .
for t h e He a ve n , aBald h a d d ma
n - e e

aM a
.

fo r t h e S un , n wi t h g ni h r ee s

eyes .

a a pa
156 N ksh tré bh h Ki r m m
i a r ,
for t h e C o ns t e l l a aM a f ai g a
t d n -o - v r e e

t i on s , c ol o ur

m m aLIa
.

157 Ch and a a aa ’

Kil
’
s for t h e M o on , n wi th a b sc s

m
- -
r se ,

a aR d d i h y d p
.

58 A h é S h u k l a P i n g d k for t h e D y, e s e e er

m
n - -

ha s s on .

m
,

159 Ra t a yai
r K r i sh n a P i ng d k -
fo r N igh t , aD ak r rc d - eyed —
p er
m
-

sh a
d hya
, s on .

S uc h i s th e thi rtie th a af h ai a Y a
ju Ved
S ahi t af th a
y t o e r -
n

mpl m
,

d f th B a
co e te for T h o ug h fo un d i n th e t n o

hm
.

Vé d ai t c l e rl ay b el o n g s t o th e p e rio oaa e r n

m8 00 6 00 B
,

l aag
l itu g i a
,

— fro G — wh e n th e r c rr n e

aa m
-

mt m
. .
,

ss u e d th e i r d e fi n i t e
’

en s o f t h e A ry s for It
m
.

thro ws a
uc h l i gh t on th e st te o f In d i n S o c ie ty a at th e

ti mt e o wh i c h i t bel on g s It m ti ai u di ti
en ons v r o s s nc

mmu i y S m f th
.

ti ve cl a sse s i n th e co n t a i wd
o e o ese re v e e

ma mu d
.

i n th e ir l ap or s e c ts , ath s ose o f t h e th ie f, t h e r ere r,

 O RIGIN o r C A S TE — N O TICE S IN T HE YA J UR VE DA .
13 3

t h e d run k p a a m
ad th u th
r a d u l t e t h l ir o r, e e re ss, e c en

ma th
,

ti u w
o s -
l ib a
o t th t hi
n, i h h a e t d er th o r, e ev s -
e r e o ne , e

ba kb i t
c th tu u m
e r, a th l thful m e Vi r a ad th o s -
n, e s o -
n, n e

matha nt f l l w hi
-
w i li a
-
o ti o s S m f th m
-
s o -
n nc n o ns o e o e

l d f m
.

a ti d i
re n o i
ce wi th a tu a n c o n ne x o n i ti d fi i n r e or es , e c

i
e n c es, i fi m i ti ad di a ath
n r f th
e s, n ma dm a se se s, s ose o e n,

t h bl i d p
e th
n h u h ba
-
k th d waf th d a
erson , e f nc c e r e e

m
, ,

p e rson , t h b l a y d p e t h l ep re t-
h i e fi p e rso n , e e e r, e n r -
er

ba l dh a d d m a th p
’

so n , th ufl the s e re r, e wi th e e -
n, e e rso n -

sc ab th p s, wh e p ( w h
e rso n i l a m - ?
) S mo c re e
-
f s o s e o e o

th m ea m ti d i re i en w ith th i p o ne a l ad
n c o nn e x o n e r e rso n n

fa mil y p ul iaiti ath u u h th ec r f au m

e s, s ai e e n c e so n o - -
n n rr

d g i l th m
-

ai d l d b th th ba w m
,

c -
r e rr e -
e a th er -
ro e r, e rre n- o n, e

th w m a wi th ut ff p i g t h w m
,

b a f t wi
e re r o - -
ns, e o a n -
o -
o s r n e o n

wh h a t b r ah i l d th w m
,

o -
s no
- -
ai h o n - -
uc th e o n -
h -
er c o rses, e

a th m awith g i h y th m
-

ld w m
,

o -
o n, e aWi th
n - -
re e n s -
e es, e n

ma wi th dd i h y ad th
-

ai ga
v re t d y , th e -
e es e n - -
re s -
e e s, n e

ma with d y S m f th ma i t d u d i
n - -
re -
e es o e o e re n ro ce n

mpl ym t ad i a
.

c o n ne x 1 o n wi th th i l
e r e la ti o en s n so c re o n s,

ath at th a
s e tt dat
c o r, th y g ga e u t h
en a t n -
on -
e s -
n o e, e or o r,

th ati t th hai t m
e r s a k th eap t th bl ak
c r o e r, e c r e n e r, e c

mi th th j w l l th w th ma
,

s e e ek er, f a w th e so e r, e er o -
rro s, e

f b w th m
-

ma m
,

k er o -
a k
-
f b w t i g th
o s, e p a k er o - -
o s r n s, e ro e e r,

th hu t m
e a th d g m n s a th p l a n,
y a et d i t h o n, e er - -
ce, e

n on l
p y a -
at d i t h erf m al -
b a k -
t m a k
c e, t h w m e a e e s e e r, e o n

wh m a
ok p
-
i ( f t h es th -
m p a
ns i o t h f l l w
orn s e co n on , e o o e r,

th b
e o t h ph y
se rv e r, a th at m th a e t hi t
si c i n, e s ro n o e r, e c ec s ,

th i t
e
g a tn e rro t h l p ha t k p t
o r, h h k
e e e p n -
ee e r, e o rse -
ee e r,

th wh d th
e co h ph d th g a
er ,
t h d th e s eul ti a t er , e o er , e c v o r,

th p i
e s i t d a l t hr h -
u k pe t h
e r, h l d e f w a loth se -
ee e r, e o er o - -
e

( m y l
o ne d ) t h -
u en a ft aer l h a i t, t h w d
e r n ne r -
er - -
c ro , e oo
 WHA T C A S TE I S .

ma th n, e h rs k i n dl er, the a
noi n t e r, th e se rv e r of ma
l e s

mul d
- - -

th e fi gure -
ma
k e r, the o e r, t he s
p rin kl e r (wi t h pe r
fu m es t he a
w sh erwo m
a n, t he dye r -
o f c l o th e s ,
-
th e

l ic to r ( or d oorke e pe r) , th e s ub l i c tor, t h e b o d y
~
at -
a
tt en d n

a l l t t h f ym
,

th e t x co-
a th j
e c o r, e e rr n, e i
o n e r, th wa
it e e r,

th ae
pp l i f u g u t
er o t
-
t h-
y n th en s -
o -
e e -
e s, e sc ab ba d ma
k r -
er

f m a th a
,

th e l k w e f qu e -
no
( th er o - -
se e nc e e so o
y s t h er e

s ki d n - th
re sse r,d a l i ki eth e er -
n s -
n s, e fi h m a th
s er n, e

hu t n e r, th fi hd a l th
e d kil l
s c e r, e eer -
e r, th l af ll e e -
se e r,

th (h a t ) bi d th g l d m ni th t h e r, e o s e v en d m h at
er o r e rc n

m
e o -

m
, ,

th (eh i d ) u re t h w at h
o a t h
rn e r,
p u bl i i e c n, e c c r e r,

m
-

th fe la h (
o resi b a t tl )s t h
er g a b ln t h i w e f , e er, e v e e r- o

th al y u (i w hi p) th fa
e e r
- -
s n b i a n t th ah fa
o rs b i , e r c or, e rc -
r

c a t th a
o r, tt dat u w th
e en w ki l l
n -
th
o -

p i co t s, e co -
e r, e r es

o f t h C ha
- — a
e ka th p a k ( f
r s, ) t h
e s
p i e u er o non se ns e e co o s

m
,

s
p ake t h d u
e r, b a t e t h l
p y
r a t-
h V
e i a (l u
e r, t ) t h e er o n --
e -
n e , e

bl w o f th t a
er c b a
( gp p ) i e t h
’
b
ti nl w f t h u h es e o er o e co c

t m
- - -
, ,

th f e t th f
o re s e r, t bu th e wa o res a th p l -
rn e r, e er n, e o e

da nc er S ma t i d who eit m a y b
re n o u pp d h
ce a d o, e s o se

ak i th m muni ty a
,

ad fi i t ta
.

th B a
e ntu f ffi
e s s o o c e or r n n e co s

hm a th Réj ayath V a
,

i hyath S hfi d ath
S ntath V a
e r n, e n e s e r e

ma m ti d ab l g i g
, ,

tya A d
,

e r n so e re en on e s e on n

mi a m
.
,

t t ib
o r i i g th i d
es re c e v n ti p i i a
e r
p y l l f e no n on s r nc ro

a a a
a
u t i t wh i h th y b l
a
th e co n r es o
g d t hc A y g e e on e , s e o v

a a
,

th Ma
e
g d h a t h T a k a t h, N a i he d a t h Ds h a r , e s ,
e s

a a a a a a a a
th Ki a
( y )
D h K i h B i d ( f V i d ) h M i l
'
st t t e v r t t e n o n e n t

mbha kath Ki m
, , ,

tat h Ja a
,

a
n da a
e r , e
p fi u h t h P u l , e r s , e

ka a( P a
s l ka a
or
) a d th C h s l a A l l t hn i t t i fi e s es es

mul tifai u
.
,

t tho e f ak ad di i i
r o sness o f la b u r n n v s on o o r

i th I d i a m
n e nmu ity n co n

fm h m ti d w ul ti
.

M ay f t h n la o e c s se s o en e re en o ne e re
 W HA T CA S T E I S .

hol is mby th e c o mm ta
a aa With ut m
t en or M h i dh r o co

m
.

a a a a a
th B a
p u tinc d
on , w i t h u t
n
y t t t i ot t h l i
n t l i en
g on o e er e n n

hm af mth muth f
ja
of hi t t h d i
s ex e e r ves e r n ro e o o

m m
,

Pa a t i t h K h at i a
y f h i a a d t h V ai h a
m
e s r ro s r s, n e
r
p y s

m
,

f ro h i t h i g hs T h I d i
s. a i d h ad e u d n
g an
g at n n er one re

d t i a
e e r or ti wh onit tu d p ti a
en l fi gu rn ei t l it a l oe c re s n o er

fat c s wh it tu en d th im p l a
rn e d a t u a l t
e s h u g h e n n r , o

h
p y i l at
s o u p ro t y fs,t h V ed
oe ra i t l o
g d y e a d w h s n o e en r n en

it m ul ti pl i d ad m e ag i fi nd t h l g d tn em i t i a ed e en s o e nor es n

f th m t g t q u ad m t u h a
a
a
b u di ti

a
s

t
r

T hi d t i a
i
re n
s

t h
es o

A
ti
e e r or

tnha
f th
a
e

I di
f u
on o

th
os

V e d
rv a
ro e s

mi d i pati ul al y
t
e

w h
or i
at
h i
n

o
e

a
r
n

n
o n s ro

n s
s c

r c
r c er

r
.

pp e , , o c , n

c onn e x i o n wi th t h e j
s ub e c t b e fo re us, we no w t urn o ur

a
tt e n t ion . a l a dy m ti
As re d th w d A tha a en on e e or rv c or

m
,

re s
p d on w i t
s h t h Z ad A th a e a t n
y l g i
’

a l l r v
y a fi e o o c re

ma It u i th Rig Vedaa th na m fa
,

!
n oc c rs n e -
s e e o

p a t ir u l a
c R i h
r i ag s f m or s th t
e,i t u ro t f w h e c on s en s o ose

sch l oo , u
or c o i a ft t i m i t p b a
rse , n bl y
er i d it d
es i o re c e v e s e

si g a nti It d i ff
on y i d a
e rs v e r b l y i t a u
c onst h i ty a
er d In s or n

at f omth th Ved a wh i h m tha i t a

.

cha r c er r e o er s, c , o re n , re

p a t iru l a
c l y a r i a t d w i t h
s so c a i fi e A t h s cra t h ce s e re re re e

m ia
.

d i ff t b ah
e re n r nc f th es o l th Vé d a
e c e re i f on th e s, or e

m
,

f a a
a
b tt f h i fi d i i d d i h
t h Rig V ed aY a
e per e r or t nce o e s cr t t c e s, v e n o re e

e -

j a V é d a a d S rm -
a V é d a T h n -
e c e re

m ia l f th H t i p i t i p f md wi th t h Big
, , .

a
on o e o r r es s s e r or e e

Véda th a f th A dh a j
a
t u i t w i h h Y u
a
o
y e
p v t t r r e s s, e r

Vé da a m a a
a
5 t h t f t h U od g t i p ei t w i th trh S V
r es s ,é d e

f th B h m
-

ap i t ad f hi mf wh m
.

Th d uti e es o e r n r es s, n o or o

th aifi i ff d a a
e s cr ce s o l e re ta i d i re th so th c on ne n e se re e

l m ai
,

Veda Th A tha as . e V ed a i rv t u d f- '

s no se or so e n s cr

S ee a
b ov e , p . 91 .
 O RIGIN o r CA S TE -
T HE P URU S HA M E D HA . 13 7

fi c es , ad i y diff t f mth th ai t t ah
n s ve r e re n ro e o ers, s e c es

only p i
exa t y p ati or i m p at y
°

i t T
re servh i ve , o r re c or r es . s

a
,

i bl i i f M a d h u fi d S a a ati q u t d b D
fi m
se n s n on o s n r sv o e r
p e o
y ,
.

M ii l l hab
e r,
‘
d b y th
s ah f E u p a
e e n c on r e e re se rc o ro e n

ad A m
n e i a i tal i t
r c n o r en T h A th a a
n a a y P s s . e rv , s s ro

fe ssor Wh i tne y (wi t h Dr R Both t he j oin t e d i tor o f i ts . .

,
-

T ex t 1) is l ike the Ri c h a
,
'

l g e ne ra
h i stori c a l a
nd not a , ,

a ll
l i turg i c l co e c tion I ts fi rst ei
g h t e e n b o o k s, of wh ic h
mp
.

a
l i t wa
on e s o ri g i n a
ll y co o se d , a aag
re rr n ed upo n a
l ike syste m
th ro ugh o ut : th e l e n g th of th e h y m n s, ad n

n o t e i th e r the i r subj e c t or t h e i r a ll g d a uth h ip e e ors

f a m
,

b i g th g ui d i g p i i pl
e n e th n b ut th r nc a e : ose o o e s e

n um b f er o a m bi d t g th
v e rse s i t b k adre c o ne o e er n o oo s, n

th b k m
e a d up f th
oo s h t h ym tad fi t i
e o e s or e r ns s n rs n

d
o r e r. A i th f th m a h w
s x i o t mt i a e l ss , o e v e r, s no e r c ,

but i t f l
c on s s s g h t
o
p pion er a or l y s or e r ros e ec es, ne r

a ki i p i t f l agua a a a
Ba
n n o n
g d tyl o t p gn f t eh n s e o ss es o e

hm
r a
na O f th mas i d mt i a l p ti e re n er, or e rc or on,

m g th hym f th
.

a b ut o
o i th i a l
ne s x f u d a s so o n on e ns o e

Ri h ad m tl y i th t th b k f th l a
-

c n os tt n th e t
en oo o e er e re s

i p ul ia t th A thaa Th g a
,

s ec r o t e
p t i rv f e re er or on o

th m
.

e a pl a i ly h w
re b t h b y th i l ag ua
n s
g o a dn i o e r n e n
-

tern a l ha at t b f m
c u h la
r c e r, t da t th a t h
o e o c er e n e

g eneral t n t f t
c on eh t h hi t i s V ed a
o ( t h eB i go er s or c e

Vé d a ) a d t ha
n i t t t h b
e ve n k w i t h wn h i h s en oo c

im a
,

al y
,

th y e ta d s n t d i ne r p t d i i
c on n e c e
g n or n or n

Th m t p m
.

e i os t ha at i ti f a ro tu ne n f th c r c er s c e re o e

A thaaa i th m
rv n ul ti tud f i ata
s ti e whi h i t e o nc n on s c c on

Hi story o f S ak i t L i t atu p 122 F or M a da

dh u u
’
mpl
O th d B a
ns r er re , s n s co e te

hm
. .

ai al Li t a Web er s ’
vi e w of th e r o ox tu r n c er re , se e In di sch e
S tudi en , i p 1 20
k aedi ted by th emth e e a
-
. . .

1
‘
In th e wor , s e ,
r r l i nes
138 W HA T CA ST E I S .

t a
i ns the se ap re rono un c e d ei ther by th e pe rson wh o is
hi ml f t b b fit d m
se o e en e e o r, o re o fte n , b
y t h e s o rc erer

f h imad a d i
,

or t d t th p n ui g f h g a
re t
re c e o e roc r n o t e re est

ai ty f d i a m t f q u l y p ha
,

v re bl od es r
p l
e en
g s os re en t er s, on

m
,

l if f
e , o r re c o ver
y g i u i k i h rob j r e vo s s c n ess, s t e o ec t

so ugh t th ata li m a u h aa kl a i m
e re s n, s c s nec c e, s so e

t i m gi i y um u
v e n , or a m p l at
n v er n ero s c ses so e n en

mdia
es

d w d wi h m e a l l u i tu i t b th i m
t rv e ot s v r es s o e e e e

i mt fw a
o

t
e x ern al m a f u ; fu th h a e t a
ns o c l h re r e r, t e t n en o e t

or
p w ioai m d a t th d w fa
er l
s l f m i e u i e o n o ene es, s c c e ss n

m
,

lo v e or i pl a
y t h na l f p y p t t a d e re ov o et es s, n so on ,

aba l d pa a
,
”

aa a aa
e v en do wn t o t h e g ro wt h o f h i r t Th on e . e
”
W
Ba
o ri in o f t h e A th rv
g S nhi t ,
y P f b s s ro esso r e e r,

fa
l l wi thi th p i d wh
s hm
n ai mha e d ber o m en r n s ec o e

d m i a f th hym whi h i t ta at
Rik S ahita
o t n n . i o e ns c c on ns re o

b f u d a
e ol i nth 1
so b ut t hn th ye a -
n ,
'

e re e re

t i t p la
re c e n ti ig i a
n er o ti g i th p i d w h
o ns or i t n n n e er o en s

co mpil a ti t k pl a wh il on i th A thaa l l ti
oo c e, e n e rv co ec on

t h y a th j u t a
e re d p p p
e i s f t h n
p t ro er ex ress on o e re se n .

The i ri t o f th e t wo c ol l e c t i ons i s e ntirel d i f

f n t
s
p y e re

a am a a
.

In the Ri k th e re b re thes aa l i vel y n tur l fe el in g , w r

l f
ov e atu whil i t h A th aa
or n re th t a y e n e rv on e c on r r

m
, ,

th p d
e re i a
t a are i u a o
pp h i
n f i l
es
p i i t n nx o s re e n s on o ev s r s

ad th i m
n a g i al p w e r i th Ri k w c t h p p ol e rs n e e see e eo e

i thn i fp f t f d m
e e x erc se o ad l u tay ati i ty er e c re e o n vo n r c v

whil i th A thaa w th m b u d i
,

e n b e rv th , e o se rve e o n n e

f tte f th h i ah y ad up
e rs o ti ti
e
j: T h e r rc
y n s e rs on .
”
e v er

J ourn . of th e A mi aO
er c n r. S oc i v 2 5 4 5 , 3 08
. .
-

m
.

1 [L p p o rti on a
l ly of th e ma l f h A thaa
t ia Vé dai fro
Sa
'
e ss ro er o t e rv -
s

the Ri g V d th
-
é aa n th at f th e o maad Ya a
j ] n s .

1 Hi s t f I d Li t qu ted i n M ui
. o n . . o rs
’
Tex ts, u . p . 2 02 .
14 0 WHA T CA STE I s .

a
T h t th e A th aaVeda h ul d m a i f h I a
a
rv
g y t sd i o n e n n

p i
r es th d a d
oo p i a l l yn t h B esh m a ec a d i t i g u i he d r n, s s n s e

f mt h H tri A dh a
,

ro e o y u t , i b u t a t u
v arl t
, h e c .
, s n r on e

g ro u d hn t at d W
e re s
n w fe t t
. h g e a l i o f re er o e e ne r n or

ma b a ta
B th t h B a
ti on i g u i q ui i wh i h i t
e r n on o i
r n r es c c on ns

hm a ad th K h a
.

o e r t a a p ns n t d i e s r re re rese n e n

i t a gas en g d i t l lei g g A in ex o I b e h a l f f
n a t é t
n h *
n o e

m
.

r
p y a i er ff d u
s o p t h aeret h a y b t h l y l d e f h i e e on or o s

co u t y a n r d tha t h m n a y b p a i d b y te h V i h a (e h r se e s e re

m
,

ubj t i a l ) h h h i a l T h
G a
hi s s
g ec s t n u g u t
e ne r n ro o s re
‘
e

K ha t aRa tha hé a K a m i aa m ai ad
a
s r d th
r r zr n e r n n

m
, , ,

S i ta ta bl i h d i th i I f na s a se rv c e o

mil y
z es s e e re en

ti o ne d a a ia t d t g th
s sso c A P u hi ta(fa
e o e er . ro

) p y a h a h b a a d w f h K h a a
a
p i
r es t t t t r s y p e t r v er t n o er o e s r

wh m o h p t
e re m a y b u
re se n s d a i
y g " O f th e B h n ec n e r

mait i a Th B é hm
.

n id s s a wath fi t b with t
, e r n s e rs orn en

h ae d (ad ) t
s fa (tha
n ti en p b a b l ce s
y w i t h t a d
s, i ro e x r or

n ray a p a icti ) ; h w c a t h es fi t t h a t d e a k t hs S em a h rs r n e o e

ma a(ham
,

a i
th Da
u
”
d p i e o so n l ) j u i if T hr S h de ss
gce e r s re c o

i d ad i tin t f m t h A ya a d a af m
a
'

n ze s s c ro l e r n so e s ro

m
,

th A yaa i th Rig Veda fl V i h i a i i

'
r s n e t
'

e -
s v r or
g
m
,

a a a
,

n a l l y f th o y l a e aro d J d a g ir ce , a a n i at d n re s so c e

hm ai Vai hthai th p t ti f M it a
,

wi th th B a
ay f th B a
e r n c s s n e ro e c on o r

ad Vauna Th up m hm a i th u
Th B a ai l d ot t h Ra
n r e s re c o e r n s s

se t f th or hm e r
j y a n a s or , n e n , n or

aaVéda
A th rv ,
l l . 6 .
1 A t
’
h aaVédai ii
rv , . 4 1 2
.
-
.

I Ra
j a
k i tah r . A V ii i 5 1 7
. . . .
-
.

A . V iii 19 1 2
. . .
-
. TIA V i v 6 1. . . . .

5h é a
Rf W I 533 W 4] . By i t, (apati ul amd i i r c r e c ne
) I
e v er y thi ng , wh eth er th e S hu
dr a or t he A
'

yaA V i 2 0 8
r ,
. . v . . .

n A v iv 3 2 1
. . . . .
O RIGIN or C S
A T E— N O TICE S IN T HE A T HA RVA VE DA .
14 1

t he a a
V ishy ”
aya i t i j i d
Le t th e Ri y
”

Ba
n ot n s e n o ne

hm im
,

w f a a 1 al a
.
,

a
a
”
d i
e s re t t th i d ibl
o e e ne e co o r n
'

b i g th u put f th f a m
,

e n ps i i l g f or th B h
o a p tr v e e or e r n s
’
e ,

a ft wa a i
a
er d t d d by d g
r s e x en t th e b i e re es o e ov ne r c e n

g a
en e rl T h B .h m a l i f iet i r ai d i tn st
’
b e, s s , s no o e

ta k ad h i b dy i t b l d l ik tha
en, n s o t f Ag i i s o e ov e e o n

A u i u paa
c r o
g a si g t h ssd p a tu
e co f a t
x na i d i e e r re o c er n s

a a
e se c l l d Ta km au (fi t b ug ht t
e ti by D R th)
rs ro o no ce r. o

th w ro ml i gh t th b u dai f th I d A ya
s so e on e o n r es o e n o- r n

mm u i ty ad i t d i ta t i g hb u Hi (Ta k
a
co n n s s n ne o rs s

ma ) a
.

b d a th M u j a a h i a b d h a
’
n s o et re t
e M h v s, s o e e

i ha A
v rs s ath u at b s so on 0 Ta km s a th u a o r orn , n, o o

m m
.

jo u t
rnes ()
4 a g th B a hl i h a G
on T a k ae t t h s. o, n, o e

M fij aa t v fawa y t t
s, orh B a hl i k a
r C h t h of m a l e s . oose e e e

S h d af f d 5 ad h a Pai g by
’
k h
ha
iI r or oo n u s e er . ss n o r

f i d (i ) d
r en s u th Ma i ha a
e vo d th M fij a
r e a t vr s s n e

km
v s

W p i t ut t T a
,

ath
.

la
e o n o th o f ig ni e se or ose ore n re o ns
g
T km aa Ba aa
.

Kai ka
l g wi th thy b th
a
e n on nd wi th th ro er s
y
a m
,

i t
s s er ( g )
u h s d w i t h t
co h y p h w P a n ne e n,

km
,

d pa
e t t th a
r t f ig o
p p l W t a
o re f T n a eo e . e r ns e r r: n

a a at ad aat au t th G adhé i
s serv n n s re s re , o e n r ns,

th M d ia
e a t th A ga a v d th
s, e n A s n e

m
n

t a t i i f h h m i h R i V e d a
a
ex r c g ts
y ven t ro
g i e n n e

i htha m
-
n

whi h Va c
p l ai s s f b i g al
col d a Y é tu d h a
ns o e n c e n

ste ma ( s r? fi
wa
s T a s st : A V . . v . 17 9 . .

t er m
amau t r e rIn t ssel a w e
er . A V . . v. 18 . 1 .

; A v s a
HA V . v. 22 5 14 .
-
. Th e t r al a
ti
ns o n of th i s paa
g i ss e s fro mM ui rs
’

T e x ts, u 3 6 4 . at al ik
. M n r s e th i s ae yr et re epa
ted f or the b ai hm t
n s en

of d i se af se ro mI dia n .
14 2 WHA T CA S TE IS .

a
ma am aha mt b
i mu wi th B a
b y Vi shv i tr i f The word Br h c r se e s o e

u d ay hm a ad i t f th at h
f th B a
se s s n on o s r n, n s se or s e

fi tbrs hm
o rn o a pa y w h i h h e a d a r r or r e r, c e v n c e sf

T h P u u hae S ukta i gi r s wi th af w a ia ti f m s ve n e v r ons ro

th f m i wh i h i t a a R a
a
e or pp i n th i g V é d c T h t t e rs n e -
e ex

m
.

f i t whi h a l i a a d h u T h B h a
wahi muth th R a
o pp t t c t es o c s e re s s e r n

s s a
j y a b o a m ( a b h a a t) h i a
e m n ec e v s r s

th Va ei hyawa h i middl (ma

s dhya m ) t h s S hu d a s e e r

s r n
p u g f m h i f t 1 T
roh ug h a w h a s al aeed y
.
o ,
s e ve re

sh w l ittl
o t n, i t b laid th i
e s re ss
p a a g i t i s o e on s ss e, s

ev i d t th a t th en l l ti f th A t haa Vé da e co wam a d ec on o e rv s e

wh th at y t mha
en e cd m ad id a
s e s bl p g s e e c o ns er e ro re ss .

2 W w l a th Vé da ad p e no d t th B th
e ve e s, n ro c e e o e re

m
.

a a
Th B a
s.
n
hm aawhi h a t b di ti gui h d h mth
h ita
e r n s, c re o n
'

e s s e o e

M at a V di T t
n r s , or d i d f mth e Sa c e x s, e r ve ro e n s or

col l ti f th V di H ym a
ec on s o ti ally e ide c n s, re e s se n c on s er

d L i tu gi a l ad Rub i a l Di t i f th mi
md by th B a
e r c n rc re c or e s or e c ere on e s

t o b e perfor hm
ea f mth i e r ns , ro e r c onn ex i on

wi th wh o m a mp h di g th B a
or hm at
s co re en n e r e c hni c a
l ly
m Th i t
,

un derstoo d th y d i th i ae e r ve e r n e. e r c on en ts, h ow
a a
,

l l y f aa i d haat a ”
e v er, re re T h di ffi ul ty y o v re c r c er . e c , s s

f gi i g a h a f wh a t a
a
aai h ab f l t by th B a
D M iillr u ti d fi i tier, o v n n ex s ve e n on o

B hm hm a th m l
.

r n s, s e en e e r ns e se v e s

mgi t thi l a f l it a
.

a tu d t t a
w k b l g d t th B a
Th e n e h
ven o s c ss o er re oe s n o e c

u m th atha
s t th ore hm na e se or s e on e o e r ns

Th y a B a hm ai i th l gi a m
.

e re l t a t r
p i i g n c, . e. eo o c r c s, co r s n

A V . . v iii 4 1 4 1 6
. .
-
. A ttenti on t o th i s paa
g af u d
ss e, s o n i n th e
R V . .
,
w afi s rst a
dr wn b y Dr M ul l er i n Bunse n s O utl i nes of th e
.
’
Ph i l . of

Uh . Hi s t i p
. . . 3 44 .

1 A V . . x i. 5 4 7
.
-
.
1 A V 19 6 6
. . .
-
.
 14 4 WHA T C A S T E IS .

c on c ei t, ad a n ti qua n i ap dat y It i m t i m
r n e n r
p t a t
. s os or n

t th hi t iath a
o e t h
s or h ul d k w h w
n e s o th f h no o soon e re s

ad h a
n l thy g wth f aa
e ti ro a b bl ight d by p i t
o n on c n e e r es

cr a ft ad up n ti ti s It i m t i m
e rs on . p t a t th s a t w os or n e

sh ul d k w th a
o t na
no ti a l ia bl t th
on s re
pi d m i i e o e se e e cs n

th i y uth a w l l a i
e r o s th i ed ta g s n T h w
e r k o e . e se or s

d e se rv et b tudi d ath phy i ia tudi

o e s e s th
e twa ddl
s c n s es e e

of i di t ad th o s, ai g f m
n a dme r v n Th y will di l
o ent e s c o se o

d d g ad u th mm i
.

ath ugh tful y th ui f fa

o e e e r ns o e r n e r, e e or e s

of bl a
no p i ae t i s B u rt l t u on s l y y
. t t t a e l a t t
s on h r o r ns e e se

w k i t or s u w la n o o ro n ua a
g g dnw h a l l f l a
e, t i
n h d e s ee s on s e

tha t h um a l ag ua g e
n a d h u
n m a th u g h
n t h u l d n o s o e v er

ha b
”
ve u df e en u h pu pse or s c Th w i ti g
r o se s . e se r n s,

h w o a til l d
e v er, re s i ng f p ia l a
es erv tt ti o T h ug h
s ec en on . o

th i p fe r d bj t i t t a
ro e sse h th
o ec aifi th y a
s o e c ll w a e s cr c e, e o

m u h la c g p a
r er s t d g m a t i a l
ce
go ti o a l m y t ic a l a d
ex e e c s c n

a m
,

a
,

a
,

p h il p h
oso i l p u lc t i t hs ec t t h ons i a l n i t l f
o e c e re on se

Th y a a nti ua a
.

a
l d ”
epp e ll y t l
co u nt h i ti 1
o o T h
er or es .
'

B hm aa hibi t th aum
e

r n s ex ul a t d th ugh t f a
e cc l u e o o on
g s c

i
c e s s on o f a l y th l g i a ae r d phileo o
p h ns B n u t th oso e rs .
e

ve r y a l ie t f rt h es a g of l l w a t
e se s a i f es th u o
g h t
o w h i h r n o o c

g i l a
ve s c e r e v i d n f a d a e
y gi ce o l i g i 1ec T n h re on
”

m
.
ese

b k wil l a
oo s l wa y b t u th s t ea lou a b l s u e f
os v e so rc e s or

t a
r cing th b ginni g e f th ug h t
e n di i s o t hi g ; ad a
o t on v ne n

mtim u f mwhi h W ma
s n

a a mt
,

th e s e e , so rc e s ro d w t h c e

ai d i f m
y r e os
a a
,

v r e ti
n or
g di g t h on re t ir n w h i h th
e c on c e
p on s on

m
c e

en ti yre s t f ws e h i p a wo l l a orsth i a l ad hi a
s e s e s oc n er r

af u d d
,

hi a f I dia
”
c l c d or e r o n re o n e .

Hi story of S a nsc ri t Li te a
tu pp
r re , . 3 8 9- 3 9 0 .

1 Ih . p . 328 .
1: l b pp 4 2 9 . .

aq
.

Dr Ro th .
’
s Introduc ti on t o th e N i ruk t , uo te d i n M ui r
’
s T e x ts,
p . 1 93 .
 O RIG IN o r CA S TE — N O T ICE S IN T HE BRA HM A N A S . 145

A t th e ti m f th
e o e co mp osi ti on of th e Br h a
maa n s, wh ic h
ma
y b e st t d a
a e s e x te n din g fro m8 00 to 6 00 B G . .

a wa d ubtl
,

a
th e c ol l e c ti on of th e three ol de n Vé d s s o e ss

f md T h f l l wi g paa m
.

or e e o
g f o t h An i ta é y a ssB h e ro e r r

m
.

aawhi h i w thy f ti i
n c s or al pa ti ul a
o no ta ce n sev e r r c rs , e s

t w k a
,

bli h s thi fa
es t afaath a
s c , t l a
s t ir s d or e s s c on c e rn e .

Pa a
j pr at i d i d t h at f t
e s reh b i g f P a a
J ( ffor
p i g) e e n o r o s rn

th ere s h ul d b d o
( w h a t w ea q u i d )
on e H tti g a s re re e , se n

t il i g p f m m
.

o n d ta p (a
e r or t i l ) eA f t p f i g ta poa h er e r or n e

l E pa ( m
, .
, ,

c re a t d th e W l d th E ath th M d ia
—
e se or s e r e e x n se c

m
,

ta i kh ha
r ) s(a d ) H a ( D ni a ) H a i e
g p ve n f d v v n er or e

m
.
,

tap a f th or w l d h
e se ag a i p or f d taps, a ae d th th n e r or e n e re e

m
,

— a W
a
Lg t w
i h s
p d u e red F i A
( g )ro i f ce t h i d re n ro e r n

m m
,

V
( y ) u f th ro
p a a d th S
e ex u ( A di t a
y )
n se , f t h n e n ro e

h a e v en H ai g p f md ta v n p a f t h l i
er or
g h t h a
e
g ai or e se s, e n

m
.

p f
e r or d t a
p a ae d t h t h V e d a w n p d u e d — t h re e s e re ro ce e

Bi g V édap u g f mfi j u Ved af mwi d

,

s r n th Y a ro re e r- ro n

ad th Sé m aVé daf mth u H ai g p f md

,

n —
e ro e s n v n e r or e

m
.

tap otf th or V e d a he se ag a i p f d s, ta p a a d
e n e r or e n

m m
,

th e th S huk a w
re e
p d u d B
r s / w ae re a d ro ce s e

f m th Ri g Veda Bhu af mth

.

Ya j u Veda ad
Sa
ro e -
v ro e r- n

f m maVeda Hai g p f md ta
, ,

S a v th ro e
p a f v n e r or e or

m
.

S h uk a h a a a a a
ka F m a
th i f d
uk a
e se
g r s,
p t e
p ( d ) nth t he r or e n e re e

Vam m m mbi
,

r w sad — ak
e re a e th r, r, r ro e co

m
.

n a ti f th
on o
(O M q ua i
e se A u ) w a p d ,
u d ” T
s h s ro ce .
e
e

A s th i s i s o ne of th e e al ir e st ac c oun t s of a
C re t i on a di
ccor n
g
ma ak paa
am
a
H in du
mm a afia
to n ot i on s , we th e S ns r it of th i s g ss e
y g i ve

wa a ?
H

m
W
a
HG TWW fi y rwrf fir cl ssi c st tes
c
‘

Ir e s n
u s
m m
-

m m
g
fra
a wu afi uf w f m
fi {a
aa
fir fir T fi i

aa m
3 r r r cr fr
Si rs
er ri se
: H ffil fi rl
’
’ fi? aiH z r
z r: s
‘

ite s rfi s r r afi a
a aua
fi fi r r f r

19
1 46 WHA T CA S T E I S .

c ol l e c ti on s of th e Vé d aa hs re e re distin c tiv el y m ti en on e d,
th ough a y diff t igi i a v er tt i but d t th
e re n or w k n s r e o e se or s

f m
ro ay m ti d by th Ri hi th m l
n en on e th e i s s e se ve s, e ver

ta bl m p e co f th V é di
ose rs o H y m w h e i di t f m c n s, o n e ro

th i w m ta
e r o l im n p u l en a k th a i ta f t
se , orh g d s e ss s nce o e o s

i th i l a
n uda t y a
e r d uppl i a or t y m p ni ti s T h c or co os on s e

d m
.

t i l it a
r l a nd a
er ft wa y ti al er
y l l a
b l A U
r s M O M s c s e

mh d i d f mth i itia a f Ag m a
, , , ,

see s e re e r ve l l tt —
ro e n e ers o
’

a m
,

(th al
e v ocp t at i re f ) f d
re se n a d ve o f M i t av o n o r

m
,

a a a
a
(th i d
ed y u th q ui ls t n, f A d i ty ) e e O f th S
v h u k en o . e

ra with O M p fi d t th G ya
s, re t i xe f th o Bi g e r v e rse o e

Vé da ( 3 a h t 1 0 t h a s
g) bh u m a a th
v brh u a k y e ns e r v s

mh a A l l thi t h i a
.
, ,

ad an ,
e v en .
l t ifli g (ad i t wa s ec n c r n n s

afte wa d g a a
Th B a
r tl yr s t d d) b t k
re d g
ex e n ti e e o en s e ener on

hm a aap m
.

e r i n s, t l a a pa s ti ul a
re e -
ly nen c s s, re r c r

b ug h t t
ro ti i th A i taéya
o no ce, B d hm n a n ath e
p i i r r , e r nc

p al ti nof w h i h
c es o b a i g C a c t w hea ll rn w i on s e e s no n

troduc e
a
.

a
In th e firs t c h pter of th e fi rs t P n c hi k o f th i s work, a
aa
t h e fol l owi n g p ss g e s oc c ur i n c onn e x i on wi th the B i kh
a
s hd , or s c ri fi c e of th e n e w bi rth , wh e n n is d i tte d ama am
for the first ti mt e o th e use of s c r aifi ce H e wh o wi sh e s
for be uty a ad f n or wi sdo m hi mu se

amaa am aaWa a
fit i fi w i w d F i-w fi r
“
t fir
‘

aam a m aa ma m
{ r { r

aa
s r f S TEIN ? ! g e
s r
e
z r

i i ww fi fi f fiw i ? i ri ? r
‘

z r

m a
G r e l c
r r r (s t s st s s t s

t rara ffi r swr E A i t Bra

’ ‘

h A uth or s M S
’
r v 5 . . . . .

No 1 fo l 61 No 2 fol 1 48 fi Th e of the se M S S i s at phy

Ba
rst ro

hm
.

ma
. . . . . . .

of pa e c e, fro c on v e rt e d a r n th e s e c on d at p hy f wa ro o r,

wi th o th e r k p at f th p l u d
V e di c wor f th Bm ba yt p
ka
s r o e n er o e o ro o s

at th e la ffa
t aei f Bet ad D é a p e ented t
rs o n v r , r s o mby m
y f i
e r en d

D J r . oh n Gr at Ni
n c ol so n .
14 8 W HA T CA S T E I S .

a
Th e prob bil ity i s th t wh e n th e Hy ns of K v a m aah aw s e re

co p o m
se d n o e x c e ti on w s t k e n
p g i n s t th e a a aa mb a u ec se

at y t mh ai g t b
,

a
a
of hi s r ce, the c s e- s th ful l y
s e v n no e en en

de vel ope d, whil e i th a

n
g f th B hm aa iet w a e o e r n , s

th oug h t e x pe di e n t t i t al g d
o fi ti t
nv e n upp t e en or c on , o s or

ay t m
,

th t

a a
s s e .

In th e thi rd P a hik th B hm
nc ai , e r n s s
pok e n o f a s

st n adi g i n th e
n re ti n hip f B i ha
la o
p a
ti t hs o r s , e P uro h i ta f o

th e ods ) "

a hik a
g
In th e se v e n th aim p t a
P t p a
nc tha g ,
e re is n or n ss e

whi h i thu c ti d by D s Mu ll
s no — “
W fi d ce a l r en e n s e ve r

m m
.

i ta i if l d b a a l fa i l
a
ns wh nc e s
p t p y
e re y y
r e s s, y on c e e o e ro

im mpl y d a m
,

cla t b o l wa ye e W h J a a
o yya e a P ik s en n e r

hi ta tu d t p f ma ai fi
.

s v en re wi th ut th K a
o e r or h s cr ce o e s

a a a a m a a am
a
y p h w f s, d be
y th A i t s i orc e
g f i l y f th e s r s, o e

Ka hya a m l h m a a W h V i h a a
a
p s t p y t s g o e o t e in en s v n r

dm m
.

Sa u ha aad a wa a a a
a
h S h f h i i
by Ra
s y t n y p rove e rn s ro s s cr

fi h wap
c e, a i l d up
e s maM gaéyat a
re v e ll on r v o c

th m ba h w th a wa
”
e k T A l l th i c t th p i tl y ffi s s o s e r es o ce s

t im m
.

fg a a a a
th pa hik a
o p
re t i t h i t
or ti f I
nc e di n e nc e n es o n .

ad ha
a
I th n e seve n th p t f
nc t hi n sev e n c er o s

A i ta ya B h
rem a th i a r m a k a bl l g d
ns , t e re s re r e e en c onn e c

Ait ayaBre r. iii . 2 17. .

a a y D M u l lM (aa
H irg v é f
a
1 A i
'
t B r v ii y5 27 t s s r e r, s o

m m m
. .
. . .
,

a
.

a a a a
.

S L i t p 4 8 7 )
“ i a d i ffi u l t sI t y b i pc l y S n y e e s s n

m
,

m
.

a a a
. . .

a t
y fi y
a
h M i d b u M i b i f
a
h f h ie son o t rg ; st g o y er t r e v r e o

m m
s s,

Bh igu ad t h u nfi m L a j
s c on tu t h a
r t t h i R ai R
’
a
sse n s c o n e c re s s

m
r

m
,

m a a a a
,

th f a
J ad a i f th f Bh i g u l y l l d P
e r ce o h u r co on c e r s

a
n o
g
m
e son o , ,

r ma C f W b 1 d S t u d e i e r, I tnh i p u t
. f .t h n s es o se en o e

a a
. .

a a
.

a p p d
a
u f th Pu h i t w h ro t h i g i
s, f teh er gg t s se e e or n o e ex er e

m
c se o e se

l g d
e en f t h s d t
o u t i fe t h K h a
es r ct i y a b y Pona a o h u a e s r s r s r .
 O RIGIN or CA S TE—N O TICE S IN THE BRA HM A N A S .
14 9

ed wi th H ri sh c h aad ath n f Vé dh a f th R ya n r e so o l s o e o

m
,

fa il y f Ik h a o k u whi h a
s v l th ugh f a y wi l d ha
,
c ,
o a o ve r c r c

te r, th w a ro
g ds d a l f
oo l i g h t eth ta o t f a i t on e s e o nc en

A ya i ty It h ab ti d f la a
’
r n soc e s t e en
y b
no ce o e e rs
y
.

a i ta l i t ad h al g b ff ti l y a
a
s e v er l or en s s, n s on
pp li d e en e ec ve

by m
e

y l f i se m y i tn u w i t h t h
n erc o rse B h m a i i ll u e r ns n s

t a
r ti f th g a
on o dua l g wth f a
e r t f l ing i
ro I di a
o c s e ee n n

f i g t i t b th af u d i th
.

W hil e re err n o , o i gi a l ad a
s o n n e or n n s

qu t d ad t al a
o e n t d by D r ns M a M ii l l
e w w ul d r
. x er, e o

t wha t t d wi th i t a a b a h i
‘
no e c onn e c e
pp t t e rs o e r on s

d l pm t f a
eve o en t o Ha i h h ad a th ug h h
c s e. r s hac d n r , o e

ah u d d wi h a d O th a d ata f a
a
n re v e s, n o son n e v n
g es o s on

m
.

ha i g b
v n
p p e en u d drot h i o i t n e o b y N a d a
n e n v e rse s r

a
( g a s f t e o b u g h
en t t ro t i i I d i a o no ce h n n n e

a p pl i d a e d i t sd t V a u
re c e n a f o p m r i i g i f hi or on e , ro s n s

aifi himt th a
, ,

wi h s wes a li d t
e re re ze t d i ty
o s cr Ace n o e so

t h ima
.

wab s orn o ll d R hi taW i th ac e i

y gp o t a v r n re e n s e s , s

m
.

t d t by V a
s en e o unah g t r p a t d p p t e o t
re f th
e e os on e en s o e

m
,

en g a g t
e ti l l t h
en w a t d a
e sony l d t i l l h i s fi en t t s o s rs se

m til l th t th f l l ut til l h g t w t th
,

o f t th a ee c e, e se ee e o e o ne ee

mu Wh
,

ad till aaK ha t i ya h wag i t wi th a

,

n s s r e s r r o r en

m
.

t h fa
e th a t l er
g th en t d t fu l fi l l h
c on se n e i p i toh s ro se , e

t a a
‘

s on t k hi b w w t t th f
oo s o , en d l i d th o e f ore s , n ve e re or

y a
e w h
r, hi
e n , on fa th h a i g
s b a ffl i
er t d w i t
v nh d p y ee n c e ro s

by Va ah rnn tu d t th
e re il l arn e
g I d o a i t h
e v
f m e n r n e or

m m
.
, ,

of a B é h ra h a i g a
n,d i d h i
v n a g a i t w a
v se d a b u t n o n er o

i th f
n e t h di d thi f a
ore s e d athi d a s or f u th a
s e c on r , o r

a
, , ,

fifth ad ai th y a th
, n s x p ea t d r on d i f t h
e re i G e d e v ce o s o ,

a ad a tag f
In st ti ng th e a v n es o son , ada
ught er i s dec l ad re to b e
a bj t f p y a
n- o i t —
i qw
ec q sfg
-
a
n o -
‘

.
150 WHA T CA S T E I S .

fol l owi n g h i s nn u l visits to th e vil l g e a a

W h en h e w a a s

m
.

a
tr v e l l in g i n th e six th ye r,
“
He a e t in th e fore st a
s tai g R
rv ni h i A i
jg a t a t hs ,
f S u y a a ar H ,
e s on o v s . e ha
d
S hu a hpu h a S hu a h h é ph aad S h u
a
th re e — son s n cc n s n n

m
, ,

ol g u lna R h i ta a i d t h i o R i h is I g i y u o a h u s
-
ve o n

w I a mm
.
,

”
d d re co s,
y l f w i th
r n so f th t h y se on e o ose so n s.

Th F a th
e m b ad th er e ld ad ar ce id N t h im e e e r, n s o

N hi m a i d th mth m
.
,

b a
”
or s i g th y u g t
e o e r, e r c n e o n es

m
.

A d th pa t b a a a a
,

n e g i d t
re n s
g i S h u hr h é p h ne th i d o ve n s e

m m m
,

dl e son R hita g a a h o d d t k hive a d w t f r re oo n en ro

m
.
, ,

th f t t th
ore s il l a g Ao d h e va t h i fa t
eh a d n e c e o s e r, n

m
e

m m
.

s ai d F a:th D a th ! I ae r, y lef b y h i T h r n so se .
”
e

fa a a a a i d I a a i fi
a
t h w t
er t V u en d o h
r n ll t
nh i s s s cr ce s

m m
, ,

at y u Vau aa a a
t iyaA d h
n o o id Y f r n B h s i b t e s, or r n s e

t l d hi mt m
,

K ha a
.

tha a

a
”
t er n s r
p f n e o o e r or

m
.

R ja uyaaifi s 1 H a
s cr i h h a d cea t k h'

i t b t hr s c n r oo o e e

i ti m m
.

f th da a
Vi h a
w h h S i h d
t i ya
v c y or t e p t t t
en
g e o s s en o e o s

mit a[aK ha
, .

s v r wh it i a i d by hi k w
s r o, s s s no

d hi m l f i t th a
,

l dg ad p a ti f k wl dg
Ba
e e n r c ce orc e se n o e c no e

e d p f i f th
ro e s s on hm ah di ] wa h i H a
o e trir n oo s s

i J am a da i h i A dh a u i V a i h h a [ a
B a
p r est ; g y p n t ; s s t v r r es s

hm a wi th wh m Vi h a m
,

r n i t ah a d ft
o t d s v r o c on e n

ai I d au thi agum t
O n th e fi fth oc c s on A m a wh n r se s s r en n o

i a
s l p i l i k th Ka
s ee l i (ag )
s a m a wh e i aw a
e k i l i k t h D d e
p a a; n o s e s e e v r

am awh i ai i th T t i ; am
n o a wh i t a l li g i l ik
s r se n s e re c
'

n o s r ve n s e

th K ta T a l ! T a l 1 tl y a
’

e rz
'

. D Mu ll r ve y
r ve Th i i r . e r c orrec s s, s s

al i t a t th f u a
”
f th
on e o llu i e e
g r esf th w l ds o ns T w th o e o r es o e or . o o e rs

w ha a
e l a dy ve ti d S a
bre p 13 1 no ce . ee ov e , . .

1 gA '
a t m a h i al
re a i fi at w h i h
oni ad di
rc t i c t th l i
s cr
g i u c e, c n on o e re o s

i th
se rv c e s, h i fta
i am bl d te c p th i f a
e l ty
ns sse e o ex ress e r e .

I S ee b efore, p . 1 04 .
I5? WHA T CA S TE IS .

a md a a
S h un h sh éph
d w h a f
Vi h a
be e n e rfor e t n t l p s o on e o
p
s vm it a [ i fu t h r a f
n h i ar d p ti
er nc e o a h i ] s o on s s s on

m
.

Aj iga ta th f S i ya aaa id R i h i i b a k
a
r e s on o r
g v s s s ve e c

m m
, ,

V i h i t aa i d N f th g d h a g i n
’ ‘

mD aa
son s v r s o or e o s ve ve
y
him t m H b a
.
,

ta ( h d
’
T h
f Vi h a
o e e ec t u
e ) t ev r eo o s e s on

m m m m
.

s vit a ; a d th r b n f t h fa i
e l i f eK ap il a e rs o e es o

m hi l a
o

ad Ba
n bh u b a r ti
ec eAj i g a taths re f on s r e s on o

C mth u O
.
,

Sfi ya aa a
v id
s s wo b th ad thy
e o son , e, o n

mth a
,

a
,

o er c l l th wa y A jgi eea t a th .
’
f S h y a a a r , e son o v s

Th u a t by bi th aA gi a ath
,

sa id o r r f Aj i g a n n r s e son o r

m
,

ta l b a ce e t d aa r p t 0 e R i h si g t
oe a w a y f th l i s o no ro e ne

m bak t m S hu a
.
,

f thy g a
,

dfa th a ’
o r n e r, co e
h p hé h c o e n s

a
.

l i d T h h h w i h a k if i h h a d
m g t S ha
re p e y t e t v e se e n t y ee n e n n

t m ha
, ,

athi g th a n f u d
en a
ve n e v e r d a; o n e v en on s r s

th u h a t ta k th hu d d w f m O A ugi a
a
’
o s en re e n re co s or e, r s

f S hya
.

Aj g i a t r th aa a
e son o id M y ld v it g i
s s o s on r e ve s

mf th w g th a m
, ,

e or e t I ha d ron I th w i t a wa ve
y a y on e ro ,

th e se hu d d w b l g t th
n re co s S hu a
e on
h p h é h a o ee
’
n s re

m m m m
.

p l i d
e : W h i t a i
o on c e c o w i l l i t a l a t h
s s n co so no er

i ; th u wil t
s n o t a b ta i f m no th wa y s f S hn fi d a ; ro e s o r s

wh a t t h uh a mmi tt d a t b d d C a t
Vi h a
t
o s co e c nn o e re re sse nn o

m
.

it a p a “
D a
”
b e re d d
re sse , t ds v d ful t d
r re e e re s oo

f S fiya aawh h w t t ki l l wi th hi k if
.

th e so n o v s en e en o s n e

m ad b my Sh m
.

B e no t hi s son , c o e n a h h é phae s on .
”
r
’
s

s a id T l l u thy l f 0 e s
f a k
se i g t h u a t h
son u o n s s o

maA gi aahal l b m
, ,

at k w t a h w I wh a ’

Vi h a
r no n o s, o o n n r s s ec o e

mit a pl i d Th u ha
, ,

t hy l t b th ld t
’
so n s v r re e o s e e e es

fm
.

o
y t h
son s ,
y f
f p i g h a l l bo t
s h fi
r n t t h u s h a l t e e rs o s

m
,

re c e ve i t h h i ta g w
e h i h ther
g d h
e a g i c t h u e o s ve ven e, s

I a dd th Shu a h h épha pl i d Ma
’
re ss ee . n
y t
s h re e e

l a e d er of t h Bha a ta a e
y i r th p s s f h i
so , n e re se n c e o s
 O RIGIN o r C A S T E— N O TIC E S IN T HE BRA HM A N A S . 1 53

a a a ad ha
T h n Vi h a
re e i n for frie ndshi p
’
i
’

g g son s , k , t h t s n
pp n e ss s s e

I has ll b mthy ec o e m i t aa
so n .
’
dd d e s v r resse

hi H am M a d hu h h adaRi ha bhaRé nu
kaad a
s so ns e r e, c n s, s ,

A sh ta th a t y ua b li
,

l l y b th
T h i Vi h a
n e ro ie rs o re , e e ve n

mit aha
,

i i ty d a hu d d
’
sen o r . s s v n fi fty r n re so s,

th a Ma d hu h ha da ad fi fty y u g
ad Vi h a
O ld er n c n Th s, n o n er e

m
.

eld di d
er t l ik thi
no e i t ap n un ed a
s, n s v r ro c

m ut at
o

cu rseup t h m thaon t th y e h ul d b e s o eco e o c s es

mA dh a P ad a S ha
, .

Th y b a e ec e n ba r a P ul i l a
s, n r s, r s, no s,

M uti baad m ay th ut at t i b th a
a
s n n o t th
er o d c s e r e s, so e e

s c en d at f Vi h m
n s O it a b a s mth w t f th D ayu
v r ec e e o rs o e s s

dh u h had a t g th
.

But M a c wi t h th
n th
s, fi fty
o e er e o er -
so n s

a Wha t u fa i n t ha t w a
,

a
s id : th t ll u
o r er bid ; w e s s, e e e

p l a t
ceh b fee u a d f
e o re l l w the sW h n V i h om i o e .
’
en s v

t a r h a d th i b p a
e r i d hi s, e a nd a r id se Y u s s on s s o son s

wi l l h a g d hi l d ve oo ad a cttl b a u re n
y u h a vn c e, ec se o e

a pt d m
cce y
e w i l l a d h a m ad ,
m i h i b a
n ve e e r c n r v e son s .

a a by a
a
G é b h d ll
‘
Y u o d n d t
e sc e f t h i nn s o t u ,
re o e on o re ,

a a
,

a
'

y ou b r ve l d b y D
so ns , t e h w i l l b t y u ev r e e o o

d u l Y u d d a t f K u i k u f l l w D
aa
oo nco se o esc en n s o s o o e
g
m
.
, ,

v tah
r i y u h e s h wil l gio r
y u e ro,
y i h e ve o r c e s,

Y u a wi a
,

ad wha
n t k wl d g I p
e ver no e e ll o sse ss . o re se ,

Purri r aa v s .

aJ h nu
a
.

x G th i n u ik a
Ka Bh
( rg )
i u s s .

tya
Sa ati v X Ri c h ik a(Ik h s v a)
k us

m
Jaada
g i n X Renuk a “
 15 1 W HA T CA S T E I s .

a
ma a
aa
y e so ns of
'

Vishv i tr t o g e t her ; y ou re h , you

ric

aa ma m
a aa
s to o d to uph ol d D ev r t , nd to ke hi yo ur e l d e s t.

d es c en d at n s of G thi n a( D ev r t
"
S h un a
h p )
h é h a i s s

m ti mil i m
.

en o ne aaRi hi d s s of bo th f a es, in the c h ie fd o

Of th e h u ad i
Ja n s, n n th e d i v i ne Vé d aft h o e

at
Th i s l wh i h i as l att i b ute d t V i h a
v erse , c mi t a ught
s so r o s v r ,
o

t b ta a aa a pi tul a f th wh l e t y Ja
a
o ek th en r ti er s re c h ui n on o e o s or n s o e

m
.

f th a t i t ab l gi g t l u a Dy a ty ;
d aVi h a
f Vi h th

Ga
o e n c es ors o s v r , e on n o e n r n s

th i i n id s c o ns m i t a fa
e re th T he
s m
s m ta v t g i r
’
s er co en or ves

mi ly f Aj igatawhi h emb tt t a
.

Ja h u aa n Ri h i f th fa
s s o e o
g r , c se s e er o ree

t y
”
wi th th V di e e c s or .

l M
‘ ‘

ii l l H i t y
er s f
’
S L p 4 0 8
s or 4 1 9 O . . .
-
.

Th l g d t y f S hu a h h ph a ah e e gi n i th e A i taya
B a
e e en or s or o n s e s r ve n re

r hm aah ab n h ag d t s a id a
ee n c bl n t t i e la te o I di a c on s er e ex e n n r n n

w k ah ab
or s, s um m ai ly ti d b y P f
s ee n s H H Wi l n (B
r no igce ro e ssor . . so .

V édai pp 5 9 “ T h t y f S hu a h h pa au ua
e s or l l y w i tt o n s e s, o r s s r en ,

m t i mk n w t Sak i t tud t
. .
,

S hu a h h p ha h a s b f r
Ra ma
n s e s, ee n o so e e o n o ns r s en s

th ugh th
ro io f it p
e v e rs t di n o yaab i h 6 1 S hl re s e n e n n , . . c .
, c e

g l
e :6 3 G i H i
o rre s o t h al l d th e f t hs R i h i R i h
e re c ik a e e so n o e s c

Am
,
.
,

ad i l d f ah u d d ow by h i fa ba hak i g f
’

n s so or n th t re c s s er o rz s n o

d hy i aa i ti m h um mt
,

A ya f a a ai fi ; n th a
Vi h a
c s v c or d h n s cr ce o e ro e co es o

m i t aad i m
, ,

th l a
e k P u hkaawh h e s r e re pl e se e s hi u s v r n o re s s s c

u ad l a f m h im
, ,

co r, n e ap a
rn s y by th p ti ti
ro f wh i h a r t th e e r, e re e on O c

k I d ai i d u d t om ad t h i mf
.

ta b i u th a
a
s e, n r s n ce It i
o c e nt se re e s o v o s

d i d f m Védafo Vi h m h hi m
.

th i t y h ab
s s or s th
ee n er ve it a t a
ro e ,
r s v r e c es ,

a di g t S h l g l t t t w Gdthd ac di g t G
c c or n o c e e
’
s ex , i o a s, c or n o o rres o s ,
’

m at a; b ut th l a
n r tt al ta t e th a t h p pitia
er t d I d a
so s b y Ri ha es, e ro e n r c s

m at a f th e Ifig Véda(R gbhi tu htaad end a

n r s o m ) l z
'

i p 2 4
s 9-
s v ev r ,
v o . . . .

Ma a a t y (1 0 a i d th a t Aj ga tta
'

nn l l l ud so t th es o wh it i
e s or , ere s s z r

i h i a i fi d a i w a
Bh a
i u d
nc rre
g u i l t b no
yg i g u p t b v n t s t s s on o e s cr ce s o

h i mlf a m il y f m
,

p re se r v e d fa se p i hi g wi th
n ro
g a er s n

v a t f l l w th
o o A i tayas ad M a i t m
e re i g S hu a n h h p a th nn , n er n n s e s e son

f A j ga ttaa d a m th Rdj i a Ha mha nd a I

f Vi h a
th Vi h u
'
l
'

P aa
o r r n n es e c so sc r n e s n

m d i t md a
.
,

r nah i a ,
l l d th
e s c e i t aa e so n o l o D a s v r , n s er e s ev

rci ta g d g i or ;
o b ut
-
t h i l at
ven t u b e q u t u s re n t i es d o s s en oc c rre n c e s , o ce

i lik m b c m
,

n ean b y th ne rth a uth i ti i n wh i c h h

e o er e th or e s, e e o s e
1 56 W HA T C A S TE Is .

a a t iyaV a a
ma
i h yaad
S ha
T he rel ti on s o f th e Br h n, Ksh r , s , n

d at r aifi (ya o
j )
s cr a a d
ce t a t h n i a n o on e no er n

l i g i u p i t f i w a m ti d wi th pa t i ul a
th pa h i kaf th
i ty
'

re o s o n o V e , re en o ne r c r

t wa
Ba ja
o d th r s lui e c on c f th s on O e se v e n nc o e

A i ta éya hm aa P a “
a a a ”
r r
p t i
n i t i t h i d r t s e re s c re

hm
.
, ,

e d ai fi s cr A ft th ai fi
ce wa a
er t d th B a
e s cr a ce s c re e e r

hm
.
,

ad th If ha
n et a W s a t dr T b th t h B a
e re c re aad e . 9 o e r n

t h K ha t aff p i g w a t d a l l d ) ha té d ad
huta
e s r o s r n s e re c re e c e n

a “ Tha t wh i h waf m Ba hm awa a

aad that whi h wa f mth K hat awa al l d
dfi
ta
th c s ll d ro e r s c e

ka
huta Th B a a wath huta
n c s ro e s r s c e

hm
,

a ff p i g ; ad
t h Ra
d d
a
. e r n s e o s r n n

a
j y a h V a h a a d h S h d a b l d
hut a
e t n i y e t s
g t n e r e on e o

By t h mt h ai fi
, ,

th a e d b g at b
e du t
e s cr ce e n o e c on c

hm mwith th i i t u
.

Th B a aad K ha t aa
m t Th B a
e d e r n s r c e e r ns r

hm mwith th i t um t f th
.

en s aa e r n c e e ns r en s o e

hm m with th ai fi ia
.

Ba r a; ad th K ha n t i ya a e s r l c e e s cr c

i t um t
ns r f t h K ha
en s ot a Th e i t um t s f th r e ns r en s o e

hm aw th i t um t f th ai fi ad th
.

Ba r ere e ns r en s o e s cr ce, n e

i t um t
ns r f th K h a
en s ot aw e th h s a hai t r e re e -
o rse , c r o

t f m
,

th e coa a i l th a w ad th h w
o e Th K h a
rro n e o e s

wa t p m
.

t i ya
,

r s itt d t
no t
er ad i g tha e t ho e n e r, n see n e

t a Ba hm a
a
co ul d t fi d no n h tu d
en r n c e Th e re rn e e r ns

m
.

t
s oo d t pp o ot h t a
ose f O th
e en r nc e T h B h a o e rs e r ns

mwith th i i t um t Th f th aifi i
.

a
a
c e e r ns r en s e re ore e s cr ce s

m
.

es ta b l i h d i s teh B h n a e A ft w a d
r t h K h a ns er r s e s

m ad ak d t b a
.

t i ya a l l d f th ai fi Th
a
r s c e, n s e o e c e or e s cr ce en

m m m
.

th B e h r a a i d t t h
ns s I f y u w oi h t e t t h o s o co e o e

m m a
,

a a i d i u d
a
s cr i fi y u
c e, u t pou t y u s w t st e o r o n ns r e n s, n

b ec o m k l i B
e h m ae (b a
r h m a u p é a
) a
n s, d th r n or n n en

“H ut d fro
4
, ( a mhutaa a ma h a g th nd d) e ns v rn ac a
e pai ty f
l eg l c o

e ti g wh a
a ti
n s offe re d in a
s c rific e , ad an hutci d , no t h ai g t hi
v na
pai ty s c c .
 O RIGIN o r CA S T E—N T ICE S IN T HE BRA HM A N A S 1 5 7
O .

co mt e o th e s c ri fi c ea Th e Ksh t iya a
a idr s s
‘
Be i t so
’

m
.
,

a ad ta
.

a
A fter putti n i d t h e ir o wn i n stru e n ts , ki
n

ml ik
e
g s n
g
t he i n s tru e n ts m o f th e Bra
h ma h t e
y b e c a e e Br h
ma ad
,

n s, n e n tere d th e Th e prog re ss O f th e
pro fessi o n s ad p ten i n f th re a
s ons o e p ro fe ssi on l
p ri e s t h o o d
ad th i ul ti m a ta bl i h m t f th i p ul ia p i
,

a
n e r t e es s en o e r ec r r

v il g e a id t f mth i paa
es re e v en g ro T h B h m a s i t ss e. e r n s,

t a
e c h w es, ati g i th i w p ul ia haat wh
e re c n n e r o n ec rc r c er en

th y e d u t d aifi
c on c e wh il th K li t iyawh
s cr c e, th y e e s r s en e

aifi d ha d t la a a a
a
s cr ce
y i d t h io w gs i d
e h t e ro n re c o n ze c r c er

ad it m bl mad aumth a t f th B h m a Th
bl i h d i th B a
n s e e s, n ss e o e r ns e

aifi i ta hm a ;1 ad wi th th
.

a
n
‘

s cr ce s es s e e r ns n e

m m m
,

enl a g r et a d en
p l i at in f i
cot i tu al t h c B h a
on o s r e r n

i m
,

s o re ay tha n
n ec e ss r S ai fi i th hi g h t
e ve r cr ce s e es

mmu ity ; ad
.

t (th fi t at d bj t ) f th
th B a
t e res e rs c re e O ec o e co n n

e hm a th ai fi i th h a
r n, e s cr d f th m
c e r,mu i ty s e e o e co n

H h a m l y t th w d i ffi ul ti
.

e s e re o i th wa
ro
y f th c es n e o e

K ha t iya aifi i g t u f h i ml f a l l th a t hi
’
s r s s cr c n o se c re or se s

m
,

h a t a d i L t aK h a t iya wh

a
e r c n e s re e h b s r en e ec o es

m m
.
,

aya a a f a a i fi ) a
a L t th B a
j ( h i n ti t ut l
Ba
t e n s or o
p y s cr ce e o

hm hm
,

r n ea gi hi bl i g t th
e r n ve s ess n o e

K ha t i ya
a a
s gl:
r

T hi i a m a a B m a
a i whi h th B a
s
ps i d
cc o i t h A i t n e
y h n w i teh re r ns ,

f th m hm
,

no ti c es o e n ner ai t
n c e r n s o c on

d u t th h i gh t it i b ha
c e es lf f a r ki g a
es nt ad a eft th o n n e r, e

m i f hi i a ma
,

c ere on e s o ug u a ti s But n thi r tt w on on s er e

m m ta
.

a y b e t t w i t h
c o n en f th ti so k f
e o i t by e no c es en o

A i aya Ba hm a fR V 14 19

am
t

a
re r n o . . V II . . .

f Ir
rit a
t i on?
w g te s?

it a
I n i l l ustr ti on of th ese two l at m
ak
s re r s
,
see A i t Br h
. a . VII . 53 4. .
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

th e le ad au a
a rne d t D n cc Ir e r Gol dsti c ke r
i n c on n e c

bhi h hath Ki g i m
. .

wi th th P u aa a d t a ’

ti on e n r s
y e e n s e o s

I fi m ad ath I fi m
, ,

l y tad r h a s n on l y t ad
e ven n e r r s n

I fi m
,

ha l d ad i ha l d a l y tad
Ba
on ex e i n n ef d r, r s n on oo

ad d i k ;
n rnwha t i hmona wh a t i K has r n, on s s

t iya th th w ld ta d I fi m H th
’
r , on ese ly
re e or s s n r . e en

d d
e sc e n it d w s, s th g u d wi th h i fa t wa
s o n on de ro n s ce o r s

Ea w d Ad a t wh a
aaad ff agi ft t aB a
th i th

Ba
th e t utt s ers tir ce t i e or s, or on o s

hm hm
,

r n n o a; t h bj t
ers o r n e o ec

i mt f i t y i
,

o f thi g i ft i th
s bta s e o g al n f en o v c or n ener , o

i t y
v c or y wh e ver f i t y te re , o
g a d w ak
v c or o ve r s ron n e

mi ad f mpl t i t y ; ad hi th f l d
a
e ne es n o co e e v c or n s ree o

ex
p i f ad
re ss o n o ati t wha t i a orB h m a
on i mp l i o s r n es

th a t a ki gd m a d h a a
l i a t m w h i i
t ul f th B a
p np o ros e rs, t n s v n en en s

u d n th er e c o n ro hm a ad tha o t a a l i at
e r ns, n v n

s on wil l be born to h i m A ki n g for wh o mth ese

a m
.

(ce rt ian
pre sc ri bed) l i b ti ons a a
d t
re e o ai Ind r n t he
in t d m
di a ac e n ner be c o m f f mdi
es ree ro se a a se , c n no t be
i nj ure d by e n e i es, i s e x e t ro m
ov ert , e v e r wh e re
y y mp f mp
p ro t e c t e d g i g aa a a
n st d n e r, nd th us be c o e s v i c t o ri o us m
a a a a a
i n l l q u rters , n d fte r d e th e st bl is he d i n In dr s a a
’

he a ve n
”
Priests who un d e rs
h o w to p e r tad w ll
n e

m
.

for th e wh ol e ri te wil l r ise the k ing t o n e x l te d a a a

p o si ti o n t h o se o n t h e c o n t r r
y wh o re i n o r n t o f th e
g a a a
ma nn e r i n whi c h i t i s t o b e pe rfor e d, wi l l b ri n
g h i m m
i n to perd ition
”
In c o nn e x io n wi th the si mpl abhi héhae s

m m
.

a ai g b
,

Dr Gol dstii c ker s ys, The c ere ony h v n ee n c o

m
.

pl t d
e e t h ki g h
, a t a
k a p e t t nt h i a
u g us o e re sen o e n r

ati g p i t
n i a th u ad (Ni h ka
r es
) fv z
g l d fi l d o s n s s o o 3. e

mu t m m l y t
.
,

ad a
,

n t tl but thi a
c e ti t ut
s o n se e s ere o c ons e

am i im uma k wl d g m t
n f th ti
c f th
no e en o e e x er ons o e
 WHA T CA S TE IS .

h oun ds a n a nd N a [Ir bha ) f m u d i g i t h i r , ro s c c ee n n e r se

i
v ce ad g t ti g t :h a ( u ag a
n e )
n I n o i e ve n s v r c o nn e x o n

m
.

a l d fa b l i h u j i d
a
wit h t h e sg te t ne en T
or h e, s e o ne e

B rh m a ug h t t n o m m h i a ifi i o cot h V a a e nc e s s cr ce n e s n

ta a a a a
a )
R i t ( p i g or s T h t r n n b l se
g tso n t h se so e on s o

m
e

m
.

B h
r a L t h i n a ifi i n h i w
e a ad h s cr ce s o n se s o n , n e

m aB a hm aaha nd w d wi th th k wl d g
.

b ec o es r v rc s, e o e e no e e

ofBa hm aad tha

r t a i th h i f L t th Ra n se s o n
ff a s e c e e e

m m
,

ny a a i fi s cr i th G i h ce a (h t na ) Ge i sh ar s i o se son r s

m m
.

th an f th Ra
e se so a
j y a L
o t h i a i
e fi i G i h
n a e s cr ce n r s

ad h wil l b m a I d a
. .

n e g a i ( ec o p w e fu l l i k
n n r v on e o er e

Ind a ) r L t th V a i h y a ea i fi i eS h a a ( t hs s cr ce n r e

utum)
.

a S ha ai th an f th Va i hy a ”

B a a p f mth fi aifi i th G a
n r s L t
e se so o e s e

hm
. .

a
au i th B a a
th e r n e r or
y t ie re s cr ce n e r

meau Th G ya t i m hm a E ah ’
s re e r e s re s e r n s c

wn ma
. .

hah i u f th a q ui i ti Th T i sh tup
a
s s o e s re or e c s on e r

m
.

a i h a f h R j y a h J a a i i h a f
i ya1 A B a
( u )
e s t t
re t u s t
g o t t et n e s o

th Va hm ah u h l d tu i g h m
”
n o se o rn n
‘

e s r er re o e

f m j u n y h at aifi i th n a
.

a k ha t af R l l j i
I
Th B a
ro o r e s o s cr ce n e s r o O l l

hm
.

ai p k f a f th l a f th g d ad
th S ha
e r n s s o en o s o e c ss o e o s, n

d a a f th a t f th A u awhi l q ua l l i g a
ad t h B a
e r so o b ut e s r s, e rre n o

hm i t y b y ma

m
aki s n a n g t th
n e r n f e s e v c or e s o

apati ul a at a Th Va
r c r a
j p y é a n a n ri fi b
. l n
g e s cr ce e o s

Ta
0 i a iya Ba tt hm a i 1 2 (a
r uh MS ) Sr a l
ns , di i .
-
f t or
’
s . ee so e t on o

i n Bib Ind . . p . 4 .

1
‘

T B i . . . 1 9 -
. Co m
pa wi h re t t h i s, p . 1 47 , a
b o ve .

:l: T B 1 1 1 0

a
- -

m a13am mm g
.

m
. .

a i a
f ? {
-
x S es ! fi t?
rs st r vt
’

a
T i tti
y aB a
. :
q r
ri hma
na1 r , . 2 . 6 .

Fe r m ta
ti en on of b re d aad wa
t n e r. Wil son s ’
S Di c tion
. ay r .
 O RIGIN O F C A S TE — N O TICE S IN T HE BRA HM A N A S . 16 1

b o th t o the amaa Ra a
Br h
j a B a
ma n nd the n
y
f
Th e r h n,

R a a a
Ba
e n d o we d l i ke t h e ish i , h s to s ti r up th e s c ri fi c i l fi re ;
fo r th e ma r h
T H a n is e v e ry di vi ni ty
”
i g h e r e l e v ti on
m
.

a
t h n th i s i t i s di ffi c ul t t o i a
g i ne .

a d ai n a am i
a a m
S ahi ta
S o c i l d is tin c t i o ns t p re
g f en one , s ss e ro

t h Ta e i t ti iya r a l a dy t i d }:
n re no ce

S m f th g d a i w d i di i dua
o e o e o s l l y ath l d
re v e e n v s e or s

f pa ti ul a i t t a d la f m A g i i th
ai th ki g f th ki g ( a a a a
o r c r n e re s s n c sse s o en n s e

l d ff d ; S m
.

or o oo o s
j e
j n o e n r r

p )a t
'

z V a u a i t h r m n
p f st h m pe e ; M i t a
e ro ri o e e e ro r r s

t h k hae t as
p a t i f r t h k ha t a ; § oI d a i teh m i gs h t f r n r s e o

th m ig h ty ; B i h a a a m a a a
a
B
ma S ai ta
i i h h i f h B h
i th Ra
t t
a
e
p t r
p s t s e r O e r

v ht as
p a ti f teh R h t as P r s h a i o e s r s

th Vi tp a ti f t h Vi ha S a aa ti i th p u hti p a t i
a
e o e s r sv s e s n

m
-

( i t )
s re ss f t h p a o h ti ; T a s
eh t i th sf m f th v s e or er o e

a a
a
p i f
rs ob t " e s s

I am m
.

aka ha a a a a
a
n re bl p rt f t h i T
e c i t ti iy B h er O s r r n

( i i i .
th p a ti fet h P u u rh a Mes od h a a m tei d r s re en on e ,

( w i t h a i a tv r) a i n st h t h i t i t hs h ap t
n f t h e W h i t r e c er o e e

Ya j u Vé d a r fil

T B i 3 3

m m
m
. . . . .

1 ar af t r I Hfsri ? a
v a ar I
3 T a
i t B a
h i e o r t 4 4
by th B a
: t r

hm
. . . .

Vai u th th i g a t b d
r o s o er ai i u n s re o e on e e r n n v rt e of th i s
di v i n e st a
tu s . S ee th e c on t e x t .

I a a
T i t t Br h 1 7 3
F. . . . . or th e p ati r es , s ee a
b ov e , p . 1 24 .

m
M i t aa ru aa
nd V a a al i t tl a
am m
th us dd resse d o n w rd s

e sa
r n re e

i s s sa a a w iff7 0 s i
r Ffi i:
i

t t
'

re i
’
er i r t
I ev -

Th u a t M i t a th u a
o r t Va u awi th th V i h é d é a
r s th u a
o t r r n ,
e s v -
v o r

a l f th K h a t ath u a ul a f t h K h a t a Th
”
th e n ve o t th e s r o r e v v o e s r . e

Ba hm
r ai a l l d th ul a
s cof th K h a t a
e i T B ii i f l 6 8 e v v e s r n . . . o . .

HT ai t t B a h 5 7. r fll .S b f
11 pp 1.2 7 1 3-
2 . ee e ore , .
-
.

21
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

In re l i
g i o us servi c e s, th e ama aa Br h n h
l l th e pro i s m
ad i aa ma
ama
n e nc e he If g
c n e s re o t b e n o t fo un d , th e n ke
th H m
.

aa a
a
e t tho i g h t h d f th B h e r H i th n o e r n e s e

aa( f mn th u i a l ) A g i ; i f th H m
.

Va ab
th B a
i h s v n r o e e n ve rs n e o e

ma hm a had i t i ai f m a ’
d up e on e d by A g i
r n s n s s e n

hi ml f
,

f th S h d a
”
H w di ff t i th p i ti
’

se o ! e re n s e os on o e II r

médha Th Sh i d ah a
.

I thn aifi f th A h a
e s cr ce o e s v , e r r s

t wa abatad (wh i l ik a
Sha
o t h th p p tyc t e ro er so o s r o s e

d a h i h i i l f h a b hi h é k a
If th B a
) t r t t p e reg t s no
( e r v e e o e s or

ri tual hm an a k wl d g th e r c no e es e

a
s
pl e n d o ur o f th e
p ri n c e , h i s o wn s l e n d o ur i s
p su e ri or
p
aa ma ma
,

We l th nd rul e d o n o t re in wi th th e Br h
Ba
n rul e

re m
ai wi th t h ns at iya Th hm
e a i f th
Ksh r e r n s o e

m f th da f th f m f t h
.

for o
y ; th K ha
e t iya i e s r s o e or o e

L t th B a hm ap f mth l i gi u
a
n ig h t . e e r i n e r or e re o s se rv c e s

(s t p
i h u tta ) f t h
r K h a t iya T
o h K h a t i ya e h u l d s r . e s r s o

Hi gl y i i waad ba ttl i C id
a
rul e s or s th n r n e on s er e se

d m ad ad yi l d thi h m m
.

e n s, n ag a d th B
e h a h a s o e, n e r n s

a l l th a ad i
a
t h e c n e s re

m a a
.

I t h S ha ta a a a W a
a
n p th
e B h f t h h i t Y j u V é d r n o e e r

o f th M a d hyad i aS h k h a R
e n i th d n l p or e c e n s o n, e ev e o

m t f th C at S y t mi a m
,

a a
tw B a
en o e
pp t
s e u h i n t h
s e s ren c s e

hm
,

o aawh i h w ha j u t w ti d
r n s c e ve s no no ce .

T hi w k a tt i but th C l l ti f th Wh i t Y a ju
a
s or r es e o ec on o e e r

Vé dat th p i o t a d t ah e Y j a
r esa l ky a w h n e c er n v , os e

a b a uth i ta a
a
ll g d d i i
e e it h l d t
e c s on ti § I o s o e or ve . n

p a ass
g t w h i
e h w h
o a a l ad y cf ed t h R e k h a a ve re re e rr , e s s s

a Ms f l 5 9
T i t t Br i ii . . . . o . .
1 a
T i tt Br i ii M S fol
. . . . . 1 01 .

1 Ta it B ah M S f l 1 05
r . . o . .

Sh atap a
th aB ah ma a i 1 r n , . . 9 (Web e r p . 2) of. in a
l 1 . 00 .
16 4 WHA T CA S TE I s .

a ta k (p a a
p ) a d i i i i u m (p y ) h a
a
fi c i l s e t n g t t n r ce s -
rr ns r en s

aa a m a a a a
a
i h B h h h i d w
a
t t t r t
e o t e r n, e c r o n
re
pp p ro rro

aa
re
pp p i at t t
ro h R ra
j y a f e T h B o h m a tea d n e r n s n s

f th ath aag f ai fi l T h i i a i d
a f aifi f th B a
~
t
‘

rr n er o s cr ce e s r n
or s e p g s s o

hm a th um m
.

b the e se son o s cr ce , or e r n e s er

f th K ha t a a a a a a
( r )
a
or e ; d t hs i y r h n f t h e r n se so n v s or e

Vi tal O f th m i al w d fi d h G a i h
B a
y t p e t t s
y tc t or s re xe o e r e

hm
,

r a h ul d p u th bhuh ; th K ha
n s o t at h
ro no nc e e e s r e

a h § I d aad A g ni
,

bhu a h ; ad t h
v Vi hath n e s , e sv . n r n

a g d f th K ha t aad th Vi h éd é a f th
a
re o s o e s r n e s v v s o e

m
,

Vi ha s" B r ih a p a t i i t h g d f t h s B h a ? T sh e o o e r ns e

a
.

a a
.

r a t a
“
a
a
p o w f t he K oh i V u en sT h t f th r V i h s r o e s

m
.

i th M a uta a a
th B a a Ra
s e ( p y) r I t h D i
co k h i fi fn n e s or s c r ce o

hm
.
,

I i t iati j y a a a d V a i h a b u
S ha
on, e r
y t t n, n n s no

d am
n , ,

a a a a a
ft th D ik h a
th e y irfi fi T h R tj y d
s cr t h c ex e c n n e

m
,

Va i hya aa a a
math B a
s re p u er d t b e s ro n o nc e o e s cr en

tal l y th a hm a p u g f maifi i jt
Th B a
e s e s e r n, s r n ro s cr ce

e hm ai r ua g d t nd i t
s enc o h w k f t h r e o e s re e or o e

ta a
ka
i f
a
fores d th n p e r,t t e re y rese n ve o e ve r

I th S a n a n daf th i
e S ha v ta p a th a B h m a toh s r ns , e re

i a im
.

s n p t a t p a a g or w h i h n i i ss w i t h t h e c n c onn e x on e

am a
,

A a rny ag i S
or a h y (a tnh ifi i al k i dl i gro f fi b e s cr c n n o re

ai u l a f th m
y
f i ti ) b i g t
rc on ti rn s o no mu i ty ce v r o s c sse s o e co n

a
ma
S h t Br i 2 4 2

ma
. . . . . .

t : 12 .

a
:l: Sh t Br i i . . 1 . 3 . 5 . S h t Br a . . 1 1. l . 3 . 4 .

HS h at B . r . 11 . 4 . 3 . 6 .
1! S h a
t Br i i 5 2 . . . . . st . in a
l l . oc .

Sh a t B . r. v 1 . 1 . st . in a
l 1 . 00 .

H S h a B 1 2 10 it Sh a
t B ii i 2 1 10

ma
t

stem
r. 1 11 . r.
‘ ‘
. . . . . . . . .

a asti : tri er
rr
gd e l
‘
ir S h Br i v
. . . 1 . 4 . 5 .
 O RIGIN or CA S T E —N O TICE S IN T HE BRA HM A NA S .
16 5

mu h ai c s s ap done i n orti on of th e Bl a
c k Ya
j ur Véd at o

whi c h we l a
ha a dy re fe rre d t T he p ati i fi d
a
ve re fi r es s
pe c e

in i t are th e S en ni , th e g e n er a l , whose re
pre se n t a
ti ve

g ,
o d in th e offe rin
g of th e p re
p ad re ri c e , is s a
id t o be
A g ni ; th e a m il y p i t Wh
P urohi t a or
g d f i r es , ose o s

P u hitaf th g d
,

aa
Brih sp ti , th e th
ro K ha t a o e o s e s r ,

a a “
a
a
wh d i M h h i hi i
a i t d ki g a di g t sa
g ose I d o; th s i n r t h f w e f f s , e c e e o n
”
a a A h a w h d
'

i A di tyath S a
no n e n y n c c or
y n o
g c r o se o

u
,
'
ta Cha i t wh d i V a a
th G a
s e
gor r o e er, os e o s r n

ma
,

e n i th
r q ui al t ,
f t h e e V i h a wv h en
g d i o e s , os e o s

th M a uta a a
S ai a th g
e
( w i d) r t h K h tt n l i t wh e
g d s i , or c or, os e o s
“ a t f th g d th S ag a hi ta
wh m
v t , e en e r or o e o s e n r

w ha a
,

l a d t b th t a
sa
o dy upp
e ve re u s but ose o e e re s re r,

wh m a a m a a h a i w h d i i a
a
y o n k t es t C t h r o e e r, ose e es re e

tw A h i h B h a d h a l l w h d i i
Pa
u t
a a
o ; t s v ns
g g e e ty , or c o e c or, ose s

h a h u i h i u h A h h a u i
a
t t
a
s e no n p s n e or er n
, g ; r s
p s v , s

t d t f th di
en en who g d
e i R uce,d a ; a d t h
ose P l yoa l a s r n e

a a a m a
,

( w h h a t
o
y t u
s no d) i d b
e y Aoc c
p t rre b t b t h
s
’
s o e e

m
,

c hi f a baae d ; ad th P a ss i i tti
or n wif wi th ut a e r vr ,
or e o

son 1 T h
‘

p a ti a e se b i u l y p
r ies i a
p y l l re th o i v o s r nc os e n

m
.

p u b l i ffi th
c o u g h t h y
c e s,i l u d ot h p i i ti e a i finc i a l e e r ve s cr c

c at s e s.

aifi ia at a i th a m ti f th
Ra
Th e l s cr c c s es re , n e s e se c on o e

hm aa p t d a f m i h i i w i h
la
I n p re re se n e
g t p i k l s g t
e r or n e r s r n n s

hm
,

di ff Th B a a ta k th F a ha ( B u t a
a
tt e re n re e s . e r n es e s e

fron d a ) ; th os R j a y a th e N y a g dh a (nF i u ,
I d i a e ) ; ro c s n c

ad th Va
n i hyath A h a
e stth a ( Fi,
u e l i g i a )i
s v T h c s re os . e

ab See ov e , p . 1 24 .

1 S h
’

a
t B . r . v . 2 4 12,
. . et . se q . W e b e r, pp . 4 4 4 44 7 5 4 8 7 8
- -
.

1
: Sh t aB r v. 3 2 1 1, e t. se q p 45 5 O th er cl a ss d i sti nc ti ons
a m ti
. . . . . . .

re en o ne d i n th e c onte x t . See pp . 45 7 46 0, 4 65 , 503 , 5 6 9, 7 2 3 .

 W HA T CA S T E I S .

mul tipl i a ti f di ti ti
c i on
y l i g i
o u a t a d s nc on s n e v er re o s c n

m y mt h a b al y aa
c e re on se e i mf th I di a
s o ve e en e r n o e n ns

m ti a a a f u C at
.

a
a
l it i id Th
a
I th
a
II e s e se c on s o, s s e re re o r s es

m
,

(V a a ) t
rn sh B h a R a
j y a V ai h
ey a a drS h d a n, n s n r

f wh m i t th S m
m
, , , ,

th i th a a Th
m ti h f th S ha
not one o t o e re s vo s e o e

d ah w ai a a a al a d
S ha
n
en on e re o p g y e r s o s, s ss e re

qu t d 1 th a
o e t i a ta '

i f ma t l a t th
,
n d a c er n or e s , e r

a aifi waapati ipat

,

a
,

a
th o ug h prob bl y n ot p e rson l s cr c e r, s r c n

a
in th e pot bl e or e dibl e teri l m
a a f aifi a
nd it upp d o s cr ce s s o se

a
a
i i tu l f ui t
aaa a
r s.
sp r

m
Br h a
a a
In th e ei h h se c ti on of thi s R
g t j n , uny
a
,

aa
wh o b el ong e d to th e pro vi nc e of G ndh r , to th e s outh of
th e K bul ffl ue n t of th e In dus , i s th us brough t to n oti c e
a
.

a a a a a
Ga dha
Furth e r S v j i t f N g j tr i d N w
son N g j t o n r s o n r

m
.
,

waa a T hi whi h h a a a a
Ra
s n r id h p k s c e s e s e s ere

m
. .
,

a
j y j an : O thi p a ”
a g i t i i n
g yh t l a k sd b y M ss e s r re r e r

a
.

M ui tha l th ugh hi (S a
.

r,t j i t ) i w o
( p t i g b a th s v r
’
s V e re s e c n re

l if ) wa t g a d d aa uth i ta ti til l th a
Ra
or e s no re r e
y f t s or ve , s e ver c

of i t b i g qu t d ad i t a
s e n uth m ti o e d aa
, n a
j y a s or en on e s n

a
,

h i A i
th K a
rov e s s r n
p
nda i whi h th g ad aifi
k hi na
I th thi t
n e r e en n c e r n s cr ces

ad di t ibuti f mu da
,

n s r on by
o al ki g a
e nor o s s se v e r n s re

al l ud d t a qu t d i whi h b th fi l a
a
e o, v e rse s re o e n c o ve c sse s

f m (p a ham na a) a d l a f m
”

a
o en nc v n se v e n c ss e s o en

( pas ta m na a ) a all ud d t v H T h P re ta d a d e o. e se en s n

H pta e d a tu a lly b i g t
s n ti r wh a t i a id i r nth o no ce s s n e

Vé daf th P a ha o k hi ti 1l W b thi nk tha

e nc t th P s ta d . e er s e en

aS h t Br . .
1
'

S ee b ove ,a p . v . 5 4 9
. . .

1 S h at B r. v n r. 1 4 10
. . . M ui r s T e x ts,
’
11 . p . 3 66 .

S ha t B . r . x i ii . 3 6 14
. . . ad n 23 . Weber , p . 99 5 6 -
.

1TS a b ee ov e , pp . 116 17 -
.
 WHA T C A S TE I S .

mfi e aj a W h I g w t l a
rs t in r. rg f en th j a ro oo e or e r

di g a h ad p m i i t W h I b mt
,

t re n c n re se rv e e n en eco e oo

m
.

a
,

g a
re t f t h a tor a y t t h c ; I
rr h al l t h
e b
o b y d
e oc e n s en e e on

m
,

ah f dag St a i gh twa i a a a
’
th e re c o n y t
er .b g r t fi h ; ec e re s

for it g w redi gl y [Th

ex c ee fi h thn a i d ] I e s en s II so

m ay y a th fl d wil l m m
.
,

n e rs e a k a h ip th
oo f
co e, e s ere ore ,

ad w hip m; ad wh th fl d i
n ors e n mbak the en e oo r se s e r on

h i p ad I h a ll d li th A di gl y M a
’
s n s e ver u p ee c c or n n re

m
.
,

s e rv ed th fi h ad b ugh t i t t the s ,
n a; ad i th a
ro o e oc e n n n e s e

y a
e w hri h th fi h
c h ad d l a ed h sb u i l t a h i p a d
ec w h
re ip , e s n ors

p d
e
[ th fi h ] e W h st h fl d a d d
en h t e d t h oo sc e n e e e n e re e

m ahi mad h fat d th a

.
,

sh ip ad th fi h wa n e s s ne r bl : n e s ene e c e

By thi ma h p a d
,

h ip t th fi h h
’
o f th e s o e s s orn s e ns e s se

mu ta
.

ov e r t hi th s n or i T h fi h th
e rn o na id I han . e s en s , ve

d th fa th h ip t a But l t th wa
’
d lie v e re t ee , t s en e s t o re e es e er

th u a t h mu ta
.

sh ul d a
o bad th whn on t up ee en i a o r on e o n n, s

fa t ath wa
s s t ub id
e fa t ha
er s l t th u ds es , d a l g
so s s o e sc e n on

wi th i t A di gl y h d c c or d d ath wa
n t e ub i d d
e sc e n e s e er s s e

f mth
. .

H th i wa M a d
’ ’
enc e, s t s nn s th e s c en ro e n or e rn

mu ta
o i n Th n fl d ha
. d w pt a e wa oo
y a l l a t u ; s e c re re s

Ma a nn l wal ft one Bi g d i u s e f ff p i g h e n e s ro s o O s rn e

b i u l y p f md a l ig i u it
.

la
aifi d wi th th pa
or o s e r or e A d th re t h o s r e . n e re , oo , e

s cr ce kaai fi H a
e t la i fi d butt
s cr ce e c s c r e e r,

dm
.

th i k c il k wh y ad u d a a bl a
en e e ti n i t th c r s, s n o on n o e

fm
, ,

wa t ers A ft ay a a er al wap du d wh
e r e e s ro ce o ro s e

u tu u f m
.
,

nc o th wa
s tro wi th l a i fi d butt
e e rs,u d h c r e er n er er

f t
ee M it a
. ad Vau amt h ad a
r n r id t h n W h at
e er, n s o e r, o r

M au da ug h t h i d j ’
l T i d
’
th uo n ps h y e r, s e re e .
e re o n e ,

Sa y th a t th u a t u da ou g h t rS h o a rw d N er
’
e ns e re o

mth da f hi mwh b g t m T h
.
,

I a ug ht
’
e er o th y o e o e en e

d m Sh p m
.

e ad d ah a i h n e s re i d a n d h di d
er . t e ro se , n s e no
 O RI GIN O F C A S TE -
N O TICE S IN T HE B RA HM A N A S . 1 69

p ro m
i se ad a
but p mt M ad M a ad sse n ak d on n c e o n n s e

h er Wh a t th u? oT hy da r ug h t h o
pl i d
’
N w
‘
e r,
’
s e re e o

at th u m
.
,

th u di i
o v ne o n e ,
y dau g h t ? h i q ui
r d S h o er
’
e n re

m
e

a m
.

re
p l i d e T h u h t b g tt o f t h s b l a t i e o en e ro e se o on s

mab di ti
,

wh i h th u di d t a
c t i t th wa
o t s I a c s n o e e rs e ne c on

I t du m a
.

aifi If th u ha
.

n ro t th ce e lt d e th u s cr ce . o s o so , o

sha lt i a i fl p i g ad a
n c re s e ttl n W ha t
o b s r rr n c e e v er oon

l t uppl i a t th ugh m h a
.

th u h a l l a u t th ’
o s s c e ro e, s c cr e o ee

H a di gl y i t du d h i th m
.

e c c or n i ddl n ro f th ai ce er n e e o e s cr

fi ce f th a t i
or th m i ddl whi h ta
s d b tw e th e c s n s e e en e

i t du t y ad
n ro c or l udi g p a y n H li
con c d w i t h h n r e rs e ve er

hippi g a
.

w ors d t il i g d i u f ff p i g
n n By h
o hn , e s ro s o o s rn . er e

ff p i g f M a
”
b g t thi ff p i g whi h i th
e o s o s rn T hi c s e o s rn o nn s

m m m m
.
,

l g d a a h i a u h i l f h a i
ha bh a Pu a
e en
pp e rs
p e re t n t c ore s e or n

d oe s i th M a n a taM a
e t ya n a a y f th r , s r , or n o e

o th w ker f th l a t
or s o l it a tu f th H i du e N t ta er er re o e n s . ex

t he re fe ren c es to t he Utt aa( r n orth e rn ) K urus i t i s t h e

m imp a a a
,

di i
o st o rt nt tr t on k nown to th e In d i ns re s
p e c t
i ta
aq ua
a
i n g th e i r c n nce wi th the n orth T h ese Kurus, of

m
.

t en re fe rre d to by the Br h a ti n a
a ns in c on v ers o re

m
,

b rough t to n otic e bo th i n ag g a
p h i a
l ad
eo
y thi
r a
l c n c

mi th I dia l it au Th l d t f
for n e n t n er t re e o es re e re n c e o

m u i th f l l wi g paa
.

a a
B a
th e oc c
g f
rs h A i t n é y e o o n ss e o t e r

hmra
n a W h f i th i h :
g i a l l t h ere ore n s n ort e rn re on , e

p pl w
eoh d w l l b y
e d h H i maat h o U t ta a K u ue e on t e v t e r r s,

a
,

ad n th e U tt aaM ad aa r r s, re c on se c r at d t p a t ul e o se r e r e

I a th paa amw k th y
d (d a
n
g no er ss e o f th e s e or e

m) f
,

are s
p ok en o f a th l ad f th g
“
s e n o e o s ak hét a v -
s r , o

M
’
ui r s T e x ts, 1 1 . pp 3 25 7

a
-
. .

I
‘

A i
’
t . Br h . v i ii . 14 . Th i s pa
ssa
ge w ab s rough t to notic e by
W eb er , Ind S tud i 2 1 8
. . . .
170 WHA T CA S TE I s .

m ta l ma a
a
dd d
t th m u i th Ra
wh i c h i t i s q
a
u i O
a
y t he no or c on er t er
m
, .

allu i s on s ya a
o T M a h b h e a ta oc c r n e n r

Pt l m m
,

a a a a
,

t
e c.
y t p k f o e u t i d i ty al l d
oo , s e s o o n n n c

m
c e

m
,

O h
tto roaj j w h i h u t b f
orr d t h T h c s e re erre o t e . e

a
s n c ti t
y t h i s re i o n i n t h e e es O f th e Hi n d us
g of y p ro b bl y a
ga
ori i n te d i n th e re spec t fe l t for i t s n e rl
y se t o f t aa a a a
aaa
l e st b r n c h of th e A ry n pe opl e
'
a §
m
.

We bl paa
aka a a
hi B a
fi n d the fol l owi n g re
g l r e ss e, so ne r

th e co mm m t en c e en of t hm a
sa
n (fi b r rs t ro u
g h t
t o n o ti c e b y D r We ber) Hre ferrin g to t he d a
a v n c e o f th e

l ig i u i t f m
.
,

'

aad th p a d f th i
Ma
A ry s n e s re th i o e r re o s r es ro e r ver

aaa ti i n a a t l y di ti th a ath Vidé

a
S r sv n e s er rec on v e

g h afl b A
'

g i V ai ho rea a i h i m u t
nh T h R i hi s v n r n s o e s

maRa
.

G ta h ga na wah i a a
'

i ( h i ) T h h
"
t t u
h (M a
s s r es
o p p
rr ro o

d by hi m
g .

a dd re sse th a a ) d i d t a w l t h
(e v no ns e r,
‘
es

m
e

s ai d ) A g i (Fi ) h ul d n a p f m y rem u t h s T h o e sc e ro o
’
e

a
.

p i
r est b g t i k A
e g i w i t h
n o f t h nv oR ik W e n v erses o e e

k i dl th
n a t th
e ai fi O wi A g i th ai fi th
ee e s cr ce , se n e s cr c er,

i u th m
e

l um
,

ig hty O Vi d é g ha (R V
’
no s, e 26 H .
v e

ma
.
, .

aw
. .

Th h a
m
d e no( p i t t
ns
p er t d ) T hy e r es en re e e

mi g b a mad a
.

b i gh t b il l ia t fla
,

r r n
y u t u p w a d n e s n r s o n r s.

S til l h m
, ,

O Ag i O Vi dé g ha(R V i ii 4 4 a ’
n , d . . . v . . e e no

A i t Br h a v ii i 23
a aa Pu a
. . . .

1 R '
m . i v 44 8 2
. . . M h bh i . . v . 4 7 1 9 2 2 Vi sh nu-
.
nap r , . 168 .

1 P tol G e o . . vi . 16 .

S ee on th e U tt aaKu u La n
r r s, sse
’
s Ind . A l th erthu mk u d
s n e, i
ad M ui
.

5 11 12 -
Z ei tsc h ri ft fur di e K . D . M . ii . 62 n rs
’
T ex ts, 11.

3 32 3 7 -
.

Indi sc h e S tudi en, i 1 7 0 . .

1] “A fterw rds r k ri ti z ed to Vi déh

p a a a
1"
S ee R V i 7 8 5 . . . . .
172 WHA T C A S TE I s .

m a ma m
Noti c es s o e wh t s i il r to th ose n ow introduc e d fro
th e A ia a a aa aaaa a
t ré y T i tti ri y n d S h t p thmaa ma
B r h n s y
m m
, , ,

a
Ba
i bl b f u d t t t i h l i t t
B a
e p
o n o so e ex en n t e e ss or n
po ss y
hm
r aa D W b id
n s d i ha
th S ha h r. e e r c on s ers e v ns r

m ly f m hm
.

a
na a h ai g a di i s d B av na i al ha at
“
st n c t or e r n c c r c er

a a a da aa
,
”
in dic ti n g n o t v e ry e rl y t e . T h e fol l owing p s s ge
i it i
n f d t by D W b
s re e rre a o r a e er n d M r M uir : In dr
m m
. .

d l ad t h a k tha ( i t d h ) t V i h é i t a [ th
Ra a
ec re e
y v re c e n o s r e

a
j y a a i d t h a a tt a i d t B h m a h d ] a d t h
B a
n s o ve n ne o r n oo e

hm
,

a( aifi ia l k wl dg ) t V a i sh th a [ g i i a ll
aB a a
cr no o n
r s c
y e e s or

hm a] th a
r kthawh i h i
n -

p eh t V i h m i c s s e ec o s v

hm awhi h i m ta
, ,

t aa d th B a l t Va i hth a Th
”
r n e r , c s en , o s s . e

i d tl y t qua
,

bj t f th i i l ify th ff t f th
ak wl dg d t a iti f Vi h a
o ec o s s ev en o e e ec s o e

c no e e m it a
r ns t th p i th d on o s v r o e r es oo

aa n dm i i a l wa ss on
y f l t t b a w k w a d b y s th eu pp t o e r e s or e rs

o f Ca t f it i a
s e dd d or H thi b a s hm ab l g t
e ,
en c e s r e on s o

th Va i shth a M l ta d dat f Va i sh th a
a
e s s oreov e r, e e sc en n o s

m
.
,

wh aqua
o 13 i t d wi t h i t b a
c pp
n e i t d B a h T h e o n e r e

hm
.
,

G pa a B a a a d a i h i a f h A a a
wh i h B a
t
oh n l r w t th t u l t e t h s e r o e rv s

o f th f u th Vé da e o r hm ai mth ugh i a
In c r n s o n

i af m m
, ,

se c ta r n or pi u u l y d i a
rs c on st T I t c d i o s o n n e ve n er v e s

f m
, .

it id a l f th C a A th aaj:
a
s e o t e re or ro rv n

F m th B hm
.

3 ro a naw p e d t th A a
r
ny a k a s, e roce e o e
'
r s

a
.

(D i u sc o f th F
rse s o t ) a d U p i h a d
e ( D i
ore s u t n n s s, sc o rse s o

S ee W eb e r s ’
Indi sc h e S tudi en (i 3 6 3 9 ) .
-
ad M ui
n rs
’
T ex ts (i . 7 9)
on th e S h dvi nsh a a
a
.

of th i s Br h ma a ml y a a ju t
t Pu a
1
'
Th e M S S . ns re e x t re e r re . I h ve s

ad
he r of on e h ai v n
g f llae n i n to t h e h ad n s of Dr . Hag a n athi n s s

pa sse s t h rough th e p re ss .

t
: See Hi st . of A S . ans . Lit by Dr M . . aM ull
x er, p 45.1 .
 RIGIN or CA S T E—N T ICE S IN T HE A RA Nr A x A s 1 7 3 O '

O .

Ne ar a l ly wh i c h t d t g th re Th c os e c on n e c e o e e r. e

ol d t f th es w k
o p ak
e sei gg or al l y p
s, s t th pe n en e r re re se n e s e

m m
,

ul a ti th ugh t f I di a i th a i d i a el i
f th B a
c ve o g o n t yp t n e es e os e r or

t tho os e o hm aa ad i a e rft tim S m f n s, n n er es o

th mh w
. e o

l ik th V iha d ( B i ha aya ka
m f Ya
d)
'
e o e ve r, e e r or r r n

d whi h i mtl y w i tt
,

Up ai ha i th a j a
a
n s , c s os r en n e n e o n

a l kya ad fi d a l a at t h d f t h S h a ta a th a B h
m
v n n s e en
p p ce o e r

mu t ah ) m
,

aa(a nl a tt ib ut d t th a
so t fa r e a y b
o f o s e c er e o

th a
e sma g a theat w k e T h is p h il p h i a l h a a
or t . e r oso c c r c er

f
c on e rs ap ul ia a lu ec th i b i f
r v f t th
e on e r r e re ere nc e s o e

s oc ia l ta t f th a i t I di a a
s e o el th ugh thnc en f n ns , o e s e re eren c e s

a ft f a t i ti h aat f u d d th d i
re o en o c on s r c ve c r c e r, o n e on e e s re

of th i a uth
e r t uph l d th ors d ti o f pi i tua l pa o e o c r ne o s r n

th i m e s
(t h a t f t h u i aloi ty a d i d e ti ty f B ah
n ve rsm a n en o r

t a l igi u b ut a i t bj t ad th
,

i w d
v e e no i
s re o s serv ce s s o ec n e

1‘
T h e gre t c o ma
a m
e n t tor Sh n r A ch r v i e ws U
p nz s h d s ak aa '
a
ya a aa ’

eq a ui v l e n t t o A nni hi l tor a I n h i s i n tro d uc ti on to th e Bri b d A r r

.
r a a '

yak a pa a U n i sh d , h e wri te s t h us
‘
T he d wn i s th e h e d of t h e a a
ai fi i a
s cr l h [tch o rse
’
e n m
a e of t hi s A
'

ny a
a
r kad eri v e d fro mi t s fi rst
w d ] i
or mp d f
s s co o se or th e s a
k e of th ose wh o wi sh to l i b e r at th m e e

se l v e s fro mh t e worl d , i n o rd e r th t t h e a yma

y aqui c re the k wl dg
no e e

aB a
th t hm a[h u d n t i t h V édi
r e re se f l igi u
o n i e c sen se o re o s se rv c e

b ut th S p i i t t wh m
e r th i b a ohm ai di t d] ad th ul a th
o s r s re c e n e so re e

sa m ak wl dg by wh i h th l ib a
e, no e e ti f m th a u
c f th w l de er on ro e c se o e or

i
(g a )
n or n c ei a mp l i h
s d T
cco h w l d i a s m p l ie h d T h i k w e or s cco s e s no

hm m
. .

f B a ai s a l l d Up a ha d b a pl t l y a i h i l a ’

l dg
e e o r c u it e nz st , ec se co e e nn es

th [ e ti a l
e sse n al i ty f] th e w l d t g th
re o wi th i t au i uh aor o e er s c se n s c s

m
,

p o t h
sse ss i k w l d g ;
s f noth i i et h a
e i g f t h wor d S a d ( t s s e e n n o e or , o

de t y s ro t g ) por o d d by Up ai (qua
o re c e i up ae n a ad a i ta i ly) n s , e r n c e r n

m k wl dg i a
, .

A w k wh i h t a
or t cf th a re s o l l d Up ai ha
e s d e no e e s c e n s

wi th m
.

Rti T a fB A Up p 1 D MaMu ll
’
er s r n s. o r. r. . . t . r . x e r, o re c o rre c

ph il l gi ao o l a pp ia
c ti h w th a
rec t u p on, sad i u e d “ i
o n th s
sen s f s s s e e o

si tti ng ad w h i ppi ngn Hi t f A S Li t p 3 1 8

ors . s . o . . . . .
 W HA T C A S TE I S .

ob e c t of the
j c onte m
pl a
ti on of th e wi se ) fo r t h e su
pp ort of

m
,

wh i c h th e y h a v e e vi den tl y be e n co pose d ’

Fromth e Brih a
.

d (or Vri h a
d) Ar aya
kaUp ai sh a
n d w n e

a
t k e th e fol l owing n oti c e s
Br h y wama
s thi s be fore , one
ve ri l
l on e Bae i n
g on e ,
a .

h e di d n ot e x tend a
He wi th c onc e ntr te d powe r c re te d
. a
aa a a
th e K sh tr of e l e v te d n ture , viz , a
l l th ose K sh tr s aa
a m g th g d I d aVaunaS ma
.

wh a p t t
a
o re ro e c ors on e o s, n r r o

Rud aP a m
,

a
,

a a a
,

j y Y a D t h a d I h a T h f
a
r r n e n s n e re ore

m
.
,

th ath K h a
, ,

i g a
,

t t a h f h B h a
t th Ra
n on e s re er ; t t n e s r ere ore e r n

u d n er th K h a t iyawe h ip a s r a
j y i a m y ors s e s r c e re on

m m
,

t a a
.

Th K h a e l s g i (hri ) h i l
g y one B a h a i th uve s s or . r s s

th bi th pl a f th
e r -
K ha t a Th
ce o f a l th ugh th
e s r . e re ore o e

ki g b ta
n i oth hi gh t di g i ty h a
ns e t la t ta k fug i th
es n e s e s re e n e

hm him
,

Ba r aa i hi bi th pl a Whs n s d pi r -
ce . osoe v e r es se s ,

h d t y hi bi th pl a
e e s ro s H i a y g a
s r t i -
ce e s v er re s nn e r,

mawh i ju a up i H did t t d
.

l ik a e n o n re s s e r or. e no ex en .

H at d th Vi t
e c re e H i a l l th e g d w h . a d i g e s ose o s o, c c or n

t th i la a a l l d Va u Rud a A di tya Vi h
’
o e r c sse s, re c e s s, r s, s, s

v é dé a ad M av s, ut H did
n t t dr H s a.
t d e no ex en . e c re e

th at f th S h fid aath u i h
e c s e o e T hi ( a th ) ir s s e no r s er . s e r s

th u i h ; f it
e no rs ui h er a l l thi wha
or t H no r s es s soe v e r . e

di d t t d; h
n o e x en a
t d wi th t a t d p w j u ti
e c re e c on c en r e o er s ce

o f m ei t a tu
ne n T h i j u ti i th p
n re .
(K h at a ) s s ce s e re serve r s r

ak aaA h a
Sh nya a y rTh k wl dg f th i d ti ty f
'
c r s s, e no e e o e en o

Ba hm a[i a ll f m ] i h t ai m a i f h U p ai h a
d i
l l th S h a
r nt or
g t s
s s e c er n e n n O e n s n

a kh a RO T a fB A p 1 07 S ki g aV di
'
’
s. er s r ns o ee n e c
/

d f u d m
. . . . .

supp t th U pai sh a
or e uh af w p i
n ta i di
s o n c on e ex ress on s c o n ne n

m f th l a S i k ta u h at ha t att i but d t t h G d I d a
,

t by
Va
so e o e er r s, s c s r e o e o n r

ma d a i whi h h
ev ay I wa M a I a
n c mth Su S e e s s, s nn , e n
”
e

ad i m
.

f the Vé da
,

ila p A uth I di a Th e e
’
on th i s n i s r ex re ss ons o ,
or s n r

Th u a o d Y a Ag p 7 6
s n e rs o, . .
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

a aa '

S h nk r A c h ry d oe s not f i l to t urn to c c o un t aa a a
m m
A on g a
e n th e pl c e , th e e ffe c t of works i s d e si re d

a ama a a
,

a
th ro ug h th e n t ure o f th e Br h n l on e , b e c use
am
Br h a t h e c a
re to r
‘
i n
’
t h e m
i r fo r s o f t h emaaB r h n nd
’

A g i h f m up
, , ,

n t e wh i h h a
g or t f sw k a on c t e en s O or re

b a mmaif
,

a
’
d p d
e en e n t, ec e n est.

I il y g a a
i
t ve r
g h g ai th a
t a B
oe s h m a h ul d n st t e r n r n s o

a a a K a a a B a m a
a
pp hro c h t i y f h u
p p f l s i g hr or t e r o se o e rn n r

f m hi m T h w d a d ubtl a m a
ki g f Ka
”
u t b B h
h muth f A j a
e se or s re
ro p y o e ss r n

t h au
.

”
i nto t hi wh h tr
a
e o o s , n o s , en e

is re se nte d ai nstruc ti ng G a h t oud s on of

aaaT
p r
re s gy , e pr

Bl k ”

O Mat éyi a
i d Ya j a a
l k a
y (t hi r s n v o s wife ), b e h ol d,
md i u f a i i g m m
,

I a l f f th order, th e re fore
aa
r s n se ro
y e s ro s o e

m di m a ai
aaa a
l et vi de ( y property) be twe e n the e n d K ty y
aamaf
e n

th e re I H ere Y j n v l ky de sire s te l e v e his shr a

aS a ya
.
o

House hol der for th a

t of i nn s . Th e d aft
or ers, er

a
w rds spoken of by n , re e re re c o ni z e d
g T h e
yM au § a h .

aa
re l s o brou h t to n oti c e i n th e fol l owi n
g aa
g p ss
g e w hi c h
a m aa m a a
,

a
te c h e s th t th e en di c n t nd e di t ti ve l i fe i s re fe r bl e
p
ha f pa
a
to t t ti f ll wi g th o u rf th w ldes o o n e c o rse o e or

ak d him(Y j aa a
.

“
Th l kya ) K ah l h f Ku h i
ka Y a
en s e t n v o e son o s

j naal kyad m m
,

ta —
, p l a
i n t thvat B ah a wh , o ex o e r o

a
,

i a
s wi t nd p t th a t
n e ss ul whi h i withi y rese n so c s n e v er
”
It i s thy s oul whi c h i s wi thin y b e in
e ver
g .

It i s th e soul whi ch quers h ung er thirs t, gri e f, de l u

am
c on ,

si on, ol d a
g ( a d)
e, d a
th n e W h e n Br h a n s kn ow th i s s oul

ti ng th ml mth
.
,

th e n el ev a e se v e s fro e de sire of obt i ning a a son ,

Roer s T r
’
a ns . o f Vrih d A a a Up p '

r n. . . 125 .

1
'
Ih . p . 172 .
i lb . p . 17 7 .

S ee a
b ov e , p . 2 7 35 -
.
 O RI G IN o r CA S TE —N TICE S IN T HE A RA N YA KA S O 17 7
'

fro mth e a ad f mth d i f g a

de si re of we l th i i g n ro e e s re o n n

m
,

th w l d (a
e b
or ) t hs y l a d th ov el i f f ,
w a d e i g edi e e o n er n en

at f th d i f a i a
c n s or e l th d i
e s re o f w a l th
son s so e e s re or e

( p
t o f m i
e r ort ); th d r i fes w al th i al e th d i
e s re or e s so e e s re

f th w ld f b th a d i Th f
l t th B a
or e or s or e v en o re e s re s e re ore

k wi g wi d m hm hm
.

no n s o a(th tud t f Brae e ar ) n e s en o

amhiml f wi th
r se It i a ft wa d a dd d s er r s e

t f m
,

Wh k wi g thi i d t u tibl [b i g ] d pa
a
oe v e r no n s n es r c e e n e r s ro

thi w l d 0 G a a B m a ”

I th f u th K a
i i ( t u ) h 1 n
'

s or r s r e r
g , ,
.

da f th w k b f a
t Ya
n e o r n u it i o id e or e ore s, s s

th a j aa l kya wa ff
n v d a t y il l u t
s a t i o t e re
y , e ver s r v e s or

w hi h b c p at d
e re a th u a
e d we b i g a l p h a t ob y s n co s s e e n s,
”

ki g f Vi dé h a H i u if m pl y wa M y
,

J aa ka
n n o s n or re s,

dm i h d m wh
.

fa a
Th B a
th er on s e d t i t ut
e, e re on e oe s no ns r c on e

hm a i th tim f th
,

s h ul do t ta k no e e r ns, n e e o e

La wB k d m oo ad d gift f mK h a
s, e t yaad Va
n e i h s ro s r s n s

m
-

a a a a
mKa
y w i
s t h u t i o d t u g h t
se rv c e ,t h t t h i f b n t w t e r re e es o en

on th p i tl y a
e t wami t i u § I th
r es c s e a s nda er or o s . n e s e ,

a a a a a a a
ai B a a
( n d f P u u
o h S u l
r i s t i tor t f bo t ti )n c er ns e o s r c on

Th m B hm hm
,

a;
, ,

a fa
aa a
it i id ud
a
s s e r e re r o r n s no r n

a
,

t h Ch a a P a l k a a P a l k a
l ig i u m di at (S a
e d l i n C h d l t h s no u u n e s no s

maa m
, ,

th e re o s en) l i g i
c n u d i r n n o re o s en

c at ; th a t i
n e a ti ; h i u
sc e c , no t d wi t h a ll c e s n c o nn e c e

d m
sc e

t ha
”
t i h ly h i u s o t d wi th i
e s T hi f
nc onn e c e s n s re e o

f mi i a
.
,

ro ft wa
s n d a s tt i b ut d t th pa
er r s ty p d f
r e o e r o sse sse o

a
Brih d A r Up i i i . . . 5 . Roe r s T r
’
a ns .
p 1 9.6 1 9 7 -
.

1
'
lb . p . 2 04 .

1: Ib 2 1 3 et se q On a th
no er oc c ai s on , Jaa
k ai n s re p resente d a
s

k i ngdom of
. .

s a
yig t o h
n i s te ah c I b w
er , o t o th e e ; l e t t hi s the
aa
Vi dé h s n d th i s my l f b th ise e ne . Ib . p . 2 19 .

S a
b ee ove , pp 1 7 2 6 et
.
, , c .
17 8 W HA T C A S TE IS .

am
a a aa
a aa a
a aa
B l k C h
’
the k n o w l e d g e o f r h T h e P u s n d . n d l
a aa
h v l r e d y oc c u rr e d “ i n t h e P u r u s h M dh T A l l
m
e

fl e
'

n s i v ma a
e n es s i n t h e n d l l p r e e i n e n c e i n o t h e r s i t -

m
O ,

is i n s a a
i n u te d v n i s h e s fr o t h e v i e w o f t h e k n o w e r o f
am a a
,

Br h a T h e p ri n c i p l e h e r e i n v o l v e d s t h e te c h i n
g
am
,

a
.

i f g e n e r l pp l i c t i o n aa a T h e B r h s h o u l d
am
o e s s o
g
.

aa a
,

dsi o w n p e r s oan w h o c o n s i d e rs t h e B r h (c s t e ) s

m m aa
,

th i n
g d i ffe r e n t f ro h i s ( s e l f) ; th e K s h t t s h o u l d
aaa a m
so e

d i s o w n p e r soa n w h o c o n s i d e r s t h e K sh t r (c s te ) s so e

m(hi ) ul d di w a
,

th i n g fro s sel f ; the worl d sh o p so n ers on

wh o a mthi g di ff t f m(hi )
c o nsi de rs th e worl d s so e n e re n ro s

l f j: T ha wa m l ty i n th i pa t h i ti
”
se t th e re s so e n o ve s n e s c

ad ati éd i t ahi g waadm T ha

.

Ba
n n it t d v t th i k cw e c n s e s no

l d g i f m tim wa t p hm
-

e e n d by a
or a er es s no osse sse r n

(th o u kno west th yse l f ) , b ut I wi l l p l i n i t t o ex a

It w a ag
lly p a
s, ki g e n er s e n n o t re d uc e d t o
p a
r c ti c e i n

l a
,

s oc e i ty th Indian
p ul a
t i t e s ec s s
p f i g u a
re e rr n tu a nn r o

mmda
,

co ti t th a i
o t on s o e n c en l i te r a tu ad i tua l f th
re n r o e

c oun t ry t o th e se tti n
g th e ml se v es f th ad i ti t ad
or s s nc n

mak e d re for m
a
r e rs .

a a a a a
a
In th e C hh ndo
gy Up i sh d i t d n ssoc e wi th th e
ma a ap ti f whi h a
,

S Véd g wi t h -
or on o c ree s th e Bri h d a
d " ad whi h m
,

A nya
a kaUpai ha a
'
r
y n s n c c on se que ntl y b
mwha m
,

suppose d to b e so te c onn e c te d wi th i t in ti e, — we
fi nd a ta
i ki d c er n n of s c rupul osi t
y at s o food broug ht to
no ti ceUsh ahti
. s , son of k ra
Cha wh o h a
d forsa
k e n Kuru

Ih p p 2 2 8 , 2 4 1
. . .
1
'
S ee a b ov e , pp 1 3 1.2 -
.

lb p 243 4
. .
-
. Ib . p . 2 63 .

Bri had A a k aUpa

nya ni ha
d i 2
r s v th e mdifi a
oti c on

m wo d ) Chha
.
,

o f so e nd Up 3 10
r s . . v .
-
. S e e ROer s Tr
’
’
ans of . Br A r . .

Up . p 2 61
. .
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

Li ttl e i s to be foun d b e ai grn on our sub ect j in t h e ol de r

a a
M inor U p ni sh ds
ma
.

aa a a a
In th e T i tt riy Up nis h d, whi c h for s po rti on of

aa a a aa
th e T i tt riy A r ny k of th e Bl ck Y j ur Vé d (c h p
'
a a a a -

te rs 7 a
n d whic h i s a
l so foun d in th e c oll e c ti on of th e
U pa i ha f th A th aa Vé da th f l l wi g p aa
— ’
dn s s o e rv
g e o o n ss e,

whi h f ma k y t th l im
,

c or s it d e
p t poa i d by t h ef l l w e re s ec e o o e rs

Up a i sh a a a
Ba
of th e d t th n
g d f s f t h o l t i e o s, ore e rs , re v e s,

t a e h c hm
e rs, a t r u L t th
ns , e c b .
,go l
c c t rs : e e re e no ne ec

o f th duti e t wa d th g d ad th f fa
es o r s th e L t o s n e ore e rs e

th mth
.

e b ao
g d er( t th e
) L t th
o f a t h h o a g d ee e e er e o

m m
.

( t tho
) A ll
ee u b l.a a bl w k u n
g h t t b p f
e d e or s o o e e r or e

no t a y th
n A ll
o th p
er a i. w th y d i g f u e
( t h r se or o n s o s e

t a — a
Th B a
e h c) g u h
e rst t b o p t d b y th o e t y t
re sh ec e ee no n o e rs

hm a wh a b tt th aw it ugh t t b thy
.

e r ns o re e er n e, o o e

i d with a a ath (i thy ”

l l th B a
e ff t t p
or o rov t e Th se en , s ere n

hm
.

n i g hb u h
e d) a
o r oo a wh a f b j udg e r ns, o re o so e r

m t wh a mk ad d i u f p f m
en— o re ee i g th i n e s ro s
°

o er or n e r

t by th ml
,

— th y a b a
a
duti wh th
e s, e er e
pp i
c t d e se ve s or e o n e

by a th no — a u h B hm e r, a at a
s s m g th m a
c rl ns on

m g th m1 A l l thi i by wa
c e so so

at th u a m
,

c o on e
y f
”
a '

s s o ec o

mda
.

Th Upai sh a a D RO
” ”
oti on d e n tl y s, s r e r c orrec

m
.

a
.

s
y a
s, k n w l d g c th g od f th
e V é de a i a e
[ a d o s o e s n n e n

th a
e sm m ak i a e re
pp l i a b l r t t h d
s i t i ti a m c
g e o e s nc on s on

m ] but t i a
en l i ty ; f th i wh l
no n re a tu i a lt d or e r o e n re s e re

h m
,

ta f di i i ty th y a d g a
,

i
s nc e th
'
ot e s e o d dt b i g v n e re e r e o e n s

f ai f i d h y a a
o n n e r or
I T or e r
g n i
. d l y e re reco z e on s

al a
S ee Tr ti f Ta
ns i tti i ya ton o r e c by Dr Roth 1 i
a
, . . . .

1
‘

T a
i t U p Shi
. k h V a.l l i A i s ,
n . x . ROer, pp . 13 14 -
.

1 I t d u
n rot i o t o T ai t t Up p 7
c n . . . .
 O —
RIG IN or C S E N
A T OTICE S IN THE UPA NIS HA DA S . 18 1

ma a — th e S upre e S e l f m
aa
nife s t ti on s in fi ni ty of th e infini te

m m
.

T he Ve d nt (the ore orth odox sys te of th e U

p n i a
sh a
d s
), D r R o e r c orre c tl y ddas i n n oth e a
r
pl c e l so a a
ma
.
, ,

i tai d th a
n t th ane qui iti f t uth i i d p d t f
e c s on o r s n e en en o

c at ay th di ti ti ad th a
s e or n o t th h i g h t k
er s nc w on, n e es no

l dg whi h i th
e e hi f c d f m s a a t b im e c e p a t
en d o n, c n no e r e

b y t h V é da y t i t i i t d th a
e s t ak e wl d g f th
ns s e no e e o e

V é dawa s ay t p pa th m
s n e c ess r i d f th h i g h to re re e n or e es

It wab y th i fi ti ti u d f
f th V d a
k wl d g
no e e s t th s c o s e e ren c e o e

Vé dath a t ths upp t e s tawh il i or e rs o a l i ty e e n , e n re

i l ia
ath sa
s up d i g th
erse w k n t d th i
e se th d or fi d s , c on c e e r or o ox r en s

at d am
.

Th l e th d ess or h l o kh ya
o x sc o o s, s e n , c e o re

i nd p n d t p a
e et ifw en t
p p h ar
p ,
th f u d e ex ce f t h at , er s, e o n er o

sc h l D M aM ii l l th u w i t
oo . r .
—x
“
Ka p i l a a er t h s r es , n e e

a a a
a
i ti ph il
s c ph f t
oso h p u t w t
er o w t l t ed b y re s e r, s o er e

th B hm
e a b a r u h w n s, h d i ff d f m
ec th i
se , o e ver e e re ro e r

th l g y h
eo o wa a , dy t e ig th m t i mp tat
s re o s n e os or n

ati l f th i fa
r c e o —
i th th d i i e r i g i ad i fa l l i bil i ty
e v ne or n n n

o f ipt u
sc r 1 B u t t h ire t
”
t
'

a b a i g u e r e n e s, s e rn on o r

ubj t w m
.

s eca y a f t w a ed t i i n i er n wi th th r s no ce c onne x o e

f Bud dhi m
,

re lati n o s o t Ca t s o s e .

I th P an h aUp ai ha
e d th K ha
r s n t a (a t h p w
n s
) e s r s e o er

hm
,

a Ba a(ath d f it ) a p
ja
n d th e r s t d
e or e re r o r es re re re se n e

af u d d P a a m a
a
l if f h i t i i d
V a
s o n e on
p ti w e, or r o o s s

t d B hm
, ,

a)
,

Th u a t a tya1 (aa i i tia

”
o r r s n on n e r n

m
-
,

h l y by a
o tu th n h ai ng b n re , t p
ere f t h
v ee n on e o er or e

In trod to S vé t sh . aaaaa v t r Up . p . 36 .

t Rev i ew of M ui r s Tex t i n Ti
’
m es,p i l 1 8 58
l oth A r

a
,
.

1 Pr ah s . Up . 11. 6 . 11 . Vr tya lly m

li te a ean ne r s o of the m
ul
t i tude .
182 WHA T CA S T E I s .

i n th y beh l f
ri te s a I thi Upai sha d th n s n e Ve d aa nt doc
a a i ad fi i t f m
.
,

tri ne s c rc el y ppea rs n e n e or .

We c on c l ude th i s l on g se c ti o n o f our wo rk by
aa
4
at l a
.

re ferring t o th e S tr s, th e l s c ss o f th e V é d i c works
a f m
— a t i g l i k b tw

Ba
so c l l e d , whi c h th or c onn ec n n e een e

hm mp h d d u d th
-

r aaad th La wB k
n s n e oo s co re en e n er e

m f S mi ti R mmb i g
-

n a e o r or e e er n

m
.
,

Th S i t aa w i tt a l l i h f f b i f
m f Sa
e t
g r
y s t re r en en e r n e or o re

M m ia
e l A ph i m ai d i a
or t d b y th i a
or s t a s, s n c e e rn e o r

or Th a d D M aM ii l l
re ma k th mag b tw r x er es e r n e e ee n

Th y gl a m
. .

th y a 6 00 — 2 00 b f Ch i t
f mth V é da ad t h B a
e e rs uh e ore r s e e n c

hm
.

ro e a na; b ut i t i
s ly n e r s s on

in so faath y g i r al ga l f mt i i d ta
s e l ti ve e or o nc en no ces

wh i h c u i th ld
oc c w k ad m r n ak a l lu i te o er or s, n e s on s o

w i tt
r la w ad i t p t a
en ti th a
s t th y a f m
n uh
n e r re on s e re o c

use .

a a
a
The y c on t i n th e q uin tessen c e D r M ul l e r s
y s,

m aa umu
, .

of a
l l th e kn o wl e d g e whi c h th e Br h a ns h d cc

a
l te d d uri n g may n c e n t uri e s o f stud
y ad n

a bad up th S h uti ( m
V di hym ad th B a
Th e y re
p h d
se i g t h on e r co re en n e

e c hm aafi ; ad i s mi ta
ns n e r n s n n o e ns nc es

a th i a u t a
,

l l d th S h aataS i t a Th
Va
re o n s cco f n c e

th m
e r t r s. ose o

whi h t a
e h th md f p f m
c i g th
e c di e o e o er or n e e

4"
a Li t p 7 4
Hi st O f A S . ns . . .

Mu p y ay “ a wh y th
Ba
T D ll
r.
( i h 7 6 ) g
i er i u l Th n en o s s s, re son

hm
. .
e e
r aa whi h a i d tl y
n s, c mu h m md th a th
re e v en so c o re o ern n e

M at a wn r s, al l w d t pa
ere t i i pa t i th
o am f S h uti ul d l y
e o r c e n e n e o r co on

ha b b a u i t waf m m
,

ve een ec th seth l gi a
l i t i as d ro t e se eo o c

f m
p co os on s, n no
ro th im pl l d p t y f th hym tha
e s e o t a uppoe r d di i o e n s, s o se v ne

auth i ty ul d b d i d f mt h a m m
a
i m f th B a
or co
g e t u b f
er v e t h b i t i u ro e re er n er o e

hm
o s

cla s o a e r ns.
18 4 WHA T CA S TE IS .

th e m mmy hi b dy u i w Th Rahaha
to e or ai s o c t n t o
‘
e t r s

mwham fa u d afa a hi p
.
,

ah
a d ha
so e t o re vo re , s r s s re se n c e t t e

a i i ia l n i f ai fi or i n d Tad
t se rv c e s o s cr c e s, s c on c e rn e ; n

m m
,

th i i is aid i w
t i g h
s s d i i ti f h i l
p y
s o n to t e st nc on o s e o e nt

f a l i l ih d ad b a ve u i i a id A Ma
oo h i hy ai n ec se t s s s s

m
or ,

a
,

aK ha a a f l V ai h a a K a a
l S ha
d
rou d b y i y
ce y i s tr on e e -
s r n
p
i p du d by a Va i hya a fm a d aad a Ra
ka
s ro ce s on e e -
r n

t ha ai p du d by a r Ma hi hya a
s f m roal Ka ai ce s on e e . r n
”

a i w f th La
.

bri n g s us t o the w B k 1
N i ha
T hi s fi c ti on l v e so e -
oo s .

da h a th p i il g
f th G a
C h i f f th e s o e f ff i g s s ve e r v e e o o er n

th b il d
e d o eé dh uka (
see i b a b a t a )
s o e v co x r on

ai f ha l l wi g a w h u § O f th Va i hya
ad Ra
th e oc c s on o o n ne o se e s

a
.

a a l h a h
a d fi ga
n j y i t i h d t t tn
y , t t i tl d t
s e e re no en e o

k p b u i g th ha a i h a f a h
f th B a
ee rn n
p t t t e s c re u re r or o o se

hm
,

h ld whi h i th p i i l g a HI l t
i g B a
o e r, c s e r v e e o e r n n se e c

hm
.

n af i r a n t d with th uptia ns or se rv c e s,l s co nec e e n

fi f n m
re , re ere ut b m a d t th fa cem il i whi h s
p e e o e es c re re

sen t th p ti R i h i t
e res e cw h i h t h V é d i t t ve a s s o c e c ex s re

aid t ha b mmu i a mm
a
s o t d ve T h i th een co n c e . s e co en

ta y r upl wi th t h co g i ti f
es h k h a t a a d i ff e re c o n ons o s
’
n r er

i th B a h S h l f th m
,

ini t at fil
'

enc e n e r nc or c oo o e s r n

aa m tr t e a
a a
rt h st r tar re s t ri m
a m
a?
’

m
aa aa
re: s
r
3 3
3 3
1 311 1
a
.

s i l
-
"
re Ge t ? We
r “ r: e?
r } f rri rr
’
a
r e . Sh r ut aai t aKn sr r .

i 1
. . 6 .
(p .

1
'
Ih . i . 1 . 9 . e t se q .

1 : S ee b ov e , a pp 5 3 6 0 6 5
utai t a f Ka
, ,
. .

S hr a t i 1 1 2 (p
sr r s o . . . . .

Ih . i 6 16 p 110
. .
, . .

1[ lb . 6 1 p 3 67
v . S . al , . . ee so x . 9 . 3 0, pp . 832 3 -
.
 O RIGIN or —
CA S T E N O T ICE S IN T HE stJTRA s . 18 5

a
In the B udh y n S tr s o f th e Bl c k Y j ur V é d , aaaaa a a a ’

a a aa
a
we h v e foun d sev er l p ss ge s worthy of not ic e
ma a a
.

The Br h c ti n s R i tv i e s , j
ns g j i t i s e n oi n e d
a ia
,

ou
g h t t o be
p erfe c t i n b irth , ssoc ti al li a g on ne e

( g o tr a
) i ,
n st ruc ti on
( a) a d shrut ,
n c on d u t wi th ut fa
c , ul t f o o

b o d y, wi th o ut sc a ta
d di t d t
r, n o c e o
g g oi n
b e
yo n d t h e fe n c es

( of t h e ir to wng ) , n ot oe rs t o th e A n ty j (t ho aa
se o f l ow

aaaa a
birth , d wel l i ng be yo nd the e n c l osures o f to wn s) , n ot pro
no un c e rs o fh l éy v lé
y (th t i s , n o t o fv ul g ri z e-
d spe e c h a
h ai a
v n g s on s n d da ug h t ly f e rs o n o re ul ab i th h ai
g g r r v n

wi th t ag w m w mn f u d wi th
,

n o c on n e c ti on s r n e o e n or o e o n

c hil d a t th i m aia g e rt (th m l )p rr t i i b i

e, no t h e se ves os e r or n r

Th A dh a
,

ta a
a
a
no d pt d o e
y u u g h t t b ef t h A u g i v r o o e O e r s

m
.

B a a a
Vi h a
H
mi t a; ad th Ud g a ta
( d )
or e r t h h f th V
e i sh t h
r ; t h t f o t h e s e o , O e

s v r f th Ku hika
n
l eI t i a l o e s s
'

s so

m th a
,

sa id b y t th
so Sa da a
y ( p
e u i t n di g p ie t ) s s er n e n r es

s h ul d b
o f Va i sh th a f Bhri g u
e o f A gi a i gh t i
s , o , or o n r s, r n

b i th l a i g ad
r , e rn n , n

Th i sti tut e f aai fi

n i p or o t d a t
s cri g ce s re rese n e s c onn e c n ,

uppl i a t y t af Va tya
’
i b b y wi th t h
ad c ha
n s c or r n s e re n c e , ro er e r

d al a b u wi th th Va i hya kn wl d g wi th
a a
‘

Ra
n r o r, e s o e e,

th e a
j y aba nd h u Bn ah m i d wi th t h N i h d a r c e, e s

fa MS f th Sa t aI a mi d b d S a da hi a
ha
F h u te to

aa f wa
or t e se o . o ese r s n e s v

Ma ba l h wa th h i gh t t tha( a d
’

Bh tt r o t t n ex o es r, e es zr s c re

a
,

a p a a g ) f h K i h a i T h S t d i t h i
’

udha
p l f
ce o tss e o e r s n r ve r e se rr r s er ve e r

mf omBa
.

n a e r y a a th i l l t na d,
a a g e r co e c or n rr n er .

1 T'

h l a f
e cp i t p
sse s o ifi d a th
r es s s e c w h ta k teh d i ff re t ose o e e eren

p a t sr f th oa i fi i al
e s cri t S b c f rp 1 0
es2 . ee e ore , . .

i B a u dh a a a S i t a P a h a i i 2 (f l 1 9 f M Sn) Th e p a o o s

m
n t r s, r s
y
. .

a
. .

sa g g e u t
oe s o a y t h at tho s ffi i a t i n g p i e ts h u l
e o d h c n i p e f r s s o ve o r ec

ti n f b dy e t
o o o , c .
 WHA T CA S TE IS .

p a a r (
di se a ) w i h t h ro K i m pdu u h sa ( d w l l ti t h e r s e e rs n e

N E munta h (m
,

i ) ba o bau p ns l é hha ) w irt h t h ro s s eec c e

m
. .
, ,

re s i d nt i n f e t ;
e s p w it h t h
or s s V i d é h a ; t h t
re a k a
ose , e s e n

a h h M a a a a a
bha bil wi th th I h h a
( d i ) w
se se i t t u j t u g h w i t h
e th D v s c o , e n
’

s e, hu p p a a t i n f e a i fi s v s re r o or s c r c e,

wi th Ka l i ga (a o u t y
n nt i uou t
g th c u n r
s f t h co s o e so rc e o e

G ag ) ad
a
n es f th 1 n so or
'

m
.
,

T h M at a t b u d l B h a
ka
i b
t th a
t
d ha
n r s o e se re s n s,
e
p y y ec ve r

K ha t iya Va
s i h ya a
r nd Ra
s, th a aa s s, aa r s , e n re

ex p l yp
ress i b d ]: T h C h
re sc ra d a M t
e t b u d e n s, o r e re s o e se

l a a mn ti d ai n t h
a
b y th th fi t f th
e re e rs o ese c sse s re e on e s e

B hm a na§ Th M u j a a d tri g f t h l i ll
f th B a
r s e n o r s c re s n o e o ns

o hm
e a l ai ng th V éda i t i a
r n e id rn h ul d e s, s s , s o

b e o f th Da bh a g
e a a n d f
r th V a i h y a f t
r ss h h a i o e s o e r

ak at l p fil
,

o f th e bl c n e o e

In th H i a
e
ny aké hi r s S it ti ng — wi th th e use of a ldn o

mau a b ki dl y fa u d by
Ta th ya a a aa f Wa
n sc rip t o f wh i c h I h ve e en n vo re

— w ha f u d
S h stri A b h y nk
i r o e ve o n

l u i u paa a
,

a
se v e r g a l
c b i
r on
g t hs
p g f ss es, so e r on e ro re ss o

C at aag m t
Ba
s e rr n e en s

f th m a hm
.

a i d th a a
Ra
I ft it i t th
a
n on e o e ,
er s s e r n,

a
j y a a d Vna
i h ya h a , th Vé d
n d hy a a l i b ty s ve e n , or er

f p a t i g th Vé da i t i a dd d th a aifi
bl i h d i th B a
o re e n t th i e s, s e e r s cr c es

a tare e s hm ab a s u a e l l th aifi n e r n, ec se e s cr c es

a t f bidd t h i mtha
re no t i
or h h a a igh t t en o , s, e s r o

1‘
‘

S e e b efore , p 141 TB udh Sai t a 2

a
r r s , 11
0
. . . . .

1 a
B udh S t ii 1 7 . . . . Ib . vi . 13 .

[IT h e M un j ai s to b e di sti ngui sh ed fro mth e stri n

g w orn ov e r th e

ri gh t h oul der
s Th e pe i r od for wh i ch t he M unj ai s to b e worn i s
mi
.

en t on e d onw rds. a
1i Ih .
188 WHA T CA S TE 1 s .

a na(B
a a aa
ma a h S h u d a a d a
a
Ch r t i )r th n ssoc i on s e r n s

m
, ,

th e A ya(p
'
b ra bl y h a irog t h R a
j y a a d t h
e re e n n e n n e

A Shu d a A ya fa
'
d i i g th ki r or r es r n e s n o n

ai m a a a fi i i f mth A g i dh a
Ba
n l l i i si i t
n n s cr t ce s o re c e ve ro e n r

hm
r a paa ti g h i ml f f mth
n, se r aifi ia l pa
n ty se ro e s cr c r

a a fi a I
aaifi th Ni sha
by i l u
c rc e u d i g t h si i l
rro
p Ti t n t hn e s cr c n e

A g i ht m d aaw l l ath Va i hya

ad Ra
n s o s cr c e, e s e s e s

m m m
, ,

n j ya a a y t hn ti d i k f a a t h re e es rn ro n e r en

mbaa(F i u
, ,

f th U da
a
l
v e sse f th j ui o f th t e ce o e roo s o e r c s

m a m a
,

g l o a t a)
erw h i l B h a h t d i k fei t l y r
jf n s o r n o on on c e

m
,

The s e c ti on s fro th e n i n e te en th to th e twe n ty fi fth -

i lu i
nc a i th m
s ve au ipt i u had d m re i a
t d n e n sc r n o r n s e no n e

th [Ii a
epy a
k é h i S md t taS i t a ad
r
— mi a
ti i s r t r s, e no n on n

whi c h th e ir tr di tion l a a haat

c r c e r i s re c ogn i z e d, the S hr ut aa
S utr ab s e ngi m ore dire c tl y founde d on the Vedi c works
co m
p reh e nde d un de r th e n m
a e of S hr uti
‘

wh t w a a s

he adr
”
) in re
g ul aV di
r e c In th eir co m
m mt aa a a (
i t i s ina i ti ma
t d th a
t th Up
aB a
en c e en y e e n n or s cr

d wm t with th hm
,

fi ial
c en t i g)
o a
en
n h ul d e s rn of r s o

ta k pl a i hi
e th y a t h a
ce t fa
n R di ayai h i s se v e n e r o n n s

d th a
,

l th a
e e ve n t fa Va i hyai h i tw lfth
n Th a o s n s e e se

m t i th a f ah f th l a
.
,

f thi aa
.

s on s or s s cr en n e c se o e c o e se c s s e s,

a m ti n d aa
,

re enl a dy t d by u
o th
e auth i ty f
s re no e s on e or o

oth w ker Th m iaor sl in i t diff t pa ti ul a e c e re on s e re n r c rs ,

It ug h t t b p f md du i g th fi t p a
.
,

ib d
a
i p
s re s c r e t o o e e r or e rn e rs r

f th l u am
.

o eai ( a k ha t a
n r ) P u a A u pl f B h
n s on n s r n . co e o r

Hi r S u x . . . 4 .
THi r S 6 . . x vi . 1 .

1 Hi r Su . . x v ii . 1 . a
It i s b ec use th e roo ts o f th i s fig yi awa
t y
el d er

j ui th a a wa a f I di aad
”
t it i
ce l l d th s c e e t t er -
ree b y th e n ti ves o n t n no

m
,

a b i g found (a
s
“ e n s e so of our b ot ai t
n s s te l l us) ap i g
ne r s r n s or

a
w ter c ourses .
”
 O RIGIN O TICE S
’

r
o C S
A T E — N IN T HE stJTRA s .
18 9

ma a t ns re o b e fe at d
s e th e P uny h a
amaa n tr i s to be re

p e a
t d ; the y e aouth d ( i i s to b e
th h a d ) a shd d ve n e e n e

c or at d th e h u h ld fi e h a t b ki dl d i th i
o se o re s ve o e n e n e r re

s
p tiec p i ti
ve th os D a b h a on s
g a ( P ea y u r i d ) r ss o c n os ro es

h at b s oa tt d au d th m ad th a
e sc e re ro ti l n qui d
e n e r c e s re re

f u
or — thse t th u wa h d ( w) l th i g th k i
e s on e , e n s e f ne c o n e s no

th m m m
,

ad t
e e r, e c . , uj a ( t p ea y t in
g) t h or e t i t or r s r n re e es o

i um t th l i d f th B l a (n m a m
a
th l l )
la
c rc v en e o n s, e ro o e e v e r e os

m
,

f th F a ha (B u t a f d a ) f th B h a f th
a
or o e s e ron os or e r n, o e

Na g d h a (F
ro i u I d i a ) f t h R
c a
j y
s an a d
c t h U
or du m b ae a n n e r

m
,

(F i u g l
c s a t a
) f o t h V
er a i h y a t h orf u l fe tw t y s e e o en - on e

m f w d (t put ah id f th
,

ki d n f w d th f a
s o oo , e r e o oo o on e c s e o e

fi pi t ) th bl wpip th D ai ( l a
re s , e o i fi d b utt
e, e
p ) rv t h c r e -
er s oon , e

bu h f D a
nc bh a
o
g a a d
r t h u p f t h
r ss, l a ifi n d b u t t e c or e c r e -
e r,

a t b put i t th i pl a Th a d fi i t
re o e n o e r ces e s c re re s o

um m
.

b k i dl d (f th
e n e
p ti
or ) i t h
e c on sh a i t f th
on , n e o r e, o e

fu l ad th
e n la ifi d b utt e c Th r a d th a
e d ha t
er . e s c re re s o

b put
e th h ul d
ov e r f th e adida
s o t f er o i i ti a ti e c n e or n on

th m a a d h i m a a a
a
euw j h t b p u t u t
s lo e th ro t n h e o ns e n r s ve

t b o
p at
e re d b y th eB h
e m a a d t a u
e
g h t t
r th p ya t ns, n o e r

no w i iti a t d by th m
n ; a
e d t h y u th he a t b nb l d ei o s o e e sse n

ai d f m C l thi g h at b gi t hima di g t
k at l p t th B a
v r e or s o n s o e ven o c c or n o

hm
.

hi a f a bl a a
m at l p ) t th Ra
t
s c th
s e ki -
e s n o c n e o e o e r n

th a ua
e r a( ki f a m
r v s n o co a
j y ; ona n e o e o e n

ad th ki f ag a
n e s t t thn o Va i hya S p ifi d m
o o e at a s . ec e n r s,

ai d a di g t at h a t b p a t d by th i i ti a
k hi a
v r e c c or n o c s e, ve t d o e re e e e n e

a
.

Da a ’
s(d u n u w i th th oi g h t
ce rs l u k y h d e ) r or c n re

On ai wh I h a
o ne oc c pp d t b wa l ki g
s on, u d en f th en e o e n ro n on e o e

l gd l a a a ph a aw h m l f h a d wa d h q u da m b j
Ba
l i
’

zn
y t E t
s t y t t e t n t e n o r s e on o ec

ofw h ip a
o rs hm a f th l d h l i t t d i m r n
y aof ty e o sc oo n e res e n s e

tt m p ted t put m t Im
, ,

a
,

e e i t th e ight p si ti
o tha i ght e c a
pe i j u y
n o r o on s n r
1 90 WHA T CA S TE I s .

to be gi ve n to Br h ns N o sy bol ic l a
ma f
m amai g e n n se e m s

a a
sso ci te d wi th th e c o pl i c te d servi c e m a
ai k m m
.

In the d a(bu ofl e ri n
'

e ffe c te d si l by
a
rn t
rv o g py
cati g b utt t i t th fl a
s n m al a dl ) th
er, e c . n o e e with e e Br h
ma p pad di h (m
,

’
atha ) i t b f l a i fi d b u tt
t iya f m
n s re re s ; n s o e o c r e er

th K h a il k ; th Va i hya f wh y ; ad th
’ ’

d a f wa
e s r s, o e s s, o e n e

S hu
’
t l
'
r s, o ers

Th tw ty i th ad tw tye en th -
ti s x f th n en -
s ev e n se c on s o e

S i t a f Hi a
l r s ny ak é h i oa al l d S é m aryé hd i k a s re c e c r or

D ha m
aS é t a th a
r t i Su t af g ul at i
r g s, ti al s r s or re n c on ven on

p a t
r ci a d du ti c esi w d a i umn b t i di i d u al
e s, v e e s nc en on n v s,

i d p d tl y f th g a
n e en t enm ia l i ogt e re c e re on s e rv c e s

T hi s di v i si on of th e work s e ts out with the m ti en on o f

tb e _four pri m
i ti ve c at s e s, wh i ch i t s a
y a s re re c o
g ni z ed by
th e Vé d s a Th i . e n ve s ti ture wi th th e s tri n
g , th e re a
di g n

of th e Veda ad s, n th e ke eping of th e a
s c re d fire a re

fruitl e ss works
”
for th e S h u
dr awh , ose d uty i s se rvi c e .

Se a sons of s c ri fic e a ap re re s c ri be d for th e thre e fi rst c at

s es

(b ut n ot for th e fourth ) . The th re e fi rs t c l a s se s sh oul d,

a a t l a
a aa
aa
ft i niti ti on , d t we l ve s tude n ts

ha
t
a
er s
pe n e s e rs
y s

(Br h am i ) c r s , wi th the ir A c h
’
r
y , or rel i
g i ous i n struc

Hi ra
n ya
k é sh i S l i t . x ix . 1 e t se q .

1 Ib x x iii 10
'

a
. . .

1
: T h e

th e fol l owi ng
— a
co

FI Tt Now i n wh t fol l ows we unfol d the

m mt
m
-
:

n
e nc e

ti
-
w
a l p a
a maaauff
s:
en

ti c
-
d
of t he

fi r
aa
Hi r ny k ésh i S é
St ! M
c o v en
m
a
a
y a
y fa
h i k

on
a
c

ir wh e n
S u
t ai r

r c
:

es
m
r s

a n
s

d uti s th e a
uth i ty (b i g) th i t l l ig n t i
e ti
or a l i ti a
( ) d e n e n e e n c on v e n on es n

Sém
,

t h e V é da ay é h é i ka
s
( a
y Ha i dat t aa q u t d b y M ucl l r
”
s s r s o e er

Hi t of A S p 1 01 ) i de i d f ma m m
.
,

a a a a
,

y ( ga ) d i h i
a a
s n t n s r ve ro s re e e cc cr

m m m
. . . .

(c u t )
s o Rul f u n d ed up aaya a al l d a
es a y oh a on s re c e s c r s,

f mwh i h (i s) th e a
ro dj ec tive our S u t a D ha m a
ma l a
c r , r

w
e ns .
1 92 WHA T C A S TE I S .

ad patl y t th E at O th it a t b p f md
n r o e
‘
s er r es re o e er or e

by h ima di g t th p i i pl
.

tha t g a
c cor t ha i n o e r nc e, re
pp
n e ssi t b b ta
i d by a
s h Va
o naf l l wi i
e t o ne e c r o o n s
g
w ta
bl i h d it wh il i f th t a i h a
ama
o n es s
y t e e r es e e c on r r s e c s

mi
,

e th e c o nse q ue n c e, th e Br h

aa
y w
se ril l b n be in
g b orn

a a
C h n d l , th e Rcij ny a aa a aaa
P ul k s , nd t h e V ishy a a
aV é naIt i a dd d tha t th
s u
e , f d ha ( f au
e oc c l t) rre n c e o os or

ta
.

f l l w th t a d a ti wi th l k a t a
Ch a a a
o o s e c on c n c on vers on or oo

m m
, ,

a a a a
,

d l
n T h t
. t f e B oneh n p a k
en i g w i t
orh r s e n

or t u hi g u h a
o c n l wp s c i ba thi g ao d f l ki g erson s n n or oo n

t hi mth a
,

a t ua l i wi g f l i gh t (a f th u )
e c v e n o Th s o e s n e

m
,

hi g h Vaa a
.

A ya(th th h a k f f i
’
r s e re e ) t er rn s
g t ve o e o er n s o

t h Vi h é dé a(a
e s v l l th g d ) ; a
v s d th S h u d aha t d
e o s n e r s ve o o

th a
e sm da y a f
e,t d a y m a k i g t
er h i p Th, h a i fnt h re e s s. e rs o e

b d y ( f th
o o ki d ) h a t b re e nha d s th vei gh th a o d e s ve on e e n

fi ft th da f h m h w h w a i b u h d
f al a d B a
e en y t t
s o e t ton t en er s o e o c e

hm
.
,

O th ai a l a h ugh t t b n,

d f d ; whi l aRa
n e rr v o e rn e r e o o e

se a t d a e n e a
j y a a d V e a i h y a a i i g n n s rr v n

s h ul do ly b on a l ut d If a
e s S hu d a mh e h ul d b r co e, e s o e

im
.

f d ad t t h u h l d w k (th la f hi i
a
e n se o o se o or e c or s se rv c e

m
,

b i g put i f )1 T h B h a i t i ta u h t b
a
'

n orc e e r n s
e n g y
m m
.

t a
r d i ti (
on a t y é ) s ay ra d th V d a t R j ya
re a e e s o n s

th mwh
,

ad Va
n i hyaad s s n e v en h i i se rv e i e en e s n c r

c um ta s f d i ffi ul ty
nc es o I di a c
y i u m ta h
n or n r c rc s n c e s, e

ma m
.

y u py
occ h i l f i a l l k i d se f l a i n
g a t h a t f n s o e rn n s o

miti L a
,

th Upa
e i sha d ad i t p ta
n s, ti n f a la n e r re on o c es e rn

m
.

i g ad
n n i ti g (th re c Veda n ) a i fi ie
g f h i l fs , s cr c n or se

ad f th
n or o i i g ad g i i g g i ft a th ( i )
ers , re c e v n n v n s, re e s x

w k or s f aB d hm o a Th r with th n
p t i e se, f e ex c e on o

i tm
.

am ffle ?
u
t «
s r W m
ffia
fi t r r
'

r
s

a
.

Hi r S l t
.
’
.
(S m) x x vi i . 1 .
 ORIGIN o r CA S TE— O
N TICE S IN T HE S fJTRA S .
1 93

re c i tin g th e g for oth ers ,

Vé d a ai fi
n ds, s c r
re c e i v c in a
i n g g ifts, re t he works o f a K sh triy , who h s l so a a a aa
t h ose o f w gi n g w r a
n d rul in g aa
Th e works o f th e .

a a a aa
V i shy , wi th th e e x c e ptio n o f w g i ng w r n d rul in g ,
a re aa a
th ose o f th e Ksh triy , wi th g ric ul ture, kee i n g
p
o f a t tl c ad nga i
g g
e, n i n nm r ha ndi e
e a d d d It e c s , e .

j i d tha who d t a t a d in g t th
a
is e n o ne t th c ose o no c c or o e

I ti t ut h ul d be ta k n t th p i
o a
( j y )n a w h o e r nce o

h ul d pu i h th m
ns es s e r ,

a di g t th d i i n f l a d
Ba
s o n s e c c or n o e ec s o o e rn e

hm a a i di g kil l i g a la i g (dd y a
a
nd h
r n s, vo n
) i t n en s v n s n e

c a f B hm
se o a n th ughr t i th a f th th
s, o no n e c se o e o er

Ca Ei g h t ki nd o f m ai a a a a
“
t s es .
g t i n s
e d i rr e re s nc o , s n

t he La
a a
w B k Th b fit f en t i g th f u
a thaVa
e en e o er n e o r

m
oo s s

ma f th B a
.

h a h i G riha a a h a
i a
s r s, o e r
p t c r , s n r s ,

a
,

nd th Pa e
j a a
nd th r vrd u t q ui d i a h e c on c re re n e c

a mn ti d m
,

u h ai n th La
i a a
o f th d e se o r e rs, re ew Bo k on e c s e o s

m a m
.

Th Pa e
j a i n th
r vr t a d a , d h a
e d i i gos v nc e s r es r n

a h ul d
,

l i b er ti on, s o l ose si h t of the d ist in c tion b e t we en

g
tr uth ad fa
l h n se oo d , p l e s ure a
nd
p i a
n , b el o v e d nd a a
un bel ove d o b e c ts,
j a nd o c c up h i m
e l f i n the d esi re to
y
a
s

h a p ve S iri tu a
l k no wl e d g e ad w l l
n e be ing T he V a n

ama
-

m
.

p ath a
r sg , oin
g i n t o t h e fo re s ts, sh oul d i t t h e s a e

j
o b e c ts . He sh oul d l iv e on root s nd fruits , n d a a s eel p
on th eg a r ss . a
Th e p rty wh o d oe s n ot d e si re t o l i ve
ha
bi tua am am a a a
m aa
lly i n thi s st te n d d i sc h r e h i s
y rr
y g
h ouseh ol d d uties He y s ti l l b e es te e ed ma V n a
aa
.

pr sth i f h e l i ve for
ye r
g l e n in
g i n th a a a
e fi el d s, n o t

usin g i n thi s i n terv l a

a lt h
s
y fl h
on e h ai g m or es or v n ore

a
, , ,

th n t wo v e sse l s, one f ki g a
or c o o d th th
n f ati g 1n e o er or e n
'

i m
.

ta a a
,

Th e work n otic e s c er tt n th uth i ty f ers on e or o

Ib . x x v u. 9 .
1 H i S em S i ii‘
1 5 r
. . t . xx v . .

25
19 4 W HAT CA S TE Is .

A n c i en t S hl ok s, or S hl ok s of th e P ur a a a
a n s, ~
x suc h at ha
t s

th ere h ve be e n a de sce n d n ts a of the Ri sh i s .

a
T h e dutie s of the prin c e re spe c ifi e d i n th e e ig h te e n th
m a
se c ti on , a
uc h s in the L w Book s H e ough t to h ve t aa .

l a
e t tws u ll pu a
o co d t u th ful
nse a nd a q ua i
ors,t d w it h re n r , c n e

th duti
e f a ll l a es oH ug h t t b g ulca i t h
sse s e o o e re r n e

m
.

di h a
sc
g f h i w r d uti e ob a i g a a
s o d h a i n
g d a e s, e rn r s, n v n nc

i g i g i g ad m
n ,
s n u i i hi n w h u , n H h ul d a ll w
s c n s o n o se . e s o o

f a f thi
a
no e t b i hi
r o u t y t w eve s f t o e n s co n r o n, or o re s

m m
.
,

By g i i g p w (k h
v n at ) a d w a l t
oh t B
er h a s n e o r n s,

h wi l l b
ta
la
e

r ed ak h i n
wa
k th p p ty f B h a
e

a i
d d i

q
e

ui
th

al
e

t
th
ro

st
w ld
re

a i fi
H h ul d
Th gi i g t th m f
er

H
r e

u
s h t et
t
r
n

m
a
v
e o

en
ns .

o s
er or

cr ce
.

v n
e s

e o
o

e
no

o
g g
m
.

app i t b a
o n a d g d r vef th p t tin f h i oo en or e ro e c on o s

a a a y ah a mm
m “ma
The se v e nteent h p t l f th o e twe nt -
s ev enth Pr s n , co e nc es
3

wi th th ese words W g tt til ? er. For SS W .

50 7 oc c urs

i n th e i nd ex a t th d Th Bh a i hya
e en Pu i ai e v s r n s re fe rred a s a to n

mpa
.

a
uth o ri t i th a al a — HT W I WI W dh fi Ia
— th Bh a
a
y n t
e s I
g
E U e ? z E U
e

v i sh
ya P u a th i a a
r ni
y g f P aj ap a
t i
ere e t E isth s n o r c er th i p t i
s f or on o

th S i t a m
,

th i md
, .

e u t b h l d t b ai t p l a
t r s s ti ne e o e i gi n n er o o o r e r o e rn or n

mu t b a dm mf
,

s i tt d e twi th tadi g th fa e t th a
, t th y b a
no ths a n n e c e e r e n e o

Hi aya k é ht I a d t h w d a al a D M u l l H i A S
r n
g s t .
p t n re r
( t
o e or ,
r. er s . . .

Li t p 5 2 4) thu w i t
. .
W fi d th a st e e a rl f th S i t a a
es e n s v r o e t r s re

d i id d i t ha pt r a ll d p a a a a
f th B a
v e n o c
g l T h i i w
e s c d e u s d f t h s s s or n e ver e or e

hm aa It m
.

sub di i i v s ons o ea i g i a
e r i g th n s. u s n n s c ov e r n e s r

mm
,

ro u di g k i
n n b a ; it i a
s n or l u d f a e t If
r ne i t w ul d s so se or ree . so , o

mt b a l mt y ymu wi th l ib a nd stem a
.

nd i t w u ld
'

se e o e os s n on o s er o

ma n b
e k a ft mai g i gi a
oo l l y ah t f pa
er e n n
p m ad f
or t h n s ee o er e o e

min t wad th l a
,

u u di g b a
s rro k ft
n n If w i ti g a r o re e s . tt ha lf r n c e o r s e er

f th S i t a pe i d i t w ul d d ubt b a ppli d a t th a m timt

d Ba
o e t r r o o no o e e e s e e o

du i g th h y m a hm aat aw i tt n f m P i u l y t
,

re c n e ns n r n s o r e or re v o s o

t ti m h w w ab u d t m
.

th a ai nta i tha t th l l ti f th
m ma f th B a
e, o ev er, e re o n o n e co ec on o e

h ym ad th i m ns, n e hm a na li t ra
en se tu w e p e ss o e r e re , er r

e
s rv e d by m a f a l t a di ti n ly
e ns o or r o on .
196 W HAT CA S TE rs .

Th e ata m
Apba Sa m a d h d i k a S i t a a d D h a m a
'

c r r r n r
y s

S i t
r r a b l g t t h e on a m V e d a — t oh B l ae k sY aj u e e c -
r,

a a
,

a s th w h
ose i h w h w c i w d e T h y h
v e no b r ev e e e ve e en

m
.

k d a b D M i il l w h t h u w i t f t h
a
l t
a
r e r, o s r es o e
oo e y
m i hi S é m a
. .

A pa ta ba a h ik S i a d l a d i
a
’
t
‘

n r r r s, ec
s y s c re s s

hm a th K ha
,

ti t y t
nc l h at th a f u V a a
e re t h B re o r rn s, e r n, e s

t iy
r a th V a i h a
y a
e t h S h u sd a b ut t h at t h e i i ti at y r , e n or

a
,

th Up a a a a a a
,

r it e s, y e i p tin u l n l y i tn d dr f c r, re on n en e or

th the fi t la
re e Th rs ami impl i d d ubt i
c s se s e s e s e no o n

at th p p tim
.
,

S t awh i ch gi
,

ay u g B a
’

th e o th er rr r s th ul ve e r es s o e ro er e

wh en hm o na ay u g K h a r t iya a n,
y u g o n s r , or o n

Va i hyah ul d b a
s pps o t i d w i th th e i p i i t u a
renl t u t
ce e r s r ors,

b ut a
never s y a
t wh a t a g thi i m i l a m i
e s or s r c e re on e s

sh oul m
d be pe rfor e d fo r on e n ot bel ongin g to th e se th re e
aa
V rn s Ye t they n ev e r ex c l ude th e S h u
dr e x pre ssl y , a
ma
.

n or do th ey re pre se n t hi s th e horn sl v e or c l i e n t of a
th e oth e r c am
at afi t ath ia
s e s. l d g a
In th e D h r -
s r s e soc e r

da ti f th S h u d a i ag a t a i th l a t La wB k
mitt d by aB a
on o e r s s re s n e er oo s,

ad th a
n m im if me s e cr hm a ad a
e, co e r n n

S h d ai
’
rr r i i t d wi th di
s v s
y ff t p u i e h m t T h u ver e re n n s en s s

i f amm m m
,

Va a
.

b f th th
e er
g o i t a d ul t ye w i th re e r s co s er

fa d ah i t b b a i f aS h u d a
m
th wif
e S hu e o ni h d r e s o e s e r

m mmb f th th
,

co it a dul t y wi t h th wi f f a
s er e e o e er o e re e

Va nah i t b
r s, ut d If a
e Shu
s d ao a bu ah t
e ex e c e r se s n on e s

mm
.

e b f th th er o Va na h i t g u
e i t b ree ut u t r s, s on e s o e c o .

H i t h fl gg d f
e s o t k pi g a
e ot a p tful di ta
e or n o ee n re s ec s nc e

F m
.

ud th ft a nd pil l a th S h u d a i u t d th
Ba
r er, e s ex e c
or
g e e r e e

hm a if a mOff i ly d p i d
,

r ugh t i thn, a c n e s e enc e s , s on e r ve

o f hi y i ght
s e T hi i th a
es miniqui t u l a w wh i h w s s e s e o s c e

fi d i th l a
.
,

n tn La w B k e But a l th ugh th
er di ti n oo s. o e s c

ti b tw th Sh d aa d th Va nai
’
on e ee n th e rr r s n e o er r s s so
 O R G
I I N O F CA —
S T E N TICE S IN T HE stIT RA s O .
19 7

sh aply d a
r by A p st
w aa r ma am aa a
b , h e d i ts th t S h rrdr ,
n
’ '

if h e obeys th e l w, a m b e borna i V i aa aa a a
hy , th e
a aa a a
y g n s s

a aaa a aa
V i shy Ksh triy , nd th e K sh triy
Ba
s s Br h
ma ad th a n ta n hm aif h di g ad th l a r w wil l n e sre r s e

a a a a a a a
,

b b e
g i
or n K h t iy t h n K h t
s iy a a a V ais h y a r , e s r s s

ad th Va i hyaaaS h i d a T hi paa
,

“ a
a a
i
Sa
n e s s
g t r r s ss e c on ns

m ma m
.

th a t th A pa ta ba a a a a
'
ev id enc e
y he ik d D h s c r n r

m m m
.

S i t a f A pa ta b aa a
'
rr s o
g i th s t t ti d re e , n e e rs en on e

f Hi a a
,

wi th th ose ny k é h i ot w h i h w r h a a b s o c e ve ov e

f m
,

f d T h y b th l ud t h S h d a t h U pa
’
re e rre . e o ex c e e rr r ro e

n a y a a a d n th i t nt w h i hot h h i g h
er r l a esh a o c e er c sse s

S m f th
ve

a c c ess th o S t ad e o th am th i g
e o er
’

rr r s o e s e n

ug h t by i m
.
,

wh i h i ta c s p l i a t i a ti d b y D M ii l l c on, s no ce r er

l a m t f th S h d a
.

i a l l th V di S t aT Th
’ ’
n e e c r r s
r . e en s ve en o e rr r ,

I a rth th i k i ta
er k f g at d by Hi aya n s ké h i wh
en or r n e r n s en

h hi t a m m
, ,

e t th
n s ay a pp p i a t i f h
e e i i s t h t w ro r on o n e er s e

Th i i q ui t u d g a
,

ha a veb f d t i
ove re e rre da- tio . f e n o s e r on o

th S hu
e d a p r d i g w i t h-
th a t f
c orresth L aw B k
on n o e oo s,

m a a a
,

is ex
p d i
resset h a l a g g u bn t h b y H
e s i ny k é h i
e n e o r s

ad A pata mba It i quit po i bl h w f mth

’

Pu a
n s s e ss e, o e ve r, ro e

ma
.

f
re e re nc e d t th aS hl ka whi h w ha
e o e r n o s,
”
c e ve

no ti d i a ce
p t i f
n t h H i a ak é
or h i S t
on o a t h a t i t i e r nv s
’
rr r s, s

ap t i a d d i ti
os e r o r ma d t th m p on ly t ff t e o e ex re ss o e ec

m
,

th i e r ag t wi th
re e t h L a w B en k a d th l a t e oo s n o er er

a uth it i s § A pa
or ta emba f n t a ha
.
'
s ng f
’
s re ere ce o c e o

Hi st Of A S Li t p 207
a
aa
. . . . . .

1
'
S f
e e re e re nc e to th e K a t y n S h r ut aaS ut a p -
r s, . 18 3, a
b ov e .

I S ee p 1 92
ai ta
. .

Dr M irl l er i n
'

a n ote th us dr ws a a tt t i en on to n ns n c e of di re c t
am m
.

a a ki d n l a pat
h m
fr ud in tt of th i s t ti A i 6
”

er n r er es : s

aHN “ll
. .

W fi IW W Wl fifl TE ETH I T { WWIW
'

T-
1 98 W H AT CA S T E rs .

pl a
c e s i n future —
births, th e c o n se q uenc e of th e ful l
m
d evel o p en t O f the d oc tri n e of th e mt mp y e e s c h o si s

o c c urs , a mw d i Hi aya
i n th e ké hi s e or s n r n s .
’

I th A h a n l é yaaS h a
e utaS Zt a
'

T
s a v i a t d w i th n r z r , sso c e

th Ri g V é d aw
e ha f u d p a a g f i e
g t ve o n no ss e s re e rr n o

t f m
-
,

Ca t whi h a t a ti i p a t d by u t a th

Ba
s e c re n o n c e o r ex r c s ro e

hm aa t i fa a t h u t d t a
a
r p n s, p ex ce g n so r s e re e o r s,

(fam il i ) f t h B es h m a a do t h p g i t e R i h i r n s, n e ro en or s s

rec o
g i d b y th
n ze m i n t h p a a a i i t ia l i ae ti e r v r or n nv oc on

m f a i t Ri hi a
,

of th g d A g i wi th th
e o a n dd d e n es o n c en s s e

a
, ,

t th n a
e ti ffi
co a d
se c r Th g t on o re , re c on c erne e se o ros

ad p aaa af u d i th i S t t aa ta
.

n r v r s, bul a t d by
s o n n s i r re e

Dr M iill .
j: W h al l aft
er wa d h
. a t ti t h me s er r s ve o no ce e

( 33 q
2 q q fq l H a w k u h a t
'
h S ak a
a g aap a
t i In l te r or s, s c s e ns r -
n

st af A pa
t hi S u stambawhi h l ud th Sh ud af mi i ti a
r o
’
ti c ex c es e r s ro n o n,

dm i t th m M S E I H 9 1 2 p 1 6
,

ha b a d at a
m m
lt

m m
s e en so ere s o e

aq a a a a ar a
. . . . .
,
. .

B r r rrr
v r
g fi u n l g fiw
zrfi l e : r g s r un r i err r

aa a (i f aM S f th M a ha a ht a
”
hrtrr rt er su —
‘
-
re Il T o e ffec t th i s fr ud O e r s r

thi g m wa
.

w ab f s it a uth )
e ore s or ay tha t ,
no l k
n o re s n e c e ss r n o ov e r o o

th i e l d b ut u
nv o v e p d lfi t w l (a )ne xf t h p d
re sse i g w d s rr vo e o e re c e n or

f m
,

a p a a a a a
mmm mmm
or i g th n g t i Th e ne
g i H i ve
y k é h i t d t hu
e ss e n r n s s n s s

sa i? a rr n ew s ta a
.

'

ffi q i 5 r t 6
r
3 gi S i
o
rs fi i r q g s :

a
:

orr
g w r
r I W
‘

W TQ H
E
I F a i h
E
t ? l fl if l ( i A l l t h a(
t w a ir
'

xx v s

m m th qu ta
. .

ay f th f a
n e c e ss r ud wa t or e r ti wi th ut p i k i g
s o co en c e e o on o c n

up th g ati e ne f m h ég/ a a p
v e 0. d i g h d
rod d dm Tsh Srh f d a n re c e n s r n . . e r r

i i ti a
n ti t ff t d by th f a
o ns, e c. e ud t wi th taec e di g w t t b e r no s n n ere n o o e

ma d b y th V édi m
, ,

at a( til l fi d t th high Va a) b ut b y
Na
e e c n r s s c on ne o e er rn s

wh a t a a l l d th
re c m am at a— m
e at af a e md th p i ipl -
n r s n r s r e on e r nc e

of th m e g i ti f t
e re re c oh a m f th l a
n t g don o e n es o e er o s.

H i r S ti . . x x v ii . 10 .

1
'

py
For th e
f t h S t a w h ico
c h o es e
’
rr r s we h a u ed ve s we ai re n d e b ted

m
,

t ta
Bh a bh a a Ph a d a
ké f W é i
to tt o .

r Hi t f A s L i
s t pp 380 6
. o . . . .
- .
2 00 WHAT CA S TE Is .

( yaa
vhaéy l)
u v r z
!
In c o n n e xi on wi th the a re turn of

y o ut h to h i s f mil y a
a ft er the ex i
p y
r of h i pupi l a
s
g ad e, n

th e b urn t O ffe rin g wh i c h i s the n to b e ma d Ag i i t b

a
-
e, n s o e

a a a
d d re sse d s h v i n g
“
th e Br h n fo r h i s ma muth the

Ba
o

am
,

j g af h ion t h or s r e V i shy a af or h i s b e l l y, ad n

m
,

wo en fo r h i s
a
m
A l l ie d i n origin to th e S rrtr re ferre d to i s the
'

n ow

a aa m a m
M ti n un K lp (C ere oni l ) 8 , c onn e c t e d wi th the
a a a
Bl c k Y j ur Vé d , th e fi rst four book s of wh ich h v e b een a
a a
l te l y li thogr ph e d un der th e a
uspic e s of D r G ol ds tii c k er
m
. .

I th i u i u ad a f a
n s c ro
g s t w h an f u d b u t
r re r en e ve o n

l ittl whi h b a
e c at whil thi l ittl h a
e rs on c th s e, e s e s , on o er

a uth i ti b
or m tl y ati ipa
e s, e en t d i th p di g pa
os
g n c e n e re c e n es

Th l ai g a H m ah w it t l l u a t h
.

t th
ad d u k by th B a a ad t by th Ra
e e v n s e o o e v er, e s s re o e

hm
,

a te n r n e a
j y a r n, n no e n

or Va i hya I sT h d b i th (d ij a
l a ) t t b
e se c on k r v v rs n o o e re c

u d a ff t d mth
.

a f S h ud a
a f th D ij a (th B a
wh th
S aka
o e s e ec e e c se o r s, e ve n en e

hm a K ha t i yaa
a
ns r s o e v d s e r n, s r n

a m
,

Va i h ya )
s a p ti d by re th § P i
r c u R a
j y sea a e o s n s re

mm d d t ha a ti u u A g ih t au d th
.

a f aRit ij af it i th B a
re c o en e o ve c on n o s n o r n er e

c re o v hm awh h ath ( p
, or s e r n o s e s e

ia f aifi
a
l ) p i il g
a
c r v e I e o i wi th thi
s cr th ce n c onn e x on s, e

m m ta m m
.

a a a ga
.

co t (K
en u il ) h
or l d th t B h r
g d o s no r n en e

i th
n upa ti
e oc c f th at h ul d b m on o l
p y d i
o er c s es s o e e o e n

th A g i h t a(
e n th o raifi ia l i t ) ad qu t
or o i er s cr c r es n o es n

i w adi tum(wh i h a
,

s upp t f thi or o s v e l u i th c c so oc c rs n e

A sh G r S fr i i n) i i i s
a
. . . . . . .

I
'
M aaKapa
n v af l 5 5 (b ) T h t a
ln i p t ( al y m
a u
’
S rrtr
n t o e r sc r ne r o

afa i m s m Am
. .
,

i g t
n oi l ) wa ade b y a
c -s S ak i t tude t M i
e el i a ns r s n , ss

Ra tt b u y

Ma
en r .

avaKal pa S i traf l 7 6
n r s, o .
 ORIG IN O F CA S TE — REC A PIT U A T I N L O .
2 01

M a S miti) t th ff t tha
nn r o t B a
e e hm ec a wh ta k a r ns o e c re

f a
o ttl
c wh t a e, d wh p a
o r ti e, m hai a o l ad p ti
r c se ec n c n s or ve

at wh a b dy a
r s, o re tt da o t wh a u u
-
en n s, at b o re s re rs, re o e

t a re t d a e s

Th S t a e
’

rr r s
y u q u i
ver a l l y b ne i g u t v oc t h L a w r n s o e

B k oo T h t i m f th i
s e e o p t i a u
e r t h »
re s a t h
ec ve ors, o r r er

w m
.

coll t e c o rs , a y a f
e t w a d t i er r s no ce .

Wi th ut l ag i g a o en t p r tn Wh a t ha re sen id tl y on s so e v en

c on d u t d u t wh ac e st a u d ub t d l y th p i ti
o re , n o i ti e e os ve ns

wm
,

t uti f Ca
on s o t w w ul d s e, e a k ao b i f no a p i t u l a t i e r e re c on

o f t hi l g
s t
on i f
se c u w on ok w i t h o a ir w t or , v e o c o ne e n

t a r ti g n th p on i eu bj t f u i q ui i th
re c se s ec O att o d r n r es e sc e re

r a y w h
s i h i t f
c u i h rn s es

f m
.

Th ul i g t i b Of I d ia
e r n r e ay a n
g p a t h
or a b n n es s s ee

th a t f th A ya wh
o e
'

r l ag uas,
g ( t h
o se l d nt p i m e e O es s ec e ns

of wh i h w h a mth V é d aad wh i h waul ti m

c e ve e s, a t ly n c s e

c a l l d th S ak i t) i a
e e ns dm ri t t d by a s l l ph i l l g i t t b e o o s s o e

m
,

co g a t n w i t h e th G k L a ti
e G th i
re e C l t i An, i a o c, e c, r en n,

m
,

P ia ad th E u p aad A ia
e rs n, n o er ro ti l a e n
g u a g n s c n es , c o

p h
re d d en i th
e I n d T ut i fa
e n mo i l-

y e It b a
on c t h . e rs e

l
c o se s ta a l g y t th Z d i wh i h
n o o e en i t th a i t l i t
, n c ex s e nc en er

ay w k f th f l l w at th I a ia
Pa
r or s o e f Z o o e rs O o ro s e r, or e r n ns ,

or i T h I ai a d i d t h i
rs s . e r n ns a mf mth i e r ve e r n e ro e r

s upp d p
ose i m i t i r a t a vea seg a i d s m m u n i t y or n ze co n

a a
,

A y i a r a V n j (
e t h o A yo V éj )
e r th n l p f t
o h on e es o e

m a
,

uo ta i n u no u t sy b co t w n r t h O eu d
ee n J a a t e x s n x r e s,

th g e a l
e n er a m f nt h l a d
e o w h e i h t h n y a ft
o ve rw a d c e er r s

sp a
red o t h i n w a y t
e r t h u t h b
o i g A e i y a so t h e n r , e

Ma a a a p a a f l 9 8 ( )
b T h d i u m q u d u ct
'

K l S rtr s ,
r o i e ote oc c rs n

am f
n v . .

th M au S
e mn i i i i i 1
r 0 t2 ,
w h v i. i a pp ,
l i d h
ere t s e to t e t re t e nt o

w i tn e sse s .
 2 02 WHA T CA S T E I S .

n o un a dj ti
o f th e A i ya a w m ti d Th ec ve r n no en on e . e

w d A ya i Sa k i t d i g a th p pl wh ha d
’

or r tn ns r es n es e eo e o

co m f mA i yai th fi t i ta t th bak f
e ro r , n e rs ns nc e , o e n s o

t h I d u wh
e n i s,q u f
e re , i al a d
n c o nse l i g i u enc e O so c n re o s

c h ag nth y b a mt ag a
e s, e t tec t p a aet d o f m re e x en se r e ro

th i e r c on
g w h h ad fa i l d
e ne rs , t f l l w toh m t t h e o o o e o e

l im i t f t h i wad i g
s o O th ffl u t ad b ak f
e r n er n s n e e en s n n s o

A ya m m
.

'

t h I du e th n s, p d t
e h h y r w
s co f u d ose e ns no o n

i th Vé di
n e l l ti whi h a th
c co ec ly u
o ns, f c re e on so rc e s o

o u k r wl d g nof th i a i t ta e e t o Th l ig i u
e r nc en s e e re o s

th m ad th
.

di ff wh i h
e ren c es u d b tw c oc c rre e ee n e n e

I aia w
r n f
ns id a bl m
ere ag oi t u d c ons
; b u t er e n e n e ve r

th l th y l ft m
e e ss ay t a a w ha
e e n f a r c e s, s e ve se e n , o

co mm fa i th ad p a
on ti i th a n
g f a t i q
r c u i ty ce n e es o n

A yaw i m ay p t a i t ti g p
.

Th
’

e r s e re n n re s ec s n n e re s n eo

p l a
e, d i d na bl y ad a
c on s d i i
er i l i a t i ; b u t av nc e n c v z on s

t d d th ml l ad
°

th y e ex en i eth e f th I du
se ve s n e n o e n s

ad a n dj i i g t it i
o n n ad a mi e rr ta t wi t h
or e s , n c e n c on c

o th t ib
er wh ha
r d p es d d th mi o th i im mi
re c e e e n e r

g r a
ti on s i nt o th e se re i on s o f
g the e ath
r th e y maif n e s te d

mg a
,

t o th e aa
t p id nd i l
re f l ig i u
r e o f r ce v o e nc e o re o s

thy a
ati pa
n d p p i ti ai a bu d atl y
n o id t f m os on , s s n n ev en ro

num u pa a
e ro g wh i h w sh a p d u
ss d f m
es c e ve ro ce ro

th i a ie r t l it a y m a
i
nc e n T h i p i d f a
er r a d re ns . s r e o
'

r ce n

i l f
v o en c e o l i g i u ati pa th y w th re ig i f th
o s n e re e or n o e

cat f l i g
s e a ft wa
ee d di pl ayn d b y t h A
e v er
y a t th er r s s e e
'

r s o e

t ri be s wh o mh t ey su
pp ose d t o b e i n fe ri o r to th e ml se ve s ,

ad m a a a
,

n ore e spe c i l ly t o th o se wh o h ve n ot b ee n bl e in
W hol e or in pat t
r o re sist the i r re l i g i o us ad
n c i v il do m
i
n i on S O po we rful were th e e ffe c ts o f t h e se ev i l s a
th t the

ita
.

A
'

r
ya s v ie we d t h e s tr n g e
peo pl e , a wh ose i nhe r n c es
2 04 W H AT CA S TE I S .

a aha d th p i il g f d u ti g ai fi aw ll
aB a
V ishy s e r v e e o co n c n s cr ce s e

s hm ra ad n p uliaa ns pp p i a tni f d u
o t y t ec r ro r on o o

Va i h yawaf l ma d b l i i u l i l at i T h
mS ha
s s g y s g or o n g e re o s e s on e

dmd
.

n a e t / u i thoe s n oal y pat f e v e n oc c r n e e r r s o

th e l l tico f th V eda It b l ng d t a
ec on o e
p p l s . e o e o eo e

fi t f u d (ad n l ad ) by th A yao th bak

'

ve f n
r

rs o n n e s e r s e n s o

th I d u ; a
e n d i t wa as ft wa d gi n t
n th s b di er r s ve o o er o es

o f m pl ad i en aim i l ap i ti
ce with gan d t th s r os on re r o e

d m o i a t t ib
n n Th d t in r f Ca e t im pu i
e ty a n d oc r e o s e r

d fi l mn t i s
.

t f u d i th a i t Védi
Ba
e e e no o l l ti
n n e n c en c co ec ons,

hm anam ak a aa mnta
a
t h ugh th
o e ll u i r t sl e s on s o s cr e

d fil m t
e e Th p ul ia
en pt i f t he g ecd B a h m r c on c e on o e o r

a
.
,

i i
n c o nnex o n wi th whi h th th y f C t i a i at
c d e e or o s e s ss o c e

f md i t h fi t f th Vé d i a m
,

ha db e en or e
g n Th H
e
y rs o e c e s. e n

o f th P i m a e l Ma l i wh i h i t i fi t f u d i n a
r ev e n c s rs o n n

i n c i pie n t for md o es no t bel on g t o t he a

e rl ier
p o rti o n s of

th e Ved a s

t th p d m
.

a atha i a
Ba
It i s i n the d e ri v ti ve V é d n f s e re o n ce O

th e hm ai aifi fi t b g i a
r n n s uth i ta
cr ti ly t
ce rs e ns or ve o

a pp a e I trh d i a tni V é d a
e se t a i
er v u i a
vel s, oo , v ro s soc

a fi t m ti d
.

d i ti ti
s nc ad p f i aons l fu t i
n ro e ss on nc on s re rs en on e ,

th ug h W it h ut a
o
y f t
o a ta b
n l i h d l i i u
re e re n c e
g o n es s e re o s

f u da
o ti n
n C u t mi t m
o a y b a d m i tt d
s o h w w a e e o e ve r, s

t th t i m f th aa m
.
, ,

a e ge o t f t h e V é d a
rr n
p p a i e
g en o e se s re r n

t h wa e
y f t h d l p
orm t f i e t A y a
e ve o C a t I en o n er
’
r n s e n

uppl m ta
-
.

o ne o f th Khil l a e y h a t
s , or s
p f t h W h i t e en r c e rs, o e e

Ya j u Vé dat ha m i a t d th P u u ha médh a
i l y n t l d th ath p i d fth B a
r t d eno — n e e r s c er

hm aa um
, ,

ta n o o er n — e er o o e r n s, n er

o u d i ti ti ad u i u l a i t h I di a m
s s nc ve n c ro mu ity s c sses n e n n co n

a b ught t ti
re ro M ay f t h o no la w
ce a ft n o e se c sse s ere er

m m
.

d i d
s re c o
g a f i g d i
n ze i i a t d sa t orb u t a n sc r n e c s es
 O RIG IN o r C A S T E— RE CA IT U AT I N P L O . 2 05

re fe re nc e to a ia
the ir s pe c i fi e d ti ad sso c
n i on s n c on e x on s

s h w tha
o s t th Cat y t mwa t m
e s e s -
a t u d wh
s e th
s no re en e

c ha pt f t
er oh P u u h e am é d h a w a
r s m p d s co ose

f th In d ia m
.

A g a t d t i a
re ti
e e r or on o i d b a e i g o n n e r n n

l pm t f Ca
,

th ed eve o en t a pp o a i s e,
n i w i th
e rs n co ne x on

t h A tha
e a w th l a
r t t
, f th V é d i
e es ol l ti e Th c co ec on s e

I d ia a
.

n n
p p l eo O b e i u l
re
y b u g h t
v o t s t i i ro i t a o no ce n s

b u d i th f tt
o n n e f a ta
e bl i h d hi e ahy a
e rs o n es nd a s m e r rc r

p a tn u p s t i t ie rs T h on
p i t p a ti u l a e l y t
r es h p i t r f c r e r es o

t h A th a al a i d m
.
,

i at i t h a
a
e rv c ss, s t w ko n n I it t n or n oo ,

th B hm a t h P u hi tai t th m
.
,

e r n , or e ro i i t , ub
s no e n s e r, o r s

s tit ut b ut th l d f th p i
e, e or ; a
o d p e u l ia r nc e
p i il g n ec r r v e es

a re c o nse q u tl y t b en j y d by hi m
o e en o e

I th B é l m
.

n e aa al i t L i tu gi a
r z n s, or e r e s l a d Rub i a l r c n r c

ad C m a a a
f th B a
Di t i
re c or e s n
p i l ti f
o t h L g don s o
y d S p u l
e e en r n ec

ti hm a th upp d a
— f w hi h h a j
f th B a
on o e r ns ,
g e s oseu t e o c s s

b e en m ti d th p g en —on e e hm
ro at pw
re s s o e r ns o o e r,

l pm t f C a
,

ad th g a
n e dua rl d e ve o t i g en a lo i s e n ener re c e ve s

ma m
,

l ua bl i id ta l ill u t a ti Th i t i
a
nc en on s e se c o on
so e v e s r
p os

m m
.

a l wa a f h B h a a a i l a a i b
uty ad wi d mt th G a
y t s t ret o e p
r tns s re - e n en c ss , scr

i g th i
n b a
e r e n y a ts i o
”
; w oh il e r v e rs e e

th y p ae s k f th K h a
e o t i ya e a bta s i i g r
p l d s u o a d n n s en o r n

b a y f m th T i sh tub a d f th Va i hyaag t ti g
”
r ver ro e r n o e s s e n

f m
,

a
,

c a ttl e, th
ro Ja g a t ei A ta i R i h i f t h c er V e d a n s o e s,

m
.

a l j d h i a u l b h
Th B a
Dd y p s u t t h y t l u e y e t t s, e n o y y t
e p s s s on e s e

c ia l fa u f th g d
vo r o e o hm s a th y a
.
ye t a r d i n, e s , s n s n

th e rela ti h ip t
on s th r f B i h a o o p a ti th
e s o P u h ri t a f tsh e ro o e

m
,

d
o s T h u aen c o t h a
i rt a e f a h
e di ta yp
n en nc e Oi t e re r r es
g y e g
Th y l a a
.

a
h d oo by f
eve n orc e t l g g l e d t
re h e on e en s o en nc e

m a a a
.
,

a
Ba
th i t u f t h l V i h i t w h h sd b v i r d o een r se

hm
e v r e o y e ro

l m awh
,

t tho Ba
e ah d by hi a
r r n oo d pti f a s o on o r n o
2 06 WHA T CA S T E IS .

a a a aifi a
a a
h d n rrowl y e sc p d b e e en s cr ced to th e g o ds ; n d

th e y de g r de th e mmy e or of thi s Vi shv ma ma i tr by ki ng

m a a a a
ma i whi h th B a
hi th e p re n t of i b i
c e rtg i l t
n i b T
or h y nt h w r es e ro

hm
.

a
a
di ti ti
s nc l i gh t
ve th on e n n er n c e r ns

p a
r c t i a l lcy b ta i O d a m ne p y l i a i fi
on o o T h B
n s cr h ce e r

ma th y t l l u at d i th i w p ul ia h aat
.

n s, e e s, c e n e r o n ec r c r c er

ad fu ti wh th y du t d aifi whil th
n nc on s en e c on c e s cr c e s, e e

K ha s t i yal a
r id a
s
id th i s
p u lei a h a
e r a t a
ec d fu t i
r c r c er n nc ons

wh e th y ai fi d ad p f md aw k b y d th i
n e s cr ce n er or e or e on e r

g en era l a bi l i ty T h y
. i t t
e i f
n ve n i (a
s or e s ol m t e x c e ss v e os

i a l ul a wa d h ai g b
T h y put th B a
nc c bl ) e re r s g i v n b y p ieen t ven r nc es o

o ffi i a cti g p i t n r es s. e hm a i th l a f e r n n e c ss o

th g d a d S u d a i h a f h d i l N a
t th B a
e o s, th n h e t l r t n e c ss o
y e ev s.

hm
,

th y d l a th a
e ec re a n i e r
y di i i ty I t
s e v er h v n n e

m m
.

la k fa a f a a i H a a a
Ba
c o
g t o orfi th s cr th
ce,
y d l
e o
y e ec re ,

b m hm
,

a d a ig ht h ad f a a H i th Va
a
e t th
e e r n O r i h n e s e s

aafi ; if th H m ab m th B d hm
.

a d a h ad ’

Th B a
v n r re e o e e on e r n s n

i t i ai f m a d by A g i him l f hm
,

s s e n se ai f th e r n s O e

f mf th da m
.

h K h a i a f h f f h i h
Th S h a
t t
‘

or o y e t y e s r t n o
g t e or o e

t hm
, .

e d ai r l y th wa s on aa et th g c a t h n e re ors e

saifi cr ceIt i p h a
.
p s i er i s w ni th h i w
c on ne x on a t h i g s c n

a t aifi i hi p a ti ipa a
a
s cr c e , or n ti s i th r c dibl on
p t b n l e e e s or o es

o f ai fis cr
( a
ce l f d t
so re e rre i t h B h m o an a n ) t h a t et h r s e

S hu d ai apati ul ai ta i i it d t aifi f
a
r n r c r ns nce s nv e o s cr ce

Th B hm e r ath y n m em d t k t b th p a
re c o en o se e l o e e e rs on

re
p re se n ta t i a t ave i fi f s cr
y K h a
ce o t iy a D
e ve r fi l m ts r e e en

ad im
.

n u i t t h fi t b i t t i b u t th i o no t i
f m i
rn n no
p y r
y e
g rs ; ce s

c on ne x o i n wi th th p e e rson s di a o
y i u m
en n or n r c rc

s ta n c e s, ai th m s n a tu d y t m f a
e re t s but i
s e o c s e, n c on

i
n e x on wi th aa m ta s cr l i en se rv c e s .

S ee a
b ove , p . 163 .
2 08 WHA T CA ST E I S .

a
d te d the ml se ve s to th e pre v iling a c usto mad s n su ersti
p
ti on s of th e c oun tr
y .

T he Vedi c S é tr a th s, e
p i a ag
er od of wh ic h prob bl y r n es

f m 6 00 t 2 00 b f a a
C hri s t, mdia n d wh i c h re in te r

Ba
ro o e ore t e e

b twe e en th e hm a na a
r d th La w B k
s n h w a e oo s, S o

mak d g wth i th d l pm t f at Thi mak i

a a
r e ro n e eve o en o c s e s re r s

m a m
.

i a b l h w h S h a a S a a d a
a
l t t u t t S
a a
e, o e ve r, o e r r s n
ore pp c

y hcd i k ra D ha
or m a S t a th a t th G i l g
r r s,
/ a S t a n o e r i r s

S t a f D m ti S i b ut u f t th m
’

or rr r s O o es c e rv c e s o r re e re n c e s o e

ha b n ve ee so t th a
re c en t th y n d t b h e ap i
eet a no e e re re c

la t d e

F mwh a t w ha l l t d t al a
.

ro e ve c o t d ad a
ec e id i r ns e n s n

m
, ,

th i l s gon t i
se c i t on,u t b a pp a t s t h a t eC a t w h i h re n s e, c

wa t a i g i a
s no n or l i ti tuti n f t h A ya a
ns on o f m e
’
r s, ro se ro

s ma l l ad a n l m t im pos p t i b l b g i i
e rc e
g t h u g h
e i a e nn n s, o n

wa y w h i h ac t th a m ti mi
e s t u i t l l i g i bl i th
e e s no i w n n e e n e v e

o f th a e dm i tt d p a e it i f h umr v aa tu
es O Ou lu n n re . r c onc

a e na a a
'

i
s o n s re s p t i ecg i t nt h u g h f u d d o p o l n d p e i lon rso n s ec

ex a mi a ti
n onf t h V é di w k t wh i h w h a
o e c or f
s o c e v e re er

re d (wi th th h l p wi th wh i h th y a n w a ia
e e s c t d) e re o sso c e ,

a w d ful l y i a da wi th th
re on er n c c or f th l a d
nc e o se o e e rn e

i ta
o r en l i t wh h a f l a
s s o t y a gi ve o th i ae tt ti
e rs ven e r en on

to it i Eu p
n ro u h a Lae, s cR th W b s M ui
sse n, o e er, r,

tl m h a a
,

ad M a M ii l l
n x A l l th
er l a n d g e se e r e t en e en ve ,

m
.

a a nd a a
f th B a
g re t er o rl l e ss
g th en ti d t h i no ced n t
e r se v nce e

hm mu h i th wa
,

o e r ai a l p w n c o er
y w h a
c n e e ve

d one i th p n e di g p a
re c e
g D
n M ii l l es f a m p l r e r, or e x e,

l ai m
. .

th u w i t
s r i hi u ua
es n s a t d tyl
s b ut wi th aa
n e ut s e, n c e

re c o g i t i
n on f fa o t a d p i
c s i p l n T h t
r nc h u es e re e o c c

p a t i on s O f t h A e
y a i
'
I r d i a w s fi gn h tin g ul ti a
t i ere
g n , c v n

th e so il , ad w
n o rsh i in
pp g th e g od s . Those wh o fo ugh t
 ORIG IN O F CA S T E — RE CA PITULA TION .

a f th p pl w ul d a
t h e b ttl es o e tu a lly a
eo q ui i fl u
e o n r c re n

en c e ad ak ad t h i l a
n r n d ,
app
n a i e r th Ve é d a a e rs e r n e s

Ra j a Ki g s or Th wh d id
n s t h a i t h fig hti g
ose o no s re n e n

m humbl p i ti th y w a
.

w ul d
o upy aoc c ore ll d
e os on e e re c e

Vi h Va
s i h ya s h u h ld s, ad w ul d
or o se od ub t e rs, n o no o

ha t nt i but t wa d th m a i t a mi
,

f th a
”
ve o co r e o r s e n en n c e o e r es

upa
.

But a t hi d ti r th a t fw
oc c hippi g t h g d
on , O o rs n e o s,

wa i d tl y
s ev id
en d b y th wh l
c on s e re a ti t b a e o e n on o e s

im p ta t
or a d a n t u l y n t i al t s t h r w l l b i
esse n
g f t h o e e e n o e

m
-

co u t y a fi g h ti g a
n r s g ai t i n u l t i a t
ns i g t h ene es or c v n e

so il H w im p
o f t a
ev e r d a b u d t h i
er ec t i n f t h s r e r no o ns O e

D ity m m m m
.

e a y t u w see u t a d i
o t th a t
s, a
tei w a s no n on s

e ver S O a i u t p f mth nx o s oi f t h i g d ath

e r or e se rv c e o e r o s s e

al y Hi du It i th g d wh
e r n s . q u th
s e o my i t is o c on er e e ne , s

th g d wh
e o uh a
s f ai h h a t H a
o vo c s e l th ad w a
r c l th l rv e s . e n e

ad g l d a
,

c h il d fi d
ren , fl k r en s, l l a th
oc s,
gn if t o re e s

a t u mai g ph a wi th
,

o f th g d e A d th
o s n ese re n o n e n n r se s

A m g aa
.

th al y p t
o se e r oe s. ti f t hi p ul ia on n on o s ec r

s ta mp th p i t w e ta i t a
r es s q ui g a
e re c e r t i flu n o c re re n enc e

a t a y a v er l y p i d ad l i k a
e r l l p i t th y w
er o , n , a e r es s, e e re s

c er ta i t u it f th i
n o sew a d ata or
g a
e r o d t th n u i v n e, n o e r n

o fa ll t u l igi u f l i g
r e re It i th l if p i g f a
o s ee n ll s e es r n o

t m af l th i m md ia
.

rel ig i thaon n t p ee s e f G d e e resen c e o o

ad d a w a at G d aah il d t hi fa
,

n r s s ne r o o th s But c o s er

th p i t m i ta
.

e a
r es s i d th a t n h ul d a
ne
pp a h t h
no o ne s o ro c e

g od w isth u t th i i t
o i ae r d t h a t
n e rc ess on , a i fi n no s cr c es

Sh o ul d be o ffe re d wi th o ut th e i r a
d i v ce M o st Of th e
am but i
.

Ind O E uro pe -
a a
ti
n n o ns h a v e re si st e d th e se c l i s, n

ath
Ind i e pwe re suc c e ssful , n d i n
ri e s ts e a th Vé d a
a m a m
,

l a
dy th
re o u h onl
g y i n so e o f t he l test h
y n s t h e

a m a
, ,

po si ti on o f th e ri est or the Purohi t , i s fir l t

p y e s

27
 2 10 WHA T CA S T E I s .

bl ish ed . h
y y ns we re th e c hi e f st re n th
Th ese ver
g m
on wh i c h the prie sts rel ied , n d th ey we re h n de d d o wn a a
fro mfah t er to son ath s e mt a
l ua
osbl v e he irl o o m A
h y m by
.

n wh ic h t he g ods h d b ee n i n v oke d t t he a a
aa a
b e g inn i n g o f b ttl e , n d wh i c h h d se c ure d to th e k i ng a
a v i c tory o ve r h i s e n e ie s, w s c onsi dere d n un f i l i ngm a a a
s el l ,
p a
n d i t be c a m a a
e the s c re d w r so n
g of w h o l e t ri be a -
.

But th p i t e ly w
r e s s on a ll w d t ere h at th o e
g o c n e se s on s,

th y e ly w
on a bl t t a
e re h th mad th y i m
e o e c
p e d n e re sse

l i ght t m
,

th p pl wi th a
e eo e b l i f t ha t th e e i ta k i th e s es s e n e

w d or s, o r th p ue i a t i
ron f t
nc h w d w
on u l d
o u e or s, o ro se

th a e n
g f
er o t h g d Te h u o th ys b c a m t h m
s a t e e e e s e rs

m i th t ah f th p pl th
.

o fa ll l ig i u
re o s c e re o n e s, e e c e rs o e eo e, e

mi i t f ki g Th i fa u wa u t d th i
n s e rs o n s . e r vo r s co r e , e r

ag d a
n er d d by api u b t
re e d ul u o a Th
s rr c re o s r ce e

m
, .

p i t
r es s n e ve r a p i d [ s i re a l l y] t noR y pa l w
n T h y o o o er e

m
.

l ft th i i g iaf
e e ns n
y ya l t o t roth i l i ta y a t o B u te r c s e

t ub m
.

w oe t th
o wai e wh w ul d
rr or o i t t th i
o p i
no i s o e r s r

t ua l g ui d a wh w ul d d a t p f m
n c e, or o o h i ai fi re o e r or s s cr ce

wi th ut wao i ti g f h i S a n m orul Th s w fi e ad ere e re e rc e n

ag ui ay t ug gl b tw th p i t ad th n b i h ty
Ba
s n n r s r es e e en e r es s n e o

b f e ore t h Ki g e n t d t b w b f
c o n sen e th o hm a
o e o re e r n

mp i g th i w
.

I th Vé daw
a
n e til l fi d Ki ge s n n s co os n e r o n

h ym t t h g d
ns o e
y a
o l b a d
s, R
ro
j a s h i w h u r s,i t d i r s, o n e n

a
a
th i pe r e rsonth p w e b t ho f k i
e rs
g d po i t O T h n n r es e

m i l y f Vi h m
.

fa it a ha
i g Vedab ut Vi h a
o s v t i but d i t
r w
s c on r l l ti e s o n co ec on

o f h y m t th R ns o e m it a hi ml f wa s v r se s

ti m h
-
,

o f ro
ya l d t a d
esc e n i f i l a t
n ni p er t d es e s re re se n e

dm hm m
,

aas i tt d t th B ae o ai fa
e r i l y f th Bhri g u n c O e s

afa mil y fa mu f i t a tity aw l l ai t a

a
o s or s s nc l u — th i s e s s v o r s

i b ut a
s n exc u i t d by t h
se n ve n e B hm a i de t r n s, n or e r o
2 12 W HA T CA S T E I s .

VI —CA S TE IN T HE IN DIA N EP IC S
mai at
. .

In l o oki n g for i n for t on s o th e o ri

g i n ad al y
n e r

d e v el o p mt en Of a
C ste we h ,
a ve hi the rto c on fi ne d our

at t ti en t th on o f d iff
e t ha at ad
Vé d ic wo rks ,
o e ren c r c e rs n

ag w h
e s, i h a fa a
c th at i
,
ti tuti
s i r s d h a ns on s c o n c e rn e , ve

p a d i
sse i w b f
n re v e u i th p d i ge ore ti f u s n e re c e n se c on O o r

vo l um W h a e t t e k f il l u t a
v e nex ti f it o se e or s r on s o s

wh i h m
.

ati i I d ia i ty i th l it a
c on n n tu
n so c e a y b n e er re c e

c on s id d a t l a
e re t i ,
it ig i a l f m i t md ia
e s , n t s or n or , n er e e

b t w n th
e ee Vedi w k ad t h Hi d u La
e se c w B k or s n e n -
oo s,

i whi h Ca
n t i
c t ial l y b u d up wi th Hi d ui m
s e s e sse n o n n s

aa m
,

ad dn d afaap i tl y l g i l a
e c re e s ti r s
p l i h
r es e s on c n cco s

th m w l d by i t i m m
,

eatt t la t t i l l th
e r, o s
p ai t a de or , s r en n

n e g l e c t, is ripe for d e struc t ion .

*
We no w t urn o ur

att ti
en t th
on Epi o wh i h wh e it i a lly
cs , i w d c en cr c v e e

f i f m
,

a a a
,

re re l ly th b t u e es ti so
p t i
rc e s
n
g th o n or on res e c e

w ki g
or f Ca
n t i flu
O a
n d th i
s e t n i n ad e n c es e r e x en s o n

ma i t a th ug h ut I d i a
a a
n en n c e ro o n

w ma R m
.

By t h I d ia E pi a a a
ha bha
e n n thn c s, n d th e e e n
y e

Ma a ta T h y a b th d i a K a a
a
’
r .
g t d e
y p re t y
o es n e v oe r

a a
,

p ro
p l y er l l d SO c d i
-
ti k a ei k hy i a n a a t i s or c cn n rr ve or

mi a m
,

ta
,

l e Th y w
. fi t d
e t d E pi
e re by S i Wi l l ia
rs eno n e cs r

J on e s , wh nj tu
ose c o n
p t iec
g w h a t w a b
re s , e ve u t re s ec n s

im p f tl
e r ec
y k w i h i d a
no
y w nf t n f
n a h as e re O e O
p py ,

cha at r c er Th a pp p i at fe t h pi th tro a
r
y
en e ss o e e e s s

m f th
.

h ab
,

P f ro e ssorH H Wi l d ni d b son , s een e e y so e O

dm
o se

f Vi gi l ad H m wh wi l l a
. .

ul t a a
r -
i re rs O r l l w th n o er, o o

i md by
e

d i g i ty f th Ep
n O t b la
e os b ut th
o bj t
e c e n on e e O ec s

O f th i i d l a e r t y ad i th o rt i t d: nn i whi h a
n e re s r c e se n

m
, se c

p oe i e n t ist l d E p i ag a
b l e t t h d fi i
c,t i on f ree e o e e n o

3'
‘
S e e b efore , no te , p . 72 .
 C A S T E IN T HE E IC S T HE RAM A A N A
— P Y . 2 13

A risto tl e , i t ma
y i nde ed be ma t t er of
question i f the
mb a H in d u P o e m
,

ter e st ric tl
y a
ppl i b l c e to the s Al
might mp
.

t h o ug h , h o we v e r, i t no t be i ossi bl e to vi n di c a
t e

t h e ir pre te n si on s to suc h a
ti tl e , ye t i t i s n o t wo rth wh il e
t o d e fen d th e It m
tte rs l i ttl e wh t t h e y
. m
a
re c l l e d a a a
ad th y wil l t l th i a
n e no lu ose ai t ti g aa
e r v e, s n e re s n n rr

ti ves f im O
p t a t or t n a t h
e ven s, u f h i t s i a l
s ore o se s o s or c

t a
r d i ti ad mon s
y t hn l g i a l l g o o d a c d f et h en s, s re c or s O e

a i t ia
n c en l ad p l i t i a
so c n l d i tio f I d iaad a
c c on on o n n s

m a
,

p i c t u f
re s O a t u a l n r i f i t a d
n n e rs , f p i t h y b ns e o e c, e e

mi a i p m
,

A th y a
“

a
d t d h w f u d
a
eno n e er o c oe s . s e re no o n

a a a a
,

t h y a b th
e re
p o i l l ye st h M
ec h b h t d fi ei t i u i t r e c en n n
y
ad ha ai m m umb f aah i m pi d
, , ,

n ve n e n se n er o n c ro n s s, e so e s,

d ig i
re ss on s, di u i i t p la
sc ss on s, ti may fwh i h a
n er o o ns , n O c re

p t i
o s er or t t h i o i g i a l
e r or m p i tin W co ti t h m
os on e no ce e

mp i ti
.

i wh a i f th a
a
t w t b th d
Th Ra a
n e c on ce v e o t e e or e r O co os on .

m a a m a
maKi g f A y dhya
1 P f R d i i
mf mRa
.
y
e g n , or ro t
re ss- O -
, e r ve s s

n a e ro n o th thi t o
y e r

f m
, ,

f u th i d
o r n t a di g t
e sc e n c c or f it n i o on e o s re c e n s on s ro

th m e
y t h i a l p c a g V a
ers oni a a t a e M a u t h v sv f or n e so n o

mythi a
, ,

th e su It g a
n t bj s ret i t o l b a ect a ft a s o ce e l r e, er

d a m t f th A yap w
c

l f mth a
.

or a ll g i a e or c or e v n ce en o e
'
r n o er

m g th u i il i d t i b f th S uth f
,

ad it a
a
n r es on e nc v z e r es o e o o

I di at h i a R a a
a
n pp e t i O t os w hi hon i t yp i fi o d b y ck h s e s s

m
,

a a B a a a a a
S i ta
i t d T w h i i d t h i d ff
f Ra
n n e v n ve c rr e
or g o s s o o

math da
,

th wi f
, e e o ug h t , f S wa dha
e
y a th er O , e

re
p t
re se na t i f t h l i
ve o f J a ea k a f
ne oV i d é h a M a i
n t h i l a O or

aaa
, .

Introduc ti on t o J ata
oh n son s
’
S e l e c ti on s fro mth e M h bh r .

1 W h a
t t h i i t I d i a ay D M asM u l
s l tho wa fn ,
”
s s r. x e r, e r o

P iawat G th i t y f pa a
d tu a th Ra
t i ti l u b ut f c
a
e rs s o re e c e e v c or o r o c v o r ov e r r e or e .

Th m ue fH ses o m yaa f H l l a
e ro o
s Hi st A S
s re e n o e .
”
. .

Y t h w a ha
.

Li t p 1 7
. . tl y di ffe nt th e
. e , ract o v s re ir c er
 2 14 W HA T CA S TE I s .

T h is oc c urre d whe n R a
ma bai h d , n s e by hi s f th er a
D ahaa
s tha
; wal i r s vin
g aa a ti
s i n sc e c n th e fo re sts, a
l gon

wi th one O f h is bro th e rs ati f th k hm

La aa s n Th e c on o e

m m
.

a il d i d h a d i a
m t f S itaad th wh l i t i f au if mati g
p oe i p i sy t rt t r
y t t
re c e o e re c o ver n re n s e

Ra mawi th th ai ta f S ug i a Haumaad
en o n on e o e s O n or c s n .

e ss s nc e o r v n n, n

m k y hi f ( p ta
, ,

th ti ff t t ib i a
d d L aka
o er on e c e s, ) re rese n ve s o ore s r e s,

a ai h t k h i a a
kil l d Ra
v e th u t y f th
n , e co
p i t ln r o e r v s er, oo s c ,

e aai fi ght ta v nbl i h d th b th n f th es s e e ro er o e

m
,

ff d V i bh i h a a h f i d ab l ) h h a
awh
o en( er t st t n , d e or e on e ro n e, n

re t ur ne d t o A yo dhy ere he re i
g n ed in suc c e ssi on to
mi wd
,

a
h is f th e r
Th e sph e re o f th e poe v e e i n i ts e sse n

Pro fe sso r La
.
,

l ag a b
t ia r n e, s O se rv e d is g e o g r by sse n a
m
.
,

p h i c ll
y lai i te d to th e c o un try n orth of the Vi n dh
y a
[ m a
o un t i n s
] i n th e so uth th e re i s n oth in g but w i l d e r a
n e ss of fo rests, wi th mk yon e s for i n h bi t a at n s .
”
L i ttl e
a i s t k en in i t ay
aa
n o ti c e of n southe rn l e s thou h
eo
p p g
aa mi S ug i m
,

the re llu i
’
to th e c h r e t o th e

l i ti f S i ta
re s o ns n r v s
g o n

keys re q ui ri ng ah ai u l a
th e m to se rc av r o s oc es or s

ft wa d a a a
,

wi l l a
L akaC yl n ath ug h t b y L a n i p ba
er
pp r s d t h t e ri f i
n t t te e x e ns o n o s s or o
y

t t i but d t Va
n or e o s o bl y p t s se s ro os e

mp iti It i a lm
, ,

ig i a
,

i t it l
n t m a f Ra
iki
aB a
r or o s or n co os on

hm
s r e o

m
.

a p t d ath
,

r n , re re se n e
p y s e coa b u t e or r o

ta i l y i t wan t mp d in th da a
a
c er n s o co
y f t h
o se t k i g e s o n

m
,

wh il l a e
g p ti
r e f i t
or
p a
k
on s Of V l i k i aso s t h we o s o s o

t ha t h wa t th i a
e s no uth Th p ti f i t wh i h
l l ud t Ra
e r or e or on s o c

maaai a a
.

a fa a
a
e o ti s n t i
nc n rn t ion o or on
p p o or or

fa a m
,

o -

p
-
ti or ( lon h a) f t h
ns r ns
g d V i sh n u d o t e o o no se e

t b l
o e on
g t i t i goi al p l a
s or I t w a n i g i n a l l
n
y h
. a
’
n d d s or e

I h Ep i p m a
n t e y La
c oe Ra ms,a ad K i h a a
s s sse n i ly n r s n c e rt n
app a ai aa m
,

e r sti nc rnf Vi h u b u a
g ons o t h a i m
n , a h um at t e s e t e s n
2 16 WIIA T CA S T E I s .

th m f
ti Bud dh a It l g d (a w l l a th f th s e en s s e s ose o

a
e e o . e

M a
h bh a ata wh i h i ’
tr p t i t i ) P cf L a s os e r or o t ro essor sse n

ju ly h ld
st
“
w o ml d d i awa
s, y w h i h
e re ret d d to o e n c en e

al i th m a d bl i
z e at th f a
e tu n f h m o te r e e e re s o t e ore

m
en e r
g
a i t t
nc e n i m a d w h i l h w
e s,h l at
n ia l w a ubj t d e t e o e er ss ec e

to ap ri e stl y, rel i gi o us i nfl uen c e

”
Th e v i e ws o f al a
t er

m di ti
.

p e ri o d ,
”
th e s a e s n
g ui she d a
uth or a
dd s,
pe ne

t a te d th e a i t l n c en
g d ; t h de t
en i f t h t h
e
g a t
oc r n e s o e ree re

m
r

g d
o [
s B a h a
r V i s h u a d S h i an
] ,f th n f u a t v a d o e o r c s es n

a
,

th i
e r p i ti os a d w
on , h a t n th i d w
e ve r o t a per a t f e s e re no r o

t h I dina y t m n s s et k p i oo a l f t h
o sse ss on t a di t i f so o e r on s o

m
e ,

t h e a l i
e r es t a T h
er p r i tl y l e t f
es th h i t e e
y f en o e s or o

m
.

th g d st i t d t
re s r c e h a ti a l h a e a t fr t h h c i r c er o e ero c

m
e o

a a a
a
l g d d fi d i
c ont t ne w l i i t
o n rro T h b ttl er i s e

a
en n es n

m
e

m
.

a a a
,

th e R y a k n th se e t ri t u
er t i h
o ex c t b y e o r s on s en

s up a
e rntu a l p r a g erson a d w a p es t h a n t a w a
e k u
ons, n o en o r

w ond b y g
er a t a tu
re a l h u m
n a p r w P a h l a
n a (t h ro e ss .
”
v s e

P a ty
c es f th o G k e ) S h a k a
re e Y a
s a a ( I o s, v n s, ne s, or

m
,

G re ek ) a s t
rei d en i i t
”
on e a d i a l
n l p b a b il i ty n t h n ro e

mk wn t th I di a p
,

Y a a a
v n h s f d
ere re erret b a o ec e no o e n ns os

t i
er or t th da o y e f A l as o d t h G ex a t n I ter i di ffi ue l t re s c

l mt im m
.

a a
,

a os p i b l i
oss y e i tn t n d i ti ns
g u i h b tw
n c e s, o s n s e e en

th e m a
ore i n t a d
nc e m m n d n p t i
ore f th o w erk or on s o e or

a a a
,

b t
ew t
e en h w h i oseh p i c d t h
re w h i
r or h p n t i ose c re os er or

t th t i um
o e rp h f B u dd hoi m I t i t ist m a
.
y b p p h
ex s s, e ro er ere

t a
o dd i a tl a
n t tw e s i th N th
o re ce n s on s, i ad
e or e rn re c e n s on n

m pl a diff
,

Ga ud B ga l en i wh i h i
re c e n s on , c n so e c e s,

bl y i th i w di g th ug h l i ttl i th i m
,
or , , er

c on s id a er n e r or n o ai g e n e r e n n

S mtim w ha h a ad dmtim th th
, .

d th
'

o e es e ve e on e , n s e es e o er,

in o ru h ad wh n s, m a ki g u en t a t n I th p ti
o r ex r c s n e or on s

Ra
.

mi 5 5 . . .
 CA S T E IN T HE E PIC S —T HE RA M A
’ '
Y A NA . 2 17

of th e R ma
ayaami n ad t al a ertori ousl y publ i sh e d
t d by n r ns e

D rs M ah m aa a rs a m n bi a nd C r ey, th e re i s
ti co n on, or

mi tu f th tt m
.

x re , o i S hl g l a e
p t d
re c e ns ons i t h . c e e e e , n e

p t
or i w h i h
on s h di t d a d t a l
c a t d t gei e t h e n r ns e , o ve e

n or th t t i
e rn i ts pu i ty ex It i th nGa ud i r . s e re c e n s on

wh i h f l a
c t y a h abo e
y a t l
e rs
y a d a u a t s l y e en v er ne n cc r e

e di t d wi th a
e , l l t Ita l i at al a ti
n ex ce by th C a en n r ns on , e ve

li e re Ga p a G i
s I th re S a k i t t t
orre s of t h w k n e ns r ex o e or

fm
.

a
,

it i id t
s s i t f o c on s s O yo f i d v e rse s
’
ne o r en s

m
.

(th R
e J W G
ev a d ) w h h a k i d l y u t d t h
r n er o s n co n e e

f m fi d th m mu t t
. . .

t a
,

or e, n s e o o n o

It h a i d tl y b a bj t wi th th a
Ra a
s ev en uth e enf th n o ec e ors o e

m a a a m a a
t d wi th th B a
t n t th C t o t — i l l
y p y re p re se n y e s e s s e es ec s

hm
.

t iya V a
,

a K ha i hya ad
a
c on n e c e e r n s, s r s, s s, n

S hi d a a ti al l y f md i th da m a
.

R
K i g f A y dhya
r r s, -
s e sse n y f t h or e n e s o e

d i g th y l b a myth
c a n

i l f m Th
th ug h ut th a
o

or
wh

t p maf m
.
o

at a ft m ti d t g th
i g th
ese

n
t i a

i
,

d di
c

i i
ose

s es
o n

re
s

o en
e ce e

en
r e

on e

ze
n

o e

v s o ns
er,

ro o g oe ,
s or n e re c o

of H in du In i ts in troduc ti on i t is prophe si e d of
a
i y
s oc e t

maa a
.

R , s a
the de sc en d n t of R g h u, one of h is pre de c e ssors
on th e th ron e , th t he sh oul d a ta
esbl i h s th e four V a ai rn s n

the a di g t th i p ti d ti t A m g
worl d c c or n o e r re s ec ve ir es on

th i h a
e bi tat f hi
n api tal w th ll t twi b
n s o s c ere e ex ce en ce -
orn

m ma eni tai i g th aifi ia l fi n d pl y a d i th Vé da

n n e s cr c re , ee re n e

ad it i A g a1 di t i but f th u ad ( f gi ft ) ful l
n s s x n s, s r ors o o s n s O s ,

R a
m . i . a
t th e e nd .
1 R a
ma
yaa n i 1 99
. .

It Th e si x
g Véd aa n s, or mm e b ers O f th e V d - -
Thi s n - e, éa am
mp y
.

D r M irl l e r (Hi st A S Li t p “
1 09 ) c orre c tl y s s, d oe s n o t i a
y
l th e
may
. . . . . .

e x i st e nc e of s i x di sti n c t b oo k a
or t re t i se s i n ti te l c onne c t e d wi th

ama ]
s

th ei r [th e Br h ns
’
a
s c re d wri ti ngs, but dm
m ly th a i i
e re e ss on of si x

28
2 18 W HA T CA S T E I S .

of truth , di sc ipl in e, ad m y
n e rc l ike the ai n c e nt
g re a
t
ml
,

a
a
*
c ontroll ers of O f it p pl i g
a
Ri shi s , the se ve s s eo e n e ne r l
f th m m
.

it is ai d th a t
s no one o waa e
y y a i tti a
ddi t d s n ’
vr n, c e

t aa
o l li g c t hi n no s o w ) ns Th K h a t aB a
"

hmaad e s r ,
r n

l ya
,

Vi ta w l t th i
e re ign Whil th
o o w e r sov e re e ere e re no

Sa ka a
r (
n m i d l a )
s i th by b
xe i th b y c nd u t 1
sse s e er r or co c
”

A ll th Va a
.

f Ra
rn k p t b
e y t h i p p w ks T eth e r ro er or o e

aifi f D ahaa thath fa m

.

h ors e s cr ce o th ap s r e er o er

f md f
-

a
,

f ff p i g l a d ad d
,

Ba
or eth k or e s ut
e o o s rn e rne n e vo

hm um mn d by S uma
,

aw d nt a

a
r ns dt b e re or e re hi o e s o e r s

m m
,

ad t h a i t du d S uya a a
dé aJ a a
i i t wh i
n s er, o s s r
j V o ve n ro ce n ,

v l i Ka hya p a t
vh P u hi ta V a i shth a
s a d th e ro s n o e rs,

m m
, , , ,

th p t by a a a i i a
Ba
e g oe h g n g brossk t t h ti f
n c ron s o c o e es o

th Vé dae Th hm sa b ga n t du t th
e se ai r ns e o c on c e s cr

fi ce M ul ti tud f th i at w p es t wh o w e r
°

c s e ere re se n o ere

ba
,

fu i h d wi th a n da ff da
.

rn s e nd d i k Pi u p nc e o oo rn o s e rsons

f th f u a d by Va
.

i shth a
ki g f M ithil th King f K a a
o e t wo r c d s es t b i it d
ere or ere s o e nv e

l J aa ka
,

ad a
n so n , hi th ki g
n o , e o s , e n

j
s ub e c ts, th e st udy a ay ith f th a
of wh i ch w
di g th s n ec e ss r e er or e re n e

mpl ym t f th V éda
,

u d tadi g th p p aifi ia l ”

l p ti s f th B a
n e rs n n or e ro er s cr c e o en o e

hm
, .

D M thi k t h y w i gi a lly i t g a aa
i ti ] P u a aad Iti ha
r. n s e ere or n n e r or on o e r n s,

mm a ath [p i m
.

i th
n a e s e nn er s a ad t
e r ve r n s n s s,
”
n no

th e
“ ma ll a d ba s t a t w k w b y th i
n rren a m (p r c s no no n s n e.
”

Th y a m ti aay hat whi h w m

.

d i th li ttl Cha uta

’
e re en one n e ft e r n v rr o c e s er

wa d f a hil hd (p u i a
r s re e r, tis s
) ka l a
p (
cs m i a
l ) y ak i
ron a a nc on , c e re on v c r n

m m a m
,

a a a a a a a ha
a
(g r
) i u kt ( rPl tic n r f w d ) h d (ex t ) d jy
n t i n, o or s , C n e re n o s

m m
, ,

m
,

(a t s ron oy a d a t l gy ) A ll t nh B h a
s ro o i d th t .
h a e r ns c ons er e o ve

stil l th e s e di vi si ons

a a
m a
.

R m i 5 20 t R i 6 6 1 R m i

mf
. . .

a
. . . . . .

a a
? r ri:
s ff u fin R m i 16 (N R )
a
. . . . .

u i R n . i 11 6 9
. .
-
. S ee a
l so
2 20 WHA T CA S T E I s .

g ol de n a
pp u t a r e n nc e s ; gh tei
h un dre d g ol de n c h ri o ts wi th a
a a a
,

four whi te h orse s for e ch one thous n d n d te n h orses

u t y ad fa mil y ad t mil li bf
a
“

o f g d bi th by
oo r co n r n , n en ons

w f a l u a nd hu w S ha ba
f th i g uity f th B a
co s o i u v ro T hi
s c o o rs l th es s co e

hm a m t ha
, ,

a
a
c re ti on o e n en O e r ns, se e s o ve

ha dg a t
re g a d f th re l
g y f B r h m a for h a ye t or o r ns , or s e s s o

A K ha t iya p w a
a
it i id i
'
’
h er w o n er : s t r s o e r, s s s no so

m
,

p wo fu l
er a th a t f a B
s h a w hi h b i g th p w
O r n, c e n e o er

o f th Ba
e hm ai di in a r nd g a t th a th a
s t f th v e re er n o e

K h a a 1 A
”
t a di a fl i t i t d a h a
Vi h a
t
ad Vahi shtha
'

y n e x r or p n r c on c s re re se n e s v

m
s r

ma i ta it a
.

i g b
n e en i d b tw n ne e e en s v r n s

m m m a
,

w h i h d end i th f e p f n i g te t ord i a er
y er or n os e x r or n r

m
c

a ut i t
s eri t b t
esa i th Bo O ah a h d whi h th
n al ie r n oo c e e r er

t a
r di ti f th
on s o H i d u p t
e h i m a h a i ng a qu i d
s re
I re sen s v n c re

hi bit d ap f m
.

B gh a i a th ra th f D ,
i l ipai e s on o i g , s ex e s e r or n

a u t i ti
s er f th d es t f th
or G ag e f ath u ad
e sc en o e n e s, or o s n

y a u
e rs, s rro n u d d i n th h t a w ei th fi fi a de i o se son ve re s n n

th e col d l yi g i wa t na di g t th di a (f u d
n er, c c or n o e or n nc e s o n

Al l u i am ad i i t t th d t u ti
a
in s o ns i re e n o e es r c on n

af m a f h K h a i a b P a a h u m a h f
a
or ger t te oy y e t s r s r s r e s on O

ma m
,

Ja da g i b a u n f ,
th i pp ec i ti t th se B ho a " e r o os on o e r ns

th a hi
.

Da ha s a r di g hi on Bh a a tat s sen h i g ad n s s on r o s r n

u l him B th u md t ad pi u
,

fath th u
er, s co n se s e o o es n o s

ad hum bl Om d a k a
th B a
n y e, b y y u sont p l e ve r en e v o r se e o e se

e hm
r a d t d t th w k f th S h uti ad rt
ns evo e o e or o e r n ex e

in g th e ml se v e s in se rvi c e . A sk th ou c oun se l of th e ml et

R a
m i 54 19 22 -

1 Ih
'

i 5 5 1 4 .

aa
. . . . . . .

I R my aa n i 54 67 -
S ee on thi s M ui r s Tex ts, i
’
98 1 10 -

a
. . . .

R m i 44 9 1 2 -
S ee b efore , p 34

a
. . . . . .

R m . i 76 21
. . e t seq .
 CA S T E IN T HE E I C —
S T HE RA M A P ‘ '
YA N A . 22 1

t h e ir by th e e s th e e li x ir of i
c oun se l be re c e i v e d a mta
m l or

a
T he y re th e root of prospe ri ty n d gl ory a The
a
i ty
m am
.

aa
.

a
Br h n s, th e utterers of th e br h , re n e c e ss ay
r in
m ia l i ti tut
e v e ry c e re Th g d O 0 m t wi
on ns e e o s, son , os se ,

ma f m aumd h
.

ha f ve, i tai i g th
or i t n n n e e x s e nc e o en, ss e t e

ab d pf h um ai y b m i g g d ath h twi t t
a
o e n ec o n o s on e r e ce

h mb l m
,

b T h V ed a h D h a ah a t e
aaad
o rn .
g o t e e on s, t e r s st r ,

ay
a
th e d i sc i pl in r Insti tute s, t h e Ni ti -
sh str n th e
ma
,

s c ie nc e of A rc h e ry
“
The Br h a re se t forth a
a
ns s

m mawh
.

a
d e e pl y l e nti n
g for R e n ordere d by h i s f the r to a
k up hi a
ta b d
e s o e i n th e wi l de rn e s s a n d wh e n th e
y fol
l o we d h i m on foot, i t i s a
i d h w ul d
s t id T Da ha e o no t e s

am m
, .

rath a hi fa
th wh s e r, o a
l p a
soi d h i t C
cco hi t a
k uta n e o r

i m
,

a
,

a
s d t p e t f hi
o ex w i h i dre ss
pp i t f
o on e o s ve s s ee en e nc e or

ha i g kill d ab y wh a
v n
pp ae d t b f th
o B h o e re o e o e r

mai a n cl a ad h wa m r ce, f t d by th y uth a

n e i
y g s co or e e o s n

I a m t f th twi b 5 th w aid th f a f
,

no o e ce -
orn ro s e e e r o

(h a i m m i tt d ) B a
h m a i d I w a d u d b a
Ba
v n co e r c e
g p y s ro ce

hm a af m
.

a
l S hu d a l i i g i th Wil d
Ba
r n on e
I e r v n n e e rn e s s .

T h p p ty aw l l a th l if fa hm ai p
a
e ro er s e s e e o r n s re re

m m
,

t d a a d by Bha
se n e a ta
s s c re wh h p l ai f R a r en e co ns o

wi l d m §
, ,

ha fa
Ra
i ng b
v t by h i ee n th i t th
se n s er n o e e e ss

m wai a tt i but d m
.

a u ’
i
s s c c ess tn th b w r s r e ore o e o s,

a w im
.

i ta ad th w a wh i h h i d
f mth Ri h i ad th B a
s, sc rs, n o er e on s c e re c e v e
rro
p
ro e hm a tha t ay p ti n
s s n o er r ns n o n or o

of th di i i ty wh i h h i
e v n
p t d a p e i
c
g ” e s re rese n e s oss ss n .

am R . i 7 9, 16 20
.
-
.
f Ra
m . 11 . 43 .

1 Ram . 11 . 6 6 43 . . Ra
m . 11 . 7 4 53 . .

Ram . i 3 0, c t i n
. a
l l . oc .
22? WHA T CA S TE I S .

T h e h onour of th e Br h ama ns is se t forth a s on e of the

ad d uti e s of mal i ty wh i h a th u ke n o f
m
r n or
g c re s s o
p
ta at a
,

a
m
i w
wa m
e 3 n
fi a a
fim
F t
Fm
s r l rr

a ta fa fi a
‘‘ '

ma m g m
r r r r

a it er 6 7
‘
3

Th e s a
g es s ay th at t uth ad l i g i a d r , n re on , n v a
l
or,

ad t d
n en e rn e ss f l i i g b i g ad a
or v n ff ti at e n s, n ec on e s
p e ec h,

ad th
n e se rvi c e or w o rsh i
p th of
e t wi c e b orn , t h e
g o ds

mth pa
-

ad g u t a a
,

“
Here
a
n es s, for e th wh ic h l e ds to h e ve n
m a
.

a
ma
Br h k p rec e d en c e of th e d
a
th e ns t e g o s .

Li ttl e i s foun d i n th e R aaa y n b out th e disti n c ti ve

p osi ti o n of th e K sh a
t iya r s It mu t s be re mmb
e e red ,

mi
.

a ad aa
a
h o we v er, th t th e g r n ob ec t of th e
j p oe s th e l ud
ti on o f the princ es of A yo d h y i n the use of t h ei r
aa p w Th K ha t i ya i t h w u f md
Ba
k sh tr or o er. e s r s, s o s s, or e

m Vé l i a m k y p i wh
,

th l a d fa i li
a
e rs o r es or on e r n c e, en

m
e e

m
.
,

ex
p t ul
os a ti g w i th R a f n w u d i g h i wi th a n a w or o n n rro

no t i fa ni fi gh t a yrt h i m C m ,p s d s l i b a l ioty , o ose ness, er ,

se lf -
fidc on f gi t uthful
en c e , or b ld t a
ve ne ss, di r ne ss, o ne ss, s e

n e ss , ad th di p iti
n t pu
e i h t as os
n g a on o n s r s resso rs re

t h q ua
e l iti f th K ha t a Th
es o a mqua e d um au
s r .
”
e s e r no s

Ra
m . 11 . 1 18 , 32 . The ma
l t ahi
or e c ng s o f th i s c h pt a m
a uher re c

p
su eri or t o th ose of th e p rofes se d a
l w b oo -
ks . The fol l owi ng li nes
a
ma m
re ex c e l l e nt

m
(verses 1 3 1 4)
-

i
“

i i re?

m
s t 8 c I I
‘

s:
g
: se

a
aa
a
w h t fri e s? Sfrf vci te r I
m m
‘

m m
'

a a
? sw r ? e it ll
a
T r uth i s th e found ti on of p i e ty i n th e worl d ; th e root of rel i gi on is truth ;
m
T ruth is the sup re e p ri nc ipl e i n th e worl d ; o n t ruth prosp eri ty re st s
m
.

T ruth i s the ost e x c el l ent of a

l l thi ngs ; wh erefore l et tr u
th be gl ori ous .
 2 24 WHA T CA ST E I S .

( sv ka
a m
a) th r a pp a t m key t di d n o t, it e rs o e, se e o

f a
,

re c o g i a y u h ub d i a
n ze ti n t ad ak s c s or n on o c s es n r n s

f u d d di i ti f upa ti ahab h i bi t d
a
o n e on v e rs es o oc c on s s ee n e x e

i la t im a
f A y d hy a
I h i i h h f h A d h
Ka
n t n ert t t p t est y y e n ne e c er o e o

b i tat
.

d a th i h a
n f th i ty e n ae n s o e c o o r

a a a
,

a
k Ra
re
p t d
re se n e g i g u t w i th B h t i th f
s l l w i g o n o r n e o o n

d
or e r, — t m ath a t h m i g ht
o upy t h t h
se e e oc c e ro ne

a h i fa Da ha a tha d a th I gi
’
ft er th s th i d ig
er s r s e . ve e r es

na ti i th
o ns i g ul a f th n a k f b e i s n r, or e s e o c n v e n e n ce ,

t h ug h th pl u a
o l i u d by th p t e r s se e oe .

l a aa
M p ik r , J w lle
'
e e r 25 B adi 1 n '
Pa
n gy i e r st

m a a P tt
,

a
.

Va ta Vaa a
, ,

2 Ku bh kd r o er. 26 r t I r

kam m
,

i tt a
,

8 Yat a n r a
kri t M h a ni ia
n r ec c 27 Va ka r
’

Wo rk e r -
i n wi t h e s
-

m ka mp u d
,
.
,

a a
.

A t pa 28 G ad l u
'

M f
’

j Co
’

4 s ro i zv , n- o -
r s n o n e r- o f

p fum
,
.

5 Ma y é i k a r P a o k k p e c c -
ee e r. er es

Pa ml a
,

i tt i i l a
.

Ta t i dg k 29 P d a
’

6 r c p r r e- ee er t D e l e r i n d ri n k s
- -

m t mak
,

afka
.
,

C h k é da ka r (a f p a
.

Ga
i

7 B l ore s o e r s, 30 P rd v '
r r en

m
, ,
-
e r,

wood , e t c ) 31 S ut a ka Ca
’
. r p t r
§ e n e r.

aa
,

8 Bk ed k 32 S h i lp p a A ti a
’

S p l i tt j
’
e r. t o zv n.

m
. r s

9 D at a kaa “ H i ra gyaka
'

w 33 W ork e r
’

I k
’
n y r v or -
or er z -
i n g ol d
-

a
, .
,

10 S ud h a kaa D a ta
.

l i 34 Vri ddhy u j
’

r e e r- h -
ne c r. p i i v U s ure r
P fum
, ,

aa a
.

4 1 G adl wp a j i i 35 P r b l ik Wo rk e r a
’ ’
n v er e r. in l
G ld m
4 ,
- -
cor

kd a
,

1 2 S ana a ai ka
.

v r ith r o s 36 S h uk r P ork d e l e r -
a
mg
, .

dh aa ka M t a
,

13 K aa ka Ma
.

lli bu i h
’
n r , e c- rn s e r. 37 t y p qi i vi
s o Fi sh on er.

a a
,

14 S a a k B h M id aa pa a
'

t 38
'

p n , e r. v Pl nt e r.

l a
,

15 C h h a da
’

D c re ss e r. 39 K a ya
’

la nsa ai c r
'

Br z er

40 C hi tm
,

16 l a i dy a Ph y i i a
, .

l dra Pa
’
, s c n. i t c n e r.

17 S h a u d l a
,

D i t il l nya i k dya kaG a i d a

’

n zc . s e r. 4l t lv r r n- e e r.

1 8 D h ép i ka I d a l n c e nse- e er 42 P a ny a ik a i H u k t v r
y c s e r.

Wah m
,

19 Ra a
.

j ka , a s er n 43 P ha l pa j i i Fo ui t l l v r -
se er

20 Tat adya
.

W a f
, .

4 4 P u kp p a j i Fl w
'
n r v , e ve r s o ll zv , o e r- s e e r.

21 R ang p a j i vi o A c t or 45 L ép a kaa Pl a t
'

mia
, s e re r.

ka
.

A bh i h faa
,

46 S tha p a
a ya
m
22 g v , E nc o st . t A hit t rc ec

a
,

47 Ta k h dp a
.

23 S i a Ca
Na
S ti t s
p t r e n e r.

m mak
,

aa
.

a nt il a
aa
,

2 4 M g b d u, d
'

g h e. 48 K dr y r c , I n s t ru en t- er .

a
L i ter l l y , tooth work er .
a a t Prob b l y th e eq ui v l en t of B ad lj a
n n,

t T h e occ up ti on a of th e Vaa ta(m

a f apati ul a a) i u k w
r n o r c r r ce s n no n

m j udg i g f mth ty ml gy
.

Bi nd i ng by c ord s . i ns e t a
d f ail o n s, see s, n of h is m t ha
a
a
ro e e o o n e, o ve
bec n ori g i n l l y hi s wont .
 ’ /
C A S TE IN T HE EPIC S —T HE RA M A YA NA .

4 9 Ni o p k aaa
’

m an S eeds aa a
7 0 A r k é g kri t , Br s s fo und e r a
m ma
-

B i km
,

a a
.

a
.

50 k r c er. 71 T w
ri l t r t] , C o p p e r fo un d e r
d/ i m k dm C h m
-

5 1 Da da a a a
.

t ak r o , e e se e 7 2 S v s ti k d r , M k e r o f fi g ure s - -

5 2 M dl dk d a
.

Ga d n r r e e r. (o n fl oors , e t c )
5 3 Ck ag é i kai l aaa
,

Ha
.

73 K es h k r ,
'
S lln f w od
r -
v c e e r- o -
o -
s or i d r re s s e r.

f a
yi reel . " a a a B il (C k )
74 Bh k top sd d h o er

mop a
, oo

a ka
.

54 M w
' '

j z, Fl e sh e r ,

Pa 75 Bri gh ta
.

55 tti kd a paka a kaa F i

'

(C k )
’

v Pl nt er- of- t h e r r er oo

k tukaa
,

76 S ha
, .

ut ree 1~ Ba
'

L od - k r e r.

a
,

d ik a
.

7 7 S ha
m
5 6 C h drp op j wi , S el le r -
of- p owde rs.
’
Cv f ti n on e c o e r.

a ra
,

5 7 Kd ds i k , a 78 Kh a nda ka D a l ad i d '
C o t to n - d e l e r (
or i , e e r- n - c n e

a) te z er ug a s r.

5 8 D ha a Ma
.

nwhka ha
’

k fb r , e r- o -
ows. M t e rc n

5 9 S l t ai / a
.

yi Th a 80 K a ha kaa C ut t a
’

d ll
’
z r v cr re se c f r t l e r- o cr s

m
e r. y or

a A mu m
- -

6 0 S ha t a
,

ka
: ,

s r r r o re r g l a a k ss e r.

a Um ma
.

18 213 . 8 1 Cha t a ka b lla

’ '

r k r re -
e r.

aaa
,

6 1 K d gt d k r B t l n ut 8 2 V dh a ka h d ha R fi
’
ll e e s

m a La
-s e e r. e o e n er

a
,

a
.

62 T buh k
'

f ll e -
se e r. le
m ft m
.

63 Ch i t a bh a
ja
rnt D a a ’

z, r s n 8 3 Kh adaa
n th d
n s s a
M k er o f- i n l a
id
m m
-
.

64 Cha akaar Cu i
’

r rr e r. p a
l work
Bl ak m mp a m
.
, ,

65 L h l a a C
’

84 Td i i
’
o oc r i th c s j ro p p h zv , o e rs t

a S h gim ha
. .

ldkd ha a t taaC i f f ag ui l d
.

66 S ha la
ya M ks f d a t a nd e r- o r s 85 re t r h e -
o

m
- - -

ma
, .

ha ja l i n 86 G a h h a aC h f f h w
'

té r ve s. r g g i o e -
o -
t e - to n

Vi h a aaa
,

67 g
g h ata D t y
’
f p i e s ro e r- o -
o h tt r h e rd s
m
.
,

i l ugha a
,

s on s . 87 S ka , P l ye r (o r Tu
68 t
'
a a
k ai E x orc i s t b l e r)
mi kaDi
tt r v
g
aata
.

a
.

8 8 Dyut é
'
c c e -p l y er

aa m
, .

6 9 B l nd ch
' ’

z lci t P h ys i c i af n - or- ch il

s a
l t, dre n .

F ol l owe rs o f e a
ch oc c u
p a
t i on , i t is a
dd ed,
“ ad a
ll n

a
a
ot he r d e l e rs, i n the y c it c ro wde d to g e th er, e x c e pt t h ose
who were sic k, ol d , nd youn g Br h n s, who were a . ma
p u re , v e rse d l n the Véd s, n d d i st i n uish e d , t h ous n d s 1 11
g aa a
m a
ma aaa
a
n u ber, c e l on g b eh in d Bh r t who proc ee de d wi th
ma
,

a a
h is l ug g g e l o de d on b ull oc ks i
”
To th e se Br h n s he

a a
.

a
h d g i ve n b u dat l a
a
r esses o n th e o c c sio n o f hi s h v in g

aa
n n
g
p e rfor e d th e fi rst fum
n er l o b se q ui e s (s hr dd h ) o f l l l S a
3'
a
P rob b l y for ri nsi ng t h e t eeth 1 For wh t use a
a
.

1 R m 11 90 In th e north ern re c e n si on
(Bo b ma
y e d i ti o n , 11 83,
ma
t d am
.
. .

a
.

fo l . th e cl a sse s e n u uh f w
er e re c e er th n th ose i n th i s l i s t .

29
226 W HA T CA S T E IS .

a
f th e r a aa d i d h imt V si sh th
upy th t h v se o oc c e rone ,

m
.

pro i i g th a
t t hs n
p p l f t h th w t ad ut h e eo e o e n or , es , n so

nk aa
,

th K é a
e l a(th p pl f th Ko
r s d Mala
ba ) th e eo e o e n n r e

a ad th d w l l at f th
,

Da n da d ha th r s, a n e e e rs o n e co s o e o c e n,

woul d bri ng h i mg m(i e s n toke n o f sub ec t i on j )

“

In th e l ist a
b ov e -
q uo ted th ere cab n e n o th i n
g m h a ore t n

aatt m upa f h im f
Ra
n pt t e
p o re rese n t th e oc c ti on s o t e t es o

mat whi m
‘

o c h th e
poe i s
p o st e ri o r Wh e th er o r n o t i t
m a m m
.
,

bel on g e d t o th e poe i n i ts ori g in l for , i t i s i po ssibl e

to s y a
It sh o ws n d v n c e d st te o f so c ie ty, s f r s aaa a a aa
mt
.

d i v e rsi ti es o f oc c upati a on c re c on erne d . Wha

t i s os

wo rthy o f n o ti c e i it i
n th a
t th p s, e rofe ssi oni sts wh i c h i t
e nu ma
t a m ti
er es re en o n e d se e mi g l y with
ay f n o ut n re e r

en c e t o th e r nka usu l l y a rec o

g i d i at
n ze aa g m t n c s e rr n e en s

ay f th mi t i b i u m
.

M n o e s o v o s, u t ha b l g d
s t th ve e on e o e

A ya a
,
'

Th Ra ma
r n r ce

m m
.

yaena t i f t h ab i g i al t i
en b ons so e o e or n r es

f I d ia wit h g a a a a m
i M au Ra
o n t p t t h t h t red d t t h
e r re s ec n c c or e o e

n mai a al y ta
n
g f h i w a d in
g a
n e r s e o s n er n s ne r

mt th i tu u Guhath b l d hi f f
.

th G ag
f th Ni sh a
e n es e e v r o s , e e ov e c e o

th e Th u daa t t hi
e oc c rre n c e o e s s

p l a m t
c e seei nd i a t t h a t th
s o
p g f th e A c
y a e a e ro ress o
'
r n r ce

at n unt y wa til l but l im

a
i th
n e e s er it d j: T h f
co r t s s e e o re s

H a m S i a w
a
t ib
r p es re t d b y u
re sen e u g t h i n n, rv , e c . e re s

g a
ret au i l i ai i h i a lxl g d j u n
y
r es t L a kn T h
s e e o r e o n e

m S ha
.

Pa l/ a r ka(S a S ythi a s, n ) Ya aa(Ié s c oe, c s v n s ne s o r

mbqj a Va aa(Babai) H ai ta K i i
,

G k ) Ka
ree s s, rv r s r ro r s, rc

a
,

R m 88 7
a
. 11. . .

T {BRIG HT W ill i W W W ? 17 W . m R . i . l . 2 9 Bo
. mb a
y d e . et

a
a a Ra
in l l oc

m m
.

a
.

1 For R
’
s i nte rc ourse wi th G uh ,
se e . 11 . 52 . G or .
22 8 W HA T C A S TE 1 s .

K uk ur a A taéda; th Bh j a P a
s, n rv dy a t h V
s i da e o s, n s, e r

bh a R i hika A h m
s, sak aP ul i da ad K a
s, l i g a th
s s, n s, n n s e

A u d a(A dh a th D a
n r s n i d a P u d a Ch l a a
r s d e r v s, n r s, o s, n

Ké a la C t d wi th th W t f i m ad t th
a
r s onn e c e e es re e re n c e s e o e

a
.

Su a h
s tr a V l h i k a
r s, B h a d a a d A bh i ; t h s,S u i a r s, n r s e v r s,

An h a ad K l hk a th Ka
s, n ik éya S i dhu a
o u i a;
s e s, n s v r s

A a tta; th i h a bita f Ma m ad A umau th

S hu a
"
n r s t e n n s o n n r , e

bh i a th P a hl a a ad th i h a bitat
la ka
r r s e f th v s, n e n n s o e

P a h aa daKa hm i ty f T a k ha h il aS h a
ad th Sha
nc n i th s r, e c o s s

t d wi th th N t h a m ti
, , ,

n l a C e v s . onn e c e d e or , re en on e

th Ma t ya P ul i da Sh ua é a th P a ha a th
k a th G a dha
e s s, n s, r s n s, e r c r s, e

Bha da k a th Ku u ad M a
r s, ed a r a ths n r s, e n r s, e

Ya ana Sh a ka O d a P a a d aVél hik a P a ua a

aC h i aad A pahi a th Tukha
v s, s, r s, r s, t s, r v s,

Ki ka aVaaa s
a) Ka da th Ki a
n r s, n s, n rc n s, e r s, rv r

( Ba b a m b j a ad Da a ta T a
hupa
or r r s o s, n r s, e r s, n

k aa Bha l aa
,

n s, d aa d Pa r s, d th U tta
n aKu u 1 s s, n e r r s
'

f th p mi whi h th m u i
.

T h p tie or on o e a oe n c e se n es oc c r s

a a
Ra
p b b
ro l y f i t l t on e o ti s e r se c ons

m
.

a i g h i Wif
on ad a bad i g h
re c ov e r n s e, n n on n er

f m u pi i
ro s a ft s h ha
c on d pa d th ugh th er sd a l e sse ro e or e

f fi ad b i g i a ug u a t d i ma d t gi th
Ba
o re , n e n t
n r e s e o ve o

hm
e

a th u ad f th u ad f w hu d d
,

r
“ ns o s n s o o s n s o co s, n re s

of h un dre ds of bull s, g di
ol n
g s , c on v e
y n c e s a
a m
,

food , c l oth e s, be ds ad n c ouc h e s , nd v e r

y n y v il a
a
1 ge s
”
j:
ma
a
.

Th e R aa al i t a i t f i w i ntere sti n g in
f th B a
y nyp so er r o n o v e

hm
,

d wi th th g l ifi a a wh a
,

en s ti e or lc on o e r n s, ose ex

ta
ti waon i th i w f it a
s e ve r nuth e v e o s ors .

Al gi a
so M a ab h u miven
t R a m
s i 4 0 4 1 4 3
r 4 4 . . v . . . . .

1 Ra m i 1 1 2 8 4 6
. v . .
-
.
 CA S T E IN T HE E IC S— T HE M A HABH RA T A P A .

2 . T he M h bh aaa ata t r
p , o awhi c h we now roc e e d, is
w k fg
or o re a
t i It i g s z e a l ly p k
. f a s ta in
ene r s o en o s c on

i g
n ta a but thi
s wa tanz s i ly t it i gi na
s l s c er n no s or

b ul k Th fi t p i t d di ti
. e rs [p u b l
rn e i h d a t C a el u tt a ]on w i t s e c r es

ta
,

P f ro e s sor H H W il i son, hl k a but c on ns s o s

m m
. .

thi s
p i
co th r z es u pp l t a l le d sH a i a he a t h
en c e r v ns , e

t a a f whi h a ad whi h i ta
.

i ly
ha
t
bh a
s nz s o c re n c s c er n no

apat f th ig i a
r o l Ma e or a ta
“
n l i t fi st h a p t r .
°

n s r c er

it i p
s re t d a
re se n e
p a t d b y t h s S a ureti ( e S u t a
e ) g U a e or r

ha ath f L m a ha sh a at th Rishi f th
i pa
s v e s on o o r n o e s o e

im
, ,

Na i sh a f t It i a tt ibut d t Kri h na D a a a
Vya
ore s s r e o n
y s v

m
.
,

or a( th “
s ewh i a id t ha p o s s o ve c o re

h d d i t i it fi t di ti i ta abut wi th ut
t h Up a khya
en e n s rs e on, n s nz s, o

a i f i aa
,
”
e n s ti ) d t
n e r or n rr d t th g d ve s e vo e o e o s,

i
p r (
t i sa t i al m
n c e s or a ) G a d h a a a d
ne s m , w h i nh rv s, n en , c

wh add d a i d it t It i a id t h a b
t d by N a
en e r se o s s o ve ee n

co m muni a c ea dat th G d ; by D é a r l at o e o s v o

t h P i tri ; by S h uk at G adh aa ad by Va
a
e s th o e i n rv s , n

m m m
,

ha a a (w h h a d i f h i a t a t a a ifi f
a
s p y n t o e r ro s s er s cr ce o

m a
,

J a a a a h di i l f V a ) M I i i d
mB a
i
k g n é j y n t p y et sc t e o s o en s s

hm a m m i t with th w d
.
, ,

o f i t th a t so e r ns co en c e e or

M au n m with d l i ka ad mwi th up ai haa1

so e, s n so e r c r

um u
,

I a n l l p ba bil ity th
ro di ti f it h a b e e on s o ve e en n ero s,

p i d so e sa d i t p nl ati h a i
n er o g b a d d d
on s t i t a tv n ee n e o

m m m
e

v ai rou t i m y s b B a h
e s, a i a l a g r t I t a n c re e en s n e,

m m
.

a di g
c c or t n a
o so
“ f
g a
e, t w i g h t
e n s, a d a o d
-
re -
e
”
n c c or

a a i h i i i
a
i g t
n th o o w h e rs , p b b l y g i oh t re t p
ro r n e r o n on,

wh a t p t a i
-
ter th g a t
ns ( g)
k i
-
o -B h a a
e ta
-
re V y
-
a t n -
r . s , o

I dun tro i J h
c t on S l to i f
o m h
n son s M
’
a h a b h a a a
e ec t ons ro t e r t .

1
'
aa
M h b h i 1 1 01 . . .
(p .
I aa
M h bh i 1 5 2 . . .
(p .
 '

230 wHA T CA S T E I s .

wh o mit s ori
g i n l aa
ai g d i a
uth id t h a
orsh i
p is ss ne , s s o ve

th h a l f b th f Vi hi t a i ya ( f h L a R a
a
b t u
ba
e en e ro er o c r v r o e n r ce

l ik a
-

m a m
Padu ad D h itaa
O fk i g ) by wh
n s wi d w d wi ose(A b d A o e
) ves n

h ha da s t a P adu h a
h ‘
d
l l d th P a
e s s on s n n r r r n

h th i a Bh im
.

a a a a
ad A j u aby hi wif Pritha
fi v e s on s, c d e Y u d d h ie n v s— s r

a
,

a k ul a ad S a
,

ha d a
by hi wif M a
d N
ha
n r n ; s e n - n ev

s d i e Dh i ta a sh t a r d th p a ta r
g f a
r r e re n e o

a ib d t hi m l l ti l y a
.
hu d d n re s on s sc r e ll d th K a
o u co ec ve c e e

d d f m k i g Ku u f wh m
,

aaad
r v s s e sc en e ro D u y dh aa n r o o 1 o n

l d t wath m t di ti g ui h d
,

a a
th e o es s e Th os ubj t f th s n s e e s ec o e

m
.

a a a a a
a
p oe f t
oh M h b h e t i w f i
r
g y t — t h s r or sov e re n , e

a a
Pa
p i
o ss e ss on f t h th o f H tie p u — b
ron e tw toh s n r e e en e

a w m ti d
,

da aad Ka ua
ha bh a
n v s n r v s , no en on e .

Ma a tai d i id d i t

b ha
Th t y
e s or f th o e igh r s v e n o e

Pa a S gm t A di S a Vaa
Vi a
“ ” '
t e en rv s, or th e en s, — e n

taUd y g aBhi sh m
, ,

aD aKaaS ha
,

l yaS a
t i kaS t i S h a ti A u ha
r o up ro n rn

mdhaA h a m
, , , , ,

haaA h a
a a
’
r

ha
, , n n s s n s v e s r

i kaM a a
, , ,

v s , l aM a p
nsa t h a ,a d S a g a h a a
r s n , n v r ro n

a
,

t tho g e l en e rt t f w hi h i t i
c on e n s f u t s ro
p p o c er or s o

a l l ud f th e, a
ork fm aki g th p i ti f th i f m
e s e o r n e os on o e n or

a ti on wh i h t h y a cff d th e ubj t f a or t on e s ec o c s e .

( )l T h A d P a a
e ( Pa '

a
'

z ) t h I rvt d u t or
y rv v e n ro c or

m
.
,

S tiec ti
o n, n o th g a l
c es i u t a e f t h
en e r
p a t i c rc s nc e s o e r es

with wh mth G a o t Wa ig i a
e t d re P adu th r or n e n -
e

m
.
,

Pa l e, wa
”
a u t f h i pa
s, o n ll (p
cc o h ap n i t io a t i g s or er s n n

a upp d b y P f
s s o se H H Wil al p u t a
ro e sso r i t) . . so n e ro s n

a aa aa a a a
Kri sh n D v i p y n i s s i d t o h v e b e e n th e s on o f th e S g e
Pa a a a a
sh r ba aS ma a
ty v ti b e fo re h e ra a
rri t k
o S h n t n u, t h e i f
Hati a
g e n g o
r
y
a V i h i ai a h u f S h atau d y i w i h u
ff p i g V ya
u n t y tr c g t t r v r e s c c e sso r o n n n o
p
s

aa d i g t th u t m f th t i m a
.
, ,

o s r n ,
s ,
i d up b y
c c or n o e c s o o e es , r se

h i s wi d ows h e i rs t o t h e t h ron e .
2 32 W HA T CA S T E I S .

y o dh aaad n n
g g a
hi s bre th re n
t H a t i ap u a a re i
t ni n s n r no

m a
,

g re t d i ta
a f s nc e t h ro J a
l u i
on e a d no t i f er e o s es n s r es

f th i aag m t
.

w e re th qu
e c o n se e nc e Y ud h i h
o s rr n e en s

m
.

thi a r a i d,
d by h i be th b ug h t s a ro
y f t h i
e rs ,f i ro n o e n e r or

a a a
m l f th Ra
p i
r n c es o f I d i u d h i
n w y H n t h er
g g s s d i . e en en e n

ce el b a ti g t
r h n i a e c ere a
j y fi a
on — i t a o e s n es

bl i hm t f h i p mi
,

a
a
en o — s t wh i h t h
re e i
n e nc e , c e se r nc e s
s
p
-

d id h i m b i a o Th e s nc e f Dh ita sh t adi l i ki g
e so ns o r r r s n

wi h t p mt th a mu
.
,

hi h s u
ono but f i g i g a
rs, e n n s o ro o e e se

mt g i g
en o n ha l l g d hi mt ag a
on , c m mbl i g
en e o e , rese n

ba k ga
c mm a t wh i h h l t t
on , Du y dh aah i a c e ll os o r o n s

i l ud i g hi k i g d m wi f
nc n s b th n oad hi m l f e, ro e rs , n se

m
, ;

a a
a
Th w
e se g i e re t d t hi n res ore t h i t i o f on e n e rc ess o n o

D h i ta r ht a r s
; b u t a d a
r d ntu on h i u d se c o n ve re , e nc r re

ad th i m
,

th p e a l ty f pai g with hi b th
en o ss n s ro e rs n e r co

m wi f D a
,

on up a e di tw l r
y a i t h f
, t ae ve d a e rs n e ores s n n

a dditi na l y ai a
o b l ut e r b u i ty wi th l ia
n so b i l i ty t
e o sc r ,‘ o

re n e wa l f th wh l p i d i o e a f th i di
o e er o
y n c se o e r sc o v e r

i t hi i t
n s al n e rv .

Vaa F Paa w h a a
a u t f th i id t whi h b f l l th Pa
I th n e t n , or o re s , rv , e ve n

cco n o e nc en s daa i c e e e n v s n

th i b ae r i hm t n s en

m
.

T h Vi é ta P aa
mu i f th Pa awith Vi a
e b i g t r ti th i t rv rn s o no ce e n erc o

n on o da e ta k i g
n v s f Ma t ya r n o s

wh mth y l d th m l
,

d e hat s o a o e aft re ve th e e se ves er e

m
,

co
p l t i f t
e h on o
p i d f t h i e i l a d
er o w h ao i t e r ex e, n ose ss s

a th y u d t a g th i w g
nc e e se c re o v en e e r ro n s.

Th Udy g a P a a C ha
e
p t o f E d a u
rv or er o n e vo r, re

m
,

la t t h p pa
es ae ti re ad b y b th i d
r o ns f th t e ibl o s es or e e rr e

wawh i h wat f l l w Th ai ta f ki g K i sh a
a
r c s o o o . e ss s nce o n r n

a id t b a A a t a I a f Vi sh u wa l i
,

s o e n na ti
v r or nc r on o n , s so
 C A S TE IN T HE EPIC S— T HE M A HA BHA RA T A 233
' ‘
.

a m a a
d by bo th p rti es to wh o h e w s rel te d i n b l ood
c i te ,

a aa
He g ve Duryo d h n the c h o ic e e i ther of his o wn pe rso n l a
ai ta
ss s f th a
n c e , or o t f hi a m y H io m i l i ta s
y f r w a . s r o rc e s

a
h i ml f t t h P a
p f
re e rre d I . q u n c onse f t h i h w l ft f
e nc e o t g i s e s e re e o ve

se o d a a e t w h n a u v s, a t h o t y o se c se , s e s or

g oe s, a d a nt h ch as i t f
e A j u a h
r o e er o
g a i a l ua b l r n e ve nv e

ai ta a l th ug h h a ft wa
,

d ha
a
ss s nc e , o d hie w d iffi ul
er r s s o n c

ti es ia ba ttl wi th J a e adhaad th f r s n n o er oes

mf mEbi h
.

T h Bh i hm aPaad i it a
f S h atau b y G ag a th G ag
e s rv e r ves s n e ro s

math H
a
, e so n o n n n , or e n es . e

wat h pa a f Dh ita sh t a wi i g t
i

s t e l u l e rn nc e o r wh r r , o r o o se

bli d n h at d a g t wh i l h i g ad
n ess e c e s re en p h w e s r n -
ne e s

w e re u d a
n
g er T h u g h he. d i d t app o f t h e no ro v e o e c on

d u t f D u y dhaa
c o r t hio ui n h p
o u d t
s co h a u s n s, e es o se e c se

o f th Ka u aa I th efi t
e r v s i nf ba ttl t wh i h th
rs se r e s o e s, o c e

i m mmad d th f
.

i th paa
s x rv ai ly d s t d h n e vo e , e co n e e orc e s

o f Du y d h aa H waw u d d i fi gh t O f th ba
r o n e s o ntt l e n e es

h im by wh m
. .

whi h t k pl a u d
c oo cead th g a n er l n e e n er s o

h wa u
e s s d d it i
c c ee e tl y a id S m f th
s c orre c s o e o e se

a y H m i ; but i g a
, ,

re v e r o er c l th i t , n t f th
e ne r ,
e n e re s o e

aa
n rr ti i i j u d by
ve s n
p ti t
rei : a d t h re b a tetl a on n e es re

s
p i l
o d bey th i t d u t i e f u
n ro
p a t u ca l w
on ap o s e rn r e o ns,

wh i h l a l i ttl
c e ve s d i t t th h e c re wh aq ui h by
o e e ro o v n s es

th ei r e m
aPa ai a md f mD nath mil i
a
7 . Th e D ron rv s n e ro ro , e

ta r
y p pt f b th th Ka
re c e u a aad P d
or oaa w h o e r v s n n v s, o

su d d Bh i sh m
c c ee aa m e mad f th f f th s co n er o e o rc e s o e

Ka u aa ad p r v s,d a mo t mp t t wain ro v e s co e en rr o r .

P f H H Wi l P fa t J h f mh
’ ’
S l ti t

aaa
ro . . . son s re ce o o n so n s e ec on s ro e

M h bh ata r .
234 W HA T CA S T E I S .

8 a
The K maPaam a k na q uarv i t d wi th th es s c n e e

a a m a a a
.

a
en e r l h i p s t h on i d e f Ks n e s i d t b
e, o t h r s o e e

h m
g ,

aia
,

f A d itya th S u a d f Pri th b f
'
so n o , e n, n o g , e ore er rr e

to P an d a I t w a t h j a l u y s f hei b et h o
, w h
s o s re re n o

i w d hi m aabatad wh i h i aig d ath a

.

v e e s s r c s ss ne s e re so n

a a
,

o f hi s
p u
esi g t h o s n a u f t h i
e d vc i se o H i e r e rs r e s . e s

t
re se n e d a t h k i g
s f A e g a n o n

m f mS h a
re
p
.

9 Th S ka l yaP aag t i t
e a rv l ya
e s s n e ro ,

f Kaa It wa wh
.

ki g f M a
n o d ath ur e s c c e sso r o rn s en

awakil l ed by Bh i m
.

ai
,

h wal a d th a t Du y d ha
da
e s e er r o n s n

ad u l f ugh t wi th Ga
e o ma f af mida s, or bl c es o or e

ha at
r c er

m
c

a a
.

10 Th S a u i k a P a S t i f Sl i d
Pa
t e rv p or ec on o ee sn e

k m
p
- -

f om a
.
, ,

r a tu a n oc l a t ta rn a d th c d a ie t h
on e n v s, n e

re
p u l i f
s on o w h i h t h y w d
c m u h t e K rios h n a et h i a l l y c o e r

F m md f mth
, .

a Paai a
'

11 Th S i i e r l or e e, rv s n e ro e

m ta f th f m
.
,

la en ti on o a l e the la i es b th i do v er e s n on o s es .

It a l so re
p t th
rese n sl a d f t h e w a r
e a n a
ers o l y e s e r o v er

wh l md wi th g i f It
e e ta
rei . m paa g
c on h a ns so e ss es c r

at i d by a ad t d
Th S ha ti aa
c er z e ff ti ec on n en e rn ess .

12 . e i th n ti fC la
s ti e sec on o onso on,

f l l wi g thi g i f A g a
o o n s t d a
r e l f th H i d u t are h e o e n e c

m
.

i g
n
pres t i g ec t h d nu ti f ke i g a d t
esh o a f n s n e e ns o

l ib a er ti f mfut u
on ro bi th p u t i
re t t h rm u ths, f n o e o o

Bhi shm ahaf u d i i t apl a It ha] id tl y

s o n n ce s ev en re

i d m
.
,

c e ve ay i t p l a n ti n er o on s .

Th A u h d haa e Paa S ti
n s s n f La wrv or ec on o

m
, ,

t a re t fg
s o a l dutie ne r th p ak al
es, b i g B
e s h i sh e a er so e n

a b ut t d i ad th p i i pa
o o e, n l li t e b i g Yudhi h th i a
r nc s e n er e n s r

ad fa
.

It di d a
s ti p t i c c a l i d by t a
or ons re en l bl
vene es n e s,

a d i g t I d ia u t m
c c or n o n n c s o .
236 W HA T CA S T E I S .

for mt a he T 0 hi s g re t di s h fi d h D ua ma
aa a
o ven .
y e n s t e re r

yo dhaa
nad th
n e other son s of D hri t r shtr ; b ut se e s n on e

of hi s own fri e n ds, hi s b roth e rs , or D r up di H e de n ds aa . ma

to know wh e re th ey re , n d refuse s to st
y i n S a a
v r
g a aa
with out the mAm e sse n g e r o f th e g ods is se n t to s how
mwh mt
.

hi e re his fri ends a ad re , n a

l e ds hi o th e a
f uc es

g a r ve ol e n ti s A ve rni , wh ere h e
’
e n c oun te rs a
ll s orts o f dis
g usti n g ad t
n e rrifi c ob e c ts jH is fi rst i pre ssi on i s to m turn
mm
.

a
b c k ; b ut h e i s a rre ste d by th e w il i n s of we l l re
g a e

m m
-

b e re d v oi c e s, i pl ori n
g h i mt o re ai ah i n, s s
p re s e n c e h as

al a re dy a l l ia t d th i t tu
ev e H e r m hi pug
or re s . e overc o es s re

a ad l t h a th fa
n nc e, n re so ve s t f hi f i d i h a
o s re l th
e e o s r en s n e

th aa m a
,

rath er bid wi th th i
n e y i h T hi
e r e ne i h i n e ve n . s s s

c row i g t ia
n n l r Th g d m ad a e
pp l a
u
o s co d hi d i i t
e, n s s n er

d f ml y b
.

t d i tu
es e v r A l l th h
e . th at ha e orrors t hi or er es e s

p ath a i
v n sh a nd h i f i d a d k i sd d a
r en a i d sa l n
g n re re r se on

wi th hi m m a
,

t S a o g a w h
v r t h y b a g i t
e reh l et i a l e co e n e c e es

p e rsona g t h
es at th y i gi a l l y w
e or a d whi h n t h y h a dere, n c e

ad t b f a a i
ce s e o e or d
se t d
son, d a l g wi th
n or e r o e sc e n on

Kri shna i hum n af ma m g t maki d ad p a

n or s on t s n n n c o- o er e

wi th h im i l i i g th w l d f m
n re ev n th ty a y f t h
e or ro e r nn o os e

evi l b i g wh w
e n s, pp o i g th
ere o i t u u a d
re ss n
p p a e v r o s n ro

g a ti gn i m p yi t i teh h a
, a t n f Deu y dh a
c a hi
r c ers o r o n s

ad th i a
,
“
b th ro e rs, n lli e r es

whi h i auppl m t t th M a
.

O th Ha i a n ha c has

bh a
n e r v s , s e en o e

ata t a t a a
h bh a a
r w d e t po no y n y th i gre sen s n

m ata
.
,

I n exa i i g th M a nn e i i wi th th r n c onn e x on e

subj t f u i qui y w fi d a y d id d
ec o o r n r e ia l an d v er ec e soc n

m
,

p t
oei al c a l t
ex at i f a t on o h i ct i al t
s e a fso th e s or c r c es o e

ma i whi h it aqui d it ul tim

nne r n c act ta bl i hm
re nt s e es s e

P fa J h S l i f m th Ma ha bh a aa
’
re ce to o nson s e ec t ons ro e r t .
 —
CA S T E IN T HE EPIC S T HE M A HA BHA RA T A
' ‘
.
23 7

ad m
n so e curi ous th e ore ti c l ap s e c ul a
ti on s ats o i ts ori
g in .

It i s c on v e ni e n t to re fe r to i t i n th e orde r of i ts books n ow

m tien on e d .

a aa u t f at ug se c ti on we h
a
In th e fi rst ve n cco n o s r

g l e of th B h ma ew i th t h K rh at i ya w h i
nsh t h u g h f a e s r s c o o

at m m
,

wi l d h a c ay b t
r c e r,i d a il l u t ati f th e no i ty ce s s r ve o e en

whi h th i m utua t t f up m ay du i g th i i

c l e r c on e s s or s re c r n e r se

o f th at y t mm
e c u t ft
s e s ha g s e at d I is t o en ve e ner e n se r

th au a
e t a
cc b t a t f i t gi
r e by M M ui
s r c oTh wa ve n r r: ere s

md K itai yaby wh l ib a
.

aki g a n n e rl ity th Bh ig u
v r os e er e r s,

md i th Véda wh fli i a
,

l a
e e n t d a hi
e
p s,i t h a d o o c e s s r e s s,

b een
g atl y i hred w i th a d
e nr cm e
y A f t h c orn n one . er e

ha d g t h a
on e hi d o da t w
e i wat f
v e n, s e sce n n s e re n n o

m y ad a mt b g f auppl y f mth Bhrigu f

a
one n c e o e or s ro e s, o

S m f th l a
,

wh w al th th y w wa
a
os e e e tt
e re h id re o e o e er

m
.

th e ir u n der
on eroun d, othe rs be stowe d i t on Br h
y g
ma aa
n s , be i n g a a
fr id o f th e Ksh triy s, whi l e oth ers g in aa
g a a a a
ve th e se l s t wh t th e
y w ante d It h pp e n e d, h o we v e r .

aa a a
,

th t Ksh triy , whil e di gg in g th e g roun d, di sc ov e re d th e

m y al d i th h u
on e f aBh ig u Th
c on c e e n e o se o r e Ksh a
am
.

t iya th
r bl d ad a
s w th i t a
en u ad sse e n s s re s re , n sl e w, in
a ll th Bhri g u d w t th
ma
qu
c on s e e nc e , h il d e s, o n o e c re n in the
m Th
wo b e wi dows, h owe v e r, fl e d to th e Hi la
ya
mu ta m
.

i o n ns . O ne of ath e
l d h c on c e e er un born c h il d in
h e r th ig h . T he K ha
t iya h a
s i g r s, e r n of i ts e x i ste nc e ,

sou
g h t to kil l i t but i t i ssue d forth wi th al u t s re whi c h
bl in de d th e pe rsec utors T he y, now h u bl e d, suppli c ted m a
m
.

the oth e r of th e c hil d for th e res tor tion of th e ir si h t

g a
mt at A u a(i t
a
but sh e re ferre d th e o h e r won derful in f n rv n o

wh o mth e whol e Véd awith it

, s six Ve d n
g a h
s,a
d t
’
d) e n e re ,

S ee, b ove , a p . 216 .

 23 8 WHA T CA S TE Is .

ath p
s e e rson a bb d th m f th i ig h t (i
wh o h d ro e e o e r s , n re

l ia
ta ti f th
on o la ugh t ef hi s lati ) a erd w h o a l s re ve s n o one

T h y a di gl y ha t hima
,

co ul d t it
re s ore d e u c c or n d re c o rs e o n

m
. . ,

th i y g
e r e i h tes w a t d A u sa h w
re s ore d i.ta t d rv , o e ve r, e e

th d t u ti
e es r c fa l l l i i ng
on o atu i v
g f c re t h re s , n re v en e or e

s la ugh t f th Bhri g u
er o but hi p g i t
e s
(p r i t i ) t h m s ro en ors s e

se lv a pp
es a d a d
e re u g h t to t
,
u nh i m f
so m h i u
p p rn ro s r os e

by a i
y gs th ant t h y h a d d i t e b gno d t h
e s re o e re ve n e on e

K ha s t iya wh r s i l th d ut Bhri g u h a
ose v o e n c e d t e e vo s no

l k df m
o v e r oo e w a k ro but h a d ae th ug ht t p
n e ss, r er so o ro

vo k by e, al i g th i m y (f
c on c e n whi h i
e r i w f
one , or c , n v e o

h ae th y ad
v e n, e thi g ) i c re d nowh n w a n y , f l i fn or e r, e e r o e,

t b i g a
o rn b ut th i w d t u ti
o by th h ad
e r o n f th
es r c on e n s o ose

im i ta t d wai e th a t
rr ors , th y m i gh t b a lt d h
so e e ex e t e so on er

t pa
o a di r D t y
se .
’
t th e K h a t iya O
e s ro no th y s r s, son ,
’
e

c on c l ud d e ,th n orw ld ; a bad

e s e ve n
y u ki d l
or d s n on o r n e

w a r th whi h nul l i fi c th p w f au es t i ty A
e u oa er o s er rv

m
, . .
,

h w o agu d a
e ve r,
g a
r i t th i e l y ns
g u d s f j u
c e en c on ro n s o s

ti ce ad p l i y ; ad u g d tha
n o c t hi w an th i f i t f u d
r e s r o n no

um hi ml f
,

o th t w ul d
er v e n , o H wa h w
c on s e a t se . e s, o e v e r,

l g th p
en ua d d by th pitri t th w i t i t th
e rs e e a
s o ro n o e se

i i aa il i g th wa t y l m
,

wh it f u d
e re o n nt

mth g a
e x erc s e n ss n e er e e e

H ai g b v n ec o t Ha y ae h i a e k w
re t t h s r s, no n o ose

wh a a o qua
re i t d wi th th Vé dawhi h
c n e m i t f th th a
e t c vo s or

ad d i k up th wa
,

fi re , n rn t “
s Thi l g d y th
e e rs h s e en r e o

m
.
,

a a a a a
h b ha a
jec t f w oh i h i c
pp t pps i i u
re n t h f e i rs n v ro s o er or s n

a ta
,

th M ae ad th w k Th ph ph
r n o er or s e os ore sc e n c e

a m a
.

a
o f th e se wh, shi p
se e n l g i p i t d t
en s ov e on ,
s o n e o,

e ve n i th p n e t da y a th
re sen fl a h i g f t h sA u g e i s n s o e rv n

ubm ai fi f A u a
,
,

or s r ne re o rv .

aaa
M h bhatai r , . v. 6 8 02 , e t seq .
’
M ui r s Tex ts, 1 . pp . 1 52 .
2 40 WHA T CA S T E I S .

p ati ul
r c al y a r afutu ta s c onne c te d
t igi a t d wi th re s e, or n e

w i th th K h a t i yae S u h a i g
s i a ti r f t h i p i s
’
c n or n on o s s e c es

m m a
.

fl a g a a a
a
i i
e rn n b y i p b b
sl t h K h t i y
no e ns ro e, e s r s

m
o

ul tim at ly b i g f f p ul a
t i t
e nh a t h B h a
ree r or s e c on n e r ns

m
e

a d i th u mb an d m i u t i t
e c a d e rso e n n e r es n c e re

m
e
en g g
mi wh ic h the y p l i i g T h suc ce e d e d in ono o z n e

m
on e s .

a a a a
a
di g i t h K h iy i h
v en i w to t u t e s tr s n t s tt e r s co n er

m
c re

ba la d b y h ub q u p g f h B t e h a i s se ent ro re ss o t e r ns n

mg h
nc e

th i ki ds f l ai g n H wh i hi f a
o e rn n e o s c e on t e

m
.

k w f B ah a
ers o i h wh l i h u r f h s e o ex ce s n t e se o t e

m
no -

m
-

a
,

w p ae f B ah a
o ns o F D aa B h a urp i i y or ro n r n, s e r or t

imd 1
- -
.
,

i a l u wa l a
‘

e ve n n v o r s c e .

In apaa
g ss e, quot ed b y M r M ui r, aaaa The Y v n s re

mT ur au th Vaib h j af m
.

s a
id t o be d e sc e n de d fro v s e o s ro

f mA u i R m
,

ad th ha ak ”
Druh yu, n e M l éc h c t ib r es ro n . e r s

m i nen c e of th e Ksh tri a yai th e a a at of re se rc h

Chh a
Th e p re - e n c se s o

a l t i m b ugh t t ti i th d gya U pai h a

d
a
soul is se v e r es ro o no ce n e n o n s .

M Ra r. j d a l lenM i t ar i t h i t d u t i t r ,
n e n ro c on o hi di ti
s e ad t al a on n r ns

ti on f t h i ai t p i
o s ay (pp 2 5
nc e n ec e , s s I pl a
i i g th
n ex n n es e

f Om
.

a tt i b ut al a d t a la t d i f wh i h (
f tw B a
r es o se v e r ne c o es re re e n one o c v

hm
, .

aK h a t i yata
s k p d
r es a i
re c e pl ai i g th e nc e o o r ns n ex n n e

s ubj t f th i d i
ec o u Sim
e r i l ap sc o d i gi t
rse . th K ha r re c e en c e s v en o e s

t i yai
r s ti 3 d ad 1 1 th f th fi fth cha
n se c o ns r pt ad i th Ka
n th aad o e e r, n n e n

V i ha d A aya k aUp aisha d N d thi p d app a t

P aa haaKi g f Pa h a
r r n n s . or o es s re c e e nc e e r o

b ai d ta
e cc l en r v la ( h t 3
n
)g t h n o nc c v se c oe s e

fm
. .
.
, .

l g th f a ti g th a t th k wl dg a l t he a wa fi t
’
ft
pl y t aqu ti f maB a
en o sse r n e no e e o n s o re er s rs

a t ta at hm ah ”
i d by hi w I
Ba
ne s o n c s e n re o es on ro r n e

y S i y u h a th u i qui d ad i am hm
.

s a “
s, nc e o ve uh a a s n re , n n s c s no r n

k w it b f h
ne f a
e o re ,l l p pl i th e nc e o w l d th K h a t iya a l eo e n e or e s r s on e

i gh t f i m
,

h a th ve e r pati g i t u ti o thi ubj t

o r n ns r c on n s s ec .

1
'

M E h i . . . v. 637 9 .

t
I M ui r, i . p . 17 8 . M . B11 1 . . v. 3 53 3 .
 C A S T E IN T HE EPIC S THE M A HABHARA TA
— . 241

o f th i s ki n d, ho we ver a p ba bl y p ul a ,ti ref th ro s ec ve or e

n o nc e , ad t hi t i a n lno s or c .

T h Ri hi V a i shth ai (p ba bl y fi ti a l l y) a i
Bh a
e s s s ro c on sso c

a t d wi th th
e a ta ath i e fam ily p i t
r s H i s e r -
r es e s

m a m
.

re
p t d
re sen e a i t a ll i g S a s a na
ns a na h f t h v r s on rc o e

K ha s t iyaa t b a r h
r ce , ( p f w o ) e t h w h
o rn l o o er o ve r e o e

e ath by th i m
r , p l p ti t i
e s f th y l l
e rea b l O m efi on o e s e
"

Th e
p a t
co oi -
u b d iera ti f t
ve sh f u Cora t i n on o e o r s es s

aid t h a f Sha ta
T h Ni sh a
d i th ig
daf u d b y t h P a
v b b u1 n n o
'

s o e e en o se rve e re n n .

e
'

s a
d aad Ka
o n ua a e n v s n r v s, o n

t h i g i g ut t h u t a a
e r o n o id t h a b
o n bl a k i
re s o ve e e n so c n

t th m
,

th i k i ad ha
e rs i th a
n t t h d g b ga t
n r ba k a e o s e n o r e ,

ad t ha b
n o p a
ve t i u l a l y k
een i h a ir
g I c T h i r een n e r n . s

i a i di a
s n ti n f th i l g
c on o id i I d iaad
e r on res e nc e n n n

mpaa
,

o f th i e r co ti l y u i il i d ta r t ve nc v ze s e.

S ui i d i d l ad t b l
c e s ec h i u th aB a
re o hm aid
e e ss e no s n r c e,

f wh i h t h
or c i a mt e re s no t one en

la t d a a
i g h t f th B a
A ui u l g d i
c r o s e t l en g t h t s re h t h e en o en nc e e

w th ad m hm aVaishthaad t d p
l Vi h a
or n o e r n s n o e re

c iat hi e i a s r v mit a f wh mw ha a s v l a dy g i
r o o e ve re v en

f it f m
,

v ai u ti
ro s no W ta k th f l l wi g
c es . e t a t e e o o n ex r c s o ro

M rM ui
. T t a
r s d pti g hi
’
e x s, l l t t al a o ti n s ex c e en r ns on .

Hai g g a i d th i g a
v n t ad ne lf t a i i gp
s re a g n se -
res r n n e rson e
”

( V a i sh t )
h
s a i t i a i d t h K i g s f sI k h a k u a e n s o s v
’
s r ce

aqui d th d m
, ,

c re i i f th
e ath P
o n on i g th i
o e e r . osse ss n s

e xce l l t Ri h i Vaen i sh th af s th i p i t th y s ff d or e r r es e o e re

hm ari hi p f md aifi ia
, , ,

aifi
s cr Thi B a
ce s r n l it s e r or e s cr c r es

f th i m m ta
-

m ah aVrihapa
.

f a
bl B a
orl l th o se on rc ti d s, s l s o es or e or s

Wh f l t m d i a hm
.

ere o re e so a n e d w d with
es r e r , en o e

M Eh i 3 7 3 1 , sq
. . . . S ee on thi s , M ui r, i . p . 1 35 .

1 M Eh i . . . v. 3 97 7 8 -
.
t . v . 42 4 9 . M Eh i
. . . v . 622 7 .

31
2 42 W HA T CA ST E I s .

g ood q u l i t i a
e s wh ose c h ie f c h r c t e risti c aa is rel i
g i o n ad n

mil y
, ,

wh o i s ski l l e d i n Vé di c obse rv a b l t d aafa n c e s, e se e c e s

p ir est L t a w l l be K h a t i e
y a -
w h w
o rn i h t s u b d u r o s es o s e

m
.
,

th ath fi t a
e e r pp
,
i t
rs a p i t i n o n d t a q u i d
r es i , or e r o c re o

a a
a
”
ni n o Th t y g e s or t p k f t h
oe s o n w f V o s e o e co o

i h tha Vi h m hu d d m
.

s s i t aff s d av
“
r o il l i e re f w n re on s o co s,

h i ki g d mah
.

i H i f f w a j d H
Ba
or s n o
p , s er r ce t . so er s re e c e . e

th a
en s id H waa K ha t i yaad Va
e s i sh th aa
s r h n s r

ma Wh fun ti wad ti ad tudy ; n f a

, ,

n, o se c on s e vo on n s o e o

cl a wh w
ss g o t l a
e red d t i t u t
en f e p w r
n ; a d t h
esa t e o o e — n

ahi ff wa fu d h w ul d at a
s s o er s re se g , a b l y et t h o c re e o e

cha at f hi at ad ta
r c er o k thsc w by f
s e, n Va i h tha
e e co o rc e
’
s s

t l d him f t im Vi h
.

t d ah p p
a
o o o d wi th ut l
s e ro ose o o ss o e s

mit a i d th w b ut h woul d t m f mth

.

v r se z e e co s e no o ve ro e

h m
,

er i ta g t h u g he, i l tl y ob a t w i t h W
v o en h i p a d t i k e en n s c

ad d m
n and d
e f Va i sh th a
e wh y h d i d
o s t h lp e no e

In th a m paa th
e s e u a th l g d
rv e re oc c rs no er e en

t d wi th th pa w m ti m
a
c onn e c e ti e d i wh i h
r es no en one n c so e

f B hm l d m
,

cu i u il l u t a
r o s ti a gi s r on s ai a
re ad
ve n o r n c e n s

ad ati Va i sh th awa th p i t f ki g Ka
a a a
l
ma
n ex c on s . s s e r es o n

ha a a a a
a
s
p d f S u d son f t h o f I k h s k u o e r ce o s v n

d i d a b y Vi h m
, ,

o fli ce le s re i t a T h k i g wh
so s v r . e n , en

ut hu ti g d i d S ha ktri th l d t f Va i h th a
’
o n n es re e e es o s s s

Th ki g m
, ,

hu d d n re t g t ut s on s f th o a
e d o o ut e ro . e n s

a di g t a l l th p i i pl f la w d th pa th t t h
Ba
c c or n o e r nc es o ce e e o e

hm a wat h pl y Th ki g did t yi l d b ut
Ba a
r n, s e re e n no e

hm T h B hm
.
,

t u k th
s r c e a n wi th h i r wh i p a i s . e r n, n

re tu lai d au
rn , up th ki g t h a t h on h ul d b n

mam
c rse e e s o e

aa T EE ki g wa ul tim
,

t a t ly h w
a
co e n e -
er n s e o e ve r,

a m
,

b ut t o
g i w
o a y w h ve V i h i t, a w h en w a p a i gs v r , o s ss n

M Eh i . . . v . 6 638 , e t seq
. . M ui r s Te sts , i
'
. pp . 96 7 -
.
2 44 WHA T CA S TE I s .

a b ta i d f m att m

a a
s ne fu th ro
p t h i r w l i
er f K i g e s on s o n e. n

Ka lm ha p da w hs m th y b h l d i th f o t w a a be u t e e n e o re s s o

u th m i shth at pp d h i mb y a
,

Va
,

t d o e vo b th wh r e o en s s o e

t f mh i muth ad p i kl i g hi mwith wa
,

bl a s ro s o t n s rn n e r,

d h i mf mth
,

c o nsec r at d by a h ly t t h d l i
e o ex . e e v ere ro e

cu b y whi h h h a
rse d b aff t d f
c e tw l y a ee n ec e or e ve e rs

T h ki g t h a dd d Va i shth a t hu M t
a
e n en re sse l s s: os exce

l t a
en g I sa m S a u d e, w h p i t th u a t W
s, h a t ose r es o r :

ca I d th a
n t w ul d b o pl a i g t t
o h ? V a i she
t h a e s n o ee s

a w d Thi whi h haha

ns e re pp d hsa b cw i g t s e ne s e en o n o

th f f d ti y g ad ul thy ki g d m b ut 0
Ba
e o rc e o es n o, n r e n o

m ah t m th hm a Th ki g ’

a
on rc n e ve r c on e n e r ns e n re

m m
.

p l i de : h al l I d p i
n e ve r s th t l l t B es h a se e os e xc e en r n s,

b ut ub m i t ti g t t hy
s mmad I ha n o l l pa y t h m
co al l n s, s e

h on or I th
’
Hi d u l i t a n tu th e a th n er re ere re o er

f aim
.

l g d
e en il a h a
s o at a b ut th
s pr c a g r c er o e se e rso n e s,

wh i c h i t woul d c on tri b ute b ut l ittl e to o ur purpose h e re

a a aa
T he wh ol e h v e o rig i n t e d i n l l u
aa
t o n o t i c e in d e t il .

a
s ion s i n th e Bi g Vé d a aa
aa a am
t o b oth V sish th n d Vi sh v n tr
'

g
-

a a m
h v i n g b e e n f il y priests o f ki n g S ud se , n d t t he s e

t i mh a i g b j al f a h
’
e y u
v n t i fl u
e en ve r e o s o one no er s n e n c e,

ad di p d t u th i w p w ad tha
n s ose t f th g d
o se e r o n o er, n o e o s

wh mth y i k d t d a th m i hi f T h y
nvo e o one no er

f th B a
o e o sc e e

t ti fy m l y t at ug g l hm
, .

es ere a wi th th
o s r e o e r ns e

K ha st iyai th ta
r bl i hm t f th i p i tl y m
s n e es s en o e r r es o no

p yTl
o — a t u gg
,
l t h g u d f wh
s ri h a b i u e, e ro n s o c re o v o s .

I th S a bhd P a a w fi d aha
n
p i
t e w h i h rv e n c er c

M ui r s
’
T ex ts , i 1 13 1 17
.
-
. M Eh i . . . v . 6 6 99 , e t se q .

1
'
S ee T e x ts o f M r. M ui r, i 95 et wh e
se q re t h e l e
ge nds a pa
reti
ad m
, .
. .

e ntl y c oll e c ted n pad ad a a y a a

co re n c c ur te l tr nsl te d .

I M Eh ii 5
. . . . v. 9 8 3 , et seq .
 CA S T E IN T HE E IC S— T HE M A HABHA RA T A
’

P . 245

t hrows m
u h l igh t
c on th e g e o g r ph
y of a ai n c e nt In dI a
a
,

ad a a
,

of th e A
’

n of the p s re d r
y d s n th e ir i nsti tut io ns i n
t h i s g re a t c oun try . It is e n t i tl e d D ig ma
j yaad , n t re ts a
of th e c on q ue st of th e four qua
rte rs wo rl d by th e of the
aa m
aa
b ro the rs o f Yud h i sh thi r n d o f th e i ft b u h t t h i
a
g s ro g o

t t h ti m
,

b y the a
n a
ti on s a e a e o f h is R
j y ,
s o r c o r o n t i o n

ai fi
s cr It h aa
ce tt a t dm uh a tt
s ti f m r c e Eu p a n c en on ro ro e

l i t th ugh f mth
.

i ta
o r en s s, ta
o t i n wh i ch th t t i ro e s e e ex s

m
,

f u d it a
o n
pp , a t h a be rs u h o
g l t d b ve
y a ti e en c ne ec e n ve

S ak i t h l a
ns r scIt hab o rs
p i u
.
l y i l l u t a t d b s t h een c o o s s r e o

by P f La ad th l a H H W il “

a a
ro e sso r t P f ssen n e e ro e ssor so n ,

aw l l a m
.

a
.

s e p a d
s cow i t h th p t i
re f t h M h bh o er or o ns o e r

r ta
a ad f th l it ay w k f th Hindu T h
n o o er er r or s o e s . e

f l l wi g fi d i g a p i ipa
o o n n l l y th
n s ul t re f th r nc e re s s o e re

ah f L a Tw ut i a
se rc es o sse n d a ff d th m o ro es n v nc e o e re e

ttl m t i n t h P a ha
.

t th A ya a
'
l ft th i
ja
se ves o e r ns er e r se e en e nc

a da P a l a di g a t wa
a
n or b — n d i t h dion e ti e f n e s r n e re c on o

mu ad G a
,

ad th th a
, ,

th Ya e ug
n n l g th S i d hu es , n e o er on e n

a Th a i i g i th
Hi a
t o th e oc e ll y
n f th i e v e s o e r ve rs r s n n e

m a m a a m
.

l a a a l i i t d i i t a d K h i b
f th B a
so ; nv e v s ors n s r ec e
y
a ai t a hm ai fa i th Th Da a da
'

n nc e n t se o e r n c . e r s,

c on ti g u u t thi o g
s i oh w f l l w
s re d t t hion , l a w o e ver, o o e no s

m
,

a D a M a a w l l a i h
ha
i d u i u
a
b i
e n
g d t en o y n e s t s n n , s e s n e

Ma a a W a a d h u f
'

a
b h t h r t h A y h ten e r s re c e e co rse o

m a a
.

th Y
e a u t h y f u
n d t h,
V i d h y
e g ow i th n i t e n r n e s

S L a
ee m m a i
sse n s c o
’
up i i h fi a d
e n t r es d l u m on t n t e rst n sec on vo es

of hi s Z
i t h i ft fii di
e sc r ar d a de i h i Ku d d
I d i n h e es M orgen l n e s, n n s n sc e

A l th th umer k u d l s n t q A t
e, vo a l a t i f th ii p 53 1
p t
.
i e . se . r ns on o s or on

a a
. .

of hi i a slu ab lnvw k i gi i et h O i t a
lor C h i ti S p s t t v en f n e r en r s n ec o r, or

Ma a J a a a p 2 F P f
a
d u n 1 8 5 7 d Mne h d A i l 1 8 6 n rc n r or ro essor
y
.

a
,

Wi l ill u
son st
’
a
ti e hi
s r V i h u P u pp
on s, s e 1 7 9 1 9 7 s s n r n , .
-
.
 2 46 W HA T C A S T E IS .

may n o ffse ts ad f
n o re sts . Fol l o win g th e p ri n c i
pal t m
a s re s

ah d th S aa u a d h a K ush i ki , wh e re th e ir
a
the y
thil a
re c e y e t r n e

al i a
e r er p i ta lc A y d h y s a d M i o w f u n d d e re o n e

F mM a
.

ro d hya d é ha wh th y s ww th
e re a d e i no e re , e ro s, n

w t i th ena t h V i d h ya er c ro ss u d i t e n o r ro n on

m
e
p gro re ss ,

Ad a m m
,

a a l h a b a d b h
th w t f t h A a
b th i d
o s es y v n c es y t so t ve e en e e o

a ath ag i t l f
.

l i ag wh
Su a
e es o e r v r n e, e re , ne r e r n e se

ht am
,

th u t y is t a l t g th ba a i ly
a a a
e co n r no o e er rre n . r s r n

m
,

i ul af G uj a t a a a a a a na

a
th p e e n ns o
pp l
r
y t h R e rs
y s e r s e

aaA ya u t y F mI d a m
,

a h a h Y a u
da
'

s n r n co n r p t ro t n r r s on e n

ma
.
,

a a ro d a t th N a r n o i e b y wa r
y f U jj ya i
r ver i o n

ad a th a f mth p i ‘

f Ma adh a t t h
a
n no er r n ro g e ro v n c e o o e

upp er
p t i or f t h N
on s o a m a d b u t ea i t p a r t h u g h s sse s ro

fm
,

th wi l d
e u t y f th G
co n r dai t w ul d
o e t b on uh s o no e o c

u t th A ya
a
'

se o e r s

f th Hi m
.

Th Kul i da f th w t
e n s o i aell e s e rn r v e r v -
ev s o e

la a a a a
aa
y d t
n h h i g h e ti g u u g i
er c o n w p b bo l y s re t on s e re , ro

t h ti m f t h M a
,

h bh a ta aA ya a ti b i g
’
e e o e r n r n n on , n e v e r e n

m
,

s
p k o f
en oa D a y u st h u g h st h y u
s, t h a
o h ad b u t l i t t l
e s ve e

ta t with t h A ya i il i a
'

c on c e ti r Th n c v g i n z t i on e re o s c on

m
.

g u uo t s t h wo t e i a a l
e s e rn r v e rs
y b s u pp d t h a so e o se o ve

A ya ath y w ail y a i bl t ap a
'

b e en r n, s e e re e s di g c c e ss e o S re n

a a m a a
aad Ki a
p peo l E
e . t w d f s t h U r
pp G ro
g t h p p eu l t i er n es e o on

wa A ya aw th T ag a ta f t h
’

a a
s n on -
r n, s e re e n n s n r s o e

(
Sa a r
y u a l l y v V i d é eh a a d M i t h i l u d t h n H i m n er e

m
.

a
,

a a a a a a a
a
l
a
i h il i A l d O h
’

f y pp et r,
p g n
g e
y r t
e s, s r n n n e

m
, .

l w h lo e, i t h t
n i f t
e h M a h b
e h o a t a t h e A y a p r , e
'

r n ro

a a a a a a
Ra a
g re ss h d t d nno d f th v t t h ce t t h rw fi er d i t o e e s n e n

myaa I th d i ti h w tha
a a
in th e n n o er t re c on s, o e v er,

m
.

p gro w a
re ss
y i
s v er d ab l W c onsh i l i n th erR y ea n a e e

wath m t
,

A ga
.

uth a A yal ad w fi d i
'
n s e tos so -
e s e rn r n n , e n n
 W HA T CA S T E I S .

t o th e Kurus th ro ugh i ts ki ng N il a In c onne x i o n with

m
.

i t , A gn i i s re pre se n te d ag ati
s r n
gn u nl i i t e d l i b e rty to

th e wo e n m of aa
t h t l n d i n t he c h oi c e o f
p l u r lit
y a
o f a
h u bad aa
s m g h w ll
n s, s on t e e - kn o wn Na i f Malab at
rs o r o

th p e i m Th m
re se n t t e. e ore so uth e rn
pa t f t
r o h D akh ai e n s

a aa u t y but l ittl k w
t re te d s co n r e no n ad th th Dig
n e re e

Vj a I a
y p l a t h fa b
c es ul u a t i e — th f t
o d t
s nh o ns e o ne -
oo e , e

bl ak fad Th k w a ti f th ut h a
a
c -
t
ce , e c . e no n n o ns o e so re

p ir nci a
p y l l i t u a t d s t h a t ae t h K
on é a l a P nd a
e c o s s,
y s e r s, s,

D ai da O d a ad K a l i g a Vi bhi ha ath b the

f Ra aai p k f ai L aka
r v s, r s, n n s. s n , e ro r

o v n , s s o en o s n n .

Th Pa
e
y s h n i t h o i f h t w a t e f w h i
r v er h a o -
o -
e r, o c

m m
,

a a a a
i h i it B a
s
y n on
y f o
p d i g c orre s i g w ont h T p t i
n w e n n s e ,
s

at th p i d t whi h th ti f h
b hah di B a ad K ha
e er o o c ese n o c es re er r c n s r

mai a n cl ti th a V i da r s
‘
r dé h o e e r r, n n s

t n t A ya th ug h m
.
, ,

t a ta ay wil d t ib ’

w e re o i c er n ex e r n, o n r es

mu t th aw l l aa t ha b
a
s en , t ps e s id i g rese n ve ee n re s n

n d Bh i m
,

wi th in th i b d Th G d a ia aa th i w

a
e r or e rs . e o v r r e re

a a a a
a
p ri d se h l y si O o f t h fli u
r v e rs t f t h G d i e en s o e o v r

i m ti
.
,

h w o l y th V n a
e v e r, o n e d Th P aé i i
v s en on e . e r v n s

th f ti f th h l y l ad i th di ti f th Da k
hi a
e ron er o e o n n e re c on o e

s
pn a th a w p no d i g w i th t h
c orre s D ak h a on If n e n

w um
.
,

e s up th i q ui i ese a y P nf L a
r es,
”
w s s ro esso r sse n , e

p i
e rc e ve a i d a b l c on s
p g ier t h p p gea at i ro re ss n e ro on

of th A ya e n
'

l igi
r ad d m re i i t wa
on d th n uth o n on o r s e so

wh n mpad with th ta t f t hi g p u t a d i
th Ra ma na Th B a
n e n
e co re y e s e o s o r r

a h m a i u l t u h ad a d f m
Su a
n c c s ro
e
y . e p r s re

ht a
r s t G kaar o th o at rn at t l y a on e e s e rn co s no on s

faath muth
,

r s e f t h G ago but a faa th

s o e f n es, s r s o se o

I wap h a
t p f mh
s er tl m t
s ro a d t A g i th g d
t e se set e en s, s c re o n e o

of fi re , th t i t a re c e ve d i i ts n m
a e .
 C A S T E IN T HE E IC S — T HE M A HABHA RA T A P 249
’

the G od aai ad
v r ; n e ve n be yo n d th e mth , e k in g s of Ka
l in
g aad M ai pu
n a b n r
y o e ed the l ws a A ry n w r of t he
'
a a
ri o rs In the i n te ri o r i n a the so uth o f Ind i , we fi n d n o
m th l i tay h mita am a na
,

a
.

f h R b u t th
a
o re e so
g t r
y er ; es o e e

b ak n f t h Pa
s o
y s h i e f th P a é i oa d f nt h G o d e r v n n o e o

ai a tudd d with um u a
, ,

v r re s e t f p i te t wh il n e ro s se s o en n s, e

A ya king ig n a l a u t i t th
'
th e r n d y i th s re re n e co n r es o e

so uth f t h g ao t mu ta
e i f pa
re a ti whi h a
o n ns o se r o n, c re e ve n

t a
r ve rse d by a aa D p i th uth h w c r v n s. ee er n e so , o e v e r,

A ya wi th th
a
th f
'
e co u t y i y tn r s e n on
p ti -
r n, e ex ce on o on e

a a a a
a
i gl
s n i
e re
g t h t f
on ,th M h i h i k ; d t h
o i l th u
e g h s s n s, o

a pti g B h m
cce n a ad th i ul tu til l p
r ns n it e r c s, s re serv e s s

p u
ecl i a D a
kh a r u t m T h p pn c l f t hs o u th s e eo e o e so e rn

m t Da
.

os kha ad C yl n ha n t d i t i t e u on ve e n e re n o n e rc o rse

wi th th i h a b itat f th N th ad h a b
e n n s o mk w e or n ve ec o e no n

mby
,

t o th e th e pro d uc ts o f th e ir c o un t rie s A l th oug h .

j a
t h e c on e c t ure th t th is c o n n e x io n t o o k pl c e by se i s a a
n o t c o n fi rfli e d b th e E os, we osse ss for i t th e we i gh ti e r
y p p
te s t i my on of th e Véd a tha
s, t th e A ry '
a I d ia
n p n n s rose

c ute d aig anti ad und t k

v on n th er oo vo a
y g b au es : ec se e

A h i
s ap a
v ns i df re h i bi ti g th i p w by p t t
r se or e x n e r o er ro e c

i g th h u d d ad h i p f Bh uj yu
n e n re -
th i m
o re mau a sbl o on e e s r e

b tt m l aad b i gi g i t f tu a t ly t th h
ha bha
o o e ss se , n r n n or n e o e s ore .

Th M a ata aff d a
a
e l i t u ti hi t
r th or s so ns r c ve n s on e

ma f th A ya p p ga ti N A ya m
'
i i
'

m ti d th w t at t th uth f S u a
s
nn er o e r pn ro on o r n e re

ht a Th
.

a
en on e on e es co s o e so o r s r e

h m m
.

er i tag h w e s,f th B o h a a d t
e v er,h a to f e r n s, n e se s o

th eG d o t d a fa a G k a
s, ex e n na a d th u fa s r s o r n s r

i
p gl i m a r
g w u d
es ta k B ut
ere A ya n nati er i en no
'
r n on s

m ti d G kanai w th uth l im
.

en on e o r i t f th s no e so e rn o e

d m m m
.

oa i f th S a
n o n k it t
g u e A t th ti f
s P t
r l y on e . e e o o e ,

32
2 50 W HA T CA S T E I S .

th i s a an d th
c o s t, e
y in te ri or a a l l
c oun tr d a
b ove i t, w s c e

A aka ad h it m u t ha b upi d by A ya
’
n en c e s ve e e n oc c e r ns
r
y ;
qu tl y th i m m
.

ig a f th A ya i t th i pa
Pa
C on s e en ti e r on o t e
’
r ns n o s r

t k pl a l a th a th tim f th a a a
a
oo t ce er n d e d et h o e n v s, n e

B hm a a a h l a h u f A a ’

r pp ns y e r t p e re on
y s e re c rsors o r n

a m a a
a
p i
oss e s s on . T h h l d g e s d l fe th o l l s
y f th oo so o e v e o e

Pa y h i
os i w h
n i h al
n l y c a t f t h so , B h m
on a a se s o e r ns re

m ti d ; ad th Ki g f Vidabhai t p t d t
, ,

Ba
en on e n e n o r s no re re s e n e o

u aa qu but aa f u d fa hm ai a l ta t
qu tl y th M aa th a
s s c on e ror, s o n er o r n c s e

im m
.

C a l ig a t d a ft th
i ti m Ba a a
on se en e r s so r e er e

h l a d h u t a h u f
a
t
th G da
t
th a
g n n n r ne
e ro c e .
y e co r e so rc es o

ai i th fi t a f th M a
t y t i it d by th Pa
e o v r ,
.t e . e rs up
se th s o e r s on e

h i g h l ad w a a
a
n e re n o e d v s I t
e i ti ll e n v s s s

m a m
, .

ai h a d d d w b h h u h i M h i h a i
th B a
p l ner n y t e
y t o t
n t e t s, n s

hm a i t du d th i ul tu th ml
,

e r ns n ro ce wi th ut
e r c s e se v e s o

th ai ta
e ss s f wai nce o ad by thi a rr orsl th j tu
n s so e c on e c re

is c on fi md tha r t th e uth f I di a wag a

e so i d o t n s ne ov e r o

b Hby ma
,

A ya i ili a
fBa
ti t by f d i
'
r n c v z on , n o orc e c onv ers on s, l e ns

f p aa bl m i i hm a F thi w ha a
a
o e ce e s s on s o r l ns or s e ve so

fi m f Pt l m m
.

th e c on ati r
y w
on oh ti o e a a f B h o en on s r ce o r

ma i uth mm t I dia th A ga
,

“
ns n so e os l i g ul f
n on e r c

m f p pl ad u t i umg i th
.

O th n a e n es o eO es n c o n r e s oc c
'

n n e

D ig Vij a -
y a m u h l i g h t h a b e c a t t l y ybs P f en c s no on ro e s sor

L a but by P f
sse n H H W il ro e s sor but i t i t son s no

f thi ad im
. .

ay f u t t d u ti il a
a a
n e c e ss r or s o e x en o r no ce s o s n s r

p t
or i f
on s oth M ah b h a tea r .

Th ayi g
e c rr f waa n t a l l ha
on o ad f l if i d l ad
r, z r s o e, s ec re

t b th duty f th K h a
o e e t iyao T e s r

I th VaaP aaa n e ft it i a
n g a i rv t a t d, t h a t er s n s e

La I di h A l th humku d i pp 5 7 6 7 8
sse n s
’
n sc e e rt s n e, . .
-
.

1
'

M . Eh ii . . v. 1 95 1 .
2 52 WHA T CA S T E I S .

a aa
t d i p 853“ Ja d a i ma ad S atya ati h adfi
b l Pah u a
b ov e n rr e n g n th n v v e so n s , e

y u g t f wh mwath ma By h i fa
.

o n es o o s e re d ub ta o e th rs r s er s
’

mmad h k i l l h i mh m m
.

co n e s s ot er
(i wh h
n h u b ad h ad
o d t t d er s n e ec e so e

i wa
n d d fi l m t) a
r e ft th
e en , er e f u ld o ha
r ed fu d th i m at i i da
e r son s l re se s r c

ad h a d i qu b d p i d f a b y th i fa th
’

A t P ah u a
o ffi c e, n n c onse en c e een e r ve o re so n e r er s

c u rse m ad i h w rs r h i mth
’
i
s t d b y hi
e s re , o ev e r, s o er s re s o re s

a ad h h im l f i a
.

fa th t l i f ad h i b th
er o e, t n s ro e rs b l d o re son , n e se s so v e

f ma l l th g ui l t f m ud Hi h i t y w b gi t b t d

a
ro e o r er . s s or no e ns o e c on n ec e

wi th th a t f Ki g A j u a o ( K nta f y a ) T
r h lna t t h a
or d m t r v r e er co e o

ma m
.

Ja da g i h inta g
’
as d h ad
er b p t f ul l y e, i n d b u t h h ad e e n re s ec re c e v e e

re qui t d thi h u by ay i g a
e s wa
on o y b y f th a r l f f th
c rr ag n orc e e c o e s e s
’

ai fi i a l w ad b a k i g d w h i l fty t O b i g i f md
P ah u a
s cr c co n re n o n s o re e s n e n n or e

m
.
,

o f th i i l s v o e nc e , awafi l l d wi th i dig ars ti

r at ta k d ad s e n n on , c e n

l w A j u aad ut ff h i a
s e r n n m (whi h a di g t th i
c o s i r s c c c or n o s v e r s on

ath u ad i um
,

b ) A ju a l w th a ’

a
w ere o s n n n i tu er g r n s son s n re rn s e e s e

m m
.

Ja a da g i i th a
n b ,
nf P a h u e a T h l a
se n c e t t w od t d rs r . e er vo e o es

t y th wh l K h a
ro e t iy aa a
o e d s ut d h i th ar t by ki l l i g fi t
r ce, n ex e c e s re n rs

A ju a ad th i f l l w T w ty ti m a ”
it i id h
’
r s n s on s , n e r o o e rs en -
on e e s, s s e

t i y af m ath ad f md fi l a
.
,

s w pt ae wa ya ll K h a th s r s k f bl d
ro e e r n or e ve es o oo

m m
,

i Sa
n ata p a h
n a
k a ; i w h i hnch a ti a t d th a n f t h c e s e e n es o e

H th e p f md ag ad ai fi t I d aad ga th ath t th
en e r or e r n s cr ce o n r ,
n ve e e r o e

ffi i a ti g p i t H b t w d a l agol d a l ta th a
Ba
o c n r es s. e es o
g e e so en r on e s

Ka h ya pa Th i by h i p m i i th hm a di id d a mg
m f Kh aaa
s s, s er ss on , e r ns v e on

th m l d i i g th th a a a H a i
a
se v e s, er v n enc e e n e o n n s.
e y g v v n

a a a a a a a m a m
.

g i v en w y t h t h t K h y p
e e P hru h i o l f d w l
s l t h rs r se e s on e

mu ta m him
,

i Ma h é d a Thu d i d i ty a i b tw ad th
ath qu d by Ra
o n n n r . s en r se e e en n e

K ha st i y a ad th us wath
r s, n ma f b u d l
s e e r c on e re o o n e ss

might ”
1
'

m
.

T hi s l e gen d , whi c h o c c urs in o the r for s e l s e wh e re ,

ma a a y h ve rise n fro ma
g, ver
y s m
al l b gi e nn i n to wh ic h
We ha
ve a a l re dy re fe rre d ;t on l
y h i s to ri c l f c t o n . The aa
wh i c h i t c a n b e fo un d e d , i s t h t th e re we re ol d e n
q u rre l s a a
Se e p . 237 8 -
of th i s wor k .

1 M ui r
’
s Tex ts, i . pp . 15 6 7 M -
. E h i ii . . v. 1 107 0, e t se q .

1
: S e e b efore , p . 1 48 .
 ’

C A S TE IN T HE E IC S P -
T HE M A HA BHA RA T A
’

.
253

a
m
I

a
b ut o p re ro
g a
ti ve b e t ween Br h a ns ad K ha t iya
n s r s

ag
.

t iya t i fl i g
K ha
a
I ts in te n d e d l esson i s th e d n er o f s r s r n

wi th Br h ma ns .

e ad ipti f th a
t Ba
wi th
ait i m ti
In c on n x i on e sc r on o e fi rst g p ut e,

i n to the muth o o f Haum n n, s en o ne d th a h r

ma n s, a t i ya Va
Ksh i h yaad S l i d a t i tl y b
r s, s d s, n n r ss r c o se r ve

th i ti tut
e ns f th i w a es o t T hi e ro
p t a t i w a
n c s es .
‘
s re re sen on s

i t d d aa
n en e hi t f th p s t nI th or t t ai e re se n . n e c on e x , s cr

fi i g (f l f) g i i g f g ift l a i g th Vé da
’
c n o r o n e s se v n o s, e rn n e s,

m m t th th t wi b
,

a a re s id t b o e co on at ; o e ree ce -
o rn c s es

wh i l ai fi i g f ad t ahi g ad ta ki g a lm
b l g t th B a
th
a p t ti (p a
e s cr c n or o e rs n e c n n n s

hm
,

la a) b i g th
t iya upp ti g (p sa
e on o — e r ns, ro e c on t l e n e

du ty f t h K h a
o e s raa ) t h as,t f tsh or n o n o e

Va i h ya ad
s s, i ( nhu h h é ) t h a
se r v c et f t h S h i ds a T s rzt s
’

o e I r s .

Th Ki g Na h u h ath f A y u ad g ad
’
e n s e son o s, n r n so n

f Pu u aam t i
,

o r r v s d i th V é da (wh i en on e
p t n e s, o s re re se n

e d i th fi t paan e
j: a rs f i g t hrv R i h i t a
s
p y o rc n e ven e s s o

hi m ay hi mup th i h ul d i a
,

t i but ad t
r e, n o c rr on e r s o ers, n

p a l a q u11i i ) i p r ,
t d a f
s reu d b y Y u d h i
re se n e sh th i aa a s o n r s

ser e n
p t i t w h i h
n o t a t h h a d b b c u g h t
s b y t h e u e e en ro ec rse

f th m A g a tyaM u i wh mh
,

o f one o e ha d t uh d
s n o e o c e

H i m
, ,

wi th h i f t s oo ad t b b wa il hi p id ad t
e s e o e e s r e n o

ak d l i a f mYudhi shthi awh mh a

.

s e ve r n c e ro a db r , ose n e e en

g i a
ve n h i as i u b y t h
s s v o M u i h i rb gg g i h i e n on s e n s

m
,

p a dr on I t i ad d d t h a t Y su d hi sh t h i a gea h i a l t i a l r ve c e es

f mi whi h h a d d t h a
.

ad
b th f mth B a
or n c e Th sc e nu e o e ven e c rse n

i t l im hm
.

s i ta ti w f onu ere o co a§ rs e o ro e r n .

M Eh i ii
. . . v. 1 1 2 41 .
1
'
l b iii . . v . 1 12 9 8 e t se q .

I l b i . . v . 3 15 1, e t se q .

M Eh i i i 1 2 4 08 ,
’
. . . v . e t se q . M ui r s T e x ts 1 68 9 -
.
2 54 IVHA T CA S T E I S .

In th e c o urse of th e a
ll g e ed c on v e rs a
ti on b e t we e n
Yudhi sh th ir aad th S p t w f d t n e er en mf no re e rre o, so e o

th p i
e ipl
r nc f a t aa
es o ff t d b y th p g
c s e s ec ef I d ia e ro re ss o n n

so c e i ty a u i u l y b ug h t f wa
,
re c r o s d ro or r .

“
Th S p t a W O Y a
th B a
e er e n
y h s k i
s :
g u d h i h t h i
o, i n s r s

hm
,

e a ad wha
r n, t i n K wl d g ? D la y u s no e e ec re o r

h ig h j ud g m t (i th en a) I m n a k i q ui y
e c se f th e n r o ee

m
, .

Yud h i sh th i aa y r H s i ws :h a e t u nt h l i b ao re see n r , er

l l ty f g i i tu i a d ti ad
mpai h 0 ki g f Na
, or ve n e ss , v r ut e, n n o c en c e , s e re -
ev o on , n

a a
a
co ss on , e,
g ni do i g t t h s, s c c or n o e

Sm riti a B hm a K wl d g 0 S p t i P aa
r n no e b a h e, e r en s r r

mawi th ut pa h am
.
,

i wi th ut pl a
o n, u wh i th
o up e s
g re , e r, on v

m
,

g on e , th y h a e g i f
ve n o
; w h a t r e d y u w i h t b ore o o s o e

Th S p t T a m
uth i d ) ad B a
k w
no n
? e
p l i
er en h t b l
re i h t es : f e es s en o

th f u
e o at i wi th p f (a
r c s es s ro o hm ai or z e , n r s

a But i S h d a O Y ud hi shth i aa
’

l so t u r e e ve n n II r s, r re

f m
.
,

t uth l i b a
r l ity w a
er thl i r a b ti
e ssn e ss , nn o c e n c e , s n en c e ro

mpai m
, ,

kil l i g n co (T h )
ss on k w l d g ( f Be a h a ?
) no e e o r

m
.
,

i a
s l with ut pa
so i o
p l a u r n O or L d f e ;s a d e, or o en n

wi th ut th o ( a t
e se i ) t h
se n s i th
on s t h,i g b u t
e re s no o er n

K wl d g Y udh i shth i a a W h i a S h d a '

no e r s s en n
e
y II r

mak f i tu ad i t i t i aD ij at h
.

i a
S ha ai t aB a a
th

Sha
e re s r o v r e, n s no n v e

ad th B hm
,

d a t a d a
,

i r s no r n h e r n s no r

ma Th p
n e i wh m e rso n t ha t m nak f i tu i o r o v r e s se e n ,

hm i W h mi t i
.

O S p t i aB a
er e n ,
s a; ad th p r n n e e rso n n o s

no t i a
se e n s Th a ti i t i u d (I
e c o n v e rs on s c on n e

aa il m a a
d h i m l y aaB a
l f f M M
’
h e re v
y se u i o t l t
r i f i t ) r s T h r ns on o e

hm
.

S p t a
er en id s If y u g a: o re r a on s r n

wh m o hi du t m
s c on a k u h th
c at i f aa
es s c il , en c s e s o no v

u til d d a up a
n ee s dd d t it
re s er Yud h i h th i a pl i
e o . s r re es

M . Eh i i i . . vv . 1 246 9 , e t se q .
2 56 WHA T CA S T E I S .

T he gl ory of the Br h n is e p h ti c l l y s e t f ort h ia

ma
n m aa
th e fol l owing in struc ti on s gi ve n to Yudhi sh th i r by the a
R i sh i M rk n dé y p
, aarti c ul rl y i n th e ir c on c l u aa a
si on T h e

e rs on p osse s se d of the s e th re e p uri ti e s

— u ri t f h
p p y o s
p e e c ,
:
ad pu ity by wa
t (a —

a
uri t
y o f c on duc t, n r er bl ution ) i s worthy
p
o f he a v en of thi s the re i s no doubt The Br h ma n who
m S ad/ y i m
.

a ad
a
e ve ni n

a
e rfor n c t i orn i n
th n n
p s g z
g g re p e e

m
,

h l y di i
o g y a t i
v ne th th f th V é da r th a t B h e o er o e s, r

mab m by thi di i ( bj t) f f m i ( ahta

, ,

n eco es s v ne o ec re e ro s n " s

ki l i l a h)
v s c H i t t.
g i f b ie
g a s i
no f o r ev e or e n re c e v e r o

g i ft th
s , e ve nu g h f t h a th a
o d a (t h atoi f th e e r n oc e n s o e

wh l w l d)
o e W haor t p l a t a t h u i t h
e ve r n e s, s e s n n e

ma m m m
.

h a e t
v e n s, e c y b f a ful t h i th y b e t h i
e r o e eco e o

m m
.
, ,

p rosp u a d
e ro a ds, p n p u f a ore
y P u
n u ore ros e ro s or e . rs

il d il fh ibl f ad g a
t th B a
i g
n ev ev s t o orr e onn n re

bul k d t il l t ao no hm a F mt ahi g ai
-
re e r n ro e c n s cr

ki g gi ft f m th m
.
, ,

fi i g ad ta a a
ul t aB a
c n n (wh
n t s
y ro o e rs e v e r e rrors

hm a a l ik th bl ai g
,

oc c u thr i fa e re s no s r ns re e e z n

m
,

W he ther ill
a
fire (wh i c h c on su es e ver ythi n
g)
-
in struc te d
ma
.

or w e l l - n s truc te d,
i whe th e r v a
ul g r or re fin e d, Br h ns

a re n ot to b e di sre g ad r e d, be in g afi s re c on c e l di a
a h e n s es

a
.

a
A s kin dl e d fire in the b urn i ng groun d or -
(f th d d ) i e e s

Wi thout f ul t, so th e Br h a n l e rn e d or n ma a u l amd i a e e s

a ”

aaa
t d i ty 1
'

re e
g
i m
.

a
na a
Ba
E v e n the R ksh s Vi bhi sh d t s e o utte r re spe c t
ma mt
,

for th e r h n s, by de c l i ning to use the ir i nstru en

4"
Li t a
ll y er ,
fl e sh -
e a
t e rs .

TM . Bh i ii vv —
1 3 43 1 1 3 4 3 8 . Th e fol l owi ng i s th e S ak ns ri t of

at Shl ka f thi paa

. . .

a aunaa m m
l
m
t h e t wo s g s o s ss e

a
o

aa aa a
ma
‘

{f
irs t ” w u wl
m m
t ln r: r ri s e s" {t r
'

g e r er g N o
r

a w e sw
i Hg we wa
e rra
a rsr ir2 3 6 ia
'

r er e ts 1vs fi r r v
! l l s?
 C A S TE IN T HE E I CS —T HE M A HABHARA T A P . 25 7

(th t afp a y )
o w h il h
r i b ther R a a a w a b e h i g s ro er v n s e se e c n

hm at m k him
,

Ba r a i i i bl t hi f
o e nv s e o s oe s .
‘

I th Vi itaP aaw h a th di t ibuti

n e n f rv e ve e s r on o

m
,

at a
a
w k for sth f uor
p e ti l
o
y tir c d s esb re s ec ve en on e s
y
m a
,

S a y a
v b h u (M a ) p a f
v t h t
”
th i p ti f nn t h , roo s or on o e

w k a t l a t i p t i t th a t C d 1
'

or e s s os e r or o o e .

I th Udy g a n P aa th e i a p ti ti o wi th rv ere s re e on ,

v ai a r ti f th
on s, t y f th h a
o ug h ty ki g Na
e s or hu h a o e n s

a
,

vi d tl y a a a
ti g th B a
e en
g i b u g h t f w d tn h w th ro d g f or r o s o e n er o

il l t a hm a ;t
I th Ba
-
re n e r ns .

t hwaP aa u th w l l k
a
n e s w rv o cc rs e e -
no n

Bh a g a w ad G i t S g
-
f G d t a
,
i i
or g th d i on u -
o -
o , c on n n e sc o rse

b twe K i h aad A j u ai
e en r s nwhi h th l a n tt p a t y r n n c e er r

hi h um
,

re la t es a upl a s b ut g i g i t ba ne . sc r t tl wh es o o n n o e e n

th i i
e cr s s o f th g a t wa u d ad th f m g i
e re r oc c rre n e or er ves

a pl y whi h t u t h w d f M M il m
,

re c o ab a
se th e or s o r n, re es

ubl i m f path i ti
.
, ,

th t e ibl e rr e s eTh o n e s c e

s
y t m
s e f p hi l h
p y
o w h i h t h i oso m a k ab l p i d
on c s re r e e so e

i i th m a i f u d d i tha t f th Y g af P ata a ’

s, n e n, o n e
j l s o e o o n n z,

f m
,

in wh i h l i b a ti
c fu th er b i th ad a on b p t
ro i r er r s, n so r on

i t th di i
n o e S pi i t (th g a
v ne t bj t fd i r a d e re o ec s o e s re c c or

m
,

i g t
n Hi d u p ul a
o ti n
) a a d s d p ec d t t h
on re e e en en on e

t m
,

k wl dg
no f S pi i t a
e nd th p a
e o ti f r
p l a ti a d e r c ce o c on e ve n

a ti d ti
sc e c e vofa a i d i ff o n, t pl a
so u rad s n e re n c e o e s re n

p a i a nd th u
n pp i f m
e s t i a l a t i a
re ss o n o e o on c on re c on c e rn

ed . It i s no t a
lt g o e th e r c on si s te n t or ho mg o e n e o us

M Eh i i i 1 5 9 1 3
. . . . M ui r, i i 4 3 3 . .

1 M B
‘
h i v 14 5
. 7 . . . So al so i n vv . 830 35 -
1 5 5 0—6 1 ; v . 3 45 4 et

se
q .
, e tc . S e e M ui r i . pp . 69 73-
.

1 M E h . . v. v . 3 45 , e t se q .
Q ua
rte rl y Re vi e w, v ol . x iv .

33
258 WHA T CA S T E I S .

thro ug h o ut , ad ap i t d ut by Wil l ia n md Humb l dt

s o n e o e o

i w d i t aai m
,

wh o v e p
e t a t t ib u t
si t n p h i l h
p y or n c on r on o os o ,

ha s it l f b se
p b a b l y t h ee n u b j t f a d d
ro i ti a d e s ec o o ns n

i t p la
n er o ti f m a i u h ad
on s , N t wi t h tad i g
ro v r o s n s .
‘
o s n n

i t p ul a
s s ec ti ha at i t p f ve c t h w r c e r,
p t t ro e sses o s o re s ec o

wh a t m ay b al l d th H i d u
e ci t i t u t eI t t ie f n ns es s no c es o

f th m
.

Ca t a y aty Th
s e re ve r i t sc n i d e e x s enc e o e xe

aaitaa m
.

c la Vaa
sse s ) it tr a t i
s ni u w r u l r c es o v c o s o en
'

t th tim i t wa m
'
-

I t i p ba s b l t haro t a e
p d a
l l iel e s co o se

l g i ti m m
,

e at hi l d w
e c k dt b l re n g t t h i
e re re c d on e o e on o e xe

c at whi h i th fi t i ta ha
s e s, c , dn i gi a et d f m rs ns nc e , or n e ro

th di i i
e f la
v s onb u F i g hti g i t p
o ot a th r. n re re se n s s e

s up m d uty f t h K ha
re e t i ya j: Po b ab l y w i t
e h s r ro se c e s

i
s o ns t Buddh i mm tha
o i s f m , Ca t o re i n se c e ss o n s ro s e, n

v ei w but a pp l i a b l t b th i t t f thc th g e a l
o a p h o se s or e en e r o

m
, ,

O ne
’
ris s o wn re l i i n th u h w th l i b t t
g o , o
g o r e ss ,
s e e r

th a thn e rel i g i on of a thno er, h o we ve r we l l in stitute d (or

fol l o we d ) ;
’
o n e s o wn rel i i o n
g a a a
i s profi t bl e t d e th , wh il e
a
th t of a th
ath f a no er a be re e r It re pre se nts Kri sh n
S up m) a m
.

(at h s e i
y g T h re
y wh a f th we b s n : e o re o e o

of i -
w m
s n, Va i h ya ad S h fid a h a
o e n, ll g th s s, n r s s o e

up mj u i f t h a
k e fu wi h m h w m u h
m my h l y w hi pp th B a
s re
y e
y t o
g rn e t ; e re e e o c

hm
,

o re o a ad th ors e rs, e
“
i

r ns , n e

Ra j a hi I
I
rs I i
s .w i th i t t i f th t
n h c o nn e x on s no c es o e re e

q ua l i ti f t uth ( a
es t a) p oa i a
( j )
r a a d d ak s v , ss on r , n r n e ss

For at a l a ti f Hum b l dt s E a y b y th l a t R G H
’

a
r ns on o o ss e e ev .
,

aa
. .

We i gl e , se el ua bl d i ti f th Bh a
v
g a
w a
d G i t i S a k
e ei t C a a on o e -
n ns r ,
n

ad E gl i h pub l i h d by th R J G a tt a t Ba a
rm a
m
re se , n n s , g l u 1s8 4 9 e e ev rre n r,

t z frg gets 3 1 1 : a
a
. .
, .

3
‘
6 s Ed
'

1
M Bh
”

: . . vi . v . 872 .

M Eh vi 9 09 M Bh
1 . . . v . .
. . vi . v . 95 8 .

HM B . . vi . 1 2 03 4 -
.
260 W HA T CA S T E IS .

a a a a d a i
a
obl ig te d to i u l tu k i f tt l l i b l t
a
n e, n er
g r c
p g re , ee y o c

m
.

a a a i d a h B h a K h a
a
T h S el d z r pp s t re t to n e t s erv n s o e r , s

tra a d V ni h a T
s h S f a a a pp e i n t d a t s f t
reh o e s e rv n s o e

m
.

a a a a a
,

a a d K I i h d j i d h
a
B rh h
n t t s t r .
( s no) t t e r ne v er e n o n e

a K h a t
s i y a hr u l d bs a o a t t a eS t a I a
s erv M a d
n o r

m m
.
,

d h d b h i k i k ta
s
( S h a l y a i a d d g D u y dsh a a ) w h a
re ss r o n o

m m a
,

b orn o fa Ra j a h i f a i l y
rs 0 k i g a d w h a dd n d n o re s s e

mt b
, ,

aaM a
s haa thaa r d ad p a o i d by Bad i
e s erve n r se n s.

maa
,

I wh a o b s i g i fi d O ki g d
ove s n t wi h t b th
e n o no s o e e

fa
, ,

S hta a a
,

ha
“ ”
c i t r o e er o p u t H i g g t
r .d i h u d v n o so s on o re ,

ta H ai g a k d (l a ) f y u
f G adh a
I wil l i ly
c er t fi g ht
n no v n s e e ve o o

k m m m
.
,

O s on o i I ta
n y d r
p a t u t y e w h e r re o o n o e
"

m
,

i d Sha
.

D u y dhaaa r o ft wa
n d er l yath a
r s t ah a
re i t n s c r o e er

ma m
,

y b u p e si t t h
e r or p d o i ( a e w a ers on
p l ifi dr ve n s s ex e e

i th
n a f K i shnaad A j u a
e c se o r )1 A l l th in i i r n .
'

s s n

i t
c on s s e n c y w i th t h th d i w e f C
or a t oa f u ox d i v e o s e, s o n n

M a ad l wh nn n e se
I e re

m
.

t f th paa
a
I th n t e c on e x g o w e f d t ss u h i
es no re e rre o, c s

s ai d f th i m o p u e i t y f th M ra d a k a o a d G a ed h a r s, n n r s,

k i g waS ha l ya a
th Ba
wh os e n § s O f th d j i i g t i t i f e o n n e rr or e s o

mt u i u
.

e h i ka th s, i gh b u f th M a
e ne d aa o rs o e r s, os c r o s

a u t i gi
cco n s i a v e n,
p a a g t h un u m m a ilss
y t a l at e d b y ss r r ns e

P rofe ssor H H W il son

ama aaa
. .

An ol d ad e x c el l e n t Br h n re v il i ng th e c oun tri e s B h Ik
a
’
n nd

aa
M dr i n th e d we l l i ng of D h it a a h re l a
t d fa l on g k n o wn , a
aa ad b y d th
r t r
s r t e c s nd

l t th Hi m
,

t h us de sc ri b e d th o se n ti on s a E t a
mu ai
. x e rn o e v n, n e on e

G ag n e s, be y on d th e Sa aati a
r d Ya
sv ad Ku uk h é t a
n n r v e rs n r s r

ad th S i idh u a th i th a i tua
,

b e twe en fi v e ri v e rs ,
aa
n e t d th
r s e s x , re s e e

B h ik s, d ev oid of r i tua
l b a a or on d th f t b h un d
se rv nc e , e re ore o e s ne .

M . Eh . v i ii . v . 13 67 e t se q .
1
‘

M Eh . . v i ii . v . 1 6 21 .

1 S e e b e fore , p . 5 3 , et se q . M Bh. . vii i . 1 8 3 7 , et se q .

 CA S TE IN T HE E I C S — T HE M A HABH RA T A P A . 26 1

Th i e r fi g tre e i s
-
n md
adhaa(i th pl a f w k i ll i g) ;
a e G ov r n e. e ce o co -
n

mak t pl a i Subh a m(th pl a f di g l i qu a

.

th i e r r e d a ce s r tl a t e ce o ven n or : e s

m m
,

a a a a
.
t h t t
e co
) d th eng i t i t l t
o rs , t h d n w y ese f t h ve es o e oo r o e

p ta m
so s
y
ya l pa la A bu i f g a t im p l l d m t dw l l
m g t th Ba
ro ce. s n e ss o re or nc e co e e e o e

a h fkaad th i u t ma th f w ll k w t m
l l d Sh a ka a
on s e s, n e r c s o s re e re ore e no n o e .

Th h i f i ty i a
e c e c l aad th
s c ie A pa g T h p p l n a e r v er e eo e re

md Jattika ad th i u t m a h a mf ul Th y d i k
, .

a l so n a e r s n e r c s o s re s e e r n

pi it m d f muga ad g a t ma
.

s r a s e ro i ad a
s rt a s n d wi th ga
r n,li ; n e e se on e r c

ad l i
n fl h ad wi
v e on th i w m i t
es n i a t d a
ne pp a i pub l i e r o en n ox c e e r n c

pl a wi th
c e s, th g a b th
no oa g a l a d er a d p furm d a n i g a rd n s n er e s, nc n n

i gi g a
s n n d if a n ti g i d v oc i i t
er m h ah th a th f
n n e c e nc e s n on es ore rs n ose o

ml th a th y i dul g i p mi u u i t u ad a
,

th e ca e or e ss e n e n ro sc o s n e rc o rse , n re

u d n t a i t
e r n o re s r Th y l th th m l n i ki ad b l ak t ad
e c o e e se ve s n s ns n n e s, n

ym l ad d uma
.

so u d th
n ba e c d h ad n
y a
rl u d w i thn h a c on c ,
n cr o o rs e

i
v o c es W wi l l h a
. t t d l i gh t i
e thi k f s en t ad i p l aat
o e ,
n c ore s s n n e s n

pl a ; w wi l l f at ad p t ad ga th i g th hi gh wa y pi g
ad p il ad u g th m I S ha ka
c es e e s n s or n er n on e s s r n

up th t a l l l aa f m a ”
l
Ra
on e r ve e rs n s o n sc o r e e n e e

d m (a
.
, ,

e on k ha f) th f u t s th d a
s
y f
ont h d a k
e f o t i h
r e en
g t i g o e r or n s n s

a l ud I wi l l f a th fl h f k i ad qua ff th i b i a
Th S h a
t ti g

l i k Ba
o e s on e es o ne , n e ne r n

i ad g aful f m
,

pi i t a d d b y fa a d a h ika
”

B a
s r tt en e l r n r ce e es e r -
e s

ad i th d i ti m
.

ha ve no i ti tut ns ai fi e s nor s c r a c es n h ne er e e s, n e s , n or r

ma a pt th i ff i g Th y a
ns c ce e r o t ut f w d er n s ath pl a e t
e o o oo e n or e r en e s,

h d th i b i g mad wi th wi
.

n or ee e r e n i ads e l i k d by d g
re n e or v n s , or c e o s,

ad th y u qua
n e ll y i se it ai u p paa
e ti
'

n th smi l k f w f
v r o s re r on s e o e e s, o

c aml ad f a Wh th a
e s, n o t had ak m
ss e s . il k i th o i ty Y ug adh a s a r n n e c n r

ah p t t S agaBa hi ad H l a w th a m f tw fi d '

th V i pa ha a
c n o e o e n er v r n z c e re e n es o o en s

i i h B h l a a h i d d a a d
'
f h
aS m ay th A attaa th am f th p pl
n e ; t s r ver t e t n zc s t t re e r e sc e n n s no o e

ati fB a hm
ad Ba
c re on o r . o e s e r s re e n e o e eo e,

h ik af th wa Th V daa tk w th bla ti
’

n t o e e rs . e e s re n o no n e re , n or o on ,

ai fi ad th g d wi l l t pata k th i f d Th P atha la
a
n or s c r ce , n e o s no r e e r oo . e r s s

p ap a a a a a ta Kha a a a '

( her b d s
) M dor G d
e re rs h A,
t r s, h V n r s, r s, s s, s s,

At d hu ( th b y d th I du ) S a u aa a qua l ly i
’ ’

ll
B a
'
z sz n s, or ose e on e n s vz r s , re e n

mu Th hm a b m aK ha
,

fa
a o s. wh i b y b i th a
aV i hya aS h id a aBab ad h ai g b abab b m
aB a
s or
e re on e

z r
o

or
s rt iya

r er,
r

n v n
n, ec o

ee n
es

r er
s r

ec o
, or

es

hm m
, ,

r aa g a i nA i t u u w n a w a i
v r l a t d o b y s A a o t t a n s onc e v o e
'

a ad th i w m ha
.

r uffi a ad h ns, u d th n s e c rse e r ce, i nb e r o en v e e v e r s nc e een

u ha O th i a unt th i h i a th i i t hi l d e
’
nc t s e. n s c co e r ot e rs re e r s s er s c r n, n
2 62 W HA T CA S T E I S .

t h e i r own a th i l a
A ll w a
c oun tri e s
d g d th Y aa aah ve e r s n o s : e v n s re

ad p m
.

wi n i tl b a ; th M l é h h a b
re - e ne n th i w i tual e se rve
se ,
y r ve c c s o e r o n r

kaa w th l d ai t h
,

b ut th M a d a
e r Ma s du
re f th
or ath i t e ss r s e or re o e e r

m
.

i th
s g i
e re f b i ty u on h a t i
o ty b be y a d
r e u d , fi th nc s , ro er ,
n r er : e on e

P a h aa da a a a
'

nc p p l n fi t h A eo t t e1 e on e r r ce "

Fro mth is i t is e viden t t ha t i f e ve r t h e M a d ras a

a a
nd

s (o r Y h i ka
B h i ka e re un d e r A r a
'

s
) w y n i n fl ue n c e they
ma m
,

h d a c on t ri ve d k th i
to a
p f i t a
t t h
e
p i d e r esc e ro e er o

h ere re
p re se n e t d S m f th C a
. t u m f h
o e o e s e c sto s o t e
'
A ry s aa h re e re re ve a
l d by e o ur turn i n g the v i c e s c h r ed ag
b y th e aa t n rr or i nto v i rtue s .

aa a a a a
m a aa a
In th e S h l y P rv , th e re re se ve r l sto ries
se t ti n
g forth th e st rug g l e s o f V i sh v i tr t o t t i n Br h a
ma a a
ama
nh o o d r T h e i r i n t e n d e d l e sso n i s l i ke th t pe rt i n i n g
-

ma
t o thi s tte r fo u n d e l se wh e re — Th e Br h n h o od ,

a
f h f mai
te r t e or t on o f th e fi rst of th a f th h a
d
e r ce o e e

b orn, w ah l d wat b ap i il g f b i th
s e s
p t w h
o e r v e e o r ex c e en

up h um a ff t w m
,

s er a d by th fa u f th g d
n e or s e re e e vo r o e o s

b ta i n it a d ata
tha mat h
t o o g s v n es .

I th S a up ti / aP a aA h a
aaB a
n e e rv s v e s on

hm
, ,

o fD ro n aa ,p l g i fr h i k w l d g f w
n,a o o z es or s no e e o r

ad th a
n ffai ef th K ha t i ya b y p l a
rs o d i g hi w
e s r s e n s o n

p t
o ve r
y t h s l au f heii a
b a
o e c d m t f B ah m a se o s n on en o r

m
,

i a
n c l w ka i P
or ty i a g a t pl af i
o v er i s re e or re ssn e ss n

c at b a
s e o se rva t th p t da
nc e s e v e n
y e re se n .

I th S t i Pa aw fi d th i g b a
ha bh a
n e i g
r rv e n no n e r n on

m f th M a
,

Ca t s eTh w i t
. ad f a e r e rs ata ha n r e rs o e r ve

45
M Eh . . v i ii . 2 02 6 , e t se q . a
A si ti c Rese ah rc es, v ol . xv pp 1 08 9
. .
-
.

1
'
M Eh i x
. . . v. 22 65, e t se q .
; v . 2357 , q e t se . T h ese paa g ass es re

tr al a
nst di e n M ui r s T ex ts i
’
. . pp . 2 00 1 -
2 02 2 04 -
.

I M Eh i x
. . . v . 122 5 -
.
2 64 WHA T CA S TE I S .

a
t un te d by P aa au th g ad r v f Vi h a
s , m i t awi th h ai g fa
e r n so n il d o s v r , v n e

t ful fi l h i th a
o t a
s d a i ly b a
re t d i pub l i f h ai g ki l l d a
n v n o s e l l th n c o v n e e

t iy a (am
,

K ha s r ay f th a
s, s t t ib w n th op t ) ad wi th h ai g
r e e re e re re se n n v n

w f mf a; whil th m
,

wi th d a r n ro ath h a e r d a ga i b e e u e r b y n ec o e o v e rr n

th m th K h a t i y awh h a pad h a
a
e e s d b f r b s o d w g w e o re een s re no ro n

p w ful ki g Th h w b i g tu g b y Pa au t a
Paah u a
’
o er n s e se o e v e r, u t e n s n r v s s n

m
.
,

r s a w l w wi th th i h il d
r no s e ad a l l th y t u b e r c re n , n e e n o rn

mi t th w l d S m h w
,

i fat ath y a
n n s s e c e n o ew orp d o e, o e v e r, e re res e r v e

b y th i mth ti m
.

e r Hai g t w ty
o e rs . l ad t h
v n ath f
en -
on e es c e re e e r o

K ha s t i ya h ga h
r s, a a ai fi i a
e ve l f t er Ka h h ya
s
p a a t
s cr t h c ee o s e c on

e lu i s on o f th A h a médh a Kahya
e s v pam ak i g aig a l wi th h i h ad
s n s n s n

m
.
, ,

i Whi h h h l d th ai fi ia l la dl th a t th a i i g K ha t i ya
y Paah u a
n c e e e s cr c e, e re n n s r s

s h ul d b
o p ad t a
e s wa re se n mat th h f th r s uth r o e s ore o e so e rn

i d d m p am
,

a Hai g i i th ath Kahy a a

fB a
oc e n v n re c e v e o n on d ov e r e e r s e

hm a ad h iml f wi th d w t th f t S h d a
,

i t aa b d
’
n o e o r ns, n se re o e ore s s . II r s

ad V a i h ya th b ga t a t la l y t owa
'

wl d th wi
Ba
n s s e11 e n o c f th e ss r s e v es o e

r hm a ad i n s, n qu f th n b i g
c o nse
g en c em t o t h e re e n no ov e rn en e

m
, ,

w a e k w Opp e re d b y th resse t g a d w a e a t
s ron f h i ,
n no o ne s s er o s

p p ty
ro er Th ath b i g di t d by th wi k d i
e e r e n s ress e e c e ,
n c o n se

q u en c e f t h at o di d d s d d t t h
sor e r, l w g ie c en t T
e h i s o e o e r re o n s, e c .

g o d d a
e ss eth th u
r pp l i at d K a
en sh y a p a f p t c t i e a d f a ksi g or ro ec on , n or n

m g th f ma may K ha
.

Sh ha e d h a id p s e s d a re serv e l t i y awh
on e e es n s r s o

m
, ,

ha db b i h a f th Ha i ha a a d w h h d i d
a m ti d S aa
f
ma
e en o rn n t e r ce e s, n o e e s re
y o s or

p t t A m g th ka
”

a wh mth t d h at d p i t Paa
h th
ud a
er ro e c o rs . on ese re en on e rv r , e so n

f Sa ha aha d ad
.

i g th ugh aB a
o s o e en e r-
e r e r es r s r s ve

p f m hm l l m ia m
, ,

aa ( S aa l a a)
h i ml i k aS ha
l fli
'
er or n o r n, en o c e s, rv c r nz

m A l l th
,

f d a — wh th pi a ’ ‘
or e r , e nc e e r nc e s n e . ese

K ha t iy ad da t ha b p t pl a
’
s r s e sc en d i
n s di ff ve e en Ifre se rv e n e re n ce s

th y p t t m I h a ll ti u u h a k Th i fa th ad g ad
my a u t by Ra
e ro ec e s c on n e ns en. e r e rs n r n

fa th w
e rs la i e re s n on m a g ti i ati cc o n It i e n e r e c n c on s

i um mt a g th i a
, .

nc b t en on e u o F ve nI d e t d i e r c t b se . or o no e s re o e

a l wa y p té t d by a t a di ay p
s ro c e
[ 7
n ex r or u h a K a h y a p
n r a e rson s c s s

b ut I wil l b t wi th a di a y ul p di l y
Ka
t e c on e n L t t hi b
n or n r r er e s e s ee

ful fill d hy a path K ha t i yawh ha

’
e s t f th en se n d b or e se s r s o ee n

m
.

pi o n et d u t b y ot h a th a d i ta l l d
e e r th i th , k in
g l y fli
ns “ e e n e n c ce .

M uir s Tex ts, i pp 1 5 7 1 5 9

’
. . -
. M Eh . . x 11. v . 1745 , e t seq .
 C A S T E IN T HE E PIC S T HE M A HABHARA T A
— . 265

T h is l e g e n d ry s we h ve l re dy hi n te d , a a aa ,
‘
ma
y h a ve

a
h d but v era y sl e n d e r b e i nn i n g
g Fo r i ts e x te n sio n

ma m mi
.

t h e re y h a ve be e n at s ro n
g i a th o t ve t e ti e t
aumd th f
ss e e or m no w g i v en T hi m i I s ot v e , v e n ture to
m
.

th i k wath
n s aa g e t f
d i sp
th K h at riy a e a t t h en o e s r s e

t i m wh
,

e t h Bud dhi t fa
en i th pa
e t i d b y th s K ha ro n z e e s

m m
,

t y
r i a b
s,
g a t e
p a i l n B u t toh i a t t
re v w a
.

y a ft s er e er

wa d
r ti
s no ce

f V é am ti n d aa f a
.

P i th u (t h
r , e son o t y n , en o e s re r c o r

k i g by M auT) i
n p n t d i t ,h P a
s re a b f
re se n e u n e rv e o re s

a y p tful t th h i f f th t wi b
s ve r re s ec o e cI e o e c e- o rn n

t h ugh t d d a i t wa j i d up hi m
”
o d w d ee n or s e n o ne on

m
, , , ,

ta thy l f a tatl y a
a
d
a
k e on se w th n c o ns
g g t n re n e e en e en

m
,

a a B a a (
a
(p r tij ) t n u p h l d t h o thl y h o V d i e e r r e se r

m i t h at t h u w il l m th B h
m
p ro
p t
se o exe e r

a ns f m p u
ro i h m t a d pn s i ten
y f m , t h n re se rv e so c e ro e

f a f Vé a a
a
c on fu i s on o t Th c s es th dd d th
e son o n en re sse e

m
.

g o d hs ad d be
y t h R ei h i T h i l l u t
e i u B s h a s: e s r o s r n s,

hi f f m ha ll b a t d b y m j: I thi
’
th e c e o en, s e v e ne r e e n s

mu h m a
.

v e ne r a ti on l llc e wa or t a t d a
ex c e en c s c on c e n r e o

hm
,

c or di g t B a
n ai a
o l r ti In th n ct t a fa i
no on s e c on e x nc

m K ha
.
,

ful d i a a t iyai
a
ti
er v f th on o th u g i
e n e s r s s ve n

Th K h a e t i yai s al l d f m ai g th B h m
r s so c a e ro s v n e r ns

f m
ro K ha ta ( h u
s t ) r

a ai d b t w Bhi hm
.

L g di u i
on sc ss o ns re c aad rr e on e ee n s n

S ee b e fo re , p . 1 48 .
1
“
M a nn , v i i . 41 .

l : M . Eh . x ii v 2 22 1 , e t se
q

m
.

m a afa
.

sm
.

a rHa
a aa
‘‘

r r ers : e r v s M Eh x ii v 2 2 47 Ksh tr
l l y ma
. . . .

re a p e ns
“ o we r a
nd Ksh tri a ya ap , ossessor of p o we r .
”
S ee
be f ore p 1 08 . .
 WHA T C A S T E IS .

a Ca
ama aama a
Y ud hi shthi r on t h e sub e c t j of ste , i n wh i c h the
aa
e x l t ti on o f th e Br h n, h i s four sh r s, nd his
si x a p ifi d i th u ua
wo rk s, l f m
re s ; w h
eci l i t ea id n e s or e IS s

th a t th K h a t iyaa t ub
f th B a
e is th i p wr is re o e x e rc se e r o er n s or

di a ti
n t a d wi t h th a
on d i o n hm a e v ce o e r ns

wi th th m m
.

I n i
n c on att e x on w f d t e .
e rs no re e rre o , so e

l ig h t i at by th f l l wi g paa
s c s
g ( t a l a t de b y M o o n ss e r ns e r

am mda ma
.

d by th A ya wi th
'

M ui ) th r on ti e cco o o ns e e r s

th D a e y u w h th
s
y w a b l
s, t pr enl y t i t he m e re e o o se ze e

Bh i sh m
.

a pa t i i t in a a a l l g d t ha
a a
re ti
e s n c on ve rs on e e o ve

ta k pl
ena b tw n ki ng Mcean d h t ae d I d eea n n r

aaa Ki a dh a
.

T he Y ta G a a Chi a S haaa V a aa
k a T u ha
v n s, r s, n r s, n s, v r s, rv r s,

S ha a Kaka Pa h l aa A dh a M a d a Pa u d a
a
s, s r s, n s, v s, n r s, r s, n r s,

P ul i da Ra n ma
th a K m
a b
s, j a m p u g f m B h mas, a d o s, en s r n ro r ns n

f mro K h a
t i y a p f
s th V ai hr
yaa d S h fi d
s, aat — h w h
e rson s oa
l l e s n r c s es J o s

t h es e p pl f di ff nt u t i p ati duty; ad wh a
eo e o e re co t ul
n r es ha llr c se n r es s

k i g l ik m p
n s i b f th
e e wh a l i i g a D a
re sc r e or
y u I
o se t u t o re v n s s s ns r c

me th p i t f th u [I d a
on e se o n s,
] a t t hor f i d f ou K h
n at iry a r e r en o o r s r

a Ind aa w
r ce .
’
A l l th D a
r ns y u h oul d b y th i pa t th i
e rs e s s s o e e r ren s , e r

s p i i tua
r l di t ad a h i t ad k i g It i a
rec o rs, n l
nc t h i d ut y
or es , n n s. s so e r

t p f m
o th
er or m i s da i d i t h Vé da Th y h ul d a i
e c e re on e or ne n e s. e s o s cr

fi ce t th Pi t i
o e t u t w ll r s, b ui ldi g s f
c ons r th di t i b ut i
c e s, f n or e s r on o

wa ad ti g pl a f t a l l s ad h ul d p p ai
Ba
t er, n re s n c es or r ve er n s o on ro e r oc c s ons

hm
,

b t w gi ft
es o th s a Th y h ul d p ati i
on e r ns e s o r c se nn o c e n c e ,

ai ty m h ul d m
.

v er c e k pu i ty a e nd i
ne ss ,fl i r a i ta i th i no
'

e ns v en e ss s o n n e r

mil i
,

ad m
,

wi ad fa
v es n ak aj u t d i i i
es n f p p ty e G i ft s v s on o ro er . s

h ul d b di t i b ut d a t a l l ai fi wh d i p p
a
s o e s r b y th
e t
s cr c es ose o e s re o ro s e r.

A l l th D a y u e h u ld ff
s t
s sl y p l
o a b l a t i o S u
er h d u
c os t i a c o o ns . c es s

th wh i h h a b da i d f ld ugh t t b r d by a
p pl M a
e se , c ve ee n o r b ne oll o o o e o se v e

f m Da
,

eo e dh a t ri b n I th i w l d o se rv e s : y u a n t s or o e n, s s re o

m m
.

b e se e n in a ll a te li i g u d c s an th s,
g a bv n a n
g er o er r e ve n on en

Wh c i m
, ,

of th f u e d o r o r e rs I d aepl i i a l j u ti
n r r es en r n s ce

h ap i h d ad th
s er s d uti
e f G n m t a di gad d mak i d
e es o o v e rn en re sre r e n n

b om b wil d
, ,

ec e d th ugh th
e wi k d
e re ro f th i k i g Whe c e n ess o e r n s en

m m m
.

th i sKri taa g h a t ea l s i uco a

b l e doi a n t a d
c ose , nn er e en c s n
268 W HA T C A ST E I S .

a a aa a
aa a da
A de t il e d c c ount ll g d i s g i ve n ti of

Vi h a
n e e c onv e rs on

b twe e en m it a s v la a b ut a
r nd
p p Ch al m a d n o ro os e

by th a g t
e s a t a d eg th i g
o e h i a a o f fam i
’
s I t n se son o ne .

wawh thi au y di h wa k d ad a dy t h a
Vi h a
s en s s vo r s t s c oo e n re

mit aby ah ay fa t d f m
,

ll f a i wa p
ayi g h i ful l y f md pu p i t ff t Th Ch a
s v r e v o r n s re v e n e ro

a
c rr n s or e r o se n o e ec . e n

d l a i p s ret d a ta di
re se n e g u t ag a i t th
s s u nf t h n o ns e se o e

t adi a
e x r or y m a l
n r
“ M a al l u d et t h l g d T a nn a es o e e en s n

t m
.

il l u t a f wh a a a d f a
f l if i ti m f di fli ul tyj f A B a
ti
s r on o y b l w fu l l y t h u t e t i one or e s s en on

o e n es o hm a (G a c uta ma) i r n s

re
p t d a
re se n e h a i g a im i l
s at d h i m l
v nf t th M l
ss é h h a e se o e c c s

(a l i a D a
s yu a di
s
g t s, th ti )
c c or w h il nd w l l i o
g e no ce e e n

m g th m ab ggi g u i H wa a
,

a
Ba
on e 0 11 e n ll d t ex c rs on e s re c e o

by a th hm a i it §
.

duty h w o e ve r, no er r n v s or .

T h f l l wi g paa a a
,

e o o
g w hi n h I g i a
ss t le, t d b y c ve s r ns e

M r M ui ta i r, a ta t m t f th
c on ns igi s f Ca et en o e or n o s e

t f ma
.

l l wh i h w h a y t a
ay f th B a
difl ti d ; wh i l
'

e ren ro c e t ve e no ce e

th a
e s mtim it i m md a
e e, t th am s ore h
o er e n n o e r

ma i a nn c l t a hi g whi h h a pa d b f
e c n s u i w
c ve sse e ore o r v e

ja ti (B a
.

Brig u s pa
k e s : Br h amath u s for mly er at d th P a
c re pa e h e r s r

maa) n s d i s ti ng ui sh e d b y h i s own e n e r gy ad i p l d un q ual l in s

g en o r e n

md t uth igh t u
,

t he a sun n d fi re The l ord th e n for

.
d e r r eo sn e ss , ev o

i m t
,

al Vé da i tu u p a ad pu i ty f [th a tta
f md th Da aDa
ti no t ,
e e rn ti s, v r o s r c ce, n r or e n en

f] h a H a l aaGadhaaD a i ty a
a a
o e v en . e so or e e v s, n v s, n rv s, s,

A aM a
'

h a a Y ak h a R ak a a a a a m
Ba
sII r s , g or h N g P i
s,h h d s s, s s s, s, s c s, n en,

hm a K ha t iy a V a i hya ad Sh dd a ad th t ib [
l u [ am
r ns, s r s, s s, n r s, n o er r es or

at ] f l i i g a tu s Th mai g p i m al y
at ] f th B a
c s es o v n c re re e co o r v rn e n n r n

hm
.

l u a
co o d a ft wa
r d n era wawhi t tha r s c t f ths e o e r ns s e o e

K has t i ya d ; th a
r t f th V a
s re i hyay ll w ad t ha t f th S h i d a
o e s s e o n o e t r s

bl a k c .

M Eh . . x ii . v . 5 3 3 0 5 42 0
- .
1 M e nu x 1 08 . .

1 M a nn x . 1 08 . M Bh. . xn . v . 6 29 5 , e t se
q .
 CA S T E IN T HE EPIC S — T HE M A HABHARA T A .
269

Bh a
aaj a
r dw h e re at ( a a j
re oi n s :
) f t if th e
h f u c a ts v rp o e o r c s es

i di ti gui h d by th i
s s n s e l u [ a a
n ] the r w p
co o r i i a
v l l th
r , en e e rc e ve n e

at a fu i f a [ l u ] D i a f a up i di y
a
c s es c on ts on o c s e
g or co o r t
. es re , n e r, e r, c

a m
,

g i
r ef a ; i t y nx eh u g fa ,
t i g u p n i l
e r, a l l e, a é h re v a ov e r s rv s n

p arb h a at i t
v h ad i g f t h e reC a l u t t a di
n t i o a a e l y b c t e on c n sc rc e e c o rrec

b y W ha t th i at di ti gui h d [Th y h a i m
en, s c s e s n s ma e ll ] e ve n co on

wi th ph l gmb i l
,

t h b di l y
e o ti s ec re on s, ad b l d ; ad th b di e e, n oo n e o es

f th ma
,

o ll d a
e y by wh a ec t th : i at d i ti gui h d Th a en s c s e s n s e e re re

inn um a bl ki der f th i g m i g ad ta
e n s o ti n ay h w i th l a
s ov n n s on r o s e c ss

[ or c a t ] f a
s el l t h d
o i ff t l a e se f at u e re n d t m
c i d
sse s o c re re s e er ne

Bh igu pl i th i d i t i ti f a t h i wh l w l d

a
r re es e re t s no s nc on o c s es s o e or

i f m
s
[
ro i f m d
or f ] sB a h
or m f
e h
o a i g b r f m l y a
or t d v n een or er c re e

by h i m i t b a m paa t d i t at i qu f w k
b d B a
ec e se r e n o c s es n c o n se e nc e o or s

d l im hm
.
,

Th o se r e -
a [twi b ] wh w f d f
e r ns ce ua
orn l o e re on o se n s

pl au fi y i ai bl p t da i g ad wh h a d f a k th i
t i y a Th y l l w B a
e s re , er r sc e, ro ne o r n n o o rs en e r

hm
, ,

d uti f ll i t
es , th
e di ti
n o f K ha e c on on o s a r s. e e o r ns

wh d i d t h i l i l i h o d f m w ad a i u l u a d d i d
i hya Th B a
o e r ve e r ve g o t ro co t
s, n r c re , n no

p ati th i duti f l l i t th ta
r c se e r es, t f Va
e n o e s hm ae o s s. e r ns

wh w o bl a k ad ha
e re d l t th i p u i ty wh w
c ,
n os a ddi t d t e r r , o ere c e o

i l
v o en c e ad l yi g wh w n n ,
t u a d ub i t d b y a
o e re c ov e o l l ki d s f n s s s e n s o

w k f l l i t th p i ti f S h fid a B i g t h u paa t d b y th

w k th B a
or e n o e os on o r s. e n s se r e e se

hm m f th at R l igi u
,

th i e r or s, a b a e r ns ec e o o er c s es . e o s c e re

m i ad ai fi h a t b a
on e s n s cr ce l wa y f b i dd t [a
ve no l l ] th
e en s or en o e se

f m hm
.

T h u th s f u e se at wh p h [S aawa
o r c s e s, ti ] i
ose s e e c Ba a[ r s s ro r or

B a hm ai a l w f m l y i ti tut d by B a hm a b ut by th i
a Ba
r n c ere or er ns e r e r

c upi di ty f l l i t i g e n o hm a a d p d t th Véda
n or n c e . r ns re e en en on e s

[ b a hrm a] t h i d ti d e r t p
ev o i h onw h i l t h y
o es nota t l y m a
er s i e e c on s n n

hm
,

ta i th V é d ai t b a ad ul Th V é da[b a a w a
t B a
n e ,
s o se rv nc es n
] r es . e r s

a t d th hi f f a l l th i g th y wh d t k w it a h
ma O f th [ f th wh a t B a
c re e e c e o n s e o o no no re no r

hm a th a m ay
t pl a Pi h a h aRa
n s. e se o ose o re no r ns e re re n

o th la
er c f di ffsse s o t t i di ff e re n sor s n k h aa
e re n c e s, s c s, s s s,

P é ta a
r i u
s, v la r o f M l é h h a wh h a l t a
s c sse s o ll k wl dg
c s, o ve os no e e,

a d ad p fa ad f l l w wha b a th y pl a
f Ba
s c re n ro ne , t n o o e ve r o se rv n c e s e e se

hm
.

O th a tu
e r c re wi th th i i ti are s ti e a wh h a a ta
n on o i d r n s, o ve sc e r ne

S e e In di s c h e S t ud i e n , vol 19 4 wh e re Dr Web er rega

rd s t h i s p ss g e aa
a
1 1. n ot e ,

ai n t im t a ahi
. .

s a
ti g t h a t a a ly p n n e r eri od of Indi n story th e S h fidr s sp ok e t he
a
sml agua e
g a t h
n th a st e s e o er c e s.
2 70 \VHA T CA S TE I S .

th e ir p p ro er a a
duti es, t d by th Ri h i th ugh th i
re wc re e o er s s ro e r o n

d e v ot i o n Th i a
ti
s p di g f mt h
c re p im al g d h ai g
on , ro c ee n ro e r ev o v n

hm l l d t h m ta
.
,

i ts roo t in Ba r aad u p i h abl i a ,

n l ati n er s e, s c e e en c re o n,

d e v o ted to dut y
d wa a m
.

Bh a a rj a w q u i no w h at en t i tu t a
res B h a a c on s es r n,

K ha s t iy a aVar i h ya aShud a? t l l m 0 m t l qu t f
s or r e e, os e o en o

hm
, ,

Ba r ai a l a
n c g s es .

Brig u p l i re h w h i
es : p u e a to d b
s y t h a t a l a d
re , c on se c r t h e e n n o er

in i t i a t y or m i s
c e re w h d u
on e l y tu di,
t h Vé
o da p a t i t
s h i es e ,
r c se s e s x

k i d f w k ad th it f pu i fi a
n s o or s, n ti e r wh a
es o t f ff i g r i c on , o e s o o er n s, s

a tta ligi u t a tat i a ad i

a
h d t hi
c e o s hre i o s e u t i ti
c e r, s c on s n n s er e s, n s

t uth i c a ll d a B hm a H i wh ma
.

d ev o et d t o r s e r t uth n e n o re se e n r

md ty m
.
, ,

lib a l i ty i fl i i n
'

pa s i ad d
Ba
er es
no e n s v en s, n oce n ce , o es co s on , n evo

hm
, ,

ti on — i d l ad t b a
s ec re a H wh pu u th d uti d i d
o e r n e o rs es e es e r ve

f m
.

ro th fu ti o e f p ot ti
nc n o ( K h a tt ar
) w ech tu d i
on t h e V é da s a d r , o s es , n

i a
s d di t d t
c e g i i g ao d iv n i g
— i an l l d a K
rec e v n h a t i y a H w h s c e s r e o

m m
.
,

q u i k lcy t a
e n e rs g a t t l ( t h
on i t c b a p l a
e,y u p w d s se e s o e on or s,

t th w d Va i hya wi th th k t ) i a d di d
’

to c on n e c e or t s . t t t
e roo vz s , o e n e r, s c e o

a g i u
r c l t u a d a
re , q ui i ti
n n w h c i p u s a od t u,d i s t h
o V é dsa — i re , n s e e s, s

c all d a e Va i hya H s wh i u l ai a e ddi t d o s tat l y tnc e n a ll s c e c on s n o

k i d f f d p f ma
.

n s o oo ,
l l ki d
er or f w k ha as b ad n d th s o V éda or s, s n on e e ,

a nd i d s t i tut
es f pu e b e o a ir a ll d a
o S hu
se rv d a A d thi nc e s, -
s c e r n s

i th m ma th
.

ak f aS hud aad i t i t f u d i at wi b
d ab ut th B a Ba
s e r o r , n s no o n n ce -
o rn n e

S hu d a wi l l b a Shu hm a ta hm a “

aa
r e r ,
n e r no r n.

T h e three V ha ana a
aa qui d
r s, c c ordi n
g t o P r s r re re re

a
,

t o b o th i se rvep ti w k f t
e r re s e c j i d A ve or s, s o en e n o ne

m m
.

S hu d ah w a a a
‘

r
yp ti o h d i
e ve r, th k i
p g f r c se e rc n s e, e ee n o

m
,

c attl a y pl a
e, i
y g a ti gsonrth l l i g ,f p i i t a d n , c n , e se n o s r s n

fl h th
es lli g fi ad l a
e se th Whan ti ta
o
g a b l
ron n e er s no re e e

m
.
,

t ua
o
g i s t t b d e 1 I t i
s no i d t f o th i th ea t one
‘

s ev en ro s

d aby thi tim w

.

th S h u
e r s t a l l i ata t f la y
s e e re n o n s e o s ver

m
.

a a a a a a
t aw l l ai th S ha
(1 I th A u hé P n th e
y ti
n s s n rv , ere re n no ce s

o f Ca s e ti Paa w
s e f sdt n e n rv , no re e rre o .

M uir s T e x t s i 3 8 40 M Eh
’
.
-
. . . x u. v . 6 9 3 0, et seq .

1
'
M Eh. . x ii . v . 1 07 9 4, e t se
q .
2 72 WHA T CA S TE I S .

Ba
ma
r h n a af m
th re e , to th t by a l K ha t iya ; t w t e e s r o, o

tha t by a fm al Va i hya a d h a b a S h d a
f th P a
’

e ; e t t s t y n one o ii r .
‘

ahaaU g a S i taVa i d éh a ka
a a
Th i gi
a
e or n o e r s v ,
r , t , ,

Ma a a a a a a a a a
a
B N
dh aM a
d i M dh i h d A k
a
d
ug y l g n s , y g T h , , o v , s ,

dhuk aM a
,

Sa dg u a Sh a a a a a
a
k S u d h
aaP a
i
d aa aK hud aA dh aKa
r n r , p , g r ,
v , n ,

Ma bh aPukk a
a
r n s s r n r r v r n

m
, , , , ,

du p a
s n k a A h i d ak a a d
'
f s n t h C a t ni g i o o e o er s es s ve n

l f mf u d i M a ad i th ta
, ,

in th fi ti e ac on or o n bl wh i h n nn n n e e c

w ha a l a
ah u a
dy i t d f
maad Vi h a
e ve re n se r e

m
.

Th t y
e s or f Pa o r s it a i ar
g ai n s v r s n

re
p a t
e d w ei th a i ati M M
v r u i w hon s g i . i t a t r . r, o ve s

l g th a “ I th l g d i t d d t a u t f a
hu a
en k s s, s e e en n en e o cco n or

W a P aa m
,

a l fa a f aa d ta ad
a
re t? c s r s l t ib r o s c er o r e, n

y et b y p f i
ro ess on a w a i j u t a V i h m i t
rr or, a w a s s s v r s c on

l y f ya t a ad y t ap i t by p f i 1 ”
v e rse o l ro ti ex r c on , n e r es ro e s s on .

Th ul
e r t b es b od i th e g i i
o se rv e
g f g i f t a d n e v n o s n

a ti i l i b al i ty( d d d ha m a) a l a i d d w w i t h a
T h f ui t f th e g ift f a w by aB a
s n er n re n
p r c g p r o r

ti ul a
c ityr . e r o hm a o co r n

di ti g ui h d f
s n s et uth a d duty i
or r qua l t th a t n f a s e o o

th u a
o d (i
s n di a n or
y i u m ta )
n r T h f
c rc u i t f a i m i s nc e s e r o s

t iya f thi
.

l ag ift by a K ha ha at i qua l t th a
Ba
r s r o t s c r c er s e o

j y d by a
en o e hm a Th a t fa Va i h ya n i th a t f fi
d a f th f u th ( f th B a
r o s s o ve

hm
.

hu d d a
n re d fa S hu
n o r ao e o r o e r n s
’

mit tw h u d d ad
,

er or o n A l g
re n a ti on c onv e rs

th mit f th g ift
on o n

a
,

e er o f we du t d b tw o coSa ud a s c on c e e e en s

M Eh . . x iii v . 2 5 1 0, e t se q .

1
“
M . Eh . mm2 5 6 5 .
, et . se
q . S e e b e fo re, pp . 55 59 -
65 7 0
-
.

1 M ui r s T ex ts i 1 6 9 1 7 1
’
-
M Eh x i ii 2 7 18 , e t. se
q
. .
. . .
.

b ut Da
M Eh x iii . v. 357 5 7 9 Se e th e c on tex t for th e
m
. . - '

t ute s
a na
1 11 3 tl
dha a
.

o r .
 C A S T E IN T HE E PICS— T HE M A HABHARA T A . 2 73

ad Vam
nh th af l l s , o ows g .
it
a i sh t a
T he te
h a ahi c n s of V s re

in re
pyl t t h q uo t i e W h at 0 es i lon , L d i d l a d , s n e ss or , s ec re

t b th pu
o e e t thi g i re s th th n w l d by n ta tl y
e re e or s, c on s n

b i g whi h am am a a q u i h h i h m '

o s e rv n c
y t gn t t c re e es en

T h y p i fy a m g t th thi g e s ec , on s o er n s,

th h a
e e (l k
ve nsa ) i t wh oi h th g
s i n o f w f p a t
ci e v e rs o co s, o r

on l a l u ad t a
r co o rs i
pp g na d rdi ti a t n asl n c on on s s o c ve s

ad m il k t a ft d a th Th y a ll d f th a di g
uda
n en er er e e c e or c c or n

l i ty f m
.
, ,

t th l g d g a
o e e en t l ib a, re Sa awh i
er ro s , o n c on s e

q u en c eat ta i d t t h ne
“
h a o — a p leu a l i t y f th
e v e n s, r o e se

h a b i g i ti m at d wi th ut th a t i di i dua
a
”
e ven s e n n l p ifi
e o n v s ec

c ti onwhi h wi th c f t hi al
re e re n c e
p i d ti ty i t o s e rs on en

m
, ,

i gh t h a b di ffi ul t t i di a I tu d t
a
ve een t c o n c e on c e v en re o

m
.

p p ro t
oseh i qu t i s t a B h
es a on a ui to I t w hra t n c s s n o

h a e ven h a or d e th i
ve n s
g f w
oe s f di ff e t v er o co s o e re n

c ha at r c e rs, ah mi ti g apati ul a h a atua

e c er n l ly r c r e v en, c

en ert ? H
”
md u wil l i g t gi ay a w I
e se e e n n o ve n ns er

m
.

d h i h a ai d H w i l l a h i
"

ahu a
ex
p tec e t o ve s
g t e e c o ce

maa
.
,

A th no t y a b ut P a
e r s or o pp a i t h i r s i g h r e rs n s ne

b o urhood . It i s th us gi ve n by M r M uir .

a ma
It b e gi ns s fol l ows f Jam
Ha dag i hsa
oin
g t h i o n , v n r ce

m a
,

s e v e n ti a y a ad qu d th wh l
e s c l e re d th e worl d o f K sh t ri

t d by B a
s, n con e re e o e

eath p f md th h
r ,
ai fi
e r or a e hm a ad e o rse s c r -
c e, v en e r e r ns n

K hat i y a whi h
s rf a
l l bj t
s, fd i wh i h l a a
c ll a
c on e rs o ec s o e s re , c c e n se s c re

tu a
re sugm t p w ad l u t ; ad b a
en s m th b y i l ad o er n s re n ec e e re s n e ss n

mi d
,

g l o ri ous . He di d not, h o we v e r, fe e l re l i e ve d i n h is n , but en

q ui re d
'

of th e ki l l
Ri sh i s sp tu ad th g d wh a
ed i n th e t was th a t sc ri re s , n e o s,

wh i c h mt p ftl y os l a d am a wh ha
er e c d mmi tt d d d f
c e n se n o co e ee s o

i l f h f l m u i f w h a h h a d d T h R i h i
k i l l d i th Védaad Sha p l i d l t th B a
v o e nc e ; t or
p t e te co nc on or e on e e s s

hm
.

s e n e t a s n a b th s r s re e ,
e e r ns e e

bj t f y u l ib a l i ty a t h auth i ty f t h V éda qui

ad l t th B a
o ec s o o r er s e or o e s re re s

hm
,

n e a Ri h i b fu th
e r ul t d i
n g a d t st h s e r er c o ns e n re r o e

M Eh . . x ii i . v . 3735 — 3 8 01 .
m a
e ns p f l u t ati P a a h
s ru a ma a on d i.
’
g l y u l t d V
r s a i h th a r c c or n c ons e s s ,

Ag a t y as a d K a,
h y a
p a
n T h y pl i sd t h a t h h .u l d b t w we re e e s o es o co s,

l ad ad th
n n p p ty ad p i a
o er l l y g l d th p u i fy i g p w
ro er ,
n f es ec o , e r n o er o

a
,

wh i h wa c y g t
s v er a t h w h b re t w i t b: t w t h s g d — ao se o es o es o e o s :
’

p p i ti wh i h i th u m p di u l y p d f A g i m
,

ro os on c s s co p en o s rov e : or n co re

h d a
en l l t h g d ; ad g l d i
s e f tho s f Ag i
n Io g a d t s o e esse nc e o n
’
n re r o

i u mta
.

f th i p l Va i sh th at l l a y l g t y
G ag a
th e ori gi n o s re c o s e s e s ve r on s or

t A g i b y wh mh h a
, ,

h w i t wab
o by th g dd
s orn e o d b e ss n o n ,
o s e e en

im p g a t d a d wath f th a t g d T h u wa g l d b th

ff p i g f Ja
re n e n s e so n o o s s o o rn e

h i f f g m ad
,
.

o s r n ta éda(A g i )
o th v s nf a e c e o e s n o o rn

m t t h m t pu f a th m t a
,

l l pu th i g u pi i u f a ll
ja
e n s, e os re o re n s, e os s c o s o

a u pi i u bj t
s c o ad
s o wi th th d i i
ec s A g i th l d P a
n on e pa ti e v ne n e or r

It m
, .

u t b h i gh l y lat y f th wh a d i p d t b l ib a
t th B a
s e c on so or l or ose o re s o se o e er

hm a t b au d th a t th i ft f l d h a u h a h i h
ah u a
ns, o e ss re e o o s s c
o e r
g g g
my ti a s l a w ll a u
c ,
s t h ag a
e bl s a lu c l a
rre n ma ex c n e e, v e .
’
r s r
’
,

l ud aft b i g th u a d by V a i h th aga
a
th t y
e s or c on c dd
e s, er e n s re sse s s ve

m a m
,

l d t t h B h a e d w a rf d f i n s, n s s n
’

t B a
o re e ro
g o .

A dirty story i s tol d a

b ut th bi th f th g a
o h e r o e re r

maBh igu n r ,
of whose or i gi ai u a u t a g i i
n v r o s cco n s re ve n n

th e Hind u writi ng s sl '

A i j un a di puti g th p w ad a
ai re re s e nte d u
Ba
s
p s s n e o er n

hm a ad a b ati g f h i w
a
th i ty f th
or o e r n s, n s o s n o s o n

p row a a K h a
e sst iy a Th s
g d V y u i th
s b u g h t
r e o s en ro

m
.

a a
f

in re
p ti g i u
e t i n t i b uk vh i pr o u p t i s s or e s , o
‘
e e s re s on ,

ad ta
n bl i h th p
es tl y p m is W h th ath
e n es
'

re - e n e nc e . en e e r ,

ff d d by k i g A g a wh wi h d t i h
Ba
o en e p n t t t t n o s e o re se n o e

hm a aa aifi i a l f wa a b ut t d pa t i a
a a
r ns s s cr c e e, s o o e r n

p t
e t th w lod f B a h m e t h ag K a
or h a
y p (a a B o h r e s e s r

ma) t d i t h ad h b a m pl i h d wi th
,

n en ere n o e r, n s e ec e re en s e

g a
r ss a d pl at a d
n th di d b i a t
n s, K a h a
y p a a dn en o e s nc e o s n

m hi da A gi a m
,

b a ec ug h t
e s ad a p t ati f t h er . n r s e o on o e

wa t ad th fil l d th wh l ath with ag a
e rs , n en tfl d e e o e e r re oo .

M uir s T e x t s, i pp 1 6 2 6 3
’
. .
-
. M . Bh . x ii i . v . 3 9 6 0, e t seq .

M ui r s Tex ts, i pp 1 5 2 5 3
’

T S ee . .
-
.
2 76 W HA T CA S TE I S .

aw ul d ha b
m o ve ee n th e c o unsel o f the poe t C o w pe r
Be w a f t ub l i mae
re o oo s e s n se

Of y u w w th ad
o r o qu
n or n c o nse e nc e .

Th m e a n wh d a mh i m l f g a t
o re s se so re

A d hi i m
,

n p t a f u h w i gh t
s or nc e o s c e ,

Th at al l au d i a l l tha
’
t
rod n n s one

M u t m ad a
s t fov e Hima l n c or o ne ,

Will l a i h l f t i b ul a
e rn ti
n sc oo o r on

Th f l l y f h i
e o p ta ti n
o s ex ec o .

(1 4 a médha H Saifi P a a
In th e A shv or o rse -
cr ce rv

ma m
,

l ua a a
,

w ha e v e so bl g g a
e v
p h i l i f o e t i eo
g i r i c n r on v en n

i
c o nn e x o n wi th th wad i g f th h e
p n i u
er n t i t o e orse re v o s o s

b i gp
e n t d t th g d I d a
rese n e ; b ou t i t i d
e i aot i w n h a r s n c on s e ve

a l a dy
re ti d no th a uth ity f P f
ce on e La or o ro e ssor ss e n
’

P a a w h a t f u d ay i f m
.

I th l a
n tt e er rv s e a ve n o o n n n or

ti o n re s
p t i g Ceca t w nt h y f a b t a t
s e i g t hor u g h t h io s r c n , o e r

to ne i a l t g th
s o i t t wi th i t pi i t]
e e r c on s s e n s s r

Ham a a a a m
a
g g v i w hve n , p d ls ge t ve f t h sse on os o e

m
,

l g d
e en
p t i g
s res e c P a a h u a n a d t h d
r s t u t i r f n e es r c on o

th K h a t iya w m a a a a
.

e s r
y t u s,b k t e t i f rn w d c o no ce o re n e e

a f K ha t i ya a id t ha b
f Ba
r ce o s r s, s
p d u d o b y t h ve ee n ro ce e

hm a wi th K ha t iyaw m
d d d th B a
i t
n e rc o u rse o r ns At s r o en

t h i t im i t i hm
.

a ai a l fa i th wa w l l
a
s e, s e e r n c s e

d th B h m
,

o b se rv e ,
a b i g w l l i t u t d i th
e r ns e n e ns r c e n e

V é da t h i A g a ad th U pai sha d ; th K ha t iy a
t B a
'

s, e r n s, n e n s e s r s

b i g l ib a
e n l i th i Da
er k hi an e rhm a ; th Va s i hya
n o r ns e s s

cul ti a ti g t h i fi l d wit h ut
v n e r w (i e s l y b y b ul o co s e on

um
.
.
,

Sh d a t p i g t p
’

l k
oc th
s e ii r s no u th
res n o ro n o nc e e

V eda ; a ds a l l t h
n C a t V a a ) f
e l l w i
s esg t h i d i rg s o o n e r s

S ee b efo re, pp 2 45 , e t se q

a a
. .

1 Fo
r af re e re n c e to Go r b h aa
k anaP a nd ,
r s , Dv aa r v ti , e tc .
, see M .

Eh x iv. v . 2 47 7 , e t se
.
q .
 CA S T E I N T H E E PI C —
S T HE M A H ABHARA T A . 2 77

ti n c ti v e wo rks g .
”
al dT he t i f
en er t h d oc r ne o or o ox

Hi d u n th as ISt th K h a t iyaaa e b dy ha d i a
s r s a
s o e r
pp ve s

e d . T h p ba bl
e ro a f th i a l l ga
e re so n o ti aw h a s e on, s e ve

a l a
re dy h i t d wat h n e , u t a gi s e co b y th K ha
n en nc e ve n e s

t i yat th Bud dh i t h a
a
r s o e
y T h s
p d
e re s f t h i h y e S re o s e re s

m m m
.

a a a a a a a
ah u a
g ve i p n t ord p n
nc e i n
g t
exh B h s on on e r ns

t o th l g e d a e b ut P a
en s mawh i h th y d id t
o r s r c e no

or igi a lly p
n ad tha
o sse ss t y m u h
n t t h a ve r
y a c o e nn o nc e

o f th p f i g K ha
e ro e ss n t iya f t h
ps r t d a s
y w h o a e re se n o re

a
,

ver
y u w i l l i n
g t h n t h i d
o i d ve
p i t i e r i t h e s re os on n e

I di a m
n n co mu ity i ay wa n
y q u t i
n n d es o ne .

I n no w k f th or l ai a o l l it a tu e c f th Hi d u
ss c er re o e n s

ha m by i t p l a ad a a
m t t uph l d Cat a i th M ha aa
s so uh b d
c een ti
on e ,
pn er o
yp h l on s n oc r

a dd i ta e n s, o o s ebh a ta s n e r

m
.

T ha t la g w r k e w i th or i t u, u d id a tis n
p i d e ro s c c e so es

ad i t l ud i ag a
n n er e s, t at s
g h
s l d re f C a t
s ro na a o o s e s n
y
-

o f th I d ial ae n w b k t wh i h f mi t
n -
oo s, o f c t ro s re e re n c e s o

th mi t i
,

e b i u th a s o t la
v o g p t
s i f i t a r
p
e t ori ons o re os e r o r

It m
.
,

a y b h a a t
e c i d a t h
r c er z e
g a t f u t a is f e I d ia
re o n n o n n

a a a
Pu a
p p o u l i t r u t ins r c I t i fl u
on d s t hn t f l l t h
e n c e e x c ee s o e

m
.

na ut t
r
p s
g th t h o u g h t
e h y t h
e r, l
o t a e e se v e s o c on

id a t ha m i wi th i t T h p i ia
aa
s bl
er t e e x en r on z e l . e ro v n c

t — a t h a t s f t h M a t ho — et i ua l l y r d a w s, c on n r s
p oe r
y
f m lmt i
,

ro it a s ha os u t i bl ne x t M t i j u i u i th
s e s o re s os n r o s s e

mm i d af md f i t by th Hi d u th a
.

t t h bul k f
‘

co on e or e o e n s, e o

it i i ta
s ver b l h i t y aw l l a e s or i ti g ad a
s e mu i g s ex c n n s n

p t
oe r
y A t a l a ti f
r ns th w h l f
on o i t i t E e g l i h i o e o n o n s s

t um
.

c er ta i l y ad i d a
n es N twi th tad i g th
er o a s n n e c re

l uttaa
.

b t w d
es o e th d it i
on f th t t p i t d a
e e on o t Ca e ex r n e c

mau i pt i a t um
,

co ll a t i n f th o old e o er l ad id a
n scr s r s so es er x

if
M Eh i
. . . v . 24 5 8 , e t se .
q

1
'
A l i th og r a
ph e d e d i t i on of th e wor k i s i n th e p re ss i n Bo m
bay .
 W HA T CA S T E I S .

VIL— T H E BU D D H IS T V IE W or C AS TE .

0 11 e nte ring on thi s ay f u t

s ub e c t j it i s n e c e ss r or s o

mak th p t ta
r e re se n
g f u h
s le
g i oal a d o a m
r c t ron o o c v nc e en .

W i w D M a M ii l l
e v e r da xt f th S i t ap i d er s
’
e o e l r er o

—f m6 00 2 00 b f
.
,

ro -
Ch i t a — e ore t ug h f
r s s c orre c eno or

m
,

g e ne r a l p a ti al
r c p pu c I t i a b u d
r os e sa tl y i d t f s n n ev en ro

f m
.

th e noti whi h w h a g i
c es c e ve th al i t f
ve n , ro e ve n e e r es o

th i i
s se r e s o f w k th a t th C a
or s, t y t m h a d e a h d i t
s e s s e re c e s

m atu i ty wh
r th y wen p p e a d I t
e re i a l m
re a if t
re s so n es

f m
.

ro th A a e
y ak a
r n a d U p a i sh asd tnh a t b f n th i s, e ve n e ore s

ti m I di a p ul a
e, n n s ti ec i whi h i t i a on , dm ni tt d a ll c s e on

h ad Buddhi m i g i a
n s s t d ha d m
or a dn e id a bl p e c ons er e ro

m
,

g re s s W i t h C a t th B u d d
s e,h i h a d
en , t d a l I t s o e s

m m m
. .

p u
ec l i a t art re t f t h i eni t i tu t i o a w s h a
nsll i di a t on, s e s e e

ly se e ,wa f th p i ipa
s on e o l a u e f it a
r nc
p i d ta blci h se s o s r es s

m t i I dia Buddhi mi i t m t im
en n n s
p t a t i
n a l s os or n soc

a
.

ap t waa ati a
s ec s g
re ai t C
c a ton th t y ns
y f w h i hs e, e r nn o c

mul titude ha d b gu t f l t b u b a
s e n o a bl th ug h
ee o e n e r e, o

p i
re v o u t ist o i g i t h
s or
y h a d i
n d d
e th m l u a b
c ons l e re e se ve s n e

t aa l i gi u f u da whi h i t wa upp
Th B a
o ss i l th e re ti o s o n on s on d c s s o se

to re s t ehm a th i t ad g uadia f
r n s, e nv e n ors n r ns o

d up t th tim f Buddha al y mip t t

.

Ca t s e, ha o e b e o e en n e r o n o en

i I di a i ty
n n n soc e

t aa m but aa
.

T h w d Budd hai
e or s no pp l l at i n e, n e ve

It ma th
.

th p a
”
e ns i t ll i g t
e n e en ty p one , d f or e r oss e s s e o

mi
-

of n sc i e n c e
i n te l l i g e n c e (i n th e se n se o
) T h e p ro e r
p
m f th i di wh m
.

a
n e o e n v i dua
l it i on o s c on fe rre d i s unk n ow n,

ai th a wi th th
s s e c se ose of not af w e o f th e a t d mt os c e l ebr e

H indu rel igi onists md m

m i a
a
of th e O th er c o ti
on eno n on s

a mth
.

of Buddhawe re S hé ky M u Sa f h S h k a
'

, e g t e
y o e
28 0 W HA T C A S TE 1 s .

hi s birth He wa s re a
re d un der th e ca re o f h e r s i s te r

mi m
.
,

C ata Hi s e a
rl da av e i n di c a
ti on s of future ro i
n y y g
s
p se ;

ad m
.

n ay e t aa g a t an d i g u u
x r v l g d t d n n n c on r o s e en s c o nn e c e

wi th th m a la t d by hi f ll w
e re re I hi y uth i t i e s o o ei s . n s o , s

ai d h waput t h l ( hd l dl ip i h a
md V i h a
s e s l l f w i ti g ) wh o sc oo s -
o -
r n ere

t i h d hi m mi
, ,

at wh wa a
,

b g a
e tl y a re s on s e s s e r, o s n e s v

t a ad
aawif wa G pa
r by h i k wl dg f i ty ki d f w iti g t
s no e e o s x n s o r n e rre n e n

f hi m
, ,

l ti a Th p a
a
"E
l ty h
n da a
c e es e r c o se n or s e s o

m
.
,

th d a ugh t f Da i l i k h i l f f h S h k a
a f h i ft p k f a th S ha
e p n er o t y ,
e se o e

r ce, or s e kyaK aya

s o en s o en o s e n

(da u g h t l ady) 1 T w th
e r, or p u w g i t h i.
m '

o o er s o se s e re ve n o

a din g t th Tib taa u t By

c c or o f hi wi
e th e n cco n s on e o s v es , e

m f wh mi ai dl y g i i th Buddh i t w i ti g J
.

a
md Ra
n e o o s v r e ve n n e s r n s

h hae d a a h ul a M aiason n g di d t i h i a e rr e no n s c se

with th mdita
.

i t f
n e r e re ti ad fl ti t whi h h wa e e on n re ec on o c e s

e al y ar ddi t d A t th a g f t w
c e ty i h u d e e o en -
n ne e re n o nc e

il i g m
.

th w l d d pl y a
e ff t d by i t p
or ,
a ee i i H ec e s re v n se r e s . e

A t th e t i m e of Budd h a bi’
s rth , a
l i te r l wri ti ng w ap
s ro b a
bly n ot

p ati
r c se d b y th e In d i a n s, th ough i t w ai s n use so mwh a
t be e fo re th e
y b f Ch i t S A uth I di aTh T h u ad
’
t h i rd c e n tur e ore r s ee or s n re e o s n

Y a A g pp 3 4 3 6 ; ad m pati ul al y M a M ul l
.

Hi t
’
e rs o, . -
n ore r c r x er s s

A m g th k i d
, , .

ofA S Li t pp 49 7 5 24
nc . . . .
f w i ti g a id t b
-
. on e n s o r n s o e

k ow t Buddhaw th o f A ga(th Bh a a p
a
n n o
g l, u t i e re
t i ) se o n e r e rr or es

Baga a a a a a a
,

n ( B g l ) M g d
en h D d a d K i
, ( K a a d i t h C a a , r vz
'

,
n n rt
’

or n , e n re se

u t y th D a k h gath Ug ath D a d ath Ka hyat h Chi a

’

co n r e s z z e r e r e s e n

ud ath E a
, , , ,

th H aa th Utta aKaath Ap aaGa

,

V d é ha
’ '

e n e r t -
r e r -
e s er n z

m
, ,

aa
,

La V i ta a
.

l i ta -
dh s
(C l r d pp 1 4 3 C a Kx e o i (A e so r s s.

p 2 9 0) m ti th l i p i f th Yaa
. .

m
, .
. .

R e s. x x . . a( G k ) a
en on s f e o e v s, or re e s s o ne o

th ose k w t Bud dh a; b ut tha

no n t i o t p i fi d i n th Ca l ut ta s no s ec e e c

edi ti f th L a
on o l i ta Vi ta a e -
s r .

1 L al V i t adh . i i s . . x .

I B u u f L t u
rn o d l a B nn L
, i p 1 o 6 4 M ash a a e p 9 A o e o , . . v n so, . . s .

R es . p 2 00xx. . .
 BUDDHI S T v i s w or CA S T E . 28 1

a mth pupil f aB a hm aa t Va i h l i ad a ft wa a
mu B a
be c d
t Ra
e e o r n s n er r s

hm
,

o f a th no fa er aao s ja r
g ri h a th n a p i ta l f e c o

m
,

Ma g a dh a S i p l
. a u t i ti he w w
s er te s,t h i o e v e r, e re no o s

ta

m
s et .W i th fi f h i f l l w di i pl
ve o s h ti d i t
e o -
li sc es e re re n o so

t ud e neath ill a r
g f
e v U a é l ay ae o f t w a d B
r v u dd h a a
g y ) a er r s

i y ah id d m
,

wh e re f or s x e rs a tu i g h i
e re s w p ul i a
e rn s o n ec r

m
,

s
y t
s e f fa i th o V a a a i . B ar n s w a t h, or t en re s , s e ne x

a H a
bi a
p l cew hi h j y c d then o l i g h t ef h i p e w o s re se n c e e s

d i i t d by k i g Bi m
.

a ft waer r s nv e at Ra n a
j g i h a a t s r o r

wh i h pl a ad i i t
,

c ce n i g hb u h d h i
n s ne a id t h a o r oo e s s o ve

di sc o u d t hi d i i pl
rs e o t a
s h i g th mth m
sc e s, i e
y fc n e e ser o

bi th a d th d i a f it t m i a It wap
a
r n bl e es r ti
e ne ss o s er n on s er

m m
.

ha a a
a
p sth f u e t vo d d t hi
r e x en b y B i b ei wo h i h l d t s r c e o

th m ud f th a t ki g by h i Aj ta ha t u F m Ré
a
e r er o n ,
s son s r . ro

a
j g r i h a b w t t e S h en a t i tho a p iita l f K
v s h a l a w h e c h o os e re e

hi m
, ,

l i d ad l tu d i a di ti ti b uil di g t d f
md A a
ve n ec re n s nc ve n e re c e or

ad hi di ipl by a pul t m hat a th a

a
n s sc es n o en e rc n n e n

p i n d d a a d w, h n h u dere d i th
e C s i
c c ee t h i
e n e on ve rs on o s

fa i th f P a o é a j i t
r sa t h k in
g f t h
, a t l eal i ty An ft tow l oc .
er e ve

y e a rs ab
’
h i
se n c e i t d h i at
e v si p l ae w h i
s n h a i ve c e , on c oc c s on

hi s w tib p f
o n 1 d th i a
e dh
ro e ss e t hi d t i
e r e re n c e o s oc r n e s

mth ) a a
.

Hi w wif ad a
s o n u t (hi f t
e n n sid t os e r- o er re s o

ha b th fi t f hi f m a l di i pl ad d t
i i t d Ra
ve een e rs o s e e sc es n e vo e e s .

H a ft wa d ja i ha w h h u l d u l i
Aj a
e er r s re v s
gr e t e re e co

ma im
,

t ly l a ta ha t u aa H a
a
e c di ipl
s r l s i it d sc e . e so re v s e

Va i h l i ad a
s t a b ut th
n a g of ty fi e h d i ed o se v e n -
ve e e

i a
n f t ore saKu hi a ne r
g a a t sw h i h
n i ty h rh a d ,
b o c c e e en

b di g hi f t t p
en n s Hi d a
oo s e th s .u d a di g t s e oc c rre c c or n o

P f ro e ss or L a i th y a5 4 3 ad a di g t D
ss en n e e r , n c c or n o r .

M a M ul l x i th y a4 7 7 b f
e r, n e Ch i t
e r
”
, e ore r s .

0 Fo r a re v i e w o f th e qu t i es o n of th e d tea of Buddh ad a
th
’
s e ,
se e

M ull e r s Hi st
’
. of S Li t
. . pp 2 6 0.
,
e t se q .

(wh i ch c on t a
i ns th e re fe re n c es

36
 28 2 WHA T C A S TE IS .

ama a
The doc trines of Buddh , e t physi c l l y v i e we d were of ,

aa
n aa a aa
th e i sti c c h r c ter, s, l i ke K pil , h i s pre de c e ss or, he
a a
de ni e d th t there is n y proof of th e e x iste n c e o f c re ti ve a a
ad up i t di g p id
n s er n en ad l d a n l l th ro v en c e , n re so v e e

o bj t mbi a
e c s, ti g a
co i a t i a d n
p h m
on s, a or n z on s, n eno en ,

wh i h i di a c t di i nl it i d igc e ati a da
v ne v o
p ta on, es n , c re on ,

ti o n, ad g ui da i t m a n tu p i m i t
nc e ,
y d n o e re n re , ro x e ve

1 p m t ad g wt h
,

0 en H wa a i d
n ut p
ro .
’
e s n n ev o s ee n

ti t ; b ut aa i h waa
,

la s t ut id d by
s n u t
ns r c or e s e c onc rre n

i umta e ad p d u d ag a
c rc s n c s, t ff tn th ro ce re er e ec on e

mi d ad p ati f I diaad th ugh h i d i i pl

.

n n r c ce o n , n ro s sc es

th a dj i i g u t i t ha a h f I d i a ’

on e o n n y t co n r es , n n o er o n s

so n s Th i ff t wa t smu h t h ul t f hi
e ec s no so c e res o s

a m a a
.

ne g a ti pi i t u l a d
ve s t a h
p y i r l t hi g
— d n i
y g e s c e c n en n

f D i ty ad h l d i g ut at h um mum
,

th i t
e e x s enc e o e n o n o s e s

b um
,

on a ft d a th i d a- th
er ti tie fb i g n rv n e ex nc on o e n or

a mw it a i l i d t b l i t h t i t i f
, , ,

s so e r e rs re nc ne o e e ve, e ex nc on o

i u b i g
c o ns c o a
t d a sth 1 — b ut e n f hi ma
, l ad e ,
'

o s or n

to La s se n ) ad n aaKa l pa
G o l dsti i ck e r s M a
n vS i t a I t du ti
’

p t r , n ro c on ,

h aa wa
,

230 234 -
M T u
. u (M a
r. o rn o I t du ti
r p v n so , n ro c on , . s

a wa f th difli ul ty f fi i g th d a t o f Buddha d a
‘

‘ ’
re o e c o x n th th ug h h
e e s e ,
o e

d id
ec aL a a
es , s ft wa sse nd did i fa u f th C y l
er r s , a uth i ti e s
n vo r o e e on or .

[ A st h i h t i
s s p a i eeg t h su gh t h ss np I b ro th a t a p ape re ss, o se rv e er on

t h da f th d a th f Bud dh a U B d h a ’
t ( b u d T d u d i
ad Z i tpu kt i d a
e o e e o e er s n e ne e
e
j g o e sx

n e re e n lt e G n h i h t I di
er
)
e re nh a j u e sc p u b s e n en s s s en

l i h d by m
s e y l a d f i d
e rne P f Wr en t g a a d K D
ro e sso r es e r r o

m
, ,

a
.

a
.

ha g H
en . k t he t t t
es h a uev end b t w o 3 6 8 370 B
v e oc c rre e ee n -

sa
, ,

F th p i or i pl e f th S h l
r nc es f Ka o pi l a th e c oo khy a o se e e n

A ph i m f Ka
,

i a ( a l a i a d p a ap h a a l la
a a
l ) b D B
a
or s p s o t t t t ex ,
r ns
y on
n n r r se r

a
.

ty ne ; d t h n s k h y ae P a a h
n a a Bh h y a b
r v
y V ijc a B hnik h s n n s

a a a a a
,

( )
tex t w i t h ,
l u b l i vt d u t i b ye D F
n ro i t E d w d
c H on l l r. z -
r .

1 N '

i i ga i a
rvc t p a ti i p isa l u f rm d
c f m i (
no nt b l w a orth e ro vc o o s

m m
. , e

wi d) wi th th
n
g a t i a
e fi i nea i I t a
ve
y e a xn a g i
r.ta t i a w l n o n-
on, s
''

e
 284 W HA T C A S TE rs .

s on , E sq .
, l o n g Reside nt a
t th e C ourt of Né p l wh o l so a , a
d ire c te d a tt ti t th i i t
en on ti g o t e r t i a i
n e re s n c on e n s n se r es

o f a vl ua bl pa p e
g i b y h
e rs i m t t hv en A i a t i S i t i o e s c oc e es

o f I d ia n ad Eu p n C pi ro f t h mte .
”
w o with
es o e ,
o o, e re ,

p i
r nc e l y l i b a l i t y p er t d b y , M H
re se n e d g t t h r . o s on o e

A ias ti S c i ti oc ef B ga l G a
es o t B i ta en i ad F a ,
re r n, n r nc e .

Th y b e t h i fi t f ui t i
ore e r P ai th ugh t h
rs r s a
n l ad r s, ro e z e n

p a
e rse v e r n c e o f t h l a t i g i eu a d l a e n d P en o f s n e rne ro essor

E Bu uf wh m a d th mth f u da
a
rno o tie e f hi I e o n on o s n

du Bud d hi mI d i
.
,

wh i h wa
”
t d u ti l Hi t i
’
ro c on s o re s e n e n, c s

p u bl i h ds i e1 8 44 a n d w h a l t a l
n a t d i t F
o h
so r ns e n o re n c

f th m t i m m m
, ,

o ne o e
p t a ost f t h t h or S nad d l a o a e , e c r

P ad aikan r L tu d l a or B o L i wh i h l ft t h
s e o nn e o c e e

m m
, ,

p re ss a h t st i or a f t h i lea t d erd a t h sW i h t h en e e t e

m
.

di s c o ve r
y f t h H o d g e a u io
p t t hson a h n i sc r s, e re se rc es n

T ib t f M A l ad C m aK i ii i wh A a — ly i
'

e o r
. ex n er so cr s , ose n s s

f th Dul a a a K a a
f th L if f S h a
o e
( p vt i f t h g
or t on h G
o y )
u de re -
r n

N ti o ces o e kyaa e o
pp a d i th B g al e re n e en

i 18 3 5 S hm
,

A ia S i ty T a a idt t a
’
ti
’
s ti c oc e s r ns c on s n c s r ns

la ti on o f p ti f t h Bud d h i t a
or o ns o e f M g l ia ; s c no n o on o

ad th t al a
n e ti r ns ad publ i a on ti f th M a
n h aa c on o e v n so

o f C yl e by t h H
on , G g e T u on u w. h i h a
eo r e
pp a d rn o r, c e re

r i 18 3 7 w
n al y e re n e r u t Th i t
c on c ti g w k
rren e se n e re s n or s

f m
. .
,

ha b ve f l l w d by t h t a l a
ee n o o e ti t h C hi
e r ns on ro e n e se

o f th T a l e r ve s f th Bud d hi t P il g i m Pa
o e h ia ad s r s n n

Hiu Th ag i t h
en -
s n d f th f u h ad b g i i g f
n e en o e o rt n e nn n o

t h fi ft h a
e d i th n th
n tu i
e se ve n f t h C h i t ia a c en r es o e r s n er

by R m
, ,

a
,

uae t Kl a s p t h L a d ro a d J u l i nb y a t
re ss , n cn r ns

f m
, ,

la ti on th Ti b ta f a
ro e Hi t y f Buddhaby F u a
e n o s or u o ,
o c x

T he se pa
p fi ft e rs , ee n in nu m
b e r, we re c ol l e c te d b y M r Hodgso n ,
ma h mp
.

ad pub l i h
n re s ed by h i t t e Ser a o re p re ss in 1 8 4 1 .
 BUDD HIS T VIEW O F C A S T E .

a
b y the p ubl ic t ion i n t he Bibl ioth e c l nd ic , of po rti on of , a aa
a
a a aa a
t h e S n skri t L l i t Vi s t r , t he Le g e n d ry L i fe o f Bud d h a
a
'

m
,

e d it d b Ba b u R a nd a l l M i t a b t h i p t a t w k e n
y e
j y e r r or or s

o f th R Sp n e Ha dy ev Ea t n M na hi ma e n d hi ce r on s er o c s s

f Buddhi m by th a
.
,

M aua bl e pa R
a
l n o
p e f th e s e rs o e v .

D J G g l y f C yl n by t h pub l i a
o er ti o f th
o P li e o e c on e

m m m
.
.

t t f t h D ha
ex o a p ad a b y e D F a u b ii l l f C p e n ,
r . s o o

ha g n; b
y ea i u a
p p n t h B u d d hvi t a t
r oi q ui t i f s e rs o e s n es o

W t n In d iai n t he J u a f th e B m ba B an h
‘

es er l y , o rn o o r c

o f th R ya l A ia ti c S
e i e ty
o a nd b
y th l a d t ea
s t is s oc e e rn e r e ‘

Th f l l wi g i a l i t f h pa
e p o ai g f h m( h Bud
o n s s o t e e rs t re t n o t e t e

d h is t ma
i ) wh i h a
pp ai a di g t th n o ur ap
l te ro c e e d i ng s ,

t Gi a
re ns c e r c c or n o e

da t wh i h th y b a O
es c th A h k ai
e e i p ti
r . a n by e s o nsc r o ns rn r

Ca a
i G L G J a b a d N L W a a d E B i f a u
ad Bha j a a Ka la
p t n . e . t g co q n . t . es er r ,
s . r e cco n

o f th M i e Buddha no r Ca f Bé d a ve s o by N L s n ne r r ,
. .

VV t ga ad M P i p C p d w i th D Bu I d ia
’
e s er r . r . r n se s o rre s on e nc e r. rn o n n n

A t iq ui t i
n Hi t i ae s. l R ah th
s or c O i g i ad P i ipl of e se rc es on e r n n r nc es

t h Budd ha ad Ja i a R l ig i b y Ja m Bi d E q C ti f
a
e n n e ons , es r ,
s . o rre c on o

E rro rs i t h L i th g a
n
p h eo f t h G i I
o i p tri b y C a p t L G a e d rn r nsc r on s e r n

J a b M mi
.

co : th
e Ca T m o r
p l a ond M a t e i a d th
ve e es n on s e r es n o er

A i t Bud dh i t B a
nc e n hm ai a l ad Ja s i a m ar i f W t n c I dia n n re ns o e s e rn n ,

D D M m ad um mBuddh i t E aa
. ,

by J h W il ti

aKaha
o n so n , . e or n o n so e s xc v o ns

re r d by H B E F
r E q N t th R k I i pt i
re re , i s . o e on e oc nsc r o ns n

d M mi
. . .

t h I l ad f S a
e s n l t t by J S t
o se D D e S th
e v e n so n , ec on e o r on e

p l ad M at i ad th A i t R m
. . .

Ca T m v e- e es n on ai
s e r e s, fW t n o er nc e n e ns o e s e rn

I d iab y J h W i l D D Hi t i a l Na m ad Fat ta i d

Ka
n o n so n , . s or c es n c s c on ne
, ,

in th e hé i I nipti by J S t
r n sc r D D O
o n s, th Na ik e ve n so n , n e s

Bud dh i t Ca T m
. . .

Ca I i pt i by J S t D D pl i
S i k a f Ba ta ba
ve n sc r o n s, .
e v e nso n , . . s ve e es n

th i ta l Wa di ad Da ul a d by W H B a dl y E q
a
e r rs o -
n . . r e ,
s .
,

Say h d i I i
r
p t i b y
n sc r J S t D D
o n s, D i p t i t h C a f
e v e n so n , . . e sc r on e v es o

l waby E Im
.

Ka l i iu M a
v
p y E q ,
D i p t i . N ti f A e t i q ui t i
,
s . e sc r ve o c es o n es

i S i dh by H B
n n E F E q . A l l .t h p . ap a
re re , i a d d i t is t. e se e rs re n on o

th e w l l k e w p a p no f M En k i C l l
e rs S } k o a d C ar p t a i rs ne , o one es n n

m
-

m
,

m
.

D ga n fi erl d a d e t a i i p t
n a t i f cona t i w i t h n t at t or f n n or on s e en s o

w thy f e p tful a a
,

o p i i ad p ul a
n on n ti s ec t t nti
on O th
or l ua bl o r s ec e on . er v e
286 WHA T CA S T E I S .

of Ko ppe n mpl m at iaadl h a hu

n S t Hil i re a A e er s t s

m m
. .

b ee n
p i d d f a ro v i a f Bu
e d d h i i i or c o rre c t e st te o s n ts

g a
en erl h a a a d l aic h i p h u h
r c ter
g h n re t ons s, t o ot e r c on

trib u i i l u ida
t i
on s wil l i l l b w l md b y h
to ts e c t on st e e co e t e

p ub l i c .
’
T he re c an no w be b ut l ittl e do ubt o f th e vi e w
whi c h Buddha n Ca
too k of In di a ste .

pap e rs on th e ma
tt e rs p ia l l y by D
to wh i c h I St n ow re fe r, e s ec r. e v e nson

ad th W t ha b la t h S i ty —A uth ”
M id b f
’
n e e ssrs . es , ve een e o re e oc e . or s

R i w f th P
ev e o t S ta te f O i ta
re se n l A t i qua i a ad G g a e o ph i a l
r en , n r n, n eo r c

R ahe se rc t d wi th th
c onn e c e W t f I di a i J u B B R A S
e es o n n o rn . . . . . .

1 8 56 Si th ati l anc e pp a d isth t a

r i p
c et f th K a eh é i reI e r nsc r o e n r n

publ i hed i th B m
.
,

by t h M W t h ab ba y
Bh a u Da
sc ri pt i on s e e ss rs. es s e en s n e o

Ju ao l f
rn 18 6 2 D
or ji i . i wi g th mad th
r. in a s re v e n e n o e rs

i
se r e s o f i g i u ad l a d pa n en o p s It i h p d th a
n e t by d g
rne e rs. s o e e re e s

th i t t wi l l b ful l y a ta
e r c on en s i d e sc e r ne .

O f th Buddh i t w i ti g th f l l wi g i a
e s r t n sum may i w e o o n s c orrec s r v e

by P f H H Wi l n
ro esso r so

f Sh a
. . .

A di g t t h
c c or Buddh i t th m l
n o e th d t s s kya e se v e s, e o c ri n es o

Mu i w n t m mi t t d t w i ti g by hi mbut w
e re n o co e a ll y
o mmur n e re or co

ad t a m i t t d i l ik m a by th mt u
,

i a
n c t d t h i d i i pl
e o s sc e s, n r ns e n e nne r e o s c

c ee di g g n a ti Wh th y w fi t w i tt n i
e ne r o ns en t l a ly m e a d e re rs r e s no c e r e

ut f m
.

o ro th t a di ti e f th N th
r b ut th y a
ons o
g w i th t he for th e e re e o se o

S outh i d i b i g th
n e sc r u f di ff
n t p ub l i
e oc c u il rre n c e o on e re n c co nc s or c

v oc ati at wh i h t h
on s i Buddh i t p i t
c e se n o r t d th tha t s r es c orrec e e e rro rs

ha d pt i t th t ahi g f h t d di ipl ad a
c re n o e e c n
g do u p t h
e e ro ox sc es n re e on e

h i f p i t f di i p l i ad d t i tha t w e t b p m ul g a t d

Sha
c e o n s o sc ne n oc r n e er o e ro e

id i m mdia
.

Th fi t f th
e rs u i l wah ld i t i
o e se c o a nc s t ly a fts e k a ,
s s , e e er i

Mu i d a n
’
th s th e d 1 1 0 ad th t h i d 2 1 8 y a a
e se c on ft wa ,d n e r e rs er r s , or

a b ut 2 4 6 B C
o Th N th Budd hi t c f u d a
e or ppa tl y th
e rn s s on o n re n e

i th t i m f
. .

se c o n d ad th i d n u il rtak co ti e f t h
nc la tt
s, o r e no no c o e er n e e o

A h k ab ut p l ad th th i d i
s o ,
Ka
ce hm i u d e th pa t r ag fn s r n er e ro n e o

Kai hk a Ka ka H i du Syt h i K i g 4 00 y a
ft Budh a Ni a
n s or f th ner , o ne o e n -
c n s, e rs

a er a B C 1 5 3 B th a u t a
’
s rv q or
g t h a t t h p . o cco n s ree e ro

m
. .

a a t i f B u d d h i b M i i d i spa tc h d f th a t p u p ss ons t k
p g on o y s e , e or r os , oo

pl ae a c fte th th i d un i l r e r co c .
288 WHA T CA S TE 1 s .

ad l ad f th i
n n or i Th K ha
e r s erv c e s t iya wi th wh m e s r s, o

h i m l f wa
.

aw ha a l a
,

s e ve dy Buddha
re se e n, t d se s c on n e c e

a ti d aag ad m t f th m
,

re no ce i g la
s o v e rn n c ss n os o e ore

im p ta
or t f t
nh m o m b a d t
eh y et m f f a i
r ce th a d p a e s s e o n r e

ti e of whi h h wa th p a t ad u d th i i fl u
c e s e re n n se e r n e n ce

t y t m h um
.
,

i b ha l f f th a il i a
a
n e o t s th s e tie ven f th o e on o e

B hm
,

a O t h C at u h ath f th V é uk aa
ka
r ns er s e s, s c s ose o e n r s,

H d m a
.

Ra th a a P ukk aa BabaaA hi
r s, s s, r r s, rs , or er s en, re

i w d i th w i ti g t whi h w f ai f i b th
ad p i il g t th B a
v e e n e r n s o c e re e r, s n e r or o

hm
,

in s ta ti on n r v e a ad K ha
e o t iya
e r ns n s r s

m
.

T h Buddhi t S u
e t at s
g i
r s, t h d u t
oo
y u
re c o t n z e e or c s o

may hi w at ad t f l l w
, ,

o f a e h p c terson o rr in s o n c s e, n o o o

th e p f i
ro e ss on o f h i a t T h ys a i b
n c e s ors b a s e sc r e se n e s

t m i t a um
.

ad l a
n e ev ti f bi th t i p ati d
on o r o s n r c u se or o er cc

la t d ie f m bi th a di g t th p
n or er r s, a ili g d t i
c c or n o e re v n o c r ne

o f th mt m e
p y e e h i Ys t t hc L a l
os si ta V i . t a a i e
g, i i g e s r , n v n

aa u t f th h i f awi f f Buddhaby hi
n cco n o e c o ce o e or s

fa th erS h uddh daa p o t th n fa,

th reagi i g i
re se n s e e r, s v n n

t u ti th a t th wi f sh ul d b h a di g t h
aB a
s r c ons e e o e c o se n , c c or n o er

qua l i ti f mi t h
es, ro hm e a aK ha er t iyaa r Va i hya n, s r s

mil y T hi w k h w
, ,

or aShud afa r
"
wa p ba s orbl y o e ve r, s ro

mp d l y l ittl m th a a tu y b f th C h i
.
,

co ose ,
on e ore n c en r e ore e r s

ti a a n er

t qu t f m
.

Whil i ty ai
w
e s oc e thi ta t — s n s M s e, o o e ro

wa b m
.

E Bu uf th i f th fa il i f
t f th S h a
. rno ,
ere s orn n on e o e es o

th K h a
e t iya th a
s r s, kya f Ka o
p i l a ea tu w h i h s o v s c

m
,

p f
ro e sse d t b d o d d f
e t h S
es c e n l a a e froK i g e o r r ce o n s,

ay u g p i wh a
o n r nc e t th a g f tow ty i e u d
e o en -
n ne re n o nce

th e w l d ad b aor m ad t u d th a
n ec e m f e vo e e n er e n e o

m m
,

S l d kyaM u i
e Sh an a Ga
,
or uta a Hi d t i r n . s oc r n e

l i ta
La V i taaa
dh s r , . xii .
(p . 1 59 , C l c a . ed .
)
 W HA T C A S T E IS .

el e mt e n s, t he one re l a
a d th n e othe r i de l a . T h e fi rst w a s

aity ad ati ty f hi
,

t he re
g ul r n du t f whi h h a
s nc oti ty s c on c o c c s

m
, ,

p a ti a
en c e ,d h a i ty f n d
c t h p
r i i p a l for at u e T h e r nc e re s e

im
.

s e c on d wath l a h ha
s dt b a
e c Buddhath a e ti E l i ght o e ,
s n

e ne d [ a th Tl
1 d w d wi th i t l l i g
er re e n
-
o ] a d
e - -
n e en c e n c onse

m
,

q u en tl yp d f u p
oss esse h u a k w
o l ds
g a d
er
p w B y n no e e n o er

hi p w h w ugh t m
s o er i a
e l ro by hi k wl dg h r c es all d s no e e e c e

up b f himl f th pa
e ore ta d th futu m
se e al aad u
s n e re c e r n co r

p l t
e e f m B y
or i t h u l d t l l w h a t a y m
e co a h a d d i e n n on e n

m
.

ap i u ta
re v o t f i t
s s ; a
e o d b a f fi d
ex s en c e th a t a i fi it n e r e n n n e

n um b f b i ng h a
er o d l ik h iml f a
e s l a dy a tta i d by th
e se re ne e

p a
r c ti f th
ce o a m i tu t
e s th di g y i t
e v r f a B u d d
esh a b f o e n o e ore

t i g i t ata
e n er n t f m
n o p l t
s a ih
e oil a ti co I fi h e e nn on n ne , e

m m m
.

p re se n e t d h i l f t a t h
se i S a i
o u a en d p i
s d t h a t e r v o r, n ro se

hi d a
s th h ul d
e t b th a i h il a
s o no ti f hi d t i
e e b ut
nn on o s oc r n e ,

th a t th a td t i h ul doc r n e s ti u f a o
g a t u m b
c on f ag n e or re n er o es

a ft hi mad tha
er t wh nit a l uta y i fl u en h ul d
s s a r n enc e s o ce se ,

a w Buddhawh mh a u d by a m h ul d m
,

ne ,
o e nn o n c e n e, s o co e

i t th w l d wh b f
n o e or ha i g t d o e ored t th ath v n o e sc e n o e e r

t d h im l f i
,

ha d a di g t c c or th l g d
n o ae e en s, c on se c r e se n

h a t b a futu Buddh a
,

“
e ve n o e re

mdi ti gui h d i ta li t f m wh m
.

Th a e s e s n s e w ha or e n s ro o e ve

no w q u t d th u m pa o e t i ul a s ly ti
o re th i w ta
r k n c r no c es e v e e

b y Bud d haf I dia i ty ad t h md i fi a

o n n soc e ti wh i h , n e o c on s c

h e i t du d i t
n ro it i ce i
n o wi th C a t n Hic o n ne x o n s e s

im wat a m f mth m
.

aw da
vo e s o s ve i a bl en di ro e se r e c on

tio ns o f i t wh i h th y f u d m
e x s e nc e th i w l d ad t
c e o n s or n o

th m f mth fa w f t am
,

fre e e t d la
ro e ig a ti
e H a d o r ns r on e

Burn ouf, Intro duc t . aH l

’
i s toi re d u Buddhi s mI s n di e n , i .
pp
l i ta
.

1 52 5 3 Hi s f p
in a ro o f to th e La Vi ta af l
aa
-
. re e re n c e s re s t , o . 25 o f
his M S . ad n to t h e Li f e of S h kh y i n A s . R es l . p 2 87
vo . xx . . .
2 92 W HA T CA S T E I S .

ahy f Cat h l a
i d i a d i d h
Ba
h i er rc o p s es t et e ve n ex ne s e

hm a by th th y f pu i hm t ad wad
,

r ns, e e or o n s en s n re r s

ad a ft ab i t u t d am
n s o en a f l w diti h
s e ns r c e n o o c on on , e

di d t fail t a
no tt ibut t h b a o f h i bi th t
r e th e se ness o s r o e

i
s ns h ha d emm i tt d i a f m l if
co T e t a n or er e o c o n v er

ma f wha
.

diti th wa i t h i w f
S ha
n to e ver c on on , en , s n e v e o

m m m
-

kya a a a
S ha
t g i h i o t h vef i
p g f t e e ns o e sc n ro r ns

mig a ti r on kyap d th t a ll a t wi th o e ne en, o c s es

m
.
,

o ut d i ti ti sth wa
nc
y f
onal a
t i f e wh i h t h i o s v o n, ro c e r

b i th ha
r d b f l ud d th g a
e ore t um b
ex c ad h e e re er n er n e

ma d th m q ua e l a em g th ml ad i h i w
e on e se ve s, n n s o n

e st i ma
ti on , by c on fe rri n g upon th e i n vesti ture wi th m
th e r n ak of D e v o tee s a. In m
th i s l st re spe c t he went uc h
fu th r th at h ph il
er n
p h e K a oso
p i l a a d P a
e rst a j al i w h n n o

mwha mbl i g tha

,

ha d b gu a e w k n or t so e t wh i h th
rese
A
n c e

Bud d hi t a ft wa
s s d a m er
p l i
r s h d B
c co
y a tta k n s e a . c s

u l se e ss th w k p e i b d by t h Vé daa
or s resc r e nd b
y u b e s

th mth m
,

s ti tuti g f n or p a
e t i f
e p r c a l ace t i io erson sc e c s

a
,

Ka pi l a h a d p l a d w i t h i t
ce h h nf a l l i
e n p i re c i p l o , r nc e

a t l a t if
e s t i a
nol ity th titl n re f A tie whi h p e o sc e c, c re

t t imha lmt
,

t t ha ad a
a a
i
v on s o d b e the d i ti eenti s nc on n os

exc lui p i
s ve i l g f
r v t h e l i fe o f a B h
e m a n e S h
o k y a r

d id m th a t h i
.

o re h ga t i l a
n s : e t d phi l ve
pho sot h e o so e rs e

or g a i at i
n z n f a l
o i g i o u b dre
y W
o t hsu fio d t h e s n e ex

m
.

l a a t i
n f tw fa
on o t th fa o i l i t
c s,
y w i th e w h i hc B ud d h i c s
p
mu t ha b n igi a l l y p pa a a
a
s ve ee or
gn t d d t
roh O pp i t i en n e os o

wh i h B hm ai m a lly m a
,

tu a
a a
c r n s n d t it p g r Th e o s ro ress e

B hm t m
.

r a ha d ns bj ti no o a eck t S h kya l
on s o g e o so on

ah s e t i t d hi ml f t w k ut aa
re s r c e se o
p h i l
or ph ot h s oso er e

fut u red li a fm
e v e r nc ea ad t au hi m f th
o n, n o ss re o e

l ib a erti wh i h I h a a
on cl a d y ha ve at i d aare b l ut
c r c er z e s so e .
 BUDDHIST VIEW or CA S TE . 29 3

But they a dm c oul d n o t

i t th p ibil i ty f tha t a tua l e oss o c

d lie a n v er th at la ti
ce, l ib a ti n wh i h t re d d t ve er o c en e o

th i g h t f th d t u ti i ag i ti m f
‘

no n s or o e es r c on n ve n e, o

f Ca a g ad d l igi
.

ubo d i a
a
th e s ti r t n on o T hi s es s re r e re on . s

i h w S h h yaa
s o t ta k d th f u d a ti f t h I dia
c e e o n on o e n n

m and i t i di a a a m a
m wh n th B a
s
y t s e t t h t t i ul
n d tc f i l t
es e co no o

hm a pl ad a
,

co e, e e t th h ar d f tha t ns ce e e o

s
y t ms e w ul d f , l th o i ty f p ee i bi g a e n e c e ss o rosc r n

d t i
oc r ne f wh i h th o n qu c ul d t e a
p co se e nc e s co no esc e

t he m ”

ma
.

It is ev ide nt fro ll th is, — wh ic h i s pe rfe c tl y c on

a a
a
s i s t ent wi th wh
t i f u d i th o l d e st Bud d hist S 11 tr s
'
s o n n e

ad l g d tha
n e en t S h kya
s, M u i di d n t di
-
tl y pp n o re c o ose

th e sta t f m a
e ott l i g i u ad ia
e rs re l wh i h h f u do s n soc c e o n

t o i t i
ex s I d ia n i ty n H th ugh t tha
n soc e t h . ha d e o e

f u d ut ab tt
o n o a nd h t e wa
er
y t g t si d f
or er t h o e r o e

ev il f l i f ; ad h b ug ht h i
s o e n w pl a
e ro ti i s o n n t o no ce n

t h m t ff t i
e os e man H b a
ec ve m himl f aw
n er . e ec e se s e

a a ti ; ad h t ad
,

ha ve se en , n sc e by st i t
c n e s ro ve r c ne ss n

p u irt y f l if m
o th a n by h ah
e, ore f d i i pl i t rs ne ss o sc ne , o

b ec o mth b t f a ti a
e e es nd t o l a t
sc e hi ml f t a
c s, o e ev e se o

ma or l p i ti os up i on , t s tha t f th
e r or Ti tl ya
e ve n o o e r r s

d w ll at h l y pl a a d th m t a t i
B a
or e e rs o c e s, f th n e os sc e c o e

hm
r a Hi t t ad p ati h b ught
ns s en e s n r c c es e ro c on

m
.

s pi u
c u ol y t s ti b y t h
o no
pu b l i ce
p a h i g f e h l f c re c n o i se

ad hi di ipl a idi g th a t m p ly
Ba
n s sc es , vo f k w
n o no o o no

l d g ad i t u ti hm a ha d la
.

e e n t wh i h th
ns r c on o c id e r ns

c la im Al l la f c i ty wi th ut ay p ul ia
sse s o so c e o n ec r

m
.
,

p i
r v i l g ef e C a t ro w i i t d ts e, j i t h
e re d nv e o o n e or e rs

whi h h c ta b l i h d wi th th ful l
e es s
p
e ,t at i o f e c e i e ex ec on r v

Burnouf, ut sup i . . pp . 2 1 0 2 12
-
.
294 WHA T CA S T E I S .

in g th e i r h ighe st d ata
a g v n es He dis p aa
g drad e n

m ah
.

e sc h e we d , th o ugh he d id not d i re c tl y c ond e n, e re

d it ay
p r ri e sth oo d . ma y b
‘

l i He p re te nd e d i f we
’

e e ve

w k m ad t h h i m l f a
,

hi f l l w
s t
o o i ale rs, o or r c e s, n o e se

mi al f k wl dg H ai d hi ym
r c e o no
pa t
eh i e e c rr e s s es, too,

mu h fah b y d h h um mil y thaha

.

c rt afaer e on d b t e n n een

d b f
o ne h i da y H
e o re i d i t d a l lsa i mal a i fi e n te r c e n s cr c e,

m
.

ad all la
n i
y g f a i a
l
s f h
n u
p po nf f d s e ve n or t e r ose o oo ,

o rde ri n g the rul es of e a

ti g ad
n n d ri nk ing so at s o

k th ma
ma e e c c ord wi th t his j
ob ec t A i de d b y nu m er

m mt
.

o us a ia t a
nd
ssoc es by so e of the os
p owe rful of

th e I d ia p i
n n r n c e s, be e ffe c te d a rev o l ut ion i n In di a n

so c ie t
y mad hi mh i l a
M ul ti tudes d ; hi y t m e t e r e er s s s e

l im
.

g iane d ap l iti a p a
o
p ati
c ul al y t h ug h ort n c e , r c r ro

A sh ok ath e g a
r n dson of C ha
nd r u
g pt a a(t h S ad a e n r

c o t tus of t he G re e ks) ; ad n hi s fa
i th th ug h t h,a
l ro e z e

of adhh is t ad th ti wh i h i t w d u
ere n s, n e no ce c s on ro s

s r l b uil d i g ad
t u tu a c r aa ti ( th n l t
s i i n n exc v ons en n ov e es

I di a
n
) at t at d b am p d m i n
r c ea t i I d
, i af ec a
g e re o n n n or es ,

ad wa ai d t th l ad wh i t t il l i t
n s c rr e o o er n s, ere s ex s s

t h o ugh n ot wi th i ts prist in e v ig our E ve n the fo re s t

aa m mh m ta
.

tri be s o f Ind i , s
y b a
e se e n fro t e orn a l en

fi g ures o f the c atm l

ve -
p a d me at i f West n o n s e r es o e s e rn

Ind i aa re re
p t d aj yful l y d
re se n e
g h ism h ma g o orn o e

mad hi m
.
,

Den yrn g the e x i s ten c e of t he Di vi ni ty, he e

sel f, o r suffe re d hi ml f se t o be ma
d ag e, od . Hi i ma
g s e s,

th ro ug h the e ffo rts of h is fo l l o we rs, soon fi l l e d t he

te mpl es, the g od s of th e Hi n d u pa
n th e o n be in
g then c e

b ai h
n s e d, or th e re a
pp ai g a e r n s at t h im
subo rd i n e o

lf H is w y be c a m m gl i
a u t h a t ha
t f th

ama
se e o re or o s n o e

mul titud th S b a m
.

Br h ns i n the e
y es of th e a e, e r no
 W HA T CA S T E IS .

aa a a
t r n sl ti on
pp d i th e re a n e t hi rd vol u e o f t h e m Tr ns

ati f th R ya
c l A ia
ons o ti S i ty a
e od waa ft wa d s c oc e , n s er r s

re
p i t d i
rn e M H d g
“
n I l l u t art i f t h L
o i t a s on s
’
s r on s o e er

mpad
.

ad R l i g i I ha
”
tu re n f th Bud dhi t
e on o e s s ve c o re

mau i pt f th igi a
.

i t th ugh ut wi th a
ro o l p t n sc r o e or n re se n

d t mby th l a mt a
,

e o t L Wi l ki
e Eq ae bl a
e d nson , s os e n

l u mm f th B m
.
.
,

z e a o b s e ba y C i
er i l S r io ; ad e o v e v ce n

f u d i t t b b th uffi i ntl y au a ad pi it d I ’
o n o e to s c e cc r e, n s r e

a
.

h e re
g i i t a pl a i
ve t p l ati g f w pl a a
c e, ti ad
n er o n e ex n on s n

a d di g a f w
n t Th Bud dhi t a
e no es uth it m utb e s or, s e

i m u th ugh ut f m
.

a wha
t b th B a
b o rn e i d n n re sons e x c on c e ss t ro o ro

hm
, ,

h e supp ose s ai a l w it i g
o e e r n c r n s .

Va j a b h i h i r
’

z c .

aG h a
I, A sh v ba fi t i k i g M aj u Gh sha
e rs
1 t h
nv oG u u f t h n n o
'

e r o e

ll m m m
,

w l d wi t h a a a p p
a
or
y ul d l l y tso g t h n d t t h s re n roc e e o co ose e

m
, ,

b k a l l d Va j a S h h [ h A d a i N
'

d l ] i a d i w i h
th S h a
oo c e t r t c z e t en ne ee e n c c or n
g
e t a[ a th
s r s ta b l i h d pi i
or r e r, e sMa ta ] s e o n o n,

d Sm
.

A l l w th o that y u V é daa
en oi ti a r d w k i l i g b th
s n r s, n or s nv o v n o

D ha m aad A tha i a d a d a li d a d h a di u a a a
a
r n g r re t t oo t n i v n sc o rses v r nc e

wi th th m m
,

ai a e li d ti l l wh a
re nv t y u a y sth a t t h B h a i t h o s e r n s e

a t b p d f mt h b k
,

h igh t f th f u Ca
es o t e o r s e s, c n no e rov e ro e se oo s

T l l mfi t f a hm
.

e l l wha
e t i B a
rs o ah d I i t l if s pa ta r
g § n oo s e, or re n e,

or b dy o wi d m th wa or s
y [ o a t h por a ti ea h i a] a t i r er r c c e, c cr or c s

m
e.

t i ma
, . .

t ha sli ty (ka or a ) t h V éd a
r
(l a i g
, i
or t h V ed a ) e s e rn n n e s .

If y u a y t
o h a
t i t is li f u h a s a eti a t b s c n sse r on c nn o e r e c on

c i l d wi th th V é d a f i t i w i tt
e e s i th Vedat h a
or t th s u a d
r en n e s e s n n

aj aS hu
T he V
h i w a p i d by M r Wi l k i nson i n 1 8 3 9 , wi th
a a
s t r c r n e

m mt
. .

aaut but phi ti a

n c l e so s c co en on i t by S ub j B p i u .

1
'

[P rob bl y a aBuddhi t a
g s s e . S ee Burnouf, Lotus d e l aB L i p onn e o , .

I [D h am r im
a(duty) at/m(a ) kdm
a(d i e) n r es r ad mk ha(li b a
ti ) a o s er on re th e
f h um m]
, , ,

a a ding t Hindui
,

four j
ob e c s o t n i t ex s e nc e , cc or o s .

[ In t h e M S se nt to mby M e r Wi lkinson th e word for thi s (gi ve n on w rd sa

m
. .

aj d ti
s ,
or bi rt h, ra
th er th apa ta
n g ) i i tt d ]re n e s o e
 BUDDHIS T VIE W or GA S TE . 29 7

th e m ad o on , n a t fi t qua
other d up d ad m th
dei ti es, were rs r e s n so e o er

d i ti
e w fi t ai m
es a l ad a
ere ft wa rs d b a nmg d s th n er r s ec e o s e v en e

il t f th il ( h a i ka) h a b m d “ F m h w
t B a
v es o p e v e g s v ) t
c d ve eco e o s ro ese or s

l a th a hm ah d i ap i ti whi h i
a
it i t l if
ha
s c e r r n oo s no e os on c s

fu th p d f mth w d f th (M a ) Bh a a
h ill Ka
h
k Ma
r er rov e ro t e se u t
or s o e r se v e n n e rs

ad t d li ja laag f th l a aaaa
k aa
f th
aB a
n en ee r o e n oose o e e n s -
s r

aCh a hm
,

Sh a a d i paa
,

kaf th r v l l th
o w e b r a v e se ere orn s r ns

i th Ku uk hét a( aD l h i ) ad b a m y l a d i th
,

aha
n e r s r ne r e n ec e v er e rne n e

m
,

V é da It i a l ai d b y M u i h i Dh a t a Wh a
Ba a l a d i th f u Véda wi th th i A ga ad Upa
s. s so s t en n s r s s r e v er

hm
,

r n e rn e n e o r
g a s e r n s n n s,

sha l l tak hai ty [f e gci ft ] f

r m a S h u d a h
e es a
ll f t
or w l s ro r , s or e ve

bi th b a
r n a a
s d f
e i ty b i th ah g a
ss, n d ty b i th a
or s x r s o n se v e n r s

F m hm
,

th w d it i
ro l a th a t B a
e se ah d i
or s t li f f s c e r r n oo s no e or

i f i t we re , h o w c oul d suc h th i ngs be

aa a a a
If, g i n , you s y t h t Br h mah d d p d pa ta
a a
b i h
a
g t n oo e en s on ren e or r

(j a a a
ti ) , t h t i s , t h t t o b e Br h m a o m u t b b f B h m a n ne s e orn o r n

p a ts — th i ti i a
re n t as noia wi th th k w paa
on s
g v rf t h nc e e no n ss e o e

Sm i ti th a
r t A ha la M u i wab c fa n l ph a t a d Ke h a
n P i ga
s la orn o e e n n s n

ty aM u i f mth
, ,

of a wl a n od Aga n Aga
s ti fl w ad Ka n u i ka ro e s o e r, n s

Mu i f m m a m m
,

th Ku h a a a d K ap i l a f k y a d G a a a
A ha
n ro g e s r ss , ut n ro on e n

Ri hi f m yaf m
,

a p tha t twi da S el a t ad D a '

a
s ro c re e er en ne re e , n ron c r ro

a a a d T ai i i R i h i f m a p a id a d (Pa a h R m a
a )
t
n e rh p t en t t o , n t g r u s ro r r e, n r s

m a d S h i a R i hi f m a d a d V y M i f m a
a
du u
ad Vi h a
fro t s ,g n r n n s ro e er, n ss ro

fi h w m a ad Ka u hi ka Mu i f m f m al Shu d a mi t a
aCha da
s er o n, n s n ro e e r , n s v r

f m l i a d Va i htha M uni f m a t um pt Nt
ll d B a
f
Ba
n n n s s ro s r e o on e o

amth ad y t a
ro

th m hm
,
.

ha d a ll w n t i u ly a h n
'

e r n o e r, e ere o or o s c e r

aa
am
[ h of thi s p ss g e i s the fol l owi ng

a
T e t ex t

i r i qa a
m
a
tam
sq u sq u
‘
: ts l ri : t s

W a
m W mm a
'

i
-

: rr:

e aa a
f?! : I fr
q
'

rr st
e ffs I
'

a
l iter ll y , Th e S un w s n a a ai m
at d b i g [ n or th e (gre t) a S ul a di g t o c cor n o

a
- e e n

a a ai m d awa a aim
,

th e Ve d ntist s] th e M oon w at d b
s n n e e i ng ; In r at d s n n e

b ei ng ; ni am
a
t ed b ei ngs (were ) th e g od s m oreov er, th e g d w ai ma
ot d s ere n e

be i ngs th e d og e t ers were t first g ods ]

-
a a
1 [Th e t ki n g a of g i ft s b y Bré h ma ns fro mShud a i r s s forbi dde n in M a nn ,

b ut n ot in t h e t er m a
s h ere l l eg e d ] .
329 8 WHA T CA S TE IS .

ma ; ns a adi ti ti
wh e nc e I i nfe r, th t th e t i tl e i s f p pul a igi s nc on o o r or n,

ad a t b t ad t pa ta f m w i a u h i i
a
n c nn o e g r ce t t to t re n e ro r en or es

m
.

S h ul d y u a a i a h a w h b f a B h a f a h
aB a a th th h i l d f a l a [Da
o g y t o t n s t oe v e r 1 8 o rn o r n e r or

hm m
,

mth a] a
maB a
n, en e c o s ve s e ve n
o e r rs r
y
b ec o hm a a qu
e r t wh i h I h a
n c on se bj ti but en c e o c v e no o ec on ,

t wi th y u ti I fa y
a
wh i h wi l l c t no c on so r o r no on s, nc

m
.

D u a t h at h w h i p u f B h a p a t i a
Ba
g e o s s r n o n ren s s
y o y o s r

hm a S til l I bj t th a i u m u m a p u a d u
a i u h a th b d f B a
t t t

Ba
ec n o e n n r e
r n y o s c e s re

hm hm am
,

ut b a t a d;
f th pa t a f B a
r ns, n s c c se e re e o r ns s e n en

i
s nce th fa th e e rs o hm a a t ay f th m
e ren r ce o r ns re no n o e

mm
,

f mth
,

f re e ro u pi i f ha e i g wi
s s whc on t i u ly o it v n v e s, o n o or o s co

a dul t y wi th S hu d a N w i f th al fa th b a S hu d at h
a t b aB a
er r s o e re er e r e son

hm hm
.
, ,

c n no a twi th tadi g th B a
e r n, ah d f hi
no s n n e r n oo o s

mth F ma
o e r. l l wh i h I i f ro th a t B a hm ah d i c t t ul y n er r n oo s no r

d i a bl f mb i th ad I d a w f h p f f thi f mth
Ma Ba
er v e ro r n r re s ro o s o s ro e

aaDh am
n v awhi h a ffi m th a
r t th , hm a wh a
c t fl h
r s e r n o e s es

lo se s i tatl y h i ns ak ; ad a n l th a t bys r n l l i g wa n a lt so , se n x, or s or

mil k h b m aS hud ai t h da
,

y ; ad fu th t h a
Ba aa a fly l i k abi d di tl y a t b aB a
e ec o es r t n re e s n r e r, e v en

hm hm
,

s uh a
c r n s c n a
e r re c c e se s o e r n

by mddl i g wi th th fl h p t
e n F ma l l th i i i te es t l a th a o s.t ro s s no c e r

Ba rhm ah d i t th a n m wi th bi th ? i i f th a
oo s no e s t w th e a r s nc e, e re e c se ,

it coul d t b l t by ay a no t h w e os d g a di g K wy u
n c s t o e ver e r n . ne o ever o

a g fly i h n t h at b y a l i g
orseh t i g a t h w a t u d i t a i
p g
— n T i on e r s rn e n o
’
s

im p ibl oss e

m
.

Sa h a b d y ( h a a a ) B a a a ‘

a t h e fi wh th B a
u i h
b dy b th B a
y y t t o t ho th i s t i f
r r l ; f i f s e r n s oo s se o r,

hm hm a p i umd
Ba
’
o e e r n, n re en

hm
e r n s c or se s c ons e

b y i t wi l l b th m
,

, ud e fa e a; ad u h a r l
e re r o wi ll b y r n n s c so e e ver

[Wh e n ab u di ti ath m ti d i th i p aa
suc h s r
g a p h f u d
es t a s ose en on e n s r r o n en r nc e

i t th m md I di al g d y (i whi h t h y t i l l cupy a p l a) i t i
n o e ore o ern n n e en r n c e s oc ce s

d i ffi ul t t a m m b l i g th m u m
,

c y S t h
osi g . o
i th
e D i g a
n
g a f t h A
s rese a a n e -
oc c r n e v r o e r

k h ap b a
os bl y f th fi t
ro tu y f t h Ch i ti a a A g a
o e rs ty af ampl i
c en r o e r s n er s or e x e, s
l l d Kum m ap du d f maj a A gi a t b Chi n ahi
,

a bha
.

bha a
,

th e re c e s v , ro ce ro r
'
n r s o e -
c

I ha
c h
gg ya z b f a p
, a k a d A u a
orn o
; t b Gaud a g a j a
e c oc b f t h b akn f r n o e r r orn o e e o

a a
,

G auql a th
r gl or Th wh l e e i q ui l t t wh a
e . t w ul d b e uh it o e s e v en o o e s c c on c e s

a th a
s t L d Ba wab or f th l i fa p ig ; tha
c on t M Pa
s t i dg th
orn o a bl e o n o r r r e, e e

f Ga i ba m bi d f t h a m na m ad
.

i t ifi
sc e n i it c v s l di wab n f th g a
or o r s or o e e r o e s e e n

m]
,

th a t th l a n d M
e Sh p ha
e r nk wab e f th t tt
r . f aa ee s s s orn o e ro er o r .
3 00 WHA T C A S TE I s .

a on e o f th e mth b y b amaB a hm a It i th erefo re p ro ved

m aB a
th t ere ec e r n. s

th a hmaby a d i g h Véda
Ba
t n o o ne b ec o es r n re n t e s

hm
.

W ha
t th e n i th i
s au a ll d a s a? If c re t re c e adi g r n n e i th e r re n

t h Véd a
e a n kd a [ aa
s , n or s m t ] pae ta
s r s, s cr
g a (
e n s, k al ) n or r n e , n or r c e e

at (kam m m
,

a ) f B a h a h d w h a t d a ? T
i d Ba
o n e rs r n oo oe s or c n
c s r c
y o

m
n or

d i m ly a im maul a
,

hm
,

n a
r nh oo s t qua
e re l i ty l i k nth wy c e e e sn o

m i i Ba hm
,

wh i t f t h Ku dha
e n e ss o flw e T han t wh i h o er a n c re ov e s s n s r

m
.

f Va taa d Ta a a d N i a a a d U a a a '

It i t
ad aaad D a
h d oo c o ns s s o p r y n
p s n n v

m m m
, , ,

aad S ha
.

a ad S aya a It i w i tt i
a t b aB a
n n n n n s r en n

t m hm
, , , .

V dath a t th g d h l d th a a n wh
’

th e e s e o s o i f n o e r o s ree

f mi t m p a ad g ti m; ad f mS a ngaa d Pa ig a ha
ad Ra a
ro n e er nc e n e o s n ro ,
n r r ,

a a a a a
a
h w
'

n g d D n M ves i t i i t t n i n l l
ore ov e r , t h S h t s r e e s r s

f aB hm
.

mma
,

th a t th ig a a th t uth p a th nd

a a
e s ns o r n n re ese , r en ce, e co

m
,

f th a f a d y a h f a Ch d l a a h
mak f th B a
o e or
g ns o sense , ; t n e rc t s ose o n re e

i s pp
v ce o d t th ose i tu o A th ose v r es hm a is a
no er r o e r n

f ms ua mm wh th h b b a
.

up ul u a b ti l
a
sc r o s s n en c e ro ex co e rc e , e er e e orn

a m a a b a “ Y t fu th S h u k a ( A h y a ) h a a i d
'

k n h d f Cat b ut d mhi mt b th B a
i
g od or t
n , or e s . e r er, r c r s s

hm
, ,

th a t th g d ta e o s e o ee o s e, a ee o e e r n

wh i a o s g d m a n a
ool th u g h h b l g t o th il e t F
e m a l l
e on w h i h o e v s ro c

d l i f ad b dy ad wi d mad b
.

Ii f n e r, th a t b i th a r n e, n o a f n s o n o se rv n c e o

m
, , ,

l i gi u it ad a c t (Ka a ) a a l l f a a i l w a d
Ba
re o s r es n n s t o r re o o v r s

m hm
,

b ec o i ga n a n r .

a a a O pi i y a a a
h ib i t d t th S h a
Th en
g i t h t n, f u ec t t h t
n on P v o
jy d i o
p r s r r s ro

h i mse i
,

d a ad tha t f ad b di pa id
Ba
e o e r n or rv c e n o e e nc e

hm a a i ta f P aa a
a
t o r ns d re
jy
ns e d b u fo t h i n
r vr -
ec se, orso o

m
, ,

s
p a
e k i g nf t h fou a te th o S h r d a ci s es , t i d l a te a d i r s en on e s , n s

th f
e re ore t h il t — i a
e v b ud es f if i t w
s s o r t I d a w ul d
or, e re c rre c , n r o

b m ut t b th e l w t ad ma
,

e a d e o o e n t o f b i gs I d ab i g
es n e es o e n n r e n

m t i d i th (F am
,

en on e n
) S i
e t a a f t th e
r d g t h u t r S h a P a
er a o s v r

i n whi h th y a m ti
, , ,

I t uth th n d r ,
e or e r d c e re en o ne or

a ta ff t th la ti ak a n d di g i ty f t h b i g p ok
t i Pa
w i tt
r en, c nn o ec e re ve r n n o e e n s s en

o f . Wh a a ti g a
s t t h aM a
rv he h a ?
re a th e t th up i
er n s or re ee s e r or

i di g i ty t th e l i p
n n o b a u w find th l a
s, ectt r po tp se ed e t th e e s on o e

[a di g t t h Buddhist
Th i s is c c or n o e vi e w. Th e Indi aB a
n hm
a ha r ns ve
.

pr a c

ti se d mai a
g f m t h
rra l i t ag e ] ro e e r es es .

[A m
a f In d ain th V é da ]
e o r n e s .
 BUDDHI S T VIEW or CA S TE . 3 0!

for m er, for th e m a

ph y i n mg a
k ere s m
e of eu m a t ? A on so e r r se n e n ce re

t h t th l d
e ee thath l i p
o er d n yu e d t as h y u t p tp
or o es o r c re e e c o o os o ne

S hi a t hi p u ? N ; ay m i i t t u th a t th S h fid a
i l ad th B a
v o s s o se o n or n i
ore s r e e r s

hm ah igh ad m i gh ty b a us w a u d t pa
a
v e, n e r n n t , ec e e re se o re e

th e Cha tu Va a[f u r at ] i apati ul a d

r o r c s es A d i f th in r c r or er n s

y u d du ti f omi t i tha
.

p p i ti b u t a
S ha
bl t th il
Ba
ro os on e n en e, o r e c on r V z e v e

mu t b t t t gad hi
.
,

d a r s e c on e n i ad b di
o re r t h s serv c e n o e en c e o r

ma ahi l y P aa jy i f al l li k w i h u‘
d
maS ha
ns s s on r vr t t c
g ,
s e se o e ro n .

K w fu th t ha t it i w i tt i th Dh a t af M a

t th B a
no r e r, s r en n e r s r o nn ,

tha hm awh had ak th m i lk f a S h fid ai ha b n

b y aS ha
e r n o s r n e o r n , or s ee

e ven b a th d up
re e d ai on h ab b f uh ar nfm a
orl s e en orn o s c e e,

ak b y P dyah tta m
,

i d t hi 1 I h a w k ’

a
t t t it i
'
s no re s o re o s r n r sc z n e s e or s

m m
.

a t d th a t if a a a a k a
aS h id ai h b m i l i f aS h a
fu thr er sse r e
y B ,
h t d dn i f r t h h d n e f n r n ro e n s o

t r n e ec o d a ad a
es n ft d a th a
e d g r n er e o

hm wi th f m
, , .

M a fu th a y th a t aB a a wh a ia a
S ha d a k p aSha
nn r er s s, t r l n o ssoc es e e

r s or d a
ee s ub i ha ll b r j t d by g d ad
c on c ne , s e re e c e o s n

a t ad a
n c e s ors ft d a
n th ha ll g t er h ll
e F m s a l l th a ti
o o e ro ese s se r ons

aDham hm
.

o f th M aa e n v ai t i l atha r t B a ah d i th i g i
s c e r r n oo s no n n

d b ut i m l y a
,

d fa i bly a tta h d t ay a b qua l i ty f

a
e e s c e o n r ce or re e s e re o

m
,

a a a m a y
S ha
g d
oo F u t
en .h i t i w i t
rt ie r, t h S h t
s f rM en t h t n e s r o n n, n

d ab a r s mBa ec hm a by f e r f th i pi ty ; f
ns a mp l
o rc e o e r e or ex e,

Ka th i a M u i wh wa b f th ai fi ia l fla m p du d by th
m aB a
n n o s orn o e s cr c e ro ce e

hm
,

f i ti fw d b a a b y d i t f Ta pa; ad Vai h tha '

ahi ad Vya
r c on o oo , ec e r n n o n s s

Mu i b n f th orn ut a
o n U e co r es aM u i b n of rv s n s n or

af m f th fi h m
, ,

a l a at ad Ri h i yah i gaM u i b n ’

ad V i h a Chad dl a ad Na
e e o e s er n s c s e n s s r n n or

fa mi t ab
,

f a ada
a
d
’
o oe n s v r , o rn oMu i n z n r n

a f m a a ca m m
,

b o rn
g f l p i i t e l l l l
e s t h r b se Ber h a b y i tu e se e e r ns v r e

o f t h i Ta e r pa I i t t l a t h B a s . s hm noah d d p d t c e r en r n oo e en s no on

b i th ? It i s a
r l t i u t ha t h wh h a
so n o o r o squ d h i m l f i a e o s c on e re se s

Ya p f mp a i aTa
.

t ha t h wh a a a a
'

t d h t h wh

ahayai aB a
z e o e r or
p y ; s t e n nc e s s n e o

b th B a hm hm a It i l ath tha
p h ful i th t u B a
o se rv e s e r c r s t r n s c e r en

ad hi t m
.

h whe l i f i pu
ose e s re , n s e hm a; er c e er s e r e r n

m
,

ad th a t li ag ( K a l a ) h a h i t d w i h h a
a th e S hl kai th M a
n ne e t g t t s no t t Thn o o e e r. e re

re es o aaDham
s n a G d“ e n v f di p i ti r , oo ne ss o s os on

ad pu i ty a th b t f a
n r re ll t h i gs e li n a
es
g o i t a l n d n i g e e s no o e e se rv n

[S h w hrfigh m s e rvi c e , in M S ] f [Nishkri tfl a

t on e m e nt , in M S ]
3 02 W HA T CA S T E I S .

of res e c t. p If the ya a
l ad i tue b e wa be ti g t
d Vy aM uni a
r ce ro it itn v r n n o

t m
18

p tibl a Ka t h i aM u i a
,
”
c on e nd u l e e se ss n nd n n ss

m mu a
.

a m g mn a
,

th h h a a fa
Ba
o
g
er s t ue s,
g h h o f S fi d e o r s, re o s on

nd m
e

ma a
;

r
h
ns, ay p b n th l w t a
e rson s k ha a t ta
o rn 1 n i ed t e o es r n s ve n o

h a b y th p a ti f u i f mg d nd u t ( hita a
t th B a
e ve n e r c ce o n
)or T y t h
oo e co c s o s er

hm
.

f tha ai f pati ul a a i s i dl ad fa
Ba
ore e r n s o o ne l r c r r ce e n se .

Y u d t i th a
o r t th
o c r ne , hm a wap du d f mt h muth e r n s ro ce ro e

f m
o

K ha t iy a am th V a i hyaf m
,

ad th
Sh a
th th th

Ba
e s r ro e r s, th i gh e s ro e s, n e
d af m r s th f t a t b
ro e upp t d
ee , c nno hm aa t f e e s or e . r ns re no o on

pati ula a M ay p
r c r r ce h a l i d wh
n e rso n sb l g d t th ve ve o e on e o e

m
.

Ka i a tav r
[fi h a ] k
s u l aer a d tn h B aj u k a [ w a
, h m
n a ] k u l a e a d s er n n

Chaddl a hul aad y t wh i l

,

th
'
e n th y
n i t d i e th i w ld p e e ex s e n s or er

f md th Chud a m
, ,

Ka a[h a d ha i g ] ad M u j ba
,

or e e
’
r e nd ha -
sa[tyi g v n n n -
n n

th a d t i g] a nd a
[ pp l y i h ] D a a d h h d [
t d t B a
e s c re- -
s r n
g t t t nt t h i e i g n -
oo -
r ns n

hm
,

w d ] ad th at a pp p i a a ad a ft th i d a
mu u d th B a
oo n o er c s ro r e o th r ns , n er e r e s

b a m ad til l a fa hm a
b ut B a
ec e, n s re , o s n er e r n

hm a y um
.

A l l t ha t I ha a id a ve s utk w i
o r qua l ly a ns
pp l i o s no s e

c a b l t K ha e o t iya a s d tha r t th d t i
s n f th f u c a ste i ae l t g th
o c r ne o e o r s s o e er

fa l se All m a f n en at re o o e c s e

fi m ll m p d d f mn i
.

hm
.

W d ful l y ua on er th a ta o r Ba en aroc ee
; e ro o e, e. r

m g th m?
.

h w th
o a n th
en c b a f u f l d i up a
e re e b l di o i ty a
r o ns er e v e rs on e

If I h a f u ve by
o r sons wi f th f u o ne n ha i g e, fa th
e ad
o r so s v n one er n

mth mu t b a
o er ll s t ia lly a
e lik K wt
e sse n th a t d i ti ti e. f a no oo s nc on s o r ce

a m gb i g ab a
on e n s dl y m ak d by diff n
re ro f r f m e a ti ad e re c es o c on or on s n

or
g a i at i
n z t h u t h
on : f t f ths, l p h ae t i oo y doi ff t f
e e e m t h a t fn s v er e re n ro o

th h e : th a
orse t f th t ig u l i k th a
o t f th d
e er ; a dn f teh t a o d e ee r n so o e re s n

m
,

by t h a t i gl di a s n g n i ew l a t h a t
os sth a i a
e l b
e l rng t
g
d i ff ose n s e on o ve er

t a h a d th a t th f t f a K ha t iy a wa d i ff
a
But I
Ba
e n r c e s. n eve r e r e too o s r s e ren

f m
ro th a t fa hmo a n th a
r t fa S h d a A l l m a f md a
, or o l ik r . en re or e e,

ad a l al y of n a Fu th th g a
n re c e r o e r ce ti
.
g a r t h e r,l u e en e r ve o r ns, e co o r,

th figu
e th du
re , th u i
e or th re , d u a d utt a
e r ne , f th e o th o r, n e r nc e o e ox , e

buffa l th h o, the l phat th a th m k y th g a

orse , e e e n , t the h p
ss, e on e , e o , e s ee ,

t fu i h l ad i a i w h b y p a a h a i u a f
a
e c. rn s g c e rt t nos e t cs t e re o s r e e se v r o s r c es o

ai mn a l b ut i a
s l l th n p t t h B h m a n
ose re s e c s m b l t h K h ea t iy a
r res e es e s r

ma p i wi th h i m I h a i ta d
,

ad i th f
n s f th e a
e re ore o c s e r e or s e c es . ve ns nc e

a m g q ua
on d up d th di r e si ti wh i h e paa t di
v e rs es
g a c se r e v erse e n er

s mm f ma m g b i d Thu
.

I no wp d to gi
roc e e i n ta
ve nc o e ore s es ro on r s . s,
3 04 W HA T CA S TE I S .

diffe rent p fsi n a s is l a ly p d b y th a

a
ti n f
a
of

a
ro e s o s n c e r rov e e co ve rs o o

Va i ha
s m p y a na R i h i w i t h Y u d h i h th is a R j w h i h w a a sf l l w r c s s o o s

a m
,

O da h f P a d u d Y u dh i h th i a w h w a h w i m a
a
ne t e so n o n n t r , o
y s e s e se n

m m
,

f hi a j i i h i h a d i a l l y a k d V a i h a a a w
l l aB a
o
g s
g e, o n n t s n s re ve re n
p y h s e s n o

hm hm
,

a; ad wha
,

d y u a t a th ig f Ba ah d ?
maw d th fi t ig f aB a
o o c r n n re e s ns o r n oo

Va i ha
s ns e re ,
hm eai tha rs sth p n o l g r n s, e o sse ss e s on

s uff i g ad th
er n e t f th
n i tu s ad
e r s o i gui l ty f i l
e v r e d ad
, n ne v e r s o v o en e n

w ro n
g d i g;
-
t h at h
o n n a t fl h ; a e d n h
ev er e u t a s t i est t h i g n e ve r r s se n en n .

Th e se c on d ig i th a t h n
s n ta
s,k th a t wh i h b l e e v erg t a t h es c e on s o no er

wi th ut th o w e o t th ugh h e fi nd i t i t h e
’
n e r s c on se n ev en a d Th o n ro e

t h m
.
,

t h i d ign i
r s th a s, at a l l w l dl y a e ff ti s e rs ad d i ad i
or ec on s n e s re s , n s

a b l ut l y i d i ff
so e t f a n th l y id a
e re n ti o e rTh f u th wh th c on s er o ns. e o r e er

am
,

h i b
e s orn a a g d a b
n , ora t h oy i ,
lodr t u a
e s l d i e n e ve r e s o se x e s res

m
, .

Th fi fth th a
e t h p s t h f l l wie fi
osse ss e
g p u q u a l iet i o t u ot h n y ve re e s, r e rc

mm
, ,

ad f th u i a l ad p a Wh
fB a
lb
ah d I ak wl dg t b aB a
co n o e se n se s, n ve rs e n e vo e n c e , n e n nc e . oe ver

p th fi ig hm
i aS ha
h
d a Ba
osse sse s e se ve s ns o r n oo c no e e o e r

ma; ad i f h p th m t h hm a
a
n n ,
e o ss e s s e no nh e d d s r r oo e

m
, .

p d t a (Ka la ) b i h J
( ) p a
m i If aChada
en s no on r c e o t ti t h r f r , f n or o n e e r or nce o c er

ta i l a i tu u a dp a
aB a
n c e re on e s . n th
Is v r ig b o s, n os se sse s e s ns ov e

no e t d h , hm
e 18 a O h l Yudh i h th i af m ly thi w l d f
r n . s r , or er In s or o

o u th rs wab ut
e re at Th di i i i t f u at
s one c s e eigi a t d
v s on n o o r c s es or n e

A ll m w e b f w m
.

wi th d i i ty f i t a
v e rs d a a o ti r es n v oc on s . a n en er orn o o

i l ik m
n ae A l l a ubj t t th
nn e r a m phy i a
re s l ec i ti o ad e s e s c n e c e ss es , n

m ga ad
.

h a th a But h wh du t i u i f m ly
a
ve e s e or ns n se nse s . e o se c o n c s n or

d a B h m a a f w h a S h d a a ’

d a Th S h a
i d i i b h i i l
Sha
g oo s r t t n n e o
y er w se e s lI r e, o er

t h aa d a wh th th h ad p
Ba
n r . e r o, on th e e o er n osse sse s es

hm
,

i tu i a a
Sh a
v r es s r n.

O h Yudh i h th i a 1 If a s d a b
r up i t th a l l u em
r nt e s f er or o e r e s o

m a
,

th fi e n
ve s e s t g i se h i c h a i t
o y i a i vet u t h t w i l l b r w a d ds i n v r e e re r e

at b ut l y m
,

h a e v en H d . t hi ee no ak h i qua
s c s e, li ti Wh on r s e s. oe v er

w l l ad i a dy t b fi t th p nd i g
y ad igh t i g d at u h a i aB a
i th i l i f
n s d e e v er oe s e n s e v er re o ene o ers, s e n

hm
,

hi das s n n s n oo a ad wh
c s, s c n o ne s r n n o

e v er, l i n qui hi ng w l d l y wa
re s y m pl y hi ml f l l y i n th
or s, e o s se so e e

Th w d i th e or igi a l i n Ta p a we hi h
or w a
n a u
s t m d t t al a
s, t c e re cc s o e o r ns e

p a en n c e , ad I h a f l l w d th u a
”
n gve t h u g h
o o a et i m we ul d b a
s e,b tt o sce s
”
o e e er

w d or T h p ud Ta
. e
p a w
ro h m th y g d s,
g a d w i t
oh d a de v er d a mfo s re r re n ev e r re s o

ad a
,

c on t ri tion n rep en t nc e .
 BUDD HI S T VIE W O F CA S T E .
3 05

aqui iti f M k h asu h a

c s on o n n a lo i a s Ba hm acn ; a d wh o e so s r n oe v er

f m f l i f ad f mw l d l y a
,

re rf a i ns d t u ti ro es r c on o ff ti e,ad i l n ro or ec ons , n ev

at ad i f f mpai n ad b akbi ti g u h a a l i a
Ba
c s, n s re e ro ss o n n c n s c on e so s

m m
,

r hm a ad wh p n n k ha d [f g i ose
] d a
o sse sse sy [d y ]s or v e n ess e rc

m
, ,

da a[ ubj ti f th p ai ] dd a[l i b a
s ec on o l i ty ]
e atya[t uth ful
ss on s n er s r

m
, ,

n e ss
] h au hs a a [ p u i ty ]
c a r [a
nti k w l e d g r f l aw ] g j h i a '

i [ t no e o v c en

m
, , ,

d ] i d i [l a i g] a d i a [ d i ] i a
Ba aha
e rn e s s
y v n c y e rn n t e t v nc n sc e rn en c s

hm p f mth B a hm
, , , ,
.

r a O h Yudhi shthi aif ap

n r ,
y a e rso n e r or e r c r

mi t f i t i g a
.
,

for o neigh t th n te t h a th a
er t f at hou ad
o s re er n o s n

m
,

sai fi (Ya
cr j a
c es
) A d w h n h a ad a l l t h
n V é d a a osed p f d s re e s, n e r or e

mmad ad p h ib it i f th
.

a l l th Ti tha ad b d a
Ba
l l th
S ha
e r s, n o se rve e co n s n ro ons o e

t au h a
s r ,
s i a c hm ai ad wh
n on e s ha r i ju d a n n ose s nev e r n re

se n ti t th i g by a
en t w d n th ugh t su h a c p or ha l l i t atl y
or o c e rson s ns n

hm
, , ,

b a b o b d (a t hi d a th ) i Ba a S u h w th w d f
a
e s r e s e n r c e re e or s o

m m m
.

Va i ha a a O h f i d d i i h ab d i u i
at B a
s p y y n
y g t r en es n n e ov e sc o rse s,

hm ad th sh ul d aqu W d mby
.
, ,

th a t a l l ig a
nor n
n r s n o e rs o c I re Is o

st udy i g i t a n d ta k t th igh t wa n
y L t eth m
o i f t h
e r y a p p i t e e e rov e

t l t th m gl d m i ti
, .
, ,

h d i t ; ad i f th y a
ee pp n it e t it a
ro ve no ,
e e ne ec s on on s .

O f th e ti m e of th e produc ti on of th i s c urious ad n
pun

g e nt tr at c ,
i t i s diffi c ul t to for ma pi n o n i on . M r H odg son .

s a
y s, a th a
W ho uth wa wh A sh v h aG h osh , e or, s, en e

fl u i h d ad wh I a t a ta A l l th a
t Népa
o rs e i n t i ere , c nn o sc e r n s

f hi m
.

k w no a n o l i th a t h waa Ma ha —Pa n di t s, e s , or

g a t
re ag a d w t s b i d th l i
e,tt l t a ti n w ro e , es es e e re se no

t al a
r nst d tw l a g Ba u
edd h a w k f h i g h o
p u t rth er or s o re e, e

m f whi h a m ti d i a t Bu uf ak
,

n a es o
“
c re en one n no e . rn o s s

w h th A h ae G h sh a
er wath l b a t d d
s v t Wh o s e ce e r e ev o ee, ose

n am i d d i Chi by M ami g (th i f a

e s ren e re n n e se n e vo c e o

h )
orse a d wh a ,
di g t th nJa pa E y p l o di a c c or n o e n e se nc c o e ,

w a th tw l fth Buddhi t pa t i ah a ft th d a f
S ha
s e e th s r rc er e e o

kya Mu i mm md n d t f th a n m
or soe e ore o er e vo e e o e s

Buddh aChai t aKayaad th r r v ,

n e adi M ukb augh h a
N n A ada a s os v n ,

ad ks Ho dgson s Il l of Li t ad R l f th Buddh i t
’
n oth er wor . . . n e . o e s s,

pp 1 93 4
.
-
.
3 06 WHA T C A S T E IS .

n m
a ea mi l i d t b l i tha
“ I nc t th w k hab
ne o e e ve e or s een

l g k w t a a
.

on nog t n, l o t t re th e r or e s s e x en eve n on e con

ta
,

a W
aB a a f th t w f Na t Bh pa
ti n ent f I d i o M ni l k i b i d hi r
py f i t nson o ne s co o

f m hm
. .

ro r n oik a l i C ta
e o l n o s o n en r

m
,

a R D G l a a a a a
a
I ndi T h e g w l evt l y t r t s o e sen e c

m a l ib ay ff d f p i a
.

a
. .

a d B h
’

a
l g
o u f e od ece se r t n s r r o ere or r v e

a d i it a t a Th Va a ”
s l I b
e o se rv e n j S h h i
n e n r nc e e r c

ad hai g ak d thi t at ad bta

.

v n s e i d i t th ugh s r c n o ne ro

f m
n , ,

a a
a
th k i de y
n n e ss o l d f i d I fi d t h t i t
e rn e
p f r en n ro e sses

m
,

t b th
o e p i ti e co f th l b a
os t d S h a
on ok a a A h y a e ce e r e n r
'

c r

( f
o t h i gh t h
e e t u y f t h C h i
c enti a a ) thr pyo h a i g e r s n er e co v n

ma ma
,

d i Sa t l 8 45 A D 1730 T h fi t pa
a
b e en e n v t -
e rs r

m ab i f mmit um may
. . .

f t h i B h a
s i t a t
r i i n c re se s re e or er s r

m
o

f th a g u e t f rth B u dd h
eni t t a to a w il l a pp ea s r c s e r

m
o

m a a a
,

f ro t h f l l w i g l i
e t aol t o l ti n w h i h I erk f i t r ns on c e o

a
.

He re th e V a
j aSrhamati N dl ] i w i tt
hi [th c e Ad n ne ee e s r en.

Ha i O ml I b gi t pub li h th A da
'

m ati N dl th p i
a f th Sh a
r e n o s e n ne ee e, e e rc er

t ath tigm af th d ti tut f k w

Ba
o f th i g e n or n c e o e s r e s o e es e o no

m t f th i t l l ig t Tha hm
,

a a i th
a
l dg
e th
e, e o rn en t th
o e n e en e r n s e

m
.

c h i f f th f u
e o at (Vana e o ) rt h Bc h a
s esn K h a t i ya V
r a
-
i h y a e r s r s

t f th b y th S m
,

ad S h d ai d l ad i th V éda a
, , ,

nd i
'

B a
n ll r , s ec re n e i ti s, s se or e r s

hm
.

Wha t i th a a ll d a a
a
A d th i i th b gi
n s ing
s e et wh i h i
nn . s c s c e r n

I i t b dy (déha
a )
I i t l if
s e 7 I i tsb i th (j ) ot i I i t l u s r s co o r

a aa a a a m a
l i ty (dha
( ) I i l i (p d i ) I i l i i ( d h
v r t g s ty e s t
rn n
g )
n re on r

I i t l ib a
s er m i kya ) I i t w k r
(k a m a) Th a tsh or s r e se re e

e igh t bj ti s (b ugh t f wa
o ec on d) ro or r .

Fi t upp e th a t L i f i th t hi g Th it b i g th f m
l l m l i f a t b th B a
rs , s os e s e n en , e n so , e or

mi a
.

f l i f b i g th a hm a
a
o e e n e s e n en , e c nno e e r n

m m
.

A d a g a
n i u pp th B
n, s h a t b ose B dy Te h f r t h n o e o en , ro e

d i a ad m ta l l m d w t th
.
,

l i ty a ppa t i th b dy f a
Cha da a t b th B a
se s e n or re n n e o o en o n o e

l ai t i id t th a t b dy hm a A ga
i f b dy h th B a
n s ev en o i c n no e e r n. n,

hm a th f mth m
,

o e e r a tin, f th b di
en ro e c o nc re on o e o es

Introd uc t . a l Hi stoi re d
’
aBuddhi mI s e ndie n, i . pp . 2 15 1 6 -
.
3 08 WHA T CA STE I S .

a L ib a l i ty b supp th B a hm a
a
A g in i f er d t e ti tut ose n th o c ons e e r ere

am
,

re ay K h a n t iy aV a
s i hyaad Sh d a wh h a gi
r s, s s,
gn i ft f r s, o ve v en s o

da a a
ti tut th B a
ugh t g i f
e rs,t f w s ogi f t co f g o l d g
s,i ft f h b u f
s of l d th s o s e- oe s n ere

hm
,

l ib a l i ty d a
a
fo re er t oe s n o c on s e e r n.

W ha t th [ en t i tu t t
c on sh B h m an] ?
es H wh e th i m
r p t f e o se e s e or o

Ba r hm aa l al y a wh h l d [th f ui t f th ] A m
s c e r s one o a la k ai hi
o s e r o e
'
n s

h ad ad wh i wi th ut l u t a
n n o s g o h a t d ts
[a d h a ] q u i
n e r, t a d re e c n s e n

i t ad f mwh m
.
,_ , ,

t a l a u p id y d i f l l y a d
a m d i d l ad t b aB a
se lf -
re s r n n
p
ro o e s re , r e , en v e s re , o n

hm
, , ,

th il a ff ti a A
S ha
o er e v ec ons re re ov e s ec re o e r n

mi g aB a hm
, .

d a by b i th b
r r ec o ahayai d l ad t b ad j a
n r c r s ec re o e vz
'

p a é a m a a a
B a
(one t w i b ce ); yb orn ti i th e V d
r c h bce o V in
p ( i s, e ec es r n n

ah b e ma
- -

t l l ig
e t n );a
en o d b y th e k wl dge f B a
e n hm no e km a
o r , e co es r n .
‘

T hi s i i ai
subs t nce th t of th e Buddhi st a a
a
s n son n
g re

aa
V j r S h chi The tr c t proc e e ds to dispose of th e repre a
a
.

a u
a
s e n t ti on s n ow qu ote d on th e us l prin cipl e s of th e Vé
a
d n ti sts — aa
n ot di sp r gin g th e c ste of the Br h a n s, butma
h ol din g th e kn owl e dg e of Br h am a
t o be e sse n ti l to i ts a
p e rfe c ti on . It a
pp a t m th a
t i t auth t
e rsh u i g i o e s or s n en

onel y se e ks t w a
o k th Buddhi t a
e g um
ent w hi h m u t e s r en , c s

h ab ve e en c urre nt in th e c ountry before h e c on si de re d it

e x pe di e n t to inte rfere wi th i t .

a
a aa a
A n d h ere i t i s proper to th obse rve th t th oug h e

V i sh n v ma
Br h ns, the md taia
l f ll w -
o e rn se c r o o e rs

f Vi sh nu h a mt a b u dl y a l l g d th a t Buddha
ta a
o -
ve os s r e e

m
,

waa d s t (a a a
) a
e sc en d th S h ai a B h va r , n e v r n s,

th ta ia l f ll w f S hi a t h a
— t h wa a a
a
e se c r o o
p l ers o v e s e rson

maif ta
,

nti ( p u a
esd h d a) f V
oni sh n uq
“
rf
f t d f th r n o e ec e or e

a aa aa aaa a a
Sh nk r A ch a aj a
ry v i ri c b t y n up n i sh t sub odh i n y n V r S h fi ch f, pp 1 4 .
-
.

1 Th en i n th e c ourse of the Ka
l i (Yuga
) for di s tre ssi ng th e
m m
,

i e s of th e S ur a (g ods
) a
h e wi l l b e b orn
h Kik t aa a
a
e ne s , g t on e s, s

Buddha th e son of An j a a Bh
n
gaataP u aa
”
i v r n 3 24 S ee
ai m
. . .
, ,
.

paa
g ss es of il a k i
s r nd referre d to in Kenn edy on A nc i e n t ad
n

Hindu M th ol og y y p
,
. 2 50 .
 BUDDHI S T VIEW O F CA S TE . 3 09

u
p p
r os e ofmit f a ight u ki g
de stroying th e er o r eo s n

w th th y a mi t d p i g m
a
,

wh o se ll g
or
p tieti e e c e n o e ress n co e on

wi th that f th g d th ml
o th y ha a
ll a
l g i g htl y
e o s e se ve s, e ve on r

i t p t d th p i ip l
n e r re e f Buddhi mwhil t
e u u ly r nc es o s e s ren o s

i h m
a
o
pp g t
os n e .

aa a
aa aT
In th e in te re stin g N tk , P
or l y, e n ti tl e d th e

rt a
.

M ri c hc kh k ti k , or oy Ca , tt ribute d to ki ng S fi dr k aa
ad
,

n su
ppo se d by a b
P rofe ssor H H Wil son to h ve ee n

m
. .

co p d a ose bout a tu y b f th Ch i ti a a a
c en r e ore e r s n er

Sh a maa ka B ddhi t m di a
,

r n or II
’
nt i
p t d a s en c s re re sen e s

th u m m
, ,

s s
g g

Be v i rtue , y st frie n ds, y our onl ore ,

A d ntl a pp ti t t a
re s i e ss e e res r n,

Ba tm di tati d um ad ’
e e on s r n so re

Y u wa
o t h a rg a
i t a h c m ai tai ns e c se n se n n

Th thi f tha
e t ti l l i a
em bu h l i s n s e s,

T m w a
,

a
ok d ti l th h i p i
e e vo on s
’
e s r z e.

C at th fis s all a
e way v e se n se

mpl e th i tu u wi ll
,

Tha t t a
’
r o er e v r o s

f self i m
,

Th p i d e r p tac l a
e o y or n e s

ac m el e ki l l
,

A d ig
n nor n e re ors ss

S ha
o sll y u a f th b dy gua od s e e o r ,

A nd Hea n h a l l be y u l at ewa
ve d s o r s r r .

Why sh a v e t he he a d a nd m o w th e c h i n

Wh i l e b ri stl i ng foll i es c h ok e th e b reast

A ppl y th knif e e to pat r s wi thi n

A n d h ee d not h ow defor md th e e re st

at of p i de ad pai n w
Th e h e r r n ss o ee d ,

A nd th en th m an i p u e i n de e d e s r .
"

Wi l son ’
s Hi n du Th e a
t re , v ol . i p 1 22 Th e s p i ri t of th e a
l p aa
o ri g i ng ss e

a d mh a
. . .

S t e nz l er 1 12) i s he re prese rved , t h oug h c on si der bl f

(
’
se e s t ex t , p . e ree o s

b e en use d i n t h e t r aan sl ti o n .
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

a a a
°

The p rty th us c h unting wi th Buddhi stic l proprie ty,

a a aa
wh o i s represente d s origin l l y m aa a
S vdh k , — b ody
a am
s erv n t, or g a aa
bl er, i s l so set forth s s yi n g wh en
a a a a
bout to l e ve h is orig in l work, a
L dy, on c c oun t of
th di g a f thi g a m ma
S ha
e bl i g p f i
s r ce o I wil l b s n ro e ss on ec o e

kyaS h am aa ka t hu i ti m
“ ati g th r mti by p s n n e o v e,

f m pa
,

whi h a di g t th Buddhi t
c c c oria
l n ti o e s soc re or , r es

at f th Hi du w
,

of th l w e o erft i flu c d s es o e n s ere o en n e nc e

i th i aum
n pti f
e r B u d dhi t m
ss d i a y A i m il a
on o s en c nc s r

mti i tha t by whi h m

.

o ve ay pati f th l w at
s c n r es . o e o er c s es

of th Hi du a i flu e d wh th y j in th
n s l ig i u
re n e nc e en e o e re o s

a
a
d y
In th Ka
orders of th e p re se nt

S ka
.

n daf th
h i Kh a e ndaPu nad s t d o e r e vo e

f mf Hi dui m th e f ll wi g a a
,

to i a
th Sh a e v id or o n s , o o n re s

to be th e Buddhist te
c hi n
g s of Vi sh nu —
re spo n d in
g t o th e a
ma
,

a a a
a
c l l of S hi v , to dopt e sure s for e ffe c tin
g t h e i nj ur
y
of the ri gh teous re ign of kin g Di v od s , whose eri t a m
p reven te d th e re turn o f a
S hi v to hi s own c ity Ké sh i
Thi s order of th ings a l ly m ( a ai f t (th a
a
)
s nsdr
i t i ha s e tern n es s s

i g) ; (t i t) th i th a a
a
no b gi e nn n i o t e re ti s It i
ne er c re or n or c re on . s

self i t t a d
e x s en lf ti g ui h d
n F mB a
se -
ex hm n t a ( g st aebl ) ro r o ve e e

m m
-

, .

pi k h i i fi d i a b d il y f T h ul (A d ) a d
a
t t
'
n s c on ne n n
s y e g ev e r o or e so

m
.

G d (I h a
o a ) a s i d
v r t i a l t h re y a ten t w c f B ah V i
e h u re no o or r s n

ad I d a t a m l y m aw a d m
, ,

n n r , e c i a l di ti ti
re ere no n i s nc o ns, s e re e no

l t i m u b di
.

a A a u atu a p ih
a
t d t t e c s o r n r e o r o es

m
n e er s

m
.
,

so ( th ) bo di f
er Bo ah es, t a fly
ro p i h a t th i
r a t u a lo ,
er s e r n r

I th P a k i taf th pl a y th igi a l i n s TW r eré f q r a '

B ? "
‘ ‘
e o
n e r r o e , e or n s e

W W W W £ a a W d
?
:

1 b i i S k i i l 3
3
maa
T 7 ? 3 11 -
g t e n 1 5 0 n ns r 3

wa
.
, ,

i s
-
M fiI
t HT Se e th e a y
c reful l e d i te d tex t of S te n z l er,
pp . 3 9 40 ; 1 9 5
-
.

1 T he n ma
a id t
e s o be aumd b y Vi shnu wh
ss e , en he se t to th e p rop g t i on aa of

h ere sy .
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

a
n ce th ere i s no oth er d el i v e r a n ce a
wh tso ev er . a
Th e tot l d e struc ti on
of d esi re ad pa
ni i i th n s n e h i gh est se nse th e e x ce ll e n t d e li v e r ance

( ijv ndno -

p aamm krha ) th i o o s s i s to b e und e rstood by th e p e r c e i v e rs of

d i sti nc ti o ns . Thi s i s th e S hr u
ti s opk en b y th e l e a rn e d i n th e V ed s a
The re i s to b e no kil l i ng of ay
n l i v i ng b ei ngs ( a
th e s c rifi c i l a Ri ch

b egi nni ng wi th ) A gni sho b ege ts b ewil der en t to ure m

a e rso n s , for m p p
t o i nte l l igen t o ne s th e re i s n o uth ori t t o i ts i ng th e d e st ruc ti on ofa y ma
k
amni a ls aT h t th e c utti ng o f t re es, th e sl ugh te ri ng of n i l s, the a am a
ma
.

k i g th g u d
n e ro n re d wi th th e ' b urn i ng of oil -
gi v i n n g p l at ad s n

la l a a i mt
tta a
,

c i fi d b ut t
r e dt e r, e o th e n en of he v en p
i s sur ri si ng “ .

The doc trine s prop g te d by th e aa Buddhi sts, th ose

— of

a
th e e tern l e xi sten c e of th e uni v erse f th g a ti f a , o e ne on o

C a t
re ad a a or ti n f th i d ti ty f c re on,ul i a
oll e en o so n

ex si ti g f m f th n a
or tu a l u
s, o f g wth ad d a
e n r
y c o rse o ro n ec

ad pl au ad pa
n e s i f th u i
re na l i ty f th f a f
n, o e n ve rs o e e r o

bi th ad d a
r th a
n m g ti t b i g f th g a
e on t i tu
se n en e n s, o e re v r e

o f th p e a ti f l if
re se rv i i t l w t f m f th
on o e e ven n s o es or s, o e

ev il f a imoa l aifi ad th d t u ti f g ta
n s cr ce n bl e es r c on o ve e e

g row th — a al l h p l a i
re l y t f th I
eret i l y t h
n se or s on e

th paa
.
,

d t i
oc r ne f pi i t i ol di s r
g q
n vo veu t d h w n e ss e o e o

ab a m
,

e v e r, whi h pp
c l i d tc th n i ti g ae ti f th e o e on o e

p ird f a
e ot V y p
c i
s e thi ubj ert a th t
re c se on a h s s ec re e e c

muth f L a k hm
.

i g i th
n s n t t put i t th e c on ex i th
n o e o o s e

m
a
,

p
s o u f V i
se os h u w h u d th n f t o u i a K
n er a u e n e o z n

m th u m
,

ud z a d t h l d f th a
18 s ft a e l l udi g t th
o o or , er n o e

p p ro n e ty f j i
y g b d il
o
yp l
en o a u w h i
n h i o
p ul i a e s re s , c s no ec r

te ne t f th Buddhi t
o e Th thi t b a utiful da
s s ug h t e r ee n e ers

o f Da k ha w mai d t Kahya
s ere
p a t h rr e f M a oi hi s e son o r c

m
,

(th be th f
ro D ak h a ) er oP p l f a ll s u d t a di g eo e o s n e rs n n

t tim ki d f m
.

o f th p e re se n i d tha t uh a e c on s aia
er
g s c n o rr e

a ada aa a a
aa
K sh i Kh n , of (
th e S k n d 7 P ur n n. 58 80 108
.
-
fo l . 34 3-
of MS . of Dr .

Bh u D f j ) .
 BUDDHIS T VIE W O F C A S T E . 3 13

i s fi t, ad n
y e t n ot fit Th e four c at a p s es re roduc e d fro m
muth am thigh ad f t thi wa th fa
.

th e l n

m
o r oo : s s

im
e se

a a a
, , ,

g i ti f l d tin H w f u p du
on o d o en es o c n o r son s ro ce

f m m b dy h f paa
.

ro th a t at Hi
( g )
e s h a t e o e o se r e c s es c s e

ad
n at ( a a ua
l ow mac
) a
s e t t
v b t h
rn ug h t f
d re n o o e o o

m g m a t t b ta
.

Di ti ti s a
nc on s k
on
g i a en f re n o o e en c o n z nc e o

by ay n at a y ti m one a t a yp l a n e or n ce .

O ly n
p l a a ti a
on e e x
g di g th B ud d h
n i t i w on f re r n e s v e o

C at ma
s e rei t b ma d T h ugh it i
ns o i d t b th
e e o s ev en o

f m th t ti m y f th Buddhi t th ml
.
,

ad f
mi th B a
ro e es on o e s s e se v e s n o

th i e r e ne hm a th a es t th y pp e d Ca r t a n s, e o ose s e s

faath y w
r s abl a di g t th
e ere ig i e f th c c or n o e ex e n c es o e

ti m i whi h th y l i d th y a
es n c tua l l y a am
e att ve f , e c , s er o

p ol i y ftc wi k d ato i t en i t in I d i ae i ty s e x s e nc e n n n soc e

W hil i t wa t ai d by th mi t f ig
, .

e s no c u t i
rr e it e n o ore n c o n r e s,

wat l a s ted th ug h di pa
o er a g d b
, y t h om w h t h y s r e , e e re v e r e

f u d th y h a d b d d b A a '
o n
p e y y u l
e en T h y re c e e r n r e . e

i n v en te d, too in c onne x i on wi th i t th e ir o wn l e g e n dry

mwha
, .

A l l thi s i s bun d a atl y n ev i dent fro t w e fin d to be the

st a
t fm
att e o ad f C yl
ers in M re
g ad r to th e i sl n o e on . r

T l f y i th A pp di t L d Va l ti a T al
.

o re ,
n e ay en x o or en
’
s r ve s, s s,

Th h i wh i h w w a i al l d b
ha
p e e oc
(y n th c e no re s c e e

Buddhi t ) th M a bh a d a Ka l pa p i u t whi h a
”
s s e r re v o s o c

d m f m
,

th u a
o il l i
s n il l i f w ld ( a kaa l ) ha
on s o on s o or s s v s ve

b e end t y d Li i g
e s ro atu w g
e a t d h w v n c re re s e re re e ne r e o

m m
.
,

i th hi g h
e ve r, n g i a d bea B a
h a w i th ut
e r re on s, n
'
ec e r s, o

Ka h i Kh adai i 5 8 1 09 1 2 3 (M S fol T h e l ege nd of

da
s n ,
.
,
-
. .

Di a v aad Buddhaaf u d i th i
s n ,
s o n n s wo r k ,
i s, i n a
sub st n c e ,
g i v e n

b y Vab K dy i h i R
s ah s i e nne n s e se rc e n A n c i e nt ad Hi n n du M y th gy ol o

dui mpp
,

pp 42 3 43 1 S a
. l A uth
-
Fi . ee so or s
’
rst Ex p o s ure of Hin s , .

1 3 7 1 40
-
.
 WHA T CA S TE IS .

a nd i s ti nc ti on of c ste S o e of th ese Br h a
s re turne d m ama
m
y
.

to th e worl d, whi c h th ey for erl y i nh bi te d, on th eir a

be ing re produc e d, but fro v ri c e de g en er te d to suc h maa a a
a
de gre e th t th ey be g n to ste l a
Upon th is, qu rrel s a a
mg mad th
.

a a rose on th e n ere being no c hi e f to de c ide

m
,

th e se di spute s th e i r wi se e n re fl e c te d th t t h e worl d a
m
,

a
woul d not be in proper st te with out so e kin d of go a
v e r n e nt m Upon thi s th ey sel e c te d fro on
g th e mam m
mwh mth y a
.

ap e rson re nown e d for wisdo pp i o e o n te d to be

m
,

th eir kin g, s ai
y g n to hi ‘
T ho u at u ki g ; w wil l
r o r n e

ub ta w m
,

g i at f th
ve to th e e on e te n th p -
r o e s s a
y aq ui
nc e
; e c re

a a a ul
b e th ou j udg e , n d T hi ki g wa
’
r er ove r u s s n s

m m taa m
.

ca ll d M aha
eSa a p u d w d; wh i h i g i fi co o n or c s n es

t a m l t d by m
,

ag a bl y [ a
re th sse ay] t i di a rt e r on e e e c e n o n c e

t fm
,

th a t h hadb e h e by th e en ay p pl “
c os n e c on se n o n eo e

t mt m
.

T h ta e s ad by M S p
e Ha
en s dy a
g wi th t h i e r . en c e r re e s

c on de n se d v ie w of the Buddhist the ory of the ori

g i n of

th e ri n c ip a
l Cat s es T h e king, h e te l l s us, w aa
ll d
s c e

am
p .

a a Kh tiyo Ksh a
tri y a Br h a wh
ll d B a
or ; t h e s, o c on c urre d in
a m
a
i pi ous proc e edin gs, were
maath
the suppre ssi on of h c e r

n s a ose a Va i hya;
who c quire d we l th, Ve ss , or s s

ad th wh w a
n ose ddi t d t h u ti g S ud da S h hd af
o e re c e o n n , , or r sx

S a
e verl li t f Ca t s s
p f i
o a g i b y M
s es or ro e ss on s re ve n r

m a p i i pa
.

T lf y
o Th i
re d i ati e r l ly d i den o n ons re r nc e r ve

f m d a im
.

ro th S ak i t a e il at th
ns r ta i d i th
,
n re s r o ose c on ne n e

I di al i t whi h w ha
n n s s v a
l a
d y i t
c d T h y a e e re n se r e . e re

sai d t ha b o titut d i
ve d t
e e n c ons th f u e n or e r o serve e o r

sup i Ca t
e r or s es .

L a a T al i ii p
ord V l enti
’
s r v e s, . . 48 8 9 -
.

1
'

l f Buddhi smp 6 6
M aua n o , . .
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

a aknd d a
It h d i ts poets i n th e e rl y g es of the
r ness a a
m
.

worl d ; b ut t he y c o pose d, n d s n g nd rec i te d , princi a a a

m
,

lla f r th e a
sel v es n d the g ods o f th e ir i nv e n t i on nd a
m
o
p y
re c o g ni ti on . It h a
d it p s ri ests, ore nu m e ro us
p e r ha
p s

a
t h n those o f ay th n o er c oun tr
y, b ut th e y ke p t their
k n o wl e dg e wi th i n their o wn c irc l e, ma ki ng o f i t n en tire a
m on o pol y . a
It h d i ts th inkers ad wi m
n se en ; b ut their
”
l i ps did n ot d i sperse k n o wl e d g e , b ut e n oi n e d
j the

p rese rv ati f i
on o t aa b d y fs t o t b o m m u i
sec re s a t d o e co n c e

on l y t pa o ti ul a l a
r c f m ad a
r c sses o m g t th l y en, n on s e se on

t th
o d i i pl i d ad i i tia
e sc ne t d n It ha n d it p i e . wh s r nc e s o

p a t i
ro n z e d i t b a d a s d u l
r s g i t n b u t
e th o
p i s s e se r nc es

e nc o ua g rd th e b a d a
e se d u l g
r s i t t n d ael w i t h o fl a t s s o e

t i
e r es ad fa n bl ad t with fat ad p i i pl
es n no c s It n r nc es .

ha d i t p ul iai ti l é ab ut th i
s ec r c s
p a k i gg a l l
s, s e
y w a n e ne r s

im m m
, ,

s
pyl a l i d fi
c e nseti a d gc a t i
on , a ti o t h a t a t c sse r on

te rs
( i t hn i i e r
g u i t in c ona d pr u i l
esi ti b yn d th er es e on e

s
p h f
e re o at i a
r l b l i onf) w e a i d
e t b a
e re s d w i t h uot e so n so , o

f
re e re n c e t th i o a l i g i ad i um
e r re or tan ti anl It n
c rc s n s co

whi h m
.

t t d i t l f wi th b a g
en e se a l gi are l ta blen e o ack e s, c e no

d i t i ti
s nc b tw
on th d i i
e e en th h e i ad t h h um
v ne , e a ero c , n e n,

ad i t whi h w th u t a
n n o c e re
p yp h a l
r s a d di ti oc rw h ons e n e ver

a wp w
ne o dy a
e r or ty h w n s b u o waa i u t
e ve r o sc re , s nx o s o

t a im
,

in v en d la n th p
c ti g ef ati q ui ty
re s e oWh th n en ese

ti m th y w
.

ta bl ail y f d t l a at u
Bha
e s n ec e ss r t
re e rre o er e s, e e re c

a t f th a i a a a a
Pu a
ll y se or th , s n
g t V
e i sh n u d v th n o er

na
, ,

r t ah
s , no i l s c f th pa
ron c es o t but ap ph i e sf s ro e c es o

ad d l pm t it ith
,

t h futue reIt .
w p g s o n ro ress n eve o en ne er,

aa q u
,

s c onse b enc e , d o serv e d d Th

n or re c or e ly e on

m
.

g l i p i t
se s i t n o
pa t w h i s h i t s l f fu i ch d w se b t a i d rn s e e re o ne

by ai a
oc c l
s on t th re n s l n il f it m e
y vet y y b o t h s s er e
 PEE P A T IND IA N S O CIETY BY T HE G REE KS . 3 17

v i ol ent ad f taiai mai th a f Buddhi m

h n o se c r n s s n e c se o s

tt m m a
,

ad th a
n o er
p t t d i fye h g s i t o
g a lo d or c n e s e ner c ree

m m m
.

It k pt a
e ve n l f a e ft it a ly a
oo g f er s e r es, ro co e rc e

ad m mu i with ighb u i g a
,

n co n on ti whi h i t
ne o r n n o ns, c s

o w n son sw f bi dd t
e re i it or p a i f enl i g i u o v s on n o re o s

d p i a
e ti
r v on .

It i th fa s t th a t I dia
e hath u
c t p k n f h lf s s no s o en or e rse

tha t gi uh a ves s
g a t i t c t t th t ire t ak f
n e re s i t o e no c es en o

in i wi th th
c o nn e x on a ti ad t ib whi h by e n on s n r es c

i i ti g i t
v s n h s ugh t t s ay i t p d u ti t
ore s so o c rr s ro c ons o

d i tat l ad ; ad t th
s n n s b anti ma do eth o se rv on s e on e

b d or f it t
e rs o it i wi th i i t
s err w b u da
o r es or i by n s o n o n r es

th wh h a
o se ugh t t a
o q ui i t
ve so i g ty o tc re s sove re n or o

ma
,

i ta i wi th i t a
n n g d u d t a d i g i oo i w i
n e rsth n n n c onn e x on

t h e i r n ei g h b o uri n g c ol oni e s . T h is i n tere st i s n o w en

h a n c ed te n fol d , wh en th e v at ad s n n on re v i e we d
-
a
l i ter t ure
of a
l l it
In d i is i n a s de pa t m
r t en s, in t hi s c ri tic a
l a
g e,

pa i g i t
ss n th h a d n o e n s of th ose wh o a re co mp t e en t to

ob i t i di a
ser ve ti s n c pi ri t,
o ns,n d to c stt o i n te rpre t i ts s a a
t h e l igh t wh i c h i t yi el ds on the p th o f i ts p st d v nc e a a aa
m aen t , n d o n th e
p re se n t st t e o f i ts soc i e t ,
y n d i ts a a
h
p y a d iti
si c l c on on

F ma
.

l l t h p pl
ro f a ti q ui ty b ugh t i t
e eo e o ta t n ro n o c on c

wi th I d iaw h ul d
n
p t t h e s m t f
o m t h G ex k ec e os ro e re e s

d aul ti a
.
,

T h y ha e t d i t l l ig nc ad t u i ity ad
v e n e e c e, r en c r os n

m
, ,

exce
p t a d i fi d sb y a i doi a t t ei b ual p id f l i
n nor
g n e r r e, ee n s

of a th l i i ty
c o t d wi th a
c l l th a t
c on n e c e ul d b ha at co e c r c er

i d aaa
z e
pp s i mna ti n t i il i a
t
ro xi It w a am
o
g o c v z on s on

th m
.

tha
e t th hi t i a l fa ul ty p p l y
e s or c al l d wa c ro er so c -
e s

fi t drs l p d i eve o t d d e mp h i n e x en ad e co re e n s ve n e ss n

lab i u or o ah Hi t y
s rese rc —. l a ni g s or e r n or
3 18 WHA T C A S TE 1 s .

kno wi ng by i nq uiry ad n th e kn owl ed g e or ma

i n for
ti on

im m
,

s o o bt a
i d ne ath i w w d ad th
,
— w s e r o n t or n e
p ro v e en

o f th h i t i a
e l fa
s or c ul ty wa th i c w gl y Th y s e r o n or e

mg a t af m whi h th d m
.

b l g d t th a
e on e o e s e re i at
r ce ro c e o n n

I dia th A ya h a d p ug fa
'
n n s, e r ns, Th i f th s r n e r ore ers,

mmb f
.

A ya ha
’
wi th th f th
ose o d l g b
e se r s, on ee n e e rs o

th a
e s mfa mil y ad mm
e u i ty an d ha d ha
co d th a mn n e s e

m p h th a m g d ad
,

s oc ial i th
c on n e x o n s, a e s e s ee c e s e o s, n

m l igi Th q u ti a
,

th a
e s e re on t e u wh es on s o nc e oc c r, en

mmu i i ub qu t tim
.

w e re a l i th i i t
ze e r n e rc o n on n s se en e s,

D i d th G e k ree
g i s t h i
re c o m t b u
n zet l l a e r re o e c ose re

ti n hi p wi th t h A ya? di d th y p I di a
'
o s e r i i
s e e rc e ve n n

th m e ay l m t f th i m
n e e en s o m p h ? d i d th y e r co on s eec e

di sc o v e r th i d et ity aaen l g u p i ti or f th G n ia
o o s os on o e re c n

ad I di a
n n n g d ? d i d th y o s h w th t i b mig a e ti g
se e o e r es r n

t th w t a
o e d th
es n m i g t th uth o se ov n uth a t o e so or so e s

d with m
-

ha ak d p ul iadi i ti f upa
r e ec tir ad v ers es o oc c on n

l pm t mm did th y t
,

d e ve o en ta i t hi g i
c er n n s n co on ?
e no e

t th m
,

th p ul ia
e ec i ti r f I di aad
es o t a
n wi th th n c on r s e ose

ad th i m
,

o f th i w
e r o u t y?
n co Th n r il aq u e se n o er s r es

ti ons c ab asw d l y by aaful l l a

n e n e re on ti f ad c re co on o n
‘

a fa m a
,

tt ti en ton th o, g e t f trh i u t en s f I d oi a e r cco n s o n

wh i h m c a
i
re ad th m n, n
p a i f th m w
e co i th w h a t w r son o e e

k w f I di a
no o i t l f ad fi d i i t l i t a
n se
yn m a i n B y n s er r re ns

ai m
.

s il ap r w a w th i q ui i
roc e ss e D th G
ns er k e n r es , o e re e

a u t il l u t a
cco n s t th s r I d ia l i t a
e tu e ad D th n n er re , n oe s e

I dial it a
n n tu er ill u t a t
re th G k a u t ? B th
s r e e re e cco n s o

i
ser e s o f q u ti eswi l l b aw d i
on s
p a t a t el a t a
ns ere n r e s s

m
, ,

we pro c e ed wi th this se c tion o f our v ol u e

m aby a m
.

The first Gree k uthor who e ntions In dia n

mi
e,

I ne e d a
sc rc el
y ent on , is Herodotus, th fath
e f er o
3 20 W HA T CA S T E I S .

a
i nte rc o urse wi th p rties wh o h d seen Ind i o r de i t a a ma
th e subj e c t o f i n q uiry wi th t h ose wh o h d v i si te d i ts b o rde r a
p rovi nc e s The i n for m
ai t on whi c h h e g i ve s re s pe c ti ng
m
.

ad t t
i t, th oug h b ri e f, n no o b e re c ei ve d without c ri t i c is ,
i th l
s n ev e r f aa l uabl
e e ss o ha at v e c r c er .

Of g g a ph i
eo al d ir i a
cnd a q u i i ti f t
sc o v e r e s i c s on o e rr

tor
y i I dinab y D
n a i u H d t u th u w
r i t s, Th e ro o s s r es e

g at
re
p a terf [ th u r k o w ] A i a
ew a p nl d u
no d n s s ex o re n er

th die ti f Da
re c iu on o Thi ki g wi h i g t k
r s w s n s n o no on

what pa at th I du m t th a ai
.
.

t f th r o e co s — e n s ee s e se r ve r

whi h a ft
c th e Nil i
er th ly [t
eh k w
s ] th a t e on one en no n

ro duc es c ro c o d i l es, se n t sh i wi th e rso n s on wh o se

p p p s

fi del ity ad t uth h n r e a a m

c oul d re l ,
y nd on
g th a
ese w s

S yl a f Ca
c x o
y a d a
r T h
n e tt i g u t f m C
e se a p a
se n o ro s

ty u ai t
.

r s,
y c f P a ot y i a d c d dc t h i i i t
e sc e n u e e r v er n s co rse

t wa
,

d t h Ea ah d th a A ft ”
o r s t (1) t il l th y
e s e re c e e se er

m
.

t hi a
s vo
y g h a d be a een
p l i h d D a
c co i u u b d u d s t h e r s s e e

I d ia ad f qu t d th a
,

a (th I dia ”

a
n ns, n re ten e se e n n

m
,

Th ig i
e or f thi n o
y ga s vo u t h a b e t h sK b u l ve een on e

a ffl u t f th I du
en o e — th K ph n
n s K ubl ui
e Paty i a
o e or c c

m m
.
,

( th u
e co t y i
n r w h i hn i t c d ) i co
g i a b l i
e nc e s re c o n z e n

th a
e nm f ap pl wi th wh mw a a
e o eo e, l l fa mi l ia o e re r,

f u d i t ha a t da m a
a
o n t l
n l i ty t th p
oc o y I e t h
re s en , e n e

Pa khtu Pas orth Sp a nski g f th t w ti th a

. e n t a o
py e en e s r

o f Da iu r ta bl i h d th ugh thi
s es s e roqu t H d t u s c on es e ro o s

m m
,

fu thr a
er
y s T s h I d i a e a p p l n u h ns eo e c ore

n um u tha aero s
y nt h a t i
n k w t i b u t d a um
s no n c on r e s

p p ro t i orat l
on
y l a e
g th a r t h at
er f a y t h n d i i i o n o er v s on ,

f th y pa
or e i d th r hu d d a ee nd i ty ta
n l nt
re f g ld s x e s o o

Herod i v 44
. . . T a
yl or, p . 285 .
 PEEP A T INDIA N S O CIET Y BY T HE G REEKS . 32 1

We ha
v e n o t to su
ppo se fro mhi t s n o ti c e , th t th e a
mpi m
,

e re o f D aiu r s e x te n d e d o v e r al l th e c ount r
y now c o

p re h e n de d un de r t he n m
a e of In d i a It . e mb ad r ce , the re
is a t re son o bel ie ve , o nl
y t he c oun tr
y c on ti uo us t o th e
g
b ak f th
n s o e In d us a n d the t erri t o r l i
y y g n o a
n th e P e rs i n

id
s f th H i
e o e n d u Ca
ua
T hi i
u c id t f m s wha
s. ti s s ev en ro s

a ft wa er d a d d d by H
r s d tu
e Th a t
e ro
p a t
o f s e e s e rn r o

I d ian i a d s t f a d ad f a
eser o l l t h na
s n ti k w t n o e on s no n o

i f m
,

u s, or f whi h w p
o c a ny e ta i o sse ss ati th c er n n or on , e

I d ia a th fa
n ns re th t t wa e d t h Ea
r es t b i g o th a tr e s , e n on

s i d th fi t p pl
e e rs f A ia feo e th o ad ds th: or e s n s re n er e

co u t y b y d t h mt wa
n r e on d th e at o r s e e s

Th g a e t d re t h f
e se r d t i e re upp d by S i
re e rre o s s o se r

Ga di Wil ki t b t ha t l yi g t th th f t h

a
r ne r n son o e n o e n or o e

H im la y a b t w t h at
e a ge en a d t h T h i r nC h a u e n e -
c en

Rag gt M a n e j R l l uppor t ha
e nne t it m a a
y pp ys l t ose s o

a a
a
a
th u t y b tw
e co n r th el w een
p t f t h e I d u o d er r o e n s n

Ra jp u t § Int i i d t t h a t H
s ev d t u h a
end t b e ro o s no een

atl y i f md f th p i ul af Indiat t hi g i t
.

ex c n or e o e e n ns o , s re c n n o

t h I d ia
e n
n a th ugh h p a
oc e n , k i th p g
o f hi
e s e s n e ro re ss o s

n aa ti
rr f ap pl
ve o mbl i g E thi pia i th ti t
eo e rese n o ns n e n

o f th i ki n whe rs u t y waa o se c ol n g wa y f
n r m P i a s o ro e rs

m
,

( t h at i t h sP i ae d i
e rs i ) tn w a d o t h u t h
n on s o r s e so .

I d ia n i th ly a
s t a e on
py w h i h H s d
r tu p t c ero o s re re se n s

a pas y gi i t nt ib u t i s
g l
r d T h e u m n w h i h o h p . i e s c e s ec

fi esayi l d d by it i
s e e
y l a g b is ver
g f u a d a h al f
r e, e n o r n

t i m am es uh is al u a th a
c n v t y i l d d by t h
e s
p ul t e e e O en

s a t apy r f B a bo
y l ia a d A on
y i a T h n
g i f m ss r e re on ro

w h i h th g l d wap t d by h i mi t i
.

c e o u d i i di a s ro c re s n c e , s

He rod i i i
. . 94 .
I Ih . i ii . 98 .

1 a
S ee R wl in son
’
s Herod . Rennel l
’
s G eo . of Herod . p . 3 09 .

41
32 2 WHA T CA S TE IS .

be l ie ved, with au ay cc r c There are ot h er Indi a

n s not

a di tat f mth i ty Capa

.

f r s n tyru ad th gi n
ro e c s s, n e re o

P atyi ac
“
Thc md f l if f ll w d by th i
”
e o e o e o o e ese

im
s

T h y a th mt
.

s il a t tha t rf t he Ba
o t ia o c r ns . e re e os

wa l ik rfa
l l the India ; a
e o nd i t i s th e wh fu ni sh ns es o r

t h e g ol d “ . T he n o rth e rn porti ons of t h is d istri c t e m

ai g th l fty ag
br c n e o r n es of th e Hindu Kush t he Be l ur
a a
,

Ta a ad th a ath
ad Ka
g h d M u T g h n s -
, A l t i, n o er
pl c es ne r e

s o urc es of the O x us bul I

n n dus, a a
id t re s

ma
o

a
b u d wi th the prec io us
o n et l Thi s po rt ion o f .
”

c oun tr i s, I thi nk, re fe rre d t o i n th e b oo k o f Ge ne s is —in

y ,

c o nne x ion wit h the se t f th g a

a o d e r en of E de n ad th
n e

ri ve rs o f
paa
d i r ( ase . A ri ve r or w tershe d , p e n ala
t or

I dia l ag ua a
,

wa t e ll i
r-
ro th n g eI nt u t n n es , s ve n re o

i t p t i t) w t
n e r re ut f E d n t wa en t th a d e o er

m
o o e
g , r en

(p rob ab l y a t d d d i t i t
n e x en ) a d f t h e i t w a s rc n ro enc e s

p a t d
r e a d b am n i t f u hec a d ( f a tu a
e l d a
n oi n a g ) o r e s or c r e

m f the fi t i F i i m
, .

Th a
e n e o a( th S h rs I du i
s s or e on o r n s n

th i q uas t P i th fi t yl l a
r e r, bl f th w d aI h a
, e rs s e o e or , s ve

l wh
e se j tu d Tb i g th Egyptiad fi it ati l
e re c on e c re e n e n e n e r c e,

m f th S i d h u
,

ad S h b i g th E gyptia a
n on e n e n n e o e n or

mpa wh l l ad f
,

I d u ) tha
n s t i i t whi h
: s t h th
s c co se e o e n o

Hail a vh (th Ca m p il l a f
e th I d i an a t h u g h t b o
y P e n s, s o ro

f L a ) wh
e ssor ssen th i g l d ; ad th g l d f th a
, e re ere t s o n e o o

la d i g d th
n s i bd l a
oo : h ad th ere y t s Ao d e n e on x s o ne . n

th e nam f th e d i
o i G ih n (a e sec ondm i t t d by a ll
r v er s o e

g g p
eo a h
r t b t h
e rs O u ) ot h am i
e i t t
e h a t xm s : e s e s co ~

p a d
sset h w h l fe C a h ( t a l
o e o a t d T
sh i r ns e s

re
g i o n, I be l ie ve with othe rs , furnishe d the g ol d of th e

H a
ro d iii
. . 98 .
1 Indi aTh ree Thous ad Y a A g
n e rs o.

1 Gen i i 1 0.1 2 .
-
.
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

gath e re r c ould fli gh t th e m
esc a a
le a
p ml whi h a
e Duri ng the c e s, c re

fle t ath f m
.

tno so al ge w t i d s a d b gi et dea
g fi t e s, ro re n e n o r rs one

ad th th th ; b ut th f m
, ,

n en al e o l l t th y u g wh i h th y
er e e es re c o ec e o n c e

h a l ft b h i d ad
ve e g i w eay n fl ag S u hn a d i
nev e r
g t th ve or c c c or n o e

P i a i th m
.
, ,

e rs a i whi h th I di a g t th g a
n s, s e n ne rt pat f n c e n ns e e re er r o

th i g ld
e r s m i s dug ut
o f th ath b ut f th i th upply
o e o o e e r ,
o s e s

scaty n .
”

In t his aa
n rr ti v e t here a d o ub tl ess p ro ofs b o th of
re

i mp osi t ion
p at i
r cd se upon Herod o t us by h is i nfo r e rs, m
ad n of t he si mpl i i y ad c t n c re d ul i t
y of t he h i stori a n
c

E ven i n i t s a
b su di ti r e s, howev e r, h e i g h te ne d t h ough
t he y a h ve been by th e fe a rs o f t he g o l d fi n de rs l e s t the i r
-

occ up a i h ul d b i t f
t on s o d wi th by i t l p
e n er e re th n er o e rs , ere

i a ub t a
s s t um f t uth
s r Th l a o t P f
r H a e e ro e ssor or c e

m m
.

Ha y a W i l n i f son
p i i t h
s at th o t O
y a y h
n on a e s or ve

ai f mth fat tha

r se n ro t th g l d f und i
e c th pl a i e f o o n e ns o

l ittl T hi b t i
e mm l y a
e s col l d Pi ppil ika on
“
at g l dc e or n
”
o

f mh
,

ro b l i f th a
t e t th e e l i f at by th i
e c o on e s o n s, e r

w t d p a
on e ti o a i t um ta
er on s, l i n b i g i g th g l d
re ns r en rn n e o

t i w
o v e A b tt j tu i m e e r c on ec
y p i i h a b re , n o n on, s ee n

ma im
.

d t hat h i
e I t i t ha
n t th a
s a l whi h i a
s id t bu e n c ss o r

at a
.

ad i th P g l i a
a a
ro w i th h e s n s s e t ( th
en M o i n, o r n -
e er e n s

ai a uda ta a a a
a
c r ss c
) l l d b y t h cti e f t h M t h C u
en ves o e r o n

li m
,

t y t h Ka
r u a
e j a( t il d a
v t) n Th ha
r b i t f th i
or e c e so s

aim
.

n a l i bu wi g i th n rro ad a w l l k w ad
n n e s n s re e no n n

it i a s bu dat i m n ay pl a f I dia It i
n n n f th
c es o n s o ne o e

m t maka ma m ma
.

os re bl f th
r E d ta e ota l ; ad ai t
e en s n s s

fa m il ia a
‘

rs t re no
g i d b y t h
re c o a t i n ze f I d ia t h y e n v es o n , e .

g i ve v e r
y fab u l u a u t fo i t
s p w cc o a d a a
n s o
p i t i s o e rs n c c es,

es
p i
ec al l y f i t a l lo
g d a bi l i t
s
y t k
e i l l a
e m a by t h o n e

s w p f i t ta
ee o il whi h b a a
s , g a t c
p p ti
e rs t t h re er ro or on o e

a
T yl or ’
s H ero dot us , p 494 . .
 P EE P A T I NDIA N S O CIET Y BY THE GREEKS .
32 5

si z e o f i ts a f u d i ay th q ua
trunk t h n i s d up d
o n n n o er r e

ta f it a a a
.

I n c er i pn o t l k
s d t sb y t h
e c s, u d h i l
s d oo e e r e c

it ha m
re n

of a tu
n re, mbl a t aat It i
s so e re se nc e o n n s so

ui u a l t g th tha t p im
.

c r o s t it i
o e t u l ik l y t ha
er s no n e s ec e ns

o f it m a y h a b t t ve t h k i f
e e n sen
g P i a I t io a e n o e rs s

mi ta u t ym i I dia a a
.

k f u
s e o o r co t n r
y t h t f d en na t n os oo c nn o

i t i ata
,

b p e id d fro v e t or f a p ti i tyn I u
s i h d e o c v no rs

a p im f it f a upl f m th by g i i g i t
.
e

s ec en o or co e o on s, v n

mil k ad g g ; ad i t di d l y i
n e s n qu f afa
e onll n c onse enc e o

whi h i t h ac d fa b ut t w ty f t o o en ee

mak tha
.

O f th t ib ef I di aH
r es d tuo n t th e ro o s re r s e
y
a um u ad tha
,

t a ll p a
”
re n e ro t th y d
s, n k th e o no s e e

sa ml agua e g n T h A y a
e .
”
q u fe I d i a ’

w rh n c on erors o n o

a a a
,

s
p k
o t h V e d i l e g u g e ( l l cd S a nk r i a w h a
e ft c e ns t en er

mma
.

wa d i t ha
r s d th b fit f g a e ti a l ul tu ) w
en e o r c c re e re

f m pa
,

no t aw h a s i
e ve se en t f thi w k th
n or er r s o s or e

fi t im mig at i t I dia T h y f u d tha

, ,

rs r n s n o nt th y ha d e o n e

m
.

be en pre c e de d n ot onl b
y y t ri be s re o tel
y c o
g n te w i t h a
m
the sel v e s, b ut by m
a n S c thi n , T ur n i n , nd H
y y ai ti c m
aa a a
t ri be s, wh o se l agua
gn es th e
y b ut l i t t l e unde rstood A bo ut
m fH
.

the ti e o e rod o t us, the a

S n skrit w s bout to c e aa ase

ap k l a
t o be n ua
g g s o en e S uc h o f the tribes of In di aa s

d th n f md
.

la
id ai d th i wn T u aia d ia
s e l t ha e r o r n n e c s, e or e

ag at m ay p i ia
re l d ia
l t i th i a
n tt m p t t ma
kro v n c e c s, n e r e s o e

th e ml se ve s i n tel l i g i bl e to th e d o mat in n
peo
pl e . T hi s
d i ve rsi t y ag ua g w ao f lt u knn w n en wh a t s no n o n e ve I

mu t hs a b thve P ia Ieend i a Th a e a
e rsl n n . ere re se ve r

I d
n u d i a
l
s t (a t h a g
ec s a t d i i tsi f t i b
ere ) re re vers es o r es on

t h ba
e k f t hant i s o in th p t da
r ve ry It i e ve n e rese n s

m
.

an t e x rel y u i u fa et th a t t hc l a ro u
g ga s f t h c . e n e o e

Ba h
r u i a p p l
s, t h t b f
eo u d i e g na t ere t o e o n , s co e no so
 3 26 WHA T C AS T E Is

m
u h with c agua g f N th a
thewi t h th l f n es o or ern s ose o

S uth
o I d ia e rn n .

O f a ta i t ib la th ba
c er k f th I d u
n r e or c ss on e n s o e n s,

H d tu a
e ro
y T h y w
oh d w l l i
ss t h ma s h a
l e o e n e rs es on

t m
g
:th i li
e r v e r, a w fi h wh i h th y ta k i b a
ve on r a
d s c e e n o s e

ah f m
,

o f ree d s, ed ut f a i gl
e c j i t The or o o s n e o n . se

Ind ia w aa d s
ns f d g whi h th y ut i n th
e r re s o se e, c e c e

i ad b ui a
r ve r ft wa n d th y w a i t i t m
r se at a nd er r s e e ve n o s,

w ai t aw w aa b a t pl a Rud I h thy pha

”
e r t
s e e r
gi re s -
e e c o

t d wi th m
.

f thi h a
o at ha b a ia
s c r c er an
y un t ies ve ee n sso c e co r

S mh a upp
,

b ut pat ia
l l y kn w r d tha t th
o dn o e ve s o se e ree

mb u ;
.

ut f whi h th i b a
o o t w n t u t d we e ba
c e r o s e re c o s r c e r s

but th fa b i a ti fb a
e t f m aingl j int f a
r c ba m
on o bu o s ro s e o o

i mp ossi bl e .

aa f E stw rd o these a
In di
uth g n t a n s, o ur or oe s o o

s a
y a a
n th re o er t ibra
l l d Pad a wh a wa
e c de ce n s, o re n er

Thi t i b i aid t ha
,

ad l i ve on r aw fl h es s r e s s o ve

m
e rs, n

m
.

the fol l o wi ng c usto s -

If one of th e ir nu be r be il l ,
m
a n or wo ma hy a k h n, i k p t e t e t e s c erso n, ad i f h
n e be a
ma n , th e m f h i
en oaq uai ta p s c n nc e ro c e ed t o put h i m
t d o e a
th a
a
be c use th e y
y hi fl h w u l d s s es o be spo i l t for
th m i f h pi d ad wa t d a wa
,

e e ne y nw i t h i k es
s e T h s c n s . e

map t t h i t ill i th l at but hi f i nd wil l

n ro es s e s no n e e s s re s

a
,

no t a p t h i d
c ce i a l — i s p i t
en f a l l h n h a ys th y k
e o i l l e c s e

himad f a t t
n h m l
e s h i e b d y
se v es S a l i
on f a s o o so

w m m
.

a a
,

ab k i t h w w h e h f
o i nend t k h o re er re s e er

m
e s c

m
o n

a a
,

ad d w i t h h a tl y th er e x tch n I f
e s f
e s e e o ne o

m
n o .

th m a h t l d a a b u t w h i h t h i l d o c e re s se o

m
e,
re c esg o o

m
e

ay un q t i a es m on , l y b f
s co t h a t ti on e t h y h a e o re e ve

ha d md i a e th a
se se o r od h a b n p
e r, u t t d
n a t h
so ve ee o e

m
so

b ut if a m a tw i th ta
n no d i g t s b n l d t h
n t h
co
y es o e o , en e
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

the In dus In aa u t
n cco n of the Ba
nd rw a a by rs Lieut
t mt
.

Pren derg a ta
.

st ,
we fin d the foll owin g s e en

a
In M y, 1 8 2 0, I v i si te d th e hi l l s of A makata k ad th u
aaa a m
r n ,
n e so rc e

o f th e N rb d pa a p W L w f th M a da
m
ri v e r, cc o ni e d b C t
y o o e r s

A m
. .

r y ad hai g h ad tha
,
n v n t a pati ul a t i b f C i wh l i d
e r r c r r e o o c o ve

i th b i ll w
n e Ca i ba
s l I waa i u t a ta
e re nn s, i t h t uth f th
s nx o s o sc e r n e r o e

a ti ad m a d th m t pa ti ul a qui i (ai t d by m
mu h i M h aS i haai t l l ig t ad w l l i f md Ka
s se r o n, n e e os r c r en r es ss s e
y
ns o n n n n e
y a t
en h ) a n t e n or e s o

m
, ,

th i g
e r a l h a
ener b i t a d d f sl i i g n W l oa d a
e fto m uh
v n . e e rne er c

tha
,

t ub l t th waa t ib f G d wh si d d i

k ad t th S E i th G dwa dau t y wh
ro e, e re s r e th
o hi l l
on f s o re e n e s o

Am akata r n , n o e . . n e h ld on co n r o e

m
.

m
,

v er y l i ttl i t u wi th th i l l a
e n e rc o rse
g a d w
e v t a g t h
e rs , n nev e r en on e ,

exce pt t bat o pu ha p i io Thi a l i i d tah d

r er o r rc se rov s ns. s r ce ve n e c e

pati ad h a l d mm tha ight t h ut i o p l a

r e s, n v e se o o re n e or en s n ne ce .

Th y a Ca i ba
e re l i th nn al s f th w d but
n e re a
se n se ot th fl h e or n e ve r e e es

m
,

o fa yp n t b l
e rson no i
g g t t h i w
e on f a ni l y to i b e r o d t h y
n or r e n or o e

d th i
o pt pati ul a ai
s ex c e on r It i t h
c r occu t mf th i s ons i gul a s e c s o o s s n r

m
.

p p
eo l t u
e t t h e
o c t h a t f a y p ro f t ho i fan i l y w h i
e rso n oa t ta k d e r o s c e

by ill
se v e re ad wh th y thi k h a ha f
ne ss, n o e n i g s no c nc e o re c o v e r n

s a
,

wh th y
en l l t t h wh l
e co ec f th i e la ti o e o d pa ti ul af i
e r re d on n r c r r e n s,

ad f at up th b dy I l ik m a wh ap ai a t a
a
n e s on e o n e nner, en e rson rr v es

m
.

g a
ret ag a d b
e, n f b l a
ec o d w a k
es t h eeH a l le k h nOp a t eu p e -
or er es on

h i mwh t m mb f th fa mil y a s m m
,

th di ff en e e ren e bl f
e rs th
o a e se e or e s e

p t thi i a i m
,

p u p aar o se b s ta t d I
ov e s th e . n o pl a f
e r re s e c s, s s s e r ce o

p pleo d th y
e , no r oid eut ti g t h th a
c o ns t
er c f th i i k n la ti e ro s o e r s c re o ns

a d p a a i b u h a y a a a p a b l
Ka
or
g e t yre n s ; t n t s n t t on t e t c on r r n c cce e o

li a m y t th i l a
,
e rc ti o ad ab l g t h ei wh l a
e r re i t
ons, n “ e ss n o r o e r ce .

T hi s m
att er de serve s to be i n quire d into . It w ath s e

c h ag r e a g a i of
t th I di a
i nf b ati
ug h
n t b y c ide ns e n ns ro

C l l W il f d
o on e th a ll g d a uth i ty f th
or G k
on e e e or o e re e s

ad R m
n a whi h l d J a o thaDu a t di
n s, th c e on n nc n o sc ov e r e

awful u t mf i fa ti i d a
c m g th Ra
s o j put O u atua
o n l n c e on e s . r c

aquaci ta wi th th i h a n bita t f th f
nc e t f I dia i e n n s o e ore s s o n s

ag a t d a l m l im
re it d th ai t ug ht t b a
e t th p
ore t e n o o e e re se n

A l ex a
nd er s
’
E I M g
. . aai z ne , 18 3 1 , p . 140 .
 PE EP A T IN DIA N S OC IETY BY T HE G REE KS .
329

ti m e . Le t Indi aw ll a d t it t
al oo k to i tse l f ,
s e s e vo e s en e r

p i
r z i g n ffi to th w
c e rs k f A f i oa di e
y or o r c n s c ov e r .

T h atip d e n f th oaniba l wi th H
es o d tu w
e c n th s e ro o s e re e

p a ti
r wes h t i l y a b t
o en ai d f m
re a i m a l f d
s T h
ne ro n oo e re

m
.

i a th t f I di a a a
”
s no e r se h o
y nw h u
n s, t e s s, o se c s o s re

a a ma
”

v er
y d i ff t T h
e re n
y fu. t p u t y
e l i re n i lset o n ve o

d a
e th th y , w e so ad h a no dw l l i g h u
c orn , n ve no e n o se s .

V g ta
e bl
e a th i l y f d Th i apl at whi h
es re e r on oo . e re s n c

g ro w w sil d i th i u t
n
y b a i e r co
g d a b ut t
n rh i f e r n s ee o e s z e o

am
,

il l t e d i aa
-
se e l y ; th i w t i t g a
n c th x th i de r on s o er s se e ,

ad h ai g b il d it a
n v n l y ad a
o el l t u it f f d c x Ifn o se or oo

f th m
, , .

one o i a tta
e k d wi th i k
s ch g e f th i t s c n e ss, e oe s or n o

t h wil d
e ad l i d w t di n
e rn e ss , n es h ath l ao nt o e o on e s e e s

c on c e rn e i th e r for th e si c k or for th e de d a ”
H e rodotus
b ut th tim
.

wrote a o e es o f th e Buddhi sts but e ve n be fore

th i da
e r
y g at t de n re en r e ss to aima
l l if
n e a
h d b e e n de ve
l p d i I di aaa
o e n n s c on se que nc e of th e doc tri n e of the
mt mp y h
,

e e s c osis , whi c h h owe v er i s n ot to be foun d i n th e

Vé d a whi
s, ch in may pl a n c es ex e ml
p yi f the use of aim
aln

f
o o d, e v e n of th a ft wa d a d th ugah
t f th
u t o e c ow er r s so s c re ro o

th u t y
e co Th fi t l i m
n ri ta ti a t aimal f d wi th e rs on s o n oo

maq uai t d i i n by fath mt md

.

whi h I ac c f th n e s r e os o e rn o e

Vé da th A thaa n a It i a mmad (a l a
a
s, u e dyrv . oc c rs n co n re
“ f the Br h é
f
re e rre d to ) n ot to ki l l th e i n e di bl e c ows o

ma ad m
ns,
”
a i i w l y th p
n se e s to h a
ti fve n v e on e re s e rv on o

th i p t
e r
“
Th ai da
e s . f th u f th
e vo a
l by th nc e o e se o e c e re s e

ve
g ta iea hi trd a
t b yns H d t u i
n e p l a i d p at l y yb e ro o s s ex ne r

th i j u ti
e n i M aua
nc
g a
i t th
on s n d t u ti f nd t h ns e es r c on o se e s, e

germ f l i f
s o a m pl i fi d i e,th m pl ai
s ex e t m
a d ag ai t e n e co n s e ns

a il p i Wh ay d h ul d ha b u d by th
n o re ss v n se e s o ve een se e

S e e befo re , p 1 4 1 . .
1
'
M a
nn ,
iv 8 5
. .
 WH A T C A STE IS .

ve
g aa
e t ri n s , s c rupul ousl y aidi
vo ng c orn , doe s n ot a
pp a e r.

The dyi ng in th e wil dern e ss wi thout the c re of fri ends a

ma a a
y h ve re fere n c e to th e c s e of the Vé n p r s th s, a aa a
m a aa
who we h ve l re dy n o ti c e d i n this work
Th i f m
.

f H e n or e rs o erodotus
p re s
g In di w e c ti n
ere a
c e rt a
i ly t fi
n no r en dl y to i ts di ve rsifi e d tribe s n d ton g ues, a
i f th y h ad pp
e o atua
ortuni tie s of
l ly b i g th i c ia l o se rv n e r soc

ta I h a m ti a ”
s t e A l l th t ib e r es d h ve
y l i
en one e s s, ve

m
.
,

l ik th b ut b a i ta
”
t g th
o e er e te rTh y w e e s s k t e e re s en, oo,

id th a m
.

wh enth y a et a l l th t i b
s f I di a h a e d th
r a
es o n e s e

ti tn f ki
o whi h a
s pp
n, a h c t h a t f t h
ro c E th i es
p i a n o e o s .
”

T hi l ag ua
s
g n q u i t
e bre
y re s i d o ab l ye q u al i fi
v er d c ons er e

it i a m
,

e ve n wh pp l
en i d t sth e u t h o t ieb w h i
ore so h e rn r e s, c

H e rod tu m ou t ha h a s sd f i th g ve e arl f h ao dd
n e e n er or e s,

m
,

Th i u t y i al g wa
e r co n r s
y f P on i a t w a d thro e rs o r s e

ha d king Da a ny a th m
”
so uth n or iu uth i ty
r s e ver or ove r e

m
, .

W h a th u e ve ha u t d th s ex
g a l a n
s e d w e h a t ene r so e

ma
,

e
g t i
re , n o f I d ia f u
c es o d i H
n d t
o u n N t h i n
g e ro o s o n

m f t h i u t y w thy f a
.

o re o s co n r tt ti or wal a n d b
o
yen on s e r e

th G e k ti l l a
ree b ut s h u d d ad fi fty y a a
o one n ft
re n e rs er

th G a t i hi a tt m
.

H e rod tu wh o A l ad
s, en ex n er
p t
e t re n s e o

ia m m
,

s ub du th P e e
p ie rs t t h
n e d i i
re n f oM a d e o n o o ce on ,

re ah d i t
c e th s b d n or A g a
e rn t fl od
o r ers f l i g ht
. re o o

wad ub tl
s o th th w e ss enI d ia ro a l i g i t pe u
n on n , re ve n s c

l ia i ti
r t esi t l l ig t i q ui
o n e en
; b ut i tn h a b
re rs n l y s ee on

di m ly fl t d t u i th p
re ec e o s t da y n T h
e b d
rese n
y f e o o

i f m
.

n or ati bta i d on o p ti n
g ne i t wa re s l
ec t f h i s soo n os or s

t i a
or c l pu p Th l tt
r o se s f A l ad e e h i ml f s t
e rs o ex n er se en

f m whi h a mti m f d t b y
,
.

ro it b d s or e rs, c re so e e s re e rre o

P l i y ad P l utah ha l g a
n n rc
g d i a
ve
pp a on d w h i l o s e re e

ma
, ,

th o se b a i g hi e a r n dd s n d t hi t ute, A i t tl
resse o s or rs o e,
 WHA T C A S T E IS .

ex mpl
a e, th e G re e k K ép hén (ai r ver
) is the K ubhd the

C hoc i s the K hon r a a aa G a i th

n d th e G or i or o roe s s e

d i The A sp . ai i a p ba bl y s t dre with ro c onne c e

A h as ka M aiya i M a
v ss ka kd ad P u l a s i tis i n e co s s

P u hka s la ati v It i i n t *
ti g t n ti s t ha t A l
e re s n o o ce ex

m
.

a nd e p
er s
’
i x f th
er e n c e o ua g f t h u t
e coai r m ue ot e o n ne e rs

t im
s

ha b ve mwha
e e n so il at e u w s Th Indi ar o o r o n . e ns

o f th a t p i it i
ro v nc e , a id fa
”
ll d a s s ll th th r ex c e e e o er

I dia i m
,

n ns i l i ta
n y p l i t ; a
r d a f t
ex a to i al s f t h i n er r o e r

mttl he wa gl a n a th ma m
,

e e, d t s
g g o e a i e e s e rc e n r es,

t ha t fi g h t aa
“
t h ugh h
o n f un d
e soo t th y w ul d
o i e t o no ns
,
g
o th er I dia n Th ns a t tl
.
”
f th d i t i t a e c tt a t d hi
e o e s r c r c e s

p a t i ul a a
r c tt r ti A en l a don h th b t
ex a n
n d er c ose e es

t ( f th m m m
.

la r
g es o ) t h a t eh i g h t, d t h i t e M a d i ase n e n o ce on

f a or b d f t h y fa
re e , or l l d th Ge ia a r ex c e t tl b t h i e e re c n c e o n

b ul k ad b a ad i y i
“ ”
n uty i e Th . i t n '

f th i e ex s e ce o e v ne n v n

th e cou t y ad p ba n r bl y th w
n hi p f S h i at h G d
ro e o rs o v e o

a w i w d by th h ad h i m
,

o fi n c re se ,
”
e re v e e
p a i n e e ro n s co n o s

aa n i di a ti n th a t i t ha d b i i t d by D i
s n c o
y u (
e en v s e on s s or

Bah u ) cc Th G
s k w e
p h a pree n fi s m d i
e re th i er s co r e

b ut th i m
.
n e r

j tu a
c on e c re s a tt
o by th I d ia i s
wh
er e n n s, n

m
ose

g e ne al g i al
o t a b c l a D é a a/ es h a a d i i v n a s v ne

f th L u a a m
p g , e rso n e

o e a
n r r c e,k a al y a pp a a es
Th n e r e r nc e e

I d ia aing f th i ity N y aa
.

n n b gg d f s e th e or e s v l l g i ng o e r c s e
,

T p
o no a w m i d b t d f a i i fi i d i fi ai
e rso n re e o re n e e or sc e n t c e nt t
fm
c

m
on

o ay f h g g a
n o t phi ae l a eo r d wi h h I d i a m
c n e s c onn e c te t t e n n

m t f A l ad ha P f
ove

en s o ex n er tLa n S to I di h A l t
ro e ssor ss en ee n sc e

h um
.
er

t ku ds n p 116 t q
e , 11 . .
, e se .

1 P
“
h a p
er h b u l k s a t d b eau y f m f nh b d f I di a al
e t o so e o t e re e s o n
m
n c tt e

(w i h t h i t p i
e r l y
ro d l p d d wl a
ne nt p a d h u m
eve o p wh i h a
e
pp a
e s n s, c e

m
r
p d h ld i ) a W l l a h y a y a
by h B a
re re se n te on t e o t i
e st c o n s ,
u t i l i h s e s e r t
hm
v e CO D
h i d ifi a
,

tr ib u d t te o t i
e r c c a t on t e r ns .
 PEEP AT I NDI A N T
S O C I E Y BY T HE G REEKS . 333

a ha
t h t it d b buil t b y D y y i ; ad t h y g t ff
e en on ’
st s n e o o

f mad m
ro ad f e n hu d d or f th i m
o ne a
n
g i tre a t o e r s r es

(t h ie r
p i i a
r nc
p l S h e t ) f t h h u s d d
orh a
re e d A l n re o rse s , n ex

ad d f t Ba chu wh mi t wah i d i
’
n er s e e re n c e o c s, o t s s e s re o

exce l i th n t t f hi
e e x en qu t o A iaw l l u d
s c on es s rr n e n er

ma
.

t
s oo d th p t e wh i h w
re e n c e s d c b th id e re i e on o s es n

t hi s ca f h a se ,
y
or t h a t
e s Th t
s,h i g w h i h t h a e i t n s c e n c en s

h a p ubl i h d i th i fa
ve s e bl n e r i g th G d ug h t
e s c onc e rn n e o s, o

no t t b t
o e a wl y ah d i t f wh
o o n rro se rc e th n o or e ne v e r e

t uth f a
r o
y t n
y ms or d t b l ia
se eb l t e b a l
o l d i
e
q u e o e c e n es

ti on , so mG d waimmd iae o t l y um
s m d t th i a
e e s id on e o e r

a m m
,

ad th a
n l l wa
en p l ai d i s d ina t l y n wa l l w d e M u e t s o e o n

wa um m d t g i t tim y f Bahu
.

Mé u r e ve n , ss one o ve es on or cc s,

m u d i g l ik th a
,

it a
s n e so n t f th G
n e k w d M fip (th
o e re e or oc e

upp pa er t f th th igh ) wh i h fi tt d i wi th th w t
r o e , c e n e e s e rn

l g d tha
e en t Ba h u ha d b cc h ut up i th t h i g h f
s ee n s n e o

Jupi t er C . t d with th
onn e c e maka bl kA e re r e ro c o rnos ,

Al a ex nd b g at h a f th a
er e n o ll g d
e r o
p l i t fe a G ed e ex o s o o

( K i
r sh na a w , h a lsl a ft w
e s a d ) w h m
er t h y i d
r s see t i fi d , o e en e

wi t h t he i r o wn He rc ul es He j ed i n th e c o n ti uo us

mu
en o
.

y g
o nt a
i ad ns n fo re sts a n el e
ph a
n t h un t, f c t w h i ch aa
sh o ws th e wid e dispe rsi on o f th t i
g ga n ti c
p e l l
yde r a a m
i n hi s d y a
a
.

O n rriv i n g a a
In dus, pro b bl y t A t k, A l ex
t th e a a a ’
n

d er re c e i ve d
pre sents o f sub i ssi on fro T x i l es, m ma a n

Ind i ap i
n r n c e , so c a
ll d f e ro ma I n nd i n at o wn , Ta
k ba s

s hi l d , t o whi c h h e This pri nc e h e did n o t

b el o n g e d .

d e pri v e of h is te rri torie s wh en h e re c h e d hi s c pit l a aa

m ma
.

a
O n the c o ntr ry, h e e n l rg e d the , th o ug h h e a de
a a
Ph il ip, th e son of M c he t s, g overnor o f th e prov in c e i n
h is o wn n m
a e . A l ex ad n
paag er s
’
ss e of the H y da
s cs
p ,
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

the Vi t atci f th I dia wa pp d by th pa

s o e n n s, s o t i ti o se e r o c

ad an v l iat P m ( n o P um s, a ) w h
or p o b a b l y d i d h i
o r e r ve s

n a m f mP aaa i ty i g a
e ro r cl b ut g i n t
e ne r a , ven o

c a i t a l a d ni t l d i t hi d i t i t by wa
s or n y s f d i t
s r c i t i o s nc o n,
p
a d i g t au a
c c or n g p
o asi l i g e t t h p
re v t d an
y oT h i e rese n s

m m
.

w a sa t th u
e s l t i w h
e r so s th i w
c e,a a t i t h i g ht
en e r ve r s s e ,

ad it paa w a f f t d w i
s e th g a t d i ffi ul ty
ec e M u h
re c
n s g ss e . c

fi g h t i g f l l w d whi h i u d i t h d f a
n o o e ,
c sst e f P u n e e e o o r s,

th d a
e e th f h i t w o s ad f th g o so ns n f th p
o e o v e rn o r o e ro ~

i
v nc e , ad th i fl i ti f w u d
n e n c on o h is w p o n s on o n e rso n

Wh P u a mt A l ad t p hi ub mi
.

en or s c e o ex n e r, o ex re ss s s s

i
s on , b th h i b a
o i g ad a
s e r n
pp a a m na d a d e r nc e
p i m e ee

p i
re ss o n o n t h M a d e ia ce q u on H nw a c ond u b t
e ro r . e s o

l ess a n ll t
exce p en t a t i
re f th
re se n a i t ve I d oi a e nc e n n n

K ha s t i ya
r Rul
s, o r e rs .

Th e ne x t i p a r ve rd b y A l a
sse d w a t h a t ex f nt h er s o e

A i
c es nes , th A i l m i f th Hi d u I a
e s o d a h e n a sm . n v nc e e c e

t t h Hyd a
o e t Ré i H
r o es , or h h a v d f a e re f e e r o c on e

f m m
.

d a er ti on d a
or g a i e t h i b y ns t a i f I di a a
cer d n ree n ns n

Ca tka i p ha
e , p era S y th i
s a t i b t hc
p g i t
n r f e,t h e ro en o rs o e

K é t hi c i t bi a wti by th O yd a aad M a l l i th
a M ul taf l a
s o r e x r c e n e

b i tat f M ul d tl um ti m S a
,

i ha
a
’

n n s o s t or n o er es n

m
, .

g a l a orS h k al a a A i t a
ne ra l a y h i wr a y t
s r, t h on s o e

mbiti t t d hi
, ,

so uth a -
e t sH wa fi d wi th a
. e s re on o e x en s

c on qu t b y d th H yp hai
es s e on e Vip ci l d f th
s s or I s o o e n

d ia but th
ns p i i t e f sh i m
r s w i t h
o t h ms e n, e on so o n

t
s or ma s r i
g g a un d t h m
ro a d n
p w fu le m i n b f o er e ne es e o re

t h mfae i l i g th mh wa bl ig d t t m
n e e i a s ot hi e u o er n e s o

d m
, ,

wa r ah ad t tu t th Hyd ap
rc n o re rn o By l ad e s es . n ,

ad by th i hi f
n e r ve r, w s
y
o rc es d t t h
ere j u c onv e e o e nc

ti on o f th Hyda e
p a d sA es i n a n d
n a f t w a
c es d t
es, er r s o
 WHAT CA S TE IS .

a
fune r l p il e : wi th the ul t i te ssent n d c o o pe r t io n o f m
aa a -
a
a m
A l e x nder hi sel f, who re c kon e d his de th th e c ro wning a
at c a phil phy
o f h is s tr ng e o so

Th i f m
.

e ati
n or p t i I
on re s
g d ia a q ui d b ec
y t h
n A l n c re e ex

ad i in ai
n r ne w b i fly f
v s on, n o d t wad ub tl r e re e rre
y o, s o e ss ver

c on sid a bl i aer mu t ad i t ti g i haat It

e n o n n n e res n n c r c er

ad i m
.
,

wa u pa d h w
s s r sse i p i i
o e v er,
p n t a b
re c s on
y n or nc e

m
,

t hat a qui d by M a
c re g a th t t h f a g s t f
e ne s, w h o e r en s o ose

w ti g aqu t d by S t a b A ia a d th w w
'

n n s, s o e r o, rr n, n o ers, e no

tu u a
rn o r tt ti en on .
*

Th igi a
e or l p iti n f M ga os th on with o
g a d t
e s e ne s re r o

I di a
n ha ft f la
s o t b en o l k d e A di g t hi
e e n o v e r oo e c c or n o s

t mt f u d i
.

o w ta
n s e en A i a1 h waa a
,
o n n ttarr he t n,
'

e s n c o

f th A a h ii wh i h a
a
S ybu tiu g r s, ove rnor o e b i t d th r c os , o n e e

II a a a a a
at I a
q i
r t i f th P
, o i ( t h e q u i l t f rs sth S k
e e i t v en o e ns r

Sa aar svti) i I
n e s ern W h il a i a t
r n- d w i th S y e ssoc e

b u tiu h f qu tl y i it d S ad a ttu (
r s e re en v s S ad a
e n r co s or n r

c
yp tu ) k i s g f I ndi a oS a d a n
yp tu a j t u
n r c d by s, s c on e c re

mJ wath Chad a
.

S i W il l i a
r one s ,
g up t a s f th e H i d u n r o e n s,

th g a
e dfa r nth f th Em er o
p A h k a
e th g a teror
p a t s o , e re ron

o f th Buddhi t
e It wau d S l u u th
s s. s u n er f e e c s, e s c c e s sor o

A l ad ex n wh h ae r, dm a d a o t a ty wi th him a b ut p ti
e re o or on s

o f t i t y w t f t h I du th a
err or es o t M ga e th n s,i it d e s ene s v s e

hi s cout a t hi
r a pi ta l P a l
s ci b th a P é a
t pl i u t a a tot h r , or r e

a
,

c on flu f th E a b a( S ha
ence o e ra ) a
no o sd G a g or n n n es, n e r

th md
e o Pa t aa
er n d whi h h aun ,
n u wa ig h ty c e ss re s s s e

fu l g i l g th ad fi ft
r on s n en i b a ndth wi th adi t h ee n n re , c

thi ty ubi t d p a
r c s d a wa
ee l l wi th fi
, n h u d d ad ty ve n re n se v en

The se h abve e e n co l l e c t ed
(b ut n ot aa
tr nsl ted) by D r . Sch w a
nb k ec ,

i n h i s M eg a
sth en i s Ind i c aBonna1 8 46
, e, .

T A rri ai l ib
n . v. c a
p 6 . .
1 S ee b e fore , p 8 1 . .
 PEE P AT IND IA N S OCIET Y BY T HE G REEKS .
337

to we rs ad n six ty four g te s
-
aa a l I dia ’
The di sc overy of re n n

tumw ll a
.

da ll d by D M a M ii ll
e c e
“
th h t ah rr x er e s ee nc o

t whi h p m
, , .

f I di a h l y da in a
”
o n l gy (th
n c rono o i e on
y e c ro se s n

m
,

g d
oo d g e a ad
re e
j u t t
n f a y p t i s f u en I di a o n or on o o r n n

g a
en el g )
i o i th es , q u s f h ie c onse g i ti J u t i T
en c e o t s re c o n on . s n

t ll u th a
e s st Sa d attu h a d i d th th
n r co f I di a
s se z e e rone o n

( f m
ro th l a t f
e th sN a d a o i t a pp a e f m th In di a s, e rs ro e n n

a u t) a
cco n ft th p f t er f A l ad h a e db
re e c s o m u du ex n er e en r r

e d (3 1 7 B C ) S l u u f u d him
. . e e ig c f I dias o n sove re n o n

wh en, a ft th ta ki g f Ba
er e byl ad th n qu t fo on n e c on es o

Ba t ia
c r h pa d e t I di at m
ss e ak on u aa o
g m
n t o e se c re rr n e en s

m
, ,

wi th i t p
s e It w a
e ror th h l u d d th t
s a ty en e c onc e e re

wi th hi mwhi h m
.

u t ha b c b f th y a3 12 f
s ve e en e ore e e r or

a
, ,

a ft hi
er tu s re t Ba byl rn h f u d d th o whi h b aon , e o n e e er c e rs

hi w s o a m th S l u ida a It i
n n e, e e e l ud d f m c n er s c onc e ro

m
.

th i th a
s t C ha d a g pu t a b n a k
r i g a b u t B C 3 1 5 ec I t e n o

mu t ha b a
. . .

s ve b ut th y a3 1 2 tha
een o t M ga th e fi t e r e s en e s rs

i i t d hi
v s e u t lj
s co It i th
r p p
’

l f I d i a t h a
s on t t h e eo e o n e

i f m m mu i a
.

n or a ti whi h h
on t
c t u p i ip a
e co l l y tu n c es o s r nc rn s

M ga e th s ai w l l k w di id th p p ula
e ne s, s s e ti no n, v es e o on

o f I diai t n n o
p i i p a l di i
se ve n i l a r nc
( p
p é v s on s or c sse s n,

aw d whi h d
or c t ail y ma C at ) Th
oe s no n e c e ss r e n s es . e se

a re th ose of th e P hil os oph e rs , th e A gri c ul turi sts th e

a
,

S he ph e rds ad n Hunte rs , th e A rti z n s, Huckste rs ad

n

Bo dil y L a
b u o re rs, th e Wa
rri ors the Inspe c tors, ad n the
ad A
,

C ounsel l ors n sse ssors of th e ki n g . T h ose who h a ve

For th e ide nt ific t i on of P l i b oth r a a aad Paa

l
t pi
n ut aw a i r , e re ndeb te d

to M a
j or Re n n el l . Rob e rtson s d i sse n t fro
’
mR e nnel l (No te x i v . t o Di s
oundl e ss
q ui si ti on
) g
i s r .

1
’
Ju ti s n xv .
4 .

I S ee M aM ul l
x er s
’
Hist . of S a ns . Li t .
 W HA T CA S T E I S .

vi e we ai di a
d th e se di vi si ons ti g C a t s l k d t
n c i th n s e s, oo e o e er

f m
ro aB a hm ai a r l aBuddhi t p i t f i w h a b
n c or s o n o v e ve een

m
,

u h pu l d wi th thi l aifi a
c z z e ti f it i
s c a
ss l ly c t on, or s re no

re c on c il abl wi th a ey p i fi l a n i fi a ti
s ec f C a t c c ti d ss c on o s es no ce

aywh i th I di a l it a
n e re n e tu n Th n l ai fi a er ti it re e c ss c on,

m m
.

a pp a t
e rs i o i t h e, th a t
s e f M g a t
erh h i l fo f e s e ne s se or o

wi th wh mh m
,

th p l i ti a
e o l auth i ti
c f Pa l ib th a
or es o a o r o e c e

in c on ta t A ft
c f i g t th P hiler re e rr n
p h a i oa e oso ers, s n

m m
.

p osi ti ti l
on e n
y p ul i
re a i t i f
ec th r,H u b a d
r se sa ro e s n n

wh m o h i w wi th m
e v e u h ga
s d — t th R ya c l C u l
re r o e o o n se

uth i ty t th ki g h i ml f N twi th ta
,

lors, n e x t i a n or o e dn se . o s n

i g thi p ul ia
n s i ty f th
ec l aifi a
r ti
o f M ga
e c th ss th c on o e s e ne s , e

i f m
n or a ti whi h h i
on ti c f th s la no m b ad by
ce s o e c sse s e r ce

hima ff d i or f g a ts a lu
o ad th w
re v id ae, bl n ro s c on s er e

l ig ht th Ca
e v en on t y t e m p a l
s e s s et i h i d a y I t i re v en n s . s

d i g fa
e s e rv n tt tio i a ll i t d ta
en onil n s e s

1 O f th P hi l j h e M ga th
oson c rs , th u w i t ( I e s e ne s s r es

qu t f mhi m wh i m
.

o e ro a it d by S t a b
s c e
p i ur o,
”
o s ore c o o s

i hi qu ta
n s ti o th aA i a)
on s n rr n

m g th l a th fi t i h u th ugh in uma
A on e c sse s, e rs n ono r , o n

h th
erma l l t a th phil
e s
p h P pl wh
es ff re e o so e rs eo e o o er

m
.
,

saifi cr p f a y a
ce d i t
orh a th i
e r or f n s c re r e ve e se rv c e s o

th ose p e rsons a a o u
on t thei r pri v te
b ut t h ki g cc n e n s

m l
p y th o m i a publei ap ai ty a
nt t h tim f w h a
tc i c c e e o s

t th tim f th
e

ca l l d th G a
e t Sy
e d wh re a no wy a
, e re e e o e ne e r

a a a a a
'

l l th p h i
e l p h p i t
oso th ki g t
e rsth g tre d r o e n e e, n

ay u ful thi g whi h th y ha m

n se n m i tt d t w iti g
c e ve c o e o r n or

m
,

ob se rve d, tendin g to i p rove the prod uc ti on of fruits or o f

aim
aln s, or of d ata
a g v n e to th e orde r o f the st te , i s th e n a
“S tra
9
b G eog l i b . . . xv . 1 . e t seq .
3 40 W HA T C A S TE Is .

M eg ath s e ne s , I m
ay h ere mi e nt on, in c on n e x i on with
the P hil osophers re fe rs to thos e of the mu ta
io n ns
(p rob a
bl y
mu ta
,

worsh ippers of the i g d S hi a

o n
) ai fa u n -
o v , s n vo r of the

all g d i
e e v si t of Ba
c c hus to In di a H .
“
e re c o n i z e s
g the in
ha bitat n s of a
the pl i ns, howe v e r, aaddi s c te d to the worship
of He rc ul e s T hi s so c a
l l e d H erc ul e s w s un do ubtedly -
”
a
a m m
.

the In di a n Kri shna wh ose fa bul ous c hi e ve e n ts so uch

m m
, ,

re s e bl ing th ose of Herc ul e s were a bout this ti e broug ht ,

to n oti c e , whil e hi s worshi p w a ly l a

s ll y p
on al t oc re v en
“
He rc ul e s
”
wri te s A rri a th n on e auth i ty f M g a th
or o e s e ne s

a
,

waa a
i
,

th e Indi ns tel l us ti ve of th eir H e is

aa a
s n countr
y .

p atirul al
c
y w r orshippe d by t he S ur seni [the S h r s én s of a
the Hindu l i tera
ture] a
wh o h ve two gre t c iti e s be l ong ing a
to th e mM
a[whi h w
, ethor s c e a c a nn ot a f il to i de n tify s

Mathu d afau i t idr vo r e re s enc eof Kri shna ] ad E l i a n s

mK i h a
,

b a [p ba bl y a upti a a
”
or s, ro c orr f th
on o
p u ]
e n e r s n r .

T he distri c t re ferred to i s ev i d tl y tha

en t f th l g d f th o e e en so e

H in dus t th ti m
a e e of Me g ath s
p ti g K ri sh
e ne s re s e c
n a a n

md m i t n m ti d i th
,

o e rn d
g , w h os e a
n o e s no o ce en on e n e

a a
n c i e n t Vé d s M egath add p ti g H u l s e nes s re s ec n erc e s,

h t k m
.

evid tl y h a
en i g Kri sh a i hi y tha
v n t ay n n s e e, e oo n

wi and b g t a
ve s,
g a t um b e f o th ug h b utre n er o son s, o o ne

da wh m amd P a n d a1 aa mi whi h w
fi d a i di tin t t a f th P a
ugh t er h o e n e ce ,
‘

n e n c e

n da ady aty f th
ha bh a
n n n s c r ce o e v n s o e

Ma ataK i shna wa l y a a m
r d ifi d ki g wh
r s on

a e e n ose n e
.

a
,

app a t t
e rsh l f th Y d u b a
e c ose oh f th L u a a e r nc o e n r r ce .

I t a a
a
nti g f t h Phil
re n
p h M
o th e i oso e rs , e s e n e s re co n z es
g g
b th th B hm
o a ad th Buddhi t Sh a
e r m aai M
ns n e s r n s e

g a th
s a
e ne s,
y S t ab
”
di si d th e p hisl ph r i t t wo, v es oso ers n o o

S tr b a . G eo .
, x v . 1 58. .
1 '
A rr Hi st In
. . . c a
p . v i ii .

3: Se e before , p . 2 95 .
 PEEP A T INDIA N S O CIET Y BY T HE G REEKS . 34]

k inds , th e Br ama a
c h nes nd th e Gf am
a r nes “
F
The Br ah c

ma a a m
.

ne s re h e l d in gre te r re pute , for th ey a

g re e ore

ex atly i
c n th eir opinions Ev en fro th e ti m m e of th e ir
m a u d th a ad gua
.

c on c e pti on in th e wo b th e y re n er e c re n r

di a hi p f l a d m wh g t
ns o h m
e th
rn e ad m en , o o o t e o e r, n se e

t p f m mi
o e r or ata ti f th h a
so
pp i e ad w
nc nl fa on or e ne s s n e re

of th mth ead th u b o hil d b ut i

er n a l i y th y e n orn c n re t e

ad th mth wh l i t t
,

sug g t p ud t a
es d i r en v ce, n e o e rs o s en o

th m emt wil l i gl y a th ught t b th mt f tu a

os n t re o o e e os or n e

in th e ir offspring A fte r th e birth of the c hil dren , th ere i s

ma a
.

a suc c e ssion of persons who h ve th e c re of th e n d a s a

th y a d a i y a m at m a bl ad a m
,

a
e v nce n e rs, s e rs
p l i h d ore e n cco s e

df T Th B h m ab h t f th a f g a
’
s u c c ee e r ns e t ere s e s or s o re er

re p u t eth a t h Sn h a m ana
e k a H r
p e n t th m s. a e re r se s e s

bj t f a f m th ir ti h a i b a b l
l S a/ a
c re y e n
ve r c on c e on ,
o ec s o ro
p g p y v ro

i d mi di tin t a u t f th at a
rec e ve so e n s c tac co n ma o e n en l
ns l

m t f th Hi du H m t ha b
,

or s aa cr en s o e n s e see s o ve ee n

wa f th f m a
.

a re o l i ti
e orf th i tut l a es o
g u l a u e r i e e n c er s c c e s s on

o ft a e hc a di g t th Hi du i ti tut
e rs , c c or n o Th
e lfn ns es . e se

d iaen l f th o p h il e se
p h h di t
osoi tl y n ers t i eT h s nc o c es e

a m a m
.

p h il oso
p h h e rs,
y
”
p a t
e sh i ti s, i g f
ss d e r e n rov e o o er

a t aa
e re li ing up v t a w pa ll t ad n ki
on s r ab ta i e s n o s ns, s n

i g f ma im l f d ad f m
,

n ro a n oo ua l i t n u ro wi th s ex n e rc o rs e

w m m
,

o en , a
g g gi en th ln i g a e d i u
se ve s a d n r ve sc o rse s , n

co m mu i a n cti g wi th th n i li d t li t ose t th m But nc ne o s en o e

t p m
.

th b a i
e e re r i tt d t p a
s no k
er t e ug h o s e or o co ,
or e ve n

to s
p i t n oth g u de th
ro nw i h i p o l l d t h
er a t se
y e s ex e e ver

da y f m
ro th i i t y a
e r soc eh a i g t s l h i m
v n l f no c on ro ove r se

m
.
,

A ft l i i g thi ty
er v n ry a i n thi
-
s e ve n a a h
e rs ti s nn e r, e c re res

Sa m aa Cl mA l S mi 3 05
r n s, e . ex . tro . . .

1
'
S tr b a . G eog . l ib . xv . 1 59. . a
F l c one r s Tr
’
al a
ti
ns on, ii i . p . 1 09 .
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

to h i s own p a d l i
rope rty, w i t h l n t a i
ve s t w a in g es s res r n , e r

b
ro e s o f fi li ad i g f g l d but with ut p
ne n en , n r n s o o , o ro

fu i s on thon had ad a e n s Th y a n t th fl he rs . f e e e es o

aim
n a l but s, t th at f th no whi h ai t m o ai hi l a
os e b u
c ss s n n s o r,

ad a
n b ta i f m
s n u
p g troa d a n d fen d Tn h se son e
yp a ti oo e r c se

m
.

p l
o y
g a y f th ak orf a b u da
e s t ff
e o p i g I fn t h y n h a o s rn . e ve

at th y uppl y th i pl a by th i w hil d
n o s e rv n s , e s e r ce e r o n c ren,

f th m
or e al y ay p
ore n e r i la
n t d t a th e rson sth re e o no e r, e

m i b b udt a
ore s e tt d t
o n hi wat
o en M ga o th s n s e s enes

mt ha ha
.

a
a f th B a
i
ad f u th a
se e s o di i w i thi
ve ti
nv e p i n
p y l l ths se c th i d on r nc e r

n o r h a m s r hm a ( f whi h th f u th
s o e r ns, o c e o r

i th m l ud i t by a f
Th B a
s e il d ) th ugh h e r, o e c onc t
es re e re n c e o

d t ha t f th H u h l d hm a h "E
th e sec on o e o se o er e r n s, e

m
.
,

g oe s on t a y (
o s i f i,ty w i th
n c on or w h a t w fi d i t h e n n e

H i du l i t a
n tu ) d
er t uff th i wi
re o no t a
s tt d th i
er e r ve s o en e r

p h i l oso
p h i a l d i c u T h s co a rse s al
. l g d b ye h i m
re f son s e e or

th i s re se rve a th dag f th di ul g re e n er o f e t v ence o s e c re s,

th e a ti sse r on f i d p d o by i t u t d f m
n e e n en c e a l ad ns r c e e e s, n

th i d
e r ti
e s er f th i h u b a
on o d — e r a whi h wi th m s n s re son s c so e,

m
,

aa re l l g d t th p
e e t da
o
y g a
e a i t f
re se n a l i t u t i ns e e ns r c on .

f afutu ta a ta
Ba
O f th d t i e oc r n e o t ugh t by th re s e s e

r hm a M gath ha
n s, e d but pa
s tia
e ne s l ti Th y r no on s . e

di sc o u rse , h
”
a y
“
m ue sh d s, a t h f i t ic t h i
on
p i ei ,
or s . e r o n on

th a t th p e t l if i th
re se n ta t e f s e i d i
s e th
o on e c on c e v e n e

w m o b ad tha n t d a th t phil p e h i o b i t h t aoso a l a d

ers s r o re n

m
,

ha ppy l if He wa
”
b tt i ef d s a b u et t he r n or
g e o e n on re c o

by th m u d
-
.

n i ti on e ta ,
i u
n e r c er ft a h i g f th
n c o rse s o e c n , o e

a b se n c e o f g d a d il i
oo th n aid t f l if H
ev n e cc en s o e. e

rightl y p a k fm
s e ay f th i tis o n f a
o tu a l ph
e r no on s o n r eno

m ab i g f u d d m l y fa
en e n o n e bl H
e re ti on th es. e no c es e

See b e fore , pp . 2 8 35 -
.
 WHA T CA S TE IS .

m ore c i vil i z e d and b e tter i nfor md thathe n e se , who inc ul

c a
t th e e v ul g a pi i ro n on s c on c e rnin
g Hade s whi c h a c c ordin
g
a ati ty W m
,

to th eir id ae t d t en o i
p yet nd s nc o en s tudy
m ma m
.

p hil osoph
y wi th so e of t he b taini g at th a s n e s e

m m i ly m
,

ti e fro sen su l a c onne x ons i T hi ta

”
a
i ly s, c er n n

mg wh mw f ma
.

a
,

a pp l i t thes Bu ddhi ot d e s e vo e e st l on o e re e es

aw ll am
s eal s es
‘

tl y m ti n tha
.

M ga th e fu th s en e s r t el f d s
er c orre c en o s s e

d gm
-

t u ti n i
r c t a
o af th phil oph (a
s no o
pp l io abl e os e rs c e

t th ml
o e ) a d t h
se ves at t h ,w h n m m it t d t h a t ose o co e e c

we k
re re c d f l ha dy
on e oo -
r

R p ti g th H u badm
.

2 es ec e
n M ga th e ay s n n, e s e ne s s s,

t f th H u ba d m wh a
.

Th d l a i tha
e se c on c ss s o e s n en, o re

t h m t um u a
e os d m
n i l d t a th y a
ero s n mpt d es s e re exe e

f m mil itay i ad ul ti a f m
,

ro r t th i
se rv c e l ad f n c v e e r n re e ro

a la m Th y d t
r et t i ti o no ith t t aa
re so r t o c es, e er o r ns c

m
.

p ub l i b u i c t ak e pa t
s n ess, ori pu b l i t u u l t It t h r n c s ere

m m
.

f o re f q u tl y ha
re
pp entha t a t t h e a t i en s a d i s e e, n n

th ampat f th u t y n b dy f m a i
e s e r o e co n r o e o o en re n

m
,

ba t tl aa ye a nd rr a
g g d ,
i n t t w
en i th t h e
y n co es s e e ne ,

wh i l th a pl ugh i g diggi g i
e o ers re o u i ty l a n or n n se c r e v

m Th
,

i n g th e so l diers to ro te c t the whol e of the te r

p . e

ri to r
y b el on s t o t h e ki n
g g T he a
y c ul ti v te i t o n t he

m
.

aa a
te r s o f rec e i vi ng s w g es, the fourth p rt o f t he pro
du T hi
ce d f
”
t a
g i ul t u a
l p usui t b y e e re n c e o rc r rs s

t h I d ia i t i m f waha m
.

e n ns l n ti u d es o r s ore or ess c on n e

t th p
o nt ti m A th
e ul ti ati
rese f th l ad i e s e c v on o e n s

m ti d aadi ti t mpl ym t ad paa

.

h ere en one t d s s nc e o en n se r e

ahu had p ba
b l y Buddhi t i
Cl i t rc s ro s s n v i ew wh e n h e p ntre re se s

t h mu d
e th am fPa m a pp
n er e n e o r n oe s o ose d to th e Bahma
nr c e s.

St ab G
r 1 70 . e o. x v . . .
 PE E P A T IN DIA N S O CIET Y BY T HE G REEKS . 3 45

fro mth ai g e re r n a ttl ad th p at i of c f m ha

e, n e r c ce o erc n

di sea ia t d i
ssoc th l a
e w b k wi th t h
n e at p i il g -
oo s e c s e r v e es

o f th Va ei hyai t i p ha s p t s uer t i f t h
s noa t e rron e o s o n er

th t m
,

e Va
er i hya waa pp
s l i d t p a ti s
p a a t l y ef l o r es se r e o

l wi g i th
o n e f th er o upa ti e se o c c o ns

u i f m
.

3 R p ti g th P at
. es ec nad H u t e s ors at n n ers , o r n or n

w itr es Th t hi d l a i t ha e t rf th cPat ss ad s o e s ors n

Hu t n e rs,wh a l a p m
o itt d t hu t t
on e re b er d e o n , o re e

c a t tl t e, l l ad t l t ut f
o se n hi o b a e t f bu d
o or re e s s o r en

f m u t y f mwi l d b a t a
.

I n re tu rn f i g th
ro re e n e co d n r ro e s s n

b i d whi h i f t
r s, c w fi ld n es th y so i n aa ll w
e s, e re c e ve n o

a f nce o f mt h ki g
c orn ro Th y l a d awad i g
e n . e e n er n

l i f ad d w l l i t t
e, n e N p i a n t en s
p . i al l wo d r v e e rson s o e

t k p a
o ee h a l phat Th p
orse o r n e e i f i th n e osse ss o n o e er

a
.

o ne or th th e i a ya
o l p i il g
er s ad p ro r v e e, n e rsons re

a pp i t d
o n e t t a k a o f e cT h d
re i t i o t i f e s nc on o

co wh d h ph d
e r s, s ad hu t
e e r s, f m th n
p t i n e rs, ro o er or on s

o f th I d iap pul a
e n ti n oti u t th p on , c o n t da y n es o e re se n .

4 O f th A ti a H u k t e r zad L a ns, b u M gac s e rs , n o rers , e s

ad th S h p
.

th e ne sth u w it s A ft th Hu t
r es er e n e rs n e e

h d e r s, f l l w t h f u th l a wh i h
o o s e o r i t f th
c ss , c c on s s s o e

A t i a Hu k t
r z n s, ad La c b u
s ers, S m f th n o re rs o e o e se

m
.

p ya t a a d
x es
p fn t a i ta t
er or d i c er B u t t h
n s e se rv c e s e

A mu m m
.

r o a k r ad S hi p buil d
e rs n i wa g
- f e rs re c e v e es ro

m
-

t he ki ng , for wh o on l
y t h ey work The g e ne r l in a -

am a ama
.

c h ie f furn ishe s th e sol d ie rs wi th r s, n d t he d ir l

l e ts out shi ps for h i re t o t h ose wh o un dert ke a vo a
y g es

a a am a
n d t r ffi c s e rc h n ts
”
.

aaou t f th ta
T h i s i s fol l owe d b y n k i g th l phat patl y cc n o e n e e e n ,
r

c orre c t nda pa y a a O u a
rtl i n c c ur te uth al pat th t y f r or so re e s e s or o

u h i n th f mf H
at ad th g l d fi di g m
.

the n s n e o - d tu n n ,
c e or o e ro o s.

4 4:
 W HA T CA S T E I S .

5 O f t he M i l i t ay r he s a
y s The fi fth cl a ss c on sists

m m
mpl y d i h
.
,

of fi ght in g en wh o p ss th e ti e a no t e o e n t e

fi e l d i n i dl e ne ss and d rin k in
g nd , a ama
i a i d a th re nt ne t e

a
c h r e o f th e
g ki g Th n ey a a
dy wh
re re e n e v er t h ey a re

wat d t m
.

ah a
n e o fo r th e y b ri n g n o thing
rc on n ex
p e di t i on ,

o f t h e ir o wn wi t h th e e x c e t th e ir b o d ies
p
”
T h ese m
m
.

t roo ps i t i s i n te resti n g t o n o t ic e , we re e b o di e d s aa
am
,

a
s t nd in
g r
y It i s not
pp aa a a
re n t t h t i n c st e t he
y were

m t t ha b n
.

ail y K ha
n e c e ss r t iya T h y s r s e se e no o ve ee

mu h t ubl d with wha t th R m a k d im

.

c ro e
p e d i o ns re c o ne e ‘

m taia
en v .

6 O f th I p t
. h a
e ns
y T
ec ors,h i th l a e s i s e s x c ss s

th at f t h E ph i r I p c t
o e or o Th y a i t u t d with
ns e ors . e re n r s e

th up i t d
e s er n e n f a l l t ha t i
en c e O
g i g ; a d i t i s o n on n s

th i d uty t
e r
p t p i a t
o re l y t t
or h k i g r v T h e i t y o e n e c

mpl y ath i a
.

i p t
ns e c o rs e dj ut
o sth ity u t a;
e r co ors e c co r ez ns

ad th i p t f th a
n e n s e c o rs omp th w m wh f l l w it e c e o en o o o .

mt a p a
,

Th b t ad t
e esh nf i t h f u l e os a pp i t d t erson s re o n e o

th ffi
e O f i p t
ce o A nsl l t h i
e c or m a y . b
”
t I t i s e c o rre c . s

p a t f th d u t f a k i
e
g a l a i d
o d w i t
n h L aw b s k o n n e -
oo s,

G l im
r o
y
l wi th pi ad m
,

t d a
o e i a
s i es aft n e p
ss r e s er se s

o fI p t ns ma b
e c o rs
y g t i th e l d l i
o t a tu
e ven f n e o er er re o

th I diae n ns

7 Of h t C u l l e aA d o nse f t h
ers k i g n h ssessors o e n , e

a
.

a y s:T t h p o b l e seg t h ffi
e rso ns f t t t
e on h e o c es o s e e

m
s ,

t i bu a
r l fj u t n i a
so d th w h
s l a
c e, d i n i t at i f aef f a i o e n s r on o rs
”

T hi i p tt y m
.

s s u h i rea d a cw i th w
n h a t M a
c c or t l l u nc e nn e s s

o f th ya l e ro u l l Ico nse i ors w i t h th.

i p a t f
n c onne x on s r o

S ee b efore , p . 41 .

1
'
S ee so m e c orres p ondi ng de sign ti ons a i n th e P u u haM edh aut
r s ,

su rp app . . 1 27 1 32 -
.
 WHA T CA S TE IS .

p pro
y e rt The th ird t ook co
gn i z a nc e Of adb i rths n

wh i h m
.

a avi
d e t hs wi th , ew to re v e n ue u
p pr ose s, ay c

Cx la a a di a ti ti a
ta
a
i v e rs on o f th e n ti v e s O f In

a
p
'
i th n e t l
o s s c

i q ui i
n Th f u th d i ha
r es g d t h
e o d u tir f t h scB r e e es o e z r

mat a t t d i g t w i g h t ad ma
.

s e rs , en n u o ad d ubl i g
e s n e s re s, n o n

t h tawh
e th
x h pk p d a en l t i aa e s i ty f a
o ee ti ler e n v re o r c es

m a a
.

Th fi fth t k
e g n i a oof u
co f t u d
z a t
nc ei l aon d n c re r c es

th i e r a l d i ti g ui h i g l d a
s e, s ti l n f m ws n o r c es ro ne ones .

Th i t h e s x ll t d th t th f th p i
co ec e f th a
e en ti l o e r ce o e r c es

so l d i fl i ti g d a n th c p a t
n i g u i let y f f a
onu d i t h
r i es o r n s

ma
,

tt Thi d i i i
er f la b u d id
s v s on t up o d th o r no s erse e e

mm
.

co ul tati
o n c on s ad sp i bil ity f th g a on n re l o ns o e e n er

b dy f th p ta
o o d e en s

lly m
.

A q ua
n e i ut d i i i f la b u waa
n e
pp a v s on ot i o r s re n n

i
c o nn e x o n with th m aa g m t f m i lei t a y affnai ec en o r rs , on;

nec e t d wi th whi h t h w a l ci P ta e red Th e re so s x en s e

at d u d t h naa
.

fi t f th
rs o ese c e l up i t d t ad n er e v s er n e n en n

i t mm q u tl y m
,

s b e w ers i ia tu
e re c on se L d f th en n re or s o e

A dm i a l ty r Th dm aa g d t h C
e se c o n m m i a i a t an d e e o ss r e n

tm t u d
.

T a it D pa
r ns e ap id t hai g hag f
r en n er re s en v n c r e o

mi l itay gi ba
, ,

th b ul l k t a
e i ocf th -
r ns or
gg ge a r en n e s, e,

i t umnt
ns r f m ui g
e m m hai t ad f a
s o s c, ro o
g s, ec n s s, n or e rs,

wh mth y o wa d d e
p u ireh d a r e d i g t or t h i n s e c c or n o e r

d t
e se r s Th t h i d h a
. d ha g e f t h ri f a t y; t h cf u rth e o e n n r e o r ,

o f th h e th fifthorse s f th ha i t e th i th
, o f th e c r o s e s x , o e

l ph at
e e I n s n i wi th th n co ti f th
n e x on aa n
g e no ce o e se rr e

m t M gath ma
.

e n s, ke th f l l wi g p
s e n es i esta t e o o n re c s e s e

mt en s Th '
a ya l ta ble re f th
re h ro ad s es or e o rse s n

l phat
e e Th n s i a l a ya l m a
e re
g a is f soa m rof z ne o r s or

m t th amu y ad th
.

th l di
e so tu er hi a re rns s r s o e r o r ,
n e

h orse ad l p hat t th tan e e bl T h y u th l ph a

n o e s nt es . e se e e e s
 PEEP A T IND IA N S O CIET Y BY T HE G REEKS . 3 49

wi tho ut b ri dl e s . The c h ai t a d a
r o sw re r n on the mah rc

by o x en The horse s a l d by aha

re lte i e r, n ord e r th ta
ma md
.

t h ei r l e gs y n ot be c haf d ad i fl a
e n n e n or t he ir s pi ri t
mp d by
,

da e a
d r wi n g cha i t B id
r o s th . es es e a
C h ri o te e r,

th a tw
e re re o
p e rsons wh o fi g h t by h is si d e i n th ha i t
e c r o

at a
.

Wi t h t he el e h
p n re fo ur
pe rson s, t h e d riv e r ad th n re e

b wm wh di h a
o en , g a
o wsc f mr hi eb a krro s ro s c
”

d ta il a l l b awi t
.

Th e se e s t wha
e r t w ha ne ss ft o e ve o en

n tio d th di i i
ce e f la b u a
v s on o m g th ai t I dia o r on e nc en n ns ,

i t h ti m f M g a
,

ad h w th i t
n s o e e x s en c e n th e f e o e s e n es o

p a t ir w i t
esh d i g a t i i
esm il a n t thons s ta i d i t hr o ose c o n ne n e

li t a
s s l a dy i t d u d i t t h i w k
re n ro ce n o s or

l m
.

S a
e ve r i l la u sc eti neo f th I d ia p pl
s no c es o e n n eo e,

b a i g
e r n th on ia l ta t f th I dia a i t d u d
e s oc s e o e n n s, re n ro ce

by S t a b ad A ia
r o n th a uth i ty
rr n on f M ga e th or o e s e ne s

i a mwha
n so t d ig
e i a l f m Th wh l
res s o n u t y
or . e o e co n r

o f I diawa d i i d d i t i
n s a
v i d i t ah u d d ad
e s s n o n re n

a t im
, ,

t w ty t w
en a ti o n a t
o n s,
p bna b l yes t b l w th e ro no e o e

md f l if
-

t uth
r Th p pl w e f uga
eo l i
e th i e re r n e r o e o e,

a
.

ui gs n wi no
p t i
ne e x c e i fi (t h n f s cr i p c es e re e re n c e s ro

ba hl y t th S m o a ) a e d t ho i f , d bn i g p i i a
e r
p y l l f
oo e n r nc o

i
r ce Th y w f d fa
e bl ut i
e re on ad u ti o f th o ns n nc o ns o e

l ubbi g f t h b d y ad f a m t f th
.

f i ti a
r c on r n o e o n o orn en s o e

p i
rec o u t a d
s s on e sm ta l Tn h y w e m sa k a b l f e e re re r e or

m
.

th i e r
g a d
re f t uth
r th i
or p yg
r l a u a ll ia e r o o s n c es ,

e ff t d t h ugh pu h a ad fa u ; t h i t l a
ec e ro rc se n f vo r e r o er n c e o

p f i
ro e ss on a l w h d m th i ore a l y
o m a i ag i t
e r e h a r rr es n e c se

of
g i rl s , who m
i gh t be e spo use d wh en se v e n
y a e rs ol d ;

a
t he i r s c ri fi c ing wi th the i r he ds un c ov ere d a th e ir kil l i n g
ai m
al by s uffo c a
ti on , a id bl d h d
in o rde r to vo oo s e

im
n s

t h ei r p un ish i n g c r i m by ma
esi g (a j i d i th n s e n o ne n e
 WHA T CA S TE IS .

a
L w books) ; thei r c re
-
afh o t e
p erson s of th e k in g s b y
a mad a
.

sl ve gi rl s t he i r d e
-
n s on kin gs for l b o ur ad n

re c re ti o n a
d urin g th e d y nd ot he r c usto s k n o wn to a a m
be c on sist e nt wi th Indi n h istory T hey re sp o ke n O f s a . a a
a
i g nor nt o f l e tters, or w ri t in g nd s c on du c t in
g p ubl ic a a
b usiness mm i t
e or e r, wi th ut a a i bl b dy f l a
o w n c c e ss e o o

ad wit h ut th u Thi ma a
,

n o e se of al se
y h b s all y s ve e e n re

a wi th th b dy f th I di a i n th ti m f
.

th e c se e o o e n ns e e o

M ga
e th f th s e nes, orkno wn for of th e I n d i n
e o l d es t m a
aa a
lp h b e ts be r s e v i de n c e o f a G re c i an a n d P h e n i c i an ori g in

a a a
,

nd w s n o t unl ikel y d e vi se d fter the in va sion o f A l ex

a n d e r th e Grea t
”

a
.

M ge a s t h e n e s is c c u s e d o f d a
e v i at i ng i nto f bl es when

a
h e s pe ks o f In di n d wa rfi sh ra a
c es o f fi ve o r t hre e s a
p ns

i n he i gh t a n d wi thout n ost ril s but wi th bre a th i n g

m
, ,

fi c es bout thea ou th of E n oc o itqs wh o sl e t o n the ir

p ,

ca rs whi c h h ung d o wn t o t he ir fee t of t ri be s wi t h h eel s

i n fro n t a nd i nste an d toes t urned ba ck of O c a d

p yp oe

a m
.
, ,

s o s wi ft o f fo o t t h t t hey l e ft h orses b ehin d th e ; o f

M on o m
a
ti, who h d on l y on e e ye pl a a c e d i n th e i d dl e m
o f t h e fo reh ea d , wi th h a i r e rec t nd S ha ggy b re s ts o f a a
m
A yc te res wi tho ut n ostril s wi th the uppe r pa
, rt o f the
,

l i ps proj ec ting nd o f va a
ri o us o the r c uri o u s a n d h id e o u s

m ons te rs The ab u di tys r of hi s n rraa

ti in ad
m
ve re r
.
g
to these a t te rs needs n o ex
p u
osre but i t i s i n te re st in g

Cl i t r h u aw l l a
a c M ga
s,th s e a gn s e s en e s, t estifi ed to the Indi n I or

a f w i ti g O th p ba
nc e o r bl n u f l it a
. l w iti g a
n mg e ro e n on- se o er r n on

th e a i nt I dia
nc e ti by th a
nuth i “
ns,I d i aTh se e no ce e or n n ree

T h u ad Y a A g
o s n pp 3 4 3 6 ad m pati ul al y M a M ul l
e rs o, -
n ore r c r x er s
’

Hi t f S a L i t pp 5 00 5 2 4 mpad wi th G l d tu k I nt o
d uc ti on t the M a
‘ ’
s . o ns . . .
-
, co re o s c er s r

aaS i t app 1 5 67
o n v l r s, .
-
.
352 WHA T CA S T E 1 s .

g al
e ne
g i p aotl y f t h S
es, l a ad pa tl y r o e o r n r of th e Lun a
r
Dy a tin s f u d d by hi mt g th
es , c on o n e o e er M eg ath
s e nes

m a mhy
.

say t ha st t h I d ia k e f B hnu ns re c on ro cc s
(wh o t e
m ad th e t m p a f
e c on e
y S p a t mb a ) or r o r e s on e h un d re d ad n

fi ft y thre e ki ngs,
-

g g rei ni n d urin g th e a
sp c e of six

t ho us nd a a
nd fort
y t wo
y e rs T h e st t e e n t g rees -
a . am a
wi th n one o f the g e ne l o gi c l l i sts possesse d b y the a a
Hind us, e ven whe n t hey re v ie we d s i nc l udi ng their a a
a
f b ul ous pe rson ges a
The onl y s fe c on c l usio n i s , th t a a
aa
.

g g a a
e n e l o i c l l ists we re c tu l l
y rec i te d b
y t h e n t i v e s t a a
m f hi i it t
t h e ti e o s v s o I dia W
n e g e t no c h ro n o o l gi a
l c

h l p f mh im mi mf
.

in t he a
'

e ro
p t , ex ce en t o n o f t he n e o

S ad aottu (Chad a
n r c u ta
g p ) w hi h a
sff d u n r c or s s th alu e v

tum
,

abl h i t i a
e l da a l a dy a
s or c l l ud d t re e o

t tha
.

W ha b f
‘
e t i d t h fa
ve t th G k
e o re n o ce e c e re e s c on

f u d d S hi a
o n ad K i sh awith Bahu a
e v nd H n r n cc s e rc ul es,

i n th e c once
p t ad ln e
g en ds of who mh t ere is c e rt a
i lyn

so maa
l gy e n o . They were a
n e rer th e truth , wh e n a s

a a a a
,

S t r bo y s s, they re l t d e t h t t he In d i a ns worsh i p ped

Jupi te r O mb iu r s, the ri ve r Ga
ug es, ad n th e i nd i g e no us
d e i ties o f th e c o un t r
y In Jupi te r O brius we d o ubta m
a w
.

l e ss fi nd the Ind i a n In dr , by hose infl ue nc e i t w s s up a

p ose d t he c l o uds she d a u I d a d o wn t he i r w tery tre a s res . n r

waw h i pp d f l d by a
s ors ll la f t h I d ia t h ugh
e o o c sses o e n n s, o

h wa k
e d th p i
s re c a
l d i ty f
o net h K h at i ya e s ec e o e s r s

It m m
.

utb a pp a t f tsh e t i w g i th
re na
t ro e no c es n o ve n,

th ugh t h G
o k a u t f I di a e a f mth f mi
ree c co n s o n re , ro e or n

whi h th y ha a
c h du e ta l l t ha t ul d b d i d
ve re c e s, no co e es re ,

S tr b aG . e og . x v. 1 69
. . Ih a th ve rou
gh out th i s c h a
p
t e r re fe rre d

to M eg ath enes aquote d i n

s ,
s th i hapt
s c er of S tr b o, a a
n d i n A rri n
’
aa
In di aHi t y
n s or , ch a
p t ers v i x vi .-
 PEE P A T IN D IA N S O CIET Y BY T HE G REEKS . 3 53

th e y a a
llyre re aa l ua ofbl ad i t ti g haat
v e n n eres n c r c e r,

f m
ro t h li g ht wh i h th y a
e t c th e ia l ta c t s f th
on e s oc s e o e

I d ia a
n nst t h ti m e f wh i h th y t a
es o t Th y a c ff d e re . e or

no
p f
roo h w , o t h a t th G
e v er, k g i ed t h i
re e l as re c o n ze e r re

ti o ns hi p t th o ul i g t ib
e r f I d ia
n r di es o d th n , or sc o v e re e

fat t ha
c t th G e k ad S ak i t are e n
g a t l a
ns r
g g ua re co n e n es

m k w t th I dia u d th a mf
.

Th y b a e ec e no n o e n ns, n er e n e o

Yaaa v n s b y whi h th G Bat ia w c e re c o -

c r ns e re

a ft wa
er d d i ti g ui h d By th G
r s s n s e Ba . t ia G e re c o -
c r n, re c o

I d ia I d S yth ia ad Pa
n n, n o -
c thi a Ki g
n n wh r n n s, ose

i
c o ns ha f l a ve o t y ab e b ug h t t l i gh t ad wh
e rs ee n ro o n ose

d m
,

o i i t
n ons e x e n d d t th e th p o i e n or f I d i a
e rn ro v n c e s o n

im m m
,

p t
ora t l n a l ocd ifi a t i w o d u cb t l on s a d i
e re o e ss e n

I d ia a
n n c t ad u t m b ut f th
s e n c s o s hi t i a l o ese n o s or c no

ti c es a t b f u d I d iab a
re o e o n mg a. tl y i d b t d t
n ec e re n e e o

Ba t i aa
c r t th
n r i di a ti e f wh i h a
n c t wa
on s o ti g i c re n o n n n

ma
,

t h Bud d h i t
e s i fW t
re I d ia ad thi
ns o e s e rn b l ig a n n s o

ti on w ul d o t b u n t i d by t h h
no e n o d i tace y l i m e e re r ne rs,

p ai t
n ers, u l p t
sc a d a h
o rs ,i t t fn I d i a arc d b y t h
ec s o n ,
n ose,

w h u d th Budd hi t l aa
o, n er e ti f Ca s t f lt a
re xt l ib t on o s e, e er v

t o a d pt o upa ti
oc c ui t d t on sth i sw g i u ad e o e r o n en s n

i li a
nc tin on s

It m m
.

a y b h e ti e re d t h u g h enb y a t
on ei i p a t i o n c on ,

ud i u P t l m
,

th a t u o bl i g a
r o ti t Cl a on s o
y f A l as d i a o e o ex n r

( o f t h d
e se c o n t u y a f t
c en C h i t ) rf t h i d
er t i fi a t i
r s or e en c on

ad l a
n li a
oc ti z fm ay f t h p pl ad t i b f I dia
on o n o e eo es n r es o n

a g a
re t i d d
re n A f w f th
ee . i d ti fi a
e ti o ad e se en c o ns n

l a
oc li a ti
z ha b
on s a l a
ve dy i i d t a
een ll re f d t i nc en
”

y re erre o n

th p e d i g pa
re c e n
g O t h es f . t h
*
m w i l l b e rs o t i d e e no ce

wh enI i w th Hi d u Ca
re v e et ath y a n t p t
s es i t s e re se n ex s .

S ee b e fore , pp . 55 , 5 7 , 1 1 1 , 1 5 5 , 1 7 0, 2 2 7
IX .
— C A S TE I N T H E L A w Bo o x s -
A ND L A TE R IN D IAN
L IT E RA T U RE .

m d tta
BO T H th e SSi t a ( Si t af u d d th r I r s or I r s o n e on e

S mi i wha i
t ormm b d ) ad h S mi ti t s re e e re
”
n t e r s

m igi f mwhaa a
r

t h mle ha i g th
se ves a v n ll d e s e or n, or t re c e

th Hi d u D ha
e m akd a
n Law B k Th y dr s s tr s.
*
or -
oo s e o

ima ig i i m
.

la il a ha
t f h Veda
Ba
n ot c n or n s r to t o t e s or e ven

t ha f h hm aa A aya ka Upai ha ad '

t o t e dr n s, r n s, n s s, n

aaS i t a a i a
S h r ut l t d with th
r s, ssoc Vé dat wh i h w e e s, o c e

ha a ve l a dy a
re
pp al d Y t t h
e i au
e t h . i ty i a e l y e r or s sc rc e

o fa da
se c o n
y h aa rt T
c h y a
r c er
p a t i a l l y a l l p e re r c c re

mu ity Th m a i t f
-

l t i t h I d ia m
.

v a en n e n n co n e ore nc e n o

th m w ad u t mh l d t
.

e ta i th
c on n d f th l a
e re c o r o e s n c s o s e o

ha b ve l g u
ee n on t i thc I d ia m
rre n mu i ty a
n nd e n n co n

by im m
,

l a d i th
e r ne e er
p l t a d it i s f i t
e r
p t a t i o n, or ro n e r re ons

ma d f Ved i w k
e o by upp
c d Ri hi i
o r s, wh s s ose s s n o e

b hae l f i t i a t d t has t th y w
sse r e
p f t f m t h e i ere er e c ro e r

b i th ad p
r n d f di i
osse sse o It i g a
v nel ly Vl S l on s ene r

ma
, .

i ta n i d b y th Hi d u t ha
ne t Ved i a
e uth i ty i wati g
n s c or s n n

t th m i ay a
Ba
o e n
p t
n l y b
re s u ec
p t i onf t h ec se or o ns o e

hm
,

Védi w k c or s , aaad S t a) wh i h th y w
r n s n
’
II r s on c e e re

or ig i a l l y f u d d ha a
n o n l t g th
e
p i h
ve d T h y ao e er er s e e re

m
, .

w itt
r in hl ka a
en s p o ul i a s, i fi a t i ec a u d
r v e rs c o n, o r e s re

p rose a”
i t is d m i s at d b
en o
y S i W i l l i a
n m J e b u t r on e s,

a t p ti a
re n o l i th p p
oe c n f th t m M
e ro e r se n se o e er ore

mm t ha b w itt up n th m ad d ig t
.

co en s ve ee n r en o e n es s

ma f th mtha i
,

d e o e th, a f ay th I d ia
n n e c
n se o n o er n

W i ti g
r n Th p
s . a l ad
e ia
erson l ad i il ad l ig i us
, n s oc , n c v , n re o

F m Dh i m al a
ro w a d kd t acr i titut , , n s s r ,
ns e .
 356 WHA T CA S T E I S .

aa m afa b ut 4 5 0 S hl ka t a
S aka
11 .
G ut ti g , o o o s, re n of the
at h l a
ns ti P iti ad Duti
r s, f th
e re ve os on n es o e four
Ca t Fu a l C
s e s, m i ad P a ne r e re o n es , n e n nc e .

H é i ta f a b ut 1 2 5 Shl ka t a
°

l2 rti g o o o s, re n of Pe
mi
.
,

a ad Fu a
n nce l C n ner e re on es .

13 Jd bé l i
amm
. .

J i i
'

14
ma
.
.

15 Ja da i
Ka
g n

a
. .

hya
Ka tya
16 .
p s .

17 .
ya a u i
py g t w l l a n i C a, l ut ta
oc c n e ve e ve s n c

e di ti i B ga on l i ha nat en c r c er .
‘

18 Ka .u ha ki f a b ut 3 00 S hl ka t a
s , ti g o f o o s, re n o

Da ha a a a
ting f Sh a
( ts i ) d P s ns n en nc e .

19 K ki l a f 3 06 S hl ka t a
. o , o d d ha o s, re o r s

20 La ug i k hi
ti g f D a
. c s .

21 L i khi ta f a b ut 1 00 S hl ka t a o a o o s, re n o n

mi
.
,

P a ad F u a
,

e n n ce , l C n ner e re on e s.

22 Mm m f 2 6 8 5 S hl kaa u t d by Si W il li a
o m o s, s co n e r

um m
.
,

T h f ll wi g i i t ay f t t
w f th Saka
J on e s . e w o o n s s o n s r o c on e n s

Th C a tie f th W l d L a
re on o aO b e or , so e ns r s, serv

a A bl uti
n c e s, M ai a g t h on s ,
g a t S a ifi F u al
rr e, e re cr c e s, n er

C mi e re O upa ti
on e s, Fa m il y Rul
cc T hi g t b A t on s, e s, n s o e e

ad t A t D fil m t Pu ifi a
n no -
e, eti ( f m )
e a d U t il
e n s, r c ons o en n e ns s,

f W m th P a f th Y g aTa
a
th D uty
e o ti o en ,
p e r c ce o e o , s,

M k h aa
o s d Sa y a thn D u t y f K i g n D i i s f e o n s, e c s on o

m
,

C a Ta
,

ki g f E i d
s e s, nad E a i a
o ti La w f v e nc e , n x n on , o

Hu bad ad W if I h ita G a m bl i g Pu i h m t
th A h a
s n n e, n er nce , n n s en

f C im
,

i a l a( Dutiful W a l k ) f Va i hya
'

o r n s, e c r or o s s

ad S hud a O igi f th M i d C at th Duti f a

n r s, r n o ll e xe s e s, e es o

Cl a i tim f Di t
sse s n Rul es o f P a E a p s re ss, es o e n nc e , sc e

S Bi bl Sak f G i ld m ee i p 1 27 . ns . o e e ster, . .
 CA S T E IN T HE L A W -
B OO KS .
35 7

fro mW orl dl y Connexi on , Enj oy mt en of the thre e kinds of

Frui ts of Works L ibera

ti on , , Knowl e dg e of G ood a
the nd

Evil th e Duti e s owe d to O ne

’
s C oun tr
y to O n e s C a
s te to
’

m mai
,

a
, ,
’
a
O ne s F il y, H ere ti c s, nd C o p n es of

23 N drdya q m
m
.

a a
.

24 P ré sh of S hl ok at a ti g (a
ft th s, re n er e

mi
.
,

Up odg hé t a or Introduc ti on ) of th Dai ly C e e re on e s,

m
a a
,

the Four a
A sh r s, S c ri fi c e M ai a
g F u a
l C rr e, ner ere

mi P u i ty ad Im
,

P a T u h Ea ta
’

on e s, r p u ty n n , e n n c e, bl o c , es

ad
n N on Ea -
tabl Lag e s, r e sse s , R d i g f th P l a t
en er n o e n e s,

m
H ouse s Te pl e s e tc Propi tious D uti e s of King s T hi s
m m
, , .
, .

S ri ti a
l so a
ppe a
rs i n an ab ridg e d fo r o f 5 4 1 S hl o k a
s

m
,

a
T he P r j ép a ti or Bra
.

l i ci of 200 S hl oka
f Sh a
25 s ,

di a
.

ddh a
,

t a
re ti g f th n o e or n nc e s or r s.

26 S a atta ka f 2 1 6 S hl ka t a
nv r ti g f th o o s, re n o e

m i Lag m
. ,

Da th C a th A h a a '
il y C e re t on e s, r e sse s, e s es, e s r s,

ad P a
n en n c e s .

27 S l ui tdta
.
p a f 2 00 S hl k a t at i g f P a , o o s, re n o en nc e

/ a f 2 04 Shl ka t a
.

2S S ha u a tin
g f S aei fi, o o s, re n o cr ce

S hakha f 2 00 S hl kat a
. .

29 n ti g f D d th a o t o s, re n o ee s

a Right W g (D ham é dham d Im

.
,

re or a ) P u i ty a ron r r r n

m m
,

p u i t
r
y D a i l y C ,
i a d F u al C i
ere on e s , n ne r ere on e s .

a m
M nus ri ti , i 1 1 1 1 1 8 f th t w l
Th e c o n te n ts ha pt a
-
o e e ve c e rs re

mJ
. .

a
t h us ex re sse d b y S i r Wil l i
p on e s IO th C a ti ; wi th a n e re on

S ummay f th C t t II O E du a
. .

r o ti
e ; on en s.th Fi t O d . n c on or o n e rs r er

m
.

III O M ai a g ; o nt h e S d
rr O d I V eO E r on i k ad e c on r er . n c ono c s, n

ad IV m VI O
. .

Pi a
r vt M a l e V O Di t P u i fi a
or s ti n e r c on , n o en n

mt
. .
, . .

D ti
e vo th Th i d a
on d F u th O d
or o n VII O G e r n o r r e rs . . n ov e rn en

or on th M i l i tay C l a VII I O Judi a

e tu ; ad
r La w P i a
ss. t n c re n on r v e

ad C i m O th C m m ia
.
,

n i al IX
r n l ad S i l Cl a X On e o e rc n e rv e ss e s n

ad Ti m f D i t
. . . .

th M i
e
'

d Cl a xe ss e s, XI O n P a adon es o s re ss n e n nc e n

n m
. .

E p ia
x ti XII O n T a
on. ig ati ad fi na .l Ba ti tude r s r on n e .
 W HA T CA S TE IS .

30 aa f 1 5 0 S hl ka t a
Ush n o ti g f P u i ty a d o s, re n o r n

Im m
,

a
.

pu i ty t h r C a t , F u e l C s es, i B u y gi a
ne r d e re on e s, n n

S l l i g ad P a
e n n en nc e

Vdm
.
,

31 aa n

i sh aa wh m
. .

32 Va l i hthaa fa u i t
s t s f th Va vo r e o e n v s, o

i t upp t f m
.
,

s a taia
or s l p i t f i w
ro se c r o n o v e .

Vi h u O f t hi I h a l y th L a
,

33 s n s
g h u v e s ee n on e or

b i d g d f mwh i h
. .
,

a r e or i t ly f 1 1 0 S h l ka
c c o ns s s on o o s,

mt A h a m
,

t a
re ti g f th S aa
n o e a ad Cat
cr e n s,
'

s r s, n s es

V i ddha ha td ta a '

34 . r p s .

35 Vy i a f 8 4 S hl ka t a cs o t i ng f th Ca t o s, re o e s es,

maad Lag
.
,

A h a
'
s r s, n r esses .

Ydj a a l kya f 1 2 00 S hl ka Th fi t Di i
a dhya a
36 . n v , o o s . e rs v

ti t l d A h a a a '
f th i w k h A
'
i
s on o s or ,
y (
en t e h c r , e c r

c ha p t ) t
era i t h i t
c on ti ns t a ti g p f I
r ee n se c t d u on s, re n n ro c

t or y M a t t P u p gi l a ers,M a i a g t h C a t t h
e, D u t i
rr e, e s e s, e es

o f aH u h l d o th se D uti o f the r, ta t i t e i g es o e s e n e rv e n n

b twe P upil a
een g a d M a i a g e F de
p nm i tt d a d f
rr oo er e n or

m i th
,

b i dd P u ifi a
en , ti L ag r c Fu a on, l C r esse s, n er e re o n es , e

W hi p f Gaa a i P i i a i h P l a
a
h
ha
ors
p t o
p t t n
g t , t t ro t n e ne s, e c , e

Vya
.

D uty f Ki g Th d ti tl d t h a
d hya
o n s . e s e c on , en e e v r

y a ta i t w c on t y t h ns t i t ena t i g f I
-
t ree se c on s, re n o n ro

m
,

du t yM a
c or tt Pa y t f D
e rs, b t O a l E i d en W iot t e s, r v enc e , r en

E idv T ia l by O d a
en c e , l Pa
r titi f H ita r e
g B u , r on o er e, o n

da yr D i p u t b t ws M a
es t a d eS a t
ee n S a l f w h at
s er n erv n ,
e o

ha s no Ow R a ln er,f G i ft R pe t i g f S a e v e rs l o s, e n n o e or

P u ha Src i by C t a
se , t O pp i ti
erv c e t Cu t m on r c os on o s o s or

m m
,

By L a e w N
-

p ya s, t f W
on a g G a bl i g A
en b u b
o
y e s, n , se

Sp h A a
eec ul t Vi l
, ss R a l f Sa
s, l Pa
o e nc e, t h ip e ve rs o e, r ne rs

ad A d ul t y M i l
,

Th ft ad R bb y F i a
ti tl d th P a a a
e n o ti er , o rn c on n er , sc e

l ain es Th thi d . e r
y a h, e nh i t d h y a t
e a t fe r s c , re s o
3 60 WHA T CA S T E I s .

C opi e s of th e m
i Smi i a n or r t s re n ow r a
th er a
r re , the

Hindus bein g g ene ra

l ly s a
ti fi s ed wi th the f
re e re n ces m
ad e

to the mi n the i r D i gests of L w a . The fol l owing i s the

subst n c e of a a
th t of A ng i rcz
'

It tre ts of a ai u P a v r o s e n nces

ad i i ti m
.

for C s te n d othe ra a offe n c e s , n s n e at ly c on

n e c te d wi th th e subj e c t of C ste unde r our n oti c e a

a
.

Repa t th P a (p d i h a f h A h m a a d
’

l l th Vaa A B a
e n ei b ) en t e t
c es resc r e n c se o e s r s, n

a hm a d i ki g ut f th l w ll f a
"

Ch a a a a
e rg s r n r n n o o e v e ss e or e o

m
.

p d l a i t p f th s S é ta
o
p a a t h
e r or K h a t i y a t h P e a
j p y ;T
t a n n e s r e r

m t f th K h a
,

th Va i h yah a l f th a t iy a a d h S h d a '
e s t , ;e t on e t h
en o e s r n e II r ,
e

ha l f f tha t f th V a i hya Th wa of a Ch adél augh t t b

a
ut
l l w d ad th P a
o o t e s e er n o o e o

mited by th
.

vo la a a wa
ese c sses j p y at sa so o n s s o e n e r

P a p f md If th wa ha m m t im i th
,

a i d f
ah th B a
e n nc e e r or t e e er s re ne o r so e e n e

t m hm ahat p f mth Kri h hh a

.

q a d S A a a a
f aCh a da
s o c e r n : s t p o er or e c c r n n n .

f mth
,

If wa t er s l
ro l ab d u k i
e v es e qu o f n e r n n c o n se en c e o

th i t w ui mu t b d u k f th da
’

y If ay D ij a(twi
a
rs , c o s r ne s e r n or re e s n v ce

m
.

p a a a y a a a a
.

b o rn
) [ B h
e rson K h t i V i h y ]
r d t wn, h h i s r ,
or s o no s s

h ad a ft li i g atu a ft a ti g a lt t u hi g a d g h
Ga Ba
n s e r re ev n n re , er e n or er o c n o e

hm
, ,

h at b a th ad t wi pa ya If a ad i k f a
‘

t th

th Kri h hh aad sa
s o e n t i ce re e e r . r n r n o

w l l p l l ut d b y o du
e o eh h at p f m r re , e s o er o r e c c r n n

ta pa n af th da y A p wh l ok t uh aa a
Bh a
or ree s e rson o o s on o r o c es c r ne ,
,
.

a§ a ul tu aa
s t aa a
v Ba ka"aj ak a
re , l a w ha t
r n
p ss , c so s o er

f mt h m
, , , , ,

A ha aa[th i t ip wa '
ad pu t i t If a
Ba
or re e c t n s r ce o s er n s r

hm a a f th ai m a h h at o p f mth K i h h h a
a
r t n e l o e se n s e s er or e r c c r

a
,

S é ta a a d h P a a a E a i f h fl a
h e h a t pe f mt h e C ha d a
h f
a
n p t n j
, p yt n t g t e r d g o k . n o e es o o r c oo

a m
,

s o r or
y a fil I f a B h a p e a
k w h n r n r n s en

a
F st ing foranight a nd da y a nd t aki g th p aha ga a t h fi d u t f t h w n e nc v ve ro

m
e c s o
y p , e co

u d dung a
, ,

il k butt nd u i
’

,
er, c r , ,
r ne .

1'
F a t ing fs t h d a y or at i g f
ree th day ab t a
i i
s, e
n n g i n ask i ng a
n ny thi ng
onc e or ree s, s ro

f th
or da
reey a d f a t i ngs,f t h
n d ay s or ree s

m
.

I A b t ai is g f w a t
n n f t w t
ro
y n da y er or en -
o e s.

Supp dt b a k ind f wa
ose ot bi d e o er- r .

fl A d a G
r e a t t a Syk rz e . es.

1 E a t i g t h fi n t da y f t h mn n m
e rs uthful t h s nd d a
o
y tw th
e t hi d d a
oo o e o

ad n til l th full m wh th uppl y i t b gin t b l s n d by amuth

e eco o e r
y , ,
th

C ha
ree n

nd a
so o e oon, en

il y t ill a w mn
e s s o

m
e o e es e

ful da
e o
Thi i t h e Ya va a dhya y a In t h Pi pi
a
a
u ne oo occ rs.

mf a
n s s r e
ti g p a
.

l ik ,
t he reverse for ti
o e n s r c sed .
 CA S TE IN T HE LA W - B OO KS .
36 1

re l i ev in
g a
n ture o r wh e n e a
ti g n he sh oul d touc h a th no er Br h a
ma n.

d i t um f S h akh aad
,

[S uch, it is a
h e rel th a
dd e d, is so e c o n n

Likh i ta ] I f . a y t t m
on at a n co a m ont d d l t h i
r s s , or
g o rn en e or re c o n ,

ay d fi l i g fl ui d fa
n e l l th
n l t th a ti l b p u i fi d b y d y i g i t ad
en e e r c e e r e r n n

h m
,

p i kl i g i t w i th p u wa If aD ij a t u h a Wa * aa
ka
s r n n t re er v o c s er n,

ma a( h m m
.

Ch a r a k ) aNa
r s taoe (p l a y ) a
e r, D h i a a (fi h a ) a er v r s er n or

rma A h a
,

m
,

Bu uda r
(w k i b aor e rb u ) h -
h a n t
-
p f s , mea a w si t h o er o n
’
c n

wa t If ay f th
er at t u h aD ij awh h i u h hh bta1
n o e se c s e s o c v en e s c c
’

zs
'

ma ti g h i m l f w i t h
.
,

h h at
e s i f o re ai gh t wi th ut a n or ti g n t o e n c on e n n se

m
,

d i ki g If a D i j a a f h l a i f h f i d
y ; ad i f h b aB a
r n n
y t n t v
g e t o t e e v n s o e o re en on e

hm
.

at h hat fat f th da a h ha
th S a
c s e s, e s o s or re e s n e e r n, e s

t p f m m
,

o e r or ta p a a weh i l t
h n K h a t ni y a h,
a t p ef t h
e s r s o e r or re e

f i t th Va i hyat w f u th f i t ad th S h d a
'
f u th f u th
Ba
o r s o e s o -
o r s o n e II r on e -
o r

hm
.
, ,

If a ag t th wi f f aS h a
r n o o p i k ae J h h ae o t b at h w i t h v a l l e s o e

hi l th
s c o ad t a k ad a
e s, ft f l a
n i fi d b utt
e r If h d th i wi th ut
o c r e er e o s o

f th w m tim
.

th d i e e s re o a h hat ba e th
o n, e ad if h d
s o e se v e n es n e o es

thi wi th h
s d i b ut w i th ut h i
er e s re , w h h at b a th to s o n, e s o e en o r

l
e ev e n ti m If a y w
es m a u d a n w b o m n i m p u n
( t h
er u g h vo ec o e re ro

m m
.

h h i d y d b u b i p l t d a
) w l
f aCh a
u
da
t
y If aB a
er co rse s t
er vo t t
s no e s ro et o e e en e er

hm
,

f u da at u h th wa l ah h a t
a
t

p f mth Pra
o r s r n o c e er o n , e s o

m
.

j p y a a a d K i h hh a [ S a l a y S u a a ]
Chad a
t
If aB a
e r or e n r c t c r o so s s n

hm
. .

aa t th f d f a l a ut a t d p h ha
a
r n e e oo o n or o c s e e rson , e s

t p f m th P a ka p a a a S d a K h a '

o e r or
§ e r d h th
en nc e i h h n I f II r , e r c c r .

yp e rson
g t t h w i f f
o a u
o t a t e a t w
e o i t h h n o a p t ca ys or e er, o r cce n

th i g a t h h ad h h at a b ta i f am th f mg a i
p f mth Cha d a
n er n s, e s o s n or on ro r n s , or

e r or y ea a p a n Irf th fl
n h f a d
e n nc e .
g a l p h a t e es o o n e e n ,

am
,

aa afa ll i t a w ll ta k th wh l wa h ul d b
k l a d If ay B a
n s s, or n n o t e or n e o e er s o e

hm
,

ta k ut ad th W l l
en o n ta e e or apata
n k f
c e ne n r n r e o

h m m
.

wa
,

wa t i whi h a p h afa
er n c ll c or se ut a i a
s k f ada en , y
e s re n e or

ad ight ad a ft wa d wa l l w th Pa h a a a O h m u t

p f mth Cha d a
nc r e s
n n ,
n er r sg y s o e v .

a a T a p ta
n n or
e r or y e r

Thi i ps t is j u
to y a d i
rev en i n by ra gu l a
n w a hi g a i
nc onven enc e dm a y re r s n s n or r

c l ot h , whi ch i s t o be w she d a entire.

T In t h e s t ta m
e of i pu i t y f l l w i ng a
ti ng w i t h u t
r wa hi ng,
o o e o s .

1 Li t al l er
y a d g a t a d i g a t i
o a pp l
- i d
e t er, al f t h es n on e o sever o e l ow c at s e s.

Fa ti g f t w l
s n da y or e ve s.

D i ki ng h t wa
r n t m il k a o d ghi f t h
-
da
e r, y a h , n or ree s e c .
 W HA T CA S TE IS .

Th e re i s a a
f ul t i n c urre d b y w e ri ng wh t i s b l ue t th e ti e of m a a
a ya
no

m a m
a
sp orti n g w i th w o e n b ut t h e r e i s t t h e t i e o f S n d h ( the

m aa Jaam a
,

m a
orni n g n d ev en i n g c ere oni e s, ) S u n ( b l uti on ), p ( e di t ti on),

H m
o a (b u t aifi ) S a dh ya
rn y a ( a
d i g
s cr t h V é
ce d a ) ,
a d v re n e s , n

P i t i ta a a p i w a A ) a d Y a j a ( a fi
A Ba
r p ( u rg ut n t t to r n o i ) er o n c e s ors , n n s cr ce

hm
,

wh i h w ul d b
c d od u l by i t e ren ad a e reli g i se e ss r n e n n

m aa h m ut p f m
.

p ta th K i h hh a a
Ba
i d ig b
n o t
ec o es n os e or e s er or re e r c c r s

hm m
.

If a aw aabl u d h h ul d a
i a wa k f a ight
a
r n e r e re ss, e s o re n e or n

ad ada
n y a d w al l w th P a h a a
g y n a If a
s B h m oa p a e nc v r n ss

m If aD ij aa
.
,

th ugh a
ro fi l d f i di g h h at d t h e o a n o, t f e s o o e s e. v e o

a i ai d i a fi l d i w hi h i d i h ad b f b w h
h at p f mt h Cha d a
n r se n e n c n o e o re ee n so n, e
gr
g
s o e r ory a a F i l d i wh i h
e i d i g h an b n r n . e s n c n o s ee

w a pu i fi d a b i g k p t fa y a Th
.

so n ft re r ll w f e tw l er e n e o or e ve e rs e

wi d w m
.

h u b ad f a
s n a i o i h l l wh il h W a l oth d y d wi th
o re ns n e e e e rs c e

i n d ig o *

map mi g ay fat
.

A wo n erfor n n s or v ow
(i n h er own a
b eh l f) wh i l e her
h usb ad i a li nh t h i l i f ad g
s ve t h ll a
s or e n s ft d a th As e, n oe s o e er e

w m ai i m
.

pu t th f u th da a i l l a d if h di i th

S ah a
o n s
y f t h re o e o r er er n e ss n s e e n e

i t
n e rv a l ai t b p fo md f he ti l l a
no nc r fts th i
o i t
e a l
er r e or r er s n e rv .

If a p be i m pu i a wd Hi i m pu i t y d t a tta h t
i tu Ka
e rson re n c ro s r o es no c o

Th mta l m
,

th a t p u i fi d a h I i l a d
Th Ka
o e rs ie e b y x t re s '
s r e s es s c e nse

f mpi i t by b i g wa a l f mwh i h
. .

ro s r h d a s d d i d e n s e n r e e s v e sse s ro c

S hfi d ad i nk a pu i fi d b y t u hi g wi th th ma w
.

r s r re r e A l o c n e co . v e sse

t u h d b a
o c
y d g e a w i p u i fi d b y a o , a or
p p l i a t i c ro f t ,
ki d
s r e n
'

c on o en n s

f a lt G ld ad i l l a pu i fi d b y t h wi d ad th
y f th u ad m V l f Ka
o s . o en n s v e r v e sse s re r e e n n e

r a s o e s n aa pu f th w ah i g
n oon . e sse s o s re re or e s n

o f had ad f t a n s d t f n ati g d i ki g
ee n G ld no ad i l or e n or r n n o en n s v er

l whi h m
,

m
.

v e sse s ay h a e b i c th i th g vu d a p
e en s xu i fi d on s n e ro n re r e

by wa t C p pe ers l a p u i fi d by a
. o i d ub sta
r v es e s A w ll re r e c s n c es . oo en

c ol th t u hi
g a p o
s i c t d fil d
n c or e s no e e

If am
.

a g b tw ah u b ad a ad a
Ba
b tw fi
a b t w a w ad aB a
n nd wi fo e e en s n e, or e e en re n

hm
r n , or hm ah me ee n u t fa t fo
co ada n y r n, e s s r

ad igh t
n n

a
.

It i diffi ult t a u t f t hi h t il i t t i di g
i t s c y o P h
cc o n a p t h B
or h m a s w h os o n o. er s, e r ns , o

a ta
h d bl i h d whit at h i rel igi ous col our, were fa
a id r of t h e i nt rod uc t i on o f new

mi
es s e e s er

fahiswh t h i p gons t en e r ro ress o th e s out h of Indi a brought the n c ont c t a wi t h t he

A borigi ne s usi ng i ndigo .

1 Bell
' -
mta
l em
aaa mf
l ga , or n o z i nc ad n c opper.
364 WHA T CA S T E I S
’

li k e b l ood The Br h a
ma a t iy a l ik a
ns
’
foo d i s h ol in e ss th e Ksh r
’
s, e n

m
.

an i a l t h V ai h ya l i ke a S h u d a ; as d a S h fi’
d a
s, li k oh l l Th r n r
’
s, e e e

mai aqui d by th a
.

fa ti g f hi f d h wh a
ah a
t hi
Ba
i
s n o n s c re e e n o s oo e o e s s

f d a t hi i If a hm a Ba
s s n. hm i a t d i k (wi th ut
r n or r c r e or r n o

p u ity f mab i th ( i a
oo e s

ba th i g) i n ig o a n f hi i m
n n r ce o ia ) s w h i h h a r ro r sc t c c s

u d l t him take th Pa ha a aa d fa h a y
l a A Ba
oc c rre e g y n t i g te d nc h v s n re e s e

hm ab m pu i te da
,

wi l l b e c e n r y a ft nab i th i eco es re n n s er r n

y aVa
.

hi s ow la a n cK ha t iya i n i da
ss , i hyai
s r th da y ad s x s, s n ree s, n

aSh d ai o da T h b i h i to wh i h a D ij a w i l l af
’
t ne e rt n c v o er
II r y n g
m
.

e ati g f th f d f a
n o Sh d aw h i l h (th D j a
e oo o ) i II a
’
t art f i e e e vi Is n s e o

t m(A g i a
,

p u i ty
r f m a d a
th
ro b i th e ) u ork w r M aIs aoy e n r s n no n. nn s s

h wi l l b a ul tu
e fe tw l b i th
v o apig f te bi th
re or e ve r s r or n r s

or ad o
g fo r s ev en b i rth s No d efil e mt en fro mbi rth or a
d e th
R m
.

oc c urs wh e n th e pa paty
c ti i ng th
r c onc e rne da l is r s e o ce e

t i g am
,

b a r n ai a g e t i g a
rr t abe e,a l or f a i
re c fi c n If a rn c e or s cr e

ti m f a
.

fly ah aor i be f u d i fo d a
r t th o n ti g n wa t o i t e e o e n , er s o

b a eppl ied t th y ad al i ttl f (th aed ) ah p i kl d n

o e e es , n e o e s cr s es s r n e o

th f d e If a
oo tu e b . l ie d i a n f t o p la i w h i h t h
r e re ve n i o res r ce n c ere s

no wa t wh e e th
er , or i th e f a f tig s r th i
e re s th e i ne r o er or e v e s, re s o

d fil m
e e t f m
e t h d i us
n f wa
ro t It i euffi i t t s e oti m t t u h er s s c en en es o o c

paty b m i m
.

th g u e nd ro If a pu e whil ea r ti g h ec o h a t put
e r e n e s o

ut h i muth ful a nd p f m
. ,

o s o a bl uti n If he ha swa e r or l l wed hi s o s o

muth ful he wi ll b e ompu by fa

.
,

sti ng a da c n
e i g h t reb u t i f h or
o y e

ha m p l t d hi ma l h wil l be m pu by fa
,

s co e e s e sti g th
e i gh t co e re n re e n s.

If h h aa e t im p p f d wh il ea
s e t d i hi Pa
ro er nk ti
oo
( l i n ) he h u e s l d e n s e , s o

fa tf ada or a n d ni gh t a d a
f t w a d s w a l l w th P a n h a a a
er r s nc
s
y g y o e v

D i i i n in Pakti a a
, .

v s o s u d by fi n ah p il l a d o wa
s re c se te re , s es, rs , o rs, r,

ad a n d roA ft i tti ng i
s. n Pa k ti no n
er s h ul d t u h th a
n o e t f n o e s o o c o

oth Th S pa
e rs sh a (d e fi l me t b y t ur h ) i n t o m m e u ni en a t d t o c s o c c e o

m m
.

th i wn Pakti b ut i t i uni a
’
t d t th

A Ba
ose s n on e o n f ot h s co c e o ose o e rs.

hm d f mi a nd i m
,

ai r t f n s no pu i ty by pea
ree ro ti g t hs n r re n e

Védab ut f m s, knowi g th mai g f th Smi ti If am

ro n e a p nte n n o e r n re e

m p u by tha
.

i ad e l e n t t pa t it h b pe t
di g th Vé da
of hi s s n n r so v o o re t e e ec o es re re n

m
,

a ad by a
nc e, n ga re A s fi en c u e l i i g t n e e s. r ons es v n r s,

kil l d i th e V éda
s o one s e um hin wn i Si d s c ons ot es s o s ns. n o es n

oc c ur fro m fid c on e nc e i n G od, b ut fro mig a ad i a

d nor nc e n n v e rte n c e ,

on wh i h a u t c c co n onl
y i t is
 C A S T E IN T HE LA W-B OOKS .
365

I n th e house of ak i aw ’
ad i th p
fol d, aG
a
g, ni n co s n n e re senc e of od

or Br h maa a n, nd t th e t i e m fw
gh t t o b
o e o rs hi p ad ati g h n e n ,
s oe s ou

pul l e d off k
A re l i gi ous i ng o ugh t t o c ut off b oth th e fe e t of n
“

a
y
aa
.

p e rso n wh o wil l si t wi th h i s P duk s (woo de n sl i e rs) o n h i s se t -

pp a
Vé dam
.

A n A g ni h otri , T aa pai ad ap l a d i th a
y a aa
sv n e rso n e rn e n e s
, y
aa
l w s we r P duk s ; th p ugh t t d wi th ut p u i h
m t Th Cha d a
no o er e rson o so o o o n s

en e
y a a p n a r u g h nt t b p f
en nc e o m d b y a l l w h
o e er o r e o

w m ap m i di m
.

e a t i nth h u e fa o se o o ai a
n
g ro t se p n a d rr e o one e rson n

g i ven t a o th no i t h er h u fn a w m
e a w oh h
se oa b c m o p g an t o s e o e re n n

b f e o re maia g ; a
rr d i teh h u n f a nw m a e w h o h
se oa b m p o
g n o s ec o e re

n at b f h i t y a l d ad i th h u f aw m
n e ore s e s en e rs o n n a wh e o se o o n o

h af as ors k n h hu bad ad b maa

e er s n dul t n ec o H l l i th e n e re ss e s e c o n -z

m
.

se qu en c e of a ti n g i e t h h u f n a w ea w oi t h u
se o t f f p i g o T h y n o o s r n e

w m
.

wh l i o ve on th p p t y f a e ro a (S t i dhaa
er o
)g o t h n l l H rw h n o o e . e o

ta k a wa y th f d f aKi g th f d f aS hud a th gl y f a
Ba
es e oo o n e oo o r or e or o

hm
, ,

a th f d f ap la b ui g u d th S i ta k ae a t th

Ch a da
r n , or e oo o e rso n o r n n er e l s e

af m
,

si n f th w l d
o e H wh t u h
or e a lo o c l aa
es t i gh t e e n n

m pu by t u hi g i th m i g th wa
.
,

b b ugh t b y da
A Da aNa
t
pita(b ab ) G pa
ec o es re o c n n e o rn n e er
y , ro ,

b y ba th i g i i t ad by d i k i g i t
n n n rn n la s r er o

m m m
.
, , ,

( cow h d )
er K u l a ,
i t a ( u
r l t i a t co l i t a l l
on y ac f i dv f t h
o r, er r en o e

fa mi l y) ad aA dbai i (aul ti a
n n r t s r g i i g p u c h a l vf t h orp d u )
v n e ro ce

ma
, ,

a w i h a S h u d a If a D i j a a w i t h a S h u d a h h a t

th Ch a d a
t e t r t v e p r e s o er
y
m m
.

f mor e y a a n T rh i n a t t
e re f a
s no a w h o neh a en or n o s

w m
.

wi th a V i ha l i (a awh h ah b f h
a
u u
a
i tn e rc o rs e r s o n o s er c o rse s e ore er

m aia rr g ) H
e w h t u h
e f m o i na o d c t es a ro A j p l a a M a h i
v er en c e n

m
.
,

h a a V h al i a i h a p f a b l u i f h i a d d
a a
p rIst t ts o e r or
p on o s e rson n ress
sy
m
, ,

( a
s hc i l ae d a )sn n A A j p l a i t h n h u b a d f a b
s a e w a s A n o rren o n .

m
.

Ma h y
i h a i a a s w h f g i nt h a d u
o l t ory f h i
ves w i f e A V i h a l i
er o s e r s

b i g m
.

pa t i i th h u b ad f a
s e s g i l w h
n h oa d h u r b o f ai d
er c o rse s e ore e n rr e

mth ad l d b th wh t l a t a
.

T h fa th i l i h
a
e e r, o e r, n e er ro
g er u
o o er e r n er c o rse s

b fe ore mai a g g rr t h l l e A Bo h m
o a ew h . w il l m a
r y u h a n
g i l i o rr s c r s

not to b pk t o a
e s o dm
en i tt d i to r i ty Th a t
e n o soc e wh l k . e n c e s o rs o oo

on aM a h i h ya i f s t; aVrisha
n ro n l i pa ti i on th m i ddl ; ad a ,
n e e n on

uu s re r b hi d g e i t d pa
n ,
i o A n o t es G d r. ad Ri hi g n c e s o rs, o s, n s s o

i t
n o d p a ies i a p
r on s e e n
g w i th p t ersonh i b d y a l p s a
o s on
p s o ,
e er, er

so n wi th i j u d a n il read ap n s, wi th bl an k t th T h g d d
e rson c ee e o s o

kbi t al i a am
.

not a t ie th h u
n f ab a
e o se o c a n i n ubj e ti n t
e r, r, o r s c o o
366 WHA T CA S T E I S .

h i s wife ; or i n t h e house i n whi c h mu

ap aa r o r i s found . The
a t s a
n c es or t th la i fi d b utt
e f th
e c r e a il ad ha er o i e p wh erson ose n s n r

a g d wh d
re oo ,
t w a d l th i g ad wh
o o es no a a l ag
e r re -
c o n ,
n ose e rs re r er

th at w fi g
n o A l g ath f od i h t ad
n e rs. s on s aeti o s o ,
n no c on v e rs on

ta k pl a th a t f d wi th th a
es c e, e t
n c e s ors T h qua ee l i ti f th e e e rs . e es o e

la i fi d butt a t t b pk f t i l l t h a to a a ti fi d

Haya
c r e er re n o o e S o en o e n ce s rs re s s e

muthful a
.

Wh a t a ka a a a b h
Ba
t ev e r o y s t v
y t v re e e

hm a a a by th a t s N V a t a( i i
i l t i l l th B a
r tns re e e n c es or o r se rv c e n c on

hm
.

se qu en c ef a l igi u o w) aa re o s a a a
vo ti fi d
v s e r ns re s s e

wi th g i ft f f d a s d g ld o Pu i fi a
oo ti n f m ay i m o pu ity r c on ro n r

t h b dy by a w
.

th w ro n on e a a i bta
o i d b y wa
c ro hi g
or c r ne s o ne s n

ta By i i gh t d i ki g f th j ui f th L tu
’
th i
la
e s n s x n s r n n o e ce o e o s,

Udum
.

ba aBi l aKu h aA h a
r ,
th a
v ad th Fa
, s ha ,1 th s t a i
v i n u ,
n e s ,
'
e s n c r

re d by pa rti i pa ti g f a ti l
c f b i ddn t o b a tr d u k
c es or en o e e e n, r n en , or

ta t d ad f b l ad f i m d If thi i t d
Ch a
d ui
d a
s e , n o oo ,
r n e, n oec e s, s re ove . s s no one ,

K i h hh a th a a h p i i f h
m t upwad f mth Ja
l t th
e re e r c c y r s , or t t t
re e t n r n s, or e re e on o e

aa
s cr en s ta ka mr sa1 [H f l l w a p ti ti
ro e r . e re o o s re e on

o fa b f
v e rse u i g] I d i gp a l t
e ore o c c rr n p t b ha n d t o n en n c e e res e c e o

co u t y t im
n r i p p ty fi t
e , c onv e n e nc e , ad di ti Th e i
ro er ne ss, n c on on er s

d fil m e t f m
.
, ,

no e e wa t n g a ro u i g a e r or a d f t h y
r ss o c c b rr n on ro or e e

co mp u b y th a
e y f th u ad th wi d A i fi mp
re e r s o e s n i
n e n n n r e rson s

ma
.

pu i fi d by th t u h f ap
r e e oki g a a c o b l ut i i h i b ha
e rson lf n n on n s e

m m
.

[ H f
e rel l w s a ta
o t ot f t h th d t b a
s e end p te d t
o b t a ie e o s o e o o o n c ere

m ia on l p u ifi a ti aft r t u hi g c aw m
on a i h er o cu n
] o n n er co rses .

P u i ty i b ta
r i d by a s b l uti
o a ft
ne t u hi g a p h a
on i g er o c n c or se , or e r n

o f ab i th d ar th Thi or i tu i i e wa
. t b a u s thv r un e s n e r, ec se e s

s ee s it b a u it i h a
, ec t d by fi se ad b a s u
e th e t lla ti re , n ec se e c on s e ons

o b se rv e it a t igh t Wa t i a n l wa y h l y wh th ti l l fl wi g
. er s s o
, e er s or o n ,

wh th i aw l l i i a y d a i ( r
E h a
A gi a
e er n e ; o r rese rv o r,
p t i or r v e r so s s s

pa ti ) . mu i h a a n r i d th a t wa t n
(i f d fil d )
s i s p u i fi d b y er e e s r e

wai g a ti k
v n it s by a c ti g al d f a
o v er ,
o th i t i t
r a ppl yi g
c s n c o o e r n o ,
or n

w du g t i t M il k d u g u i w h y ad b ut t
’
co s n o . ud ,
n r ne , c r s, e n e r,

ad th ta
, ,

n il f a w a a
e l wa
o y h ly E y thi g ha w b
co re s o . ve r n s no e en

aO bl a
s ti t th M a ons fa t o
p fe m d by l
nes o a ifi d but t a d f d
nces ors , er or e c r e er n oo

m ai th Fi u gl ma
.

1 Th Uda ba e ta th K u ha
r s e t h P ay c s u id g a t h
o er e s e o c nos ro
Bi l ah E gl m aml ; ad th P a
es r ss e

l d ha
,

v ,
t e e r th But a e os f d an e s , e e ron os .

I S e e before, p 6 1 . .
 W HA T CA S TE I S .

a th b aing th a
re ose e r m f M au Ya e n
j a a l
esk y a o n n v

m Th b t mm tay M a i tha
,

ad F ari / a
,

ma ki B a
n r s t e es co t en r on nn s

hm l l 7 mBi a
.

Ka ta a Ka a a
a
f th g t u u l l /
‘

o e r n e1 z s
y
a a a
,

p i n
r t d w i
e th t h t t d t h
e t ex Y j al k n
y a t h a t f on n v , o

th Sh a i a D adi Vig é h ai a l l d th M i t k ha
'

d
'

e v n n nes v r c e e cz s r

l l th S m
, .

T h b t dig t f a
e es es i ti ad f th i t p ta
o e rti s n o e n e r re ons

ma d f th mi th a
e o te titl d Ill a
s
y k / a (
ent h e
’

zt z , e c o n ee n

t a
r t d Ra e
y f L i h
g )
s t a o w k f t w l di i i or a d o e ve v s on s n

thi ty i th u a d S hl ka w i tt by N i l kat i a Bha tta

Ba
r -
s x o s n o s, r en n z

K é hi ka aDé h a
s r, th a hm a wh fl u i h d
s s r i n o o r s e c on s

d a er bl y upwa d f th r s o tu i a g T h
ree c e nb t di g r es t o e es es

ad duti f th S hud a f m
.

of th p i il g e r v e es n es i g th
o e r s, or n e

g a
re t m a f t h I
ss o di a m m e u i t
n
y a t f
n co t h i t h n s se or n e

m
,

La w B k i th a ti tl d th S hu d aKa a l d ka r by

f Ka
oo t s, s en e e r

ma
-

Ka l d éa Bha tt aar l hi wh wa mwh a so o t s o s so e

m m
, ,

p t i
os e I or t th a u t ho we ti or d N u no u th
en on e . e ro s o er

dig t f Hi du La
es s o w a i u i th di ff
n re t p n i se n e e re n ro v n c e s

of I dia n f O f th
‘
th e N i g a ya
e se S i n d h u t a t i g r z
'
m re n ore

ul am
,

f l i gi u tha a
tha
i ft f d t i th
a
o re o s ttn sec r e rs, s o e n re e rre o n e

Ma r C u ty o n r

m f M a i uffi i tl y
.

Th w k b a e i g th
or ae rn e n e o nn s s c en

w ll k w by th t al a
e -
no n ti f Si W i l l i a
e r ns mJ on o Th r on e s . e

origi a l t t f it h a b
n ex o
p a t d l y p s i t d
e en a d
re e e r n e n

mtim with th m m tay f Kull kaBh a

,

so e es e co en tt a r I t o II
'

i mf a
.

h ath b t l a
s e es yc H i d u L a
o w B k
n t t h ti
n tl f -
oo o e e o

aC d th ugh it i by
o e, o ma ah mg u s no e ns o o en e o s or

self -
i t t w k
c on s s en It m m by ap f d
or co en c e s ro e ss e

l by M a (th p i m
.

ita M a th a
rec nni ti l l k wi g
m n n, no n
e r ve e -

and a l l p w ful ) t th a bl d a
-
o er o
g fe th s se d t i e s e s, o e oc r n e

O f th e se th e l ag r est l i st (found e d h o we ve r m o re on he aa
y ars n

p rec i se re se rc h a ) i s to b e found i n S te el e
’
s Re p ort a
b ov e re fe rre to .
 CA S TE IN T HE L A W - B OO KS .

of th e e v ol uti on or fo r m
ati on of the un i v e rse , ad a
l l it
n s

a at aim
i n h bi t a
n s, t ad i ai m
n ae t a ding t th
n n n e, c c or o e

a m i i i d d
w (S h a
s
p u l
ec t i y t w
ve s h i h t
s e t tc u pp t T
s h i
n enC d e os or s o e

m
.

o f La s t a ) i t t l l s ru M a u l a e d fs s,th D i ty n e rn e ro e e

h i m l f ad a m mu i a
,

ft wa t d t Ma i hi ad th
a
se ,
n d er r s co n c e o r c n e

o th er i P a
n ne j pa ti r L d f C a s ti n
or M a it
or s o re o .
"b
n n,

a dd qu t d Bh ig u t
s , re es e i t th C d whi h i
r o re c e u e o e, c s co se

qu tl y a u d i hi na
en nn o n c e m Th l a n imf i t g a
s e t e c s or s re

mJ n i hi I t
.

ati quity fi t p p d by S i Wil l i a

n ,
rs ro ose r o e s, n s n ro

du ti c t hion t al a
o ti n s f i t ha f l a
r ns o t o
y a b ve o e e rs e en

m mod
,

a ba nd d by a
on e ll i ta li t ad th
or e n fa s s n o ers o ore er

a t ha
e c at a n w u g d in i t b h a
r c er re o lfr e Th a s e . e re re

a aifi ia l Vé da b ut
a
llu i i it
s on s t nl y t th th no on o e re e s cr c s,

t th A thaa Vé da t th B hm a na t th Upai
d ; t th V da
o e rv o e r s o e n

sha s o
g ; ae a ed t th n S h su ti n P f
o e r , ro e s so r

L a h w tha
s se n s ta ot l a s t p ti f i t a l d th a th
e s or on s o re o er n e

Buddhi t S i t awhi h ntas I r s, i th a m fth g d S hi a t

c co n en eo e o v no

ma
,

t b f u d i i t Pa
o e o n t n fit t ath a r s o uth h w
oo, s e s e or s o s,

mu t ha b w itt wh th A yak w b ut l ittl f

. ,

'
s ve ee n r en en e r s ne e o

th a ti
e n f th S uth f I di a f whi h
on s o e o o l y th O d a
n ,
o c on e r s

(o f O i a ) t
r sh D , a i d a e ( f t
rh v u t h a s t fo th p i e so -
e s o e en n

s ul a) th A a tye a ( f
v n U jj ya a i s) a d o th S i t a ta (n f th n e c v s o e

S é tpuda ag ) a m ti
, ,

r n e d by i t i
re en Th on el l ti g e co ec n

bl y th m ki g f m f th l a
.
,

ad p ba
n ro a e n w f th C d
o so e o e s o e o e,

m ti m
,

h w o u t ha b
e v e r, s aw k f l a ve t
e en H ti
or o er es e re cs

ad th i b k a mtim m ti d i it i u h a
.

n e r oo s re so e es en on e n n s c

k e enwa y a t m ak us bo l i t h aet th y
s h a d a e e ve
g a i a e n or n z

A t ri , A ugi r s, P ul sty , a a aP aa a
ul h , Kr t u, P r c h ét s , o r D sh , a a ak a
a a
V shi sh th , Bhrig u, nd N r d T h e se n a a
ri nc iaall a
th o sem a p pay
a
es re .

of th e V é di c p o e ts , e e v l a t d t theak f l aj p
oat i e r n o
’
r s .

f M au n xi . 33 iv . 1 00 t if M au Ch a
e c p 44 2 1 2 3
. . n ,
. x. , , .

47
370 WHA T CA S T E I S .

ti on h os til e to th t a f th o e Br h ama n s, suc h afi s rst a

pp a e r

mng th Buddhi t F m
a
ed al e de ?

Ba
o e s s e vote es, unk n own to

hmn i ma
ar nd a kath
i d by Kull u s ,
s e co mm ta
t en or, to
aa
,

bel on g to th e Buddhis t se c t,
”
ll ud dre e to ff The
re fe re nc e aw ul d l a
to th e d u t i f th a
Chin t p ti
s o e s o n er or ons

o f th w k w e ma d a
or ft th i g in a
e re ti n f th dyn a e ty
er e or o o e s

o f T i (B C
s n ta k i g i t n am h w p n s e, o e v e r, er

m
.

ha p sf a l
rod t ib ; a d n t o th Y aer a a th a
r t eth n o e v n s, e

sa mp ti n w w itt ub qu nt t th a
e or o s e re d r t f th en s se e o e ven o e

th f I di a

a
G re e k t th s o
}: e T h
n or di t i n ti ob tw n n e s c on s e ee

Ma nt aa nd B h m
r s ana ad b tw n S h uti ad S m
r si t i na e ee r n
r re

i d b i t § T h S m i ti f A t i S h au a k a a d r s o r n

i m
n z e e
re c o
g y n ,

i sh tha t a qu t d by i t " R f
.
,

Va s e c re a d i it t
o e e e re nc e s e n o

m g th A ya)
. .
,

S i id a
n k i g (p ba
r bl y l a
n t a uth i ti
s a
ro e or es on e
'

r s

nd m th m a '

th ugh
o ly t on fil I
o cot t k t i e f thn e es no ce o e

at f w iti g ad th
r o r n di g f i d
,
n ta i
e re c or a n o ev e n c e on c e r n oc c
“ D M a M ii l l thi k th a t i t ha
i
s on s r x i d th er n s s re c e v e e

m f th M d aadkam ahat af mi t b i g th
. .

n a e o e n v -
r s
’
s r ,
ro s e n e

la w b k f th M i aa aubdi i i n f th
oo o e ( n t f th
v s, s v s o o e se c o e

l d t Sm
-

Ta i tti i yaTT Th d a
r s t . f th ri t
ei l l ti e i
o e o es co ec on s s

p b
ro a b l y n t t b t o d d b y o n d th e d
e x en t u y e e o e se c on c en r

b f e ore C h i t It i i d t f m rs .m a n
y f t h i
s ev
p t i en t h a, t ro o e r or on s ,

igi a t d i a da k p i d f Indi a a a a
a
th y n e n n hi t r f er o o
e or
y s or s r s

B hm ni m
,

r a i n d ii
s s co c e rn e

““
ff
M a n n , II . 10 11 ; -
xi . 66 .
1
’
M a nn , v i i i . 36 3 .

1 S ee p aa
g q u
ss t e o ed b e fore , p . 60 .

a i M nn , i 89
v . 19 ; ii 10 1 1 ;-
v . .

M au i ii 1 6 n1 40 ,
.
1 M a n i 61 V 11 1 . . n , v. .

M au ii i 2 6 1 n ,
v fi H i t
. f S a Li t p 6.1 ’
s . o ns . . . .

II F t h pi ior m
n f S i Wi l l i a
e o J ne the fa
n o u l t f M au
o r o s on s o n , see

be f
ore pp 42 3 .
-
.
 3 72 W HA T CA S T E I S .

of the qual i ty of Ra
j o p ai ; p,
a tri f t a
ss o n
p a Y a t i of Vi p a
th e r c se rs o , s, r s,

th h e t
os s of th (l w ) h a e t h Na o k ha
er t aa d t h Da
e v ens, i ty a b i g e s r s, n e s, e n

o f t h h igh t f t h f m f th q ua
e es o l i ty f t uth S a
e or s o t a ; f ai fi
e o r ,
v o s cr c e rs

Ri h i D i ti th Vé d ath fi d ta th y a t h P i t i M a
s s, e e s, e s, e xe
( s rs , e e rs, e r s n es

fa t b i f h m i d d l fo m f th q u a l i y f a
) t t d d
at h C at f th u i
e n o e e r s o e o
o n c e s o rs g , g ; oo n e ss n

o fB a hm r e re i tu t h G a
or o e t O th U
n ve rse , v r e, e re ne , e n

p pa t O b i g th high t f m f th qua
,

a re n ne , e n e l i ty f g d es or s o e o oo n e ss
*

a m ak d b y M M ui
.

H
”
w K ha t i y aad k i

p i t (p u h ta) wh f u a B a
’
e re , s re r e r r, e se e s r s n n
g s

hm mg a
.

'

a i th a d wh i l
Ba
r es s ro z s oo co rse re r ns , n e s e r e, e

hm a f diff t t ak i t wo f t h h igh l a
h i gh t l a f B a
o th er r ns o e re n sor s r n Th n o e er c ss e s e

hm
.

es c a ak with th Ri h i ad th Ved a whi l t h

ss o r ns r n e s s n e s, e e

Vé dath m l a l y i th d l a f g d ( d tt i k a
ath i al l g d auth 1 )
s e se v e s re o n n e s e c on i t c ss o oo s v ex s

e n c es, ad l w th aB a n o hm er n r ,
e r e e or .
” ‘

p a d f th A y a I di afi t a ttl m t
'

O f th e s re o e ft th i r s o v er n ,
rs er e r se e en on

th e ba k f th Indu ad i t a
n s o effl u t ad s n dl y a fts th i en s , n se c on er e r

t tl m t b t w
,

se e en th e Sa aaee n ti a d D i ha
e d a
rI v e rs ti i w har sv t wa n r S v n s

hm m i t ti g i f ma
,

c a ll d B a e d atta M a g i
r v ru ,
nn ve s ti s so e n e re s n n or on

at ad afaa t h w t
.

A faath s r s e e s e rn , n a b t w n th
s r s e e s e rn oc e ns , e ee e

t w mu ta o o i [n H i m a a t
nsa d V i dh y a j u t v m t i n d ] l i t
n h t a t s en on e es e r c

wh i h t h c wi m h a d mi a
e se t d A ya
en atta[th a
ve e no b d f th
n e
'

r v r e o e o e

A ya ] I l u d d i thi g a l i w a h i f h B a
'

t h
t y aP a h a
r s nc e g n s
g ene r t re on s e re on o e r

a hi m
.

m rs p h di g Ku uk h ét aM a
co re en n r l aa s d Sh a r s nc n
'

IIr

m
, , , ,

é a w h i l h u t y w h i h l i b t w t h H i a a ad t h
a
s n ; t e e co n r c t es e ee n e v n e

V i dhy at th at f Vi ah aaad t th w t f P a y g [ a
mu a
n , o e e s o n s n t, h n o e es o r e

ju i n c t on f th G ag
o ad th Ya
e n
]es w a d i n t i g u i h e d ath n s s n s e s e

Ma d / ydd ha z midd l u t y A l l th
’

es or e
g i
co n ri t w i l l b h e se re o ns , e o

m
.

se rve d w th f t h V i dhyaa
e re nor
goe T h y
e f n d a t t h t i
r nm e or e e e

p t io f M au i wh i h th y a m t i d wa
, .
,

a t wh i h t h

l ad f B a ai m F maB a
c e or n o n n c e re en one s

w i tt
r th
en, e hm n o
“ r hm a (a
n s
g j am a a ) ro r n r n

l l mn
.

b o rn i t ha t
n u t y co n r l t a ath l a t h i e e on e r e rn e r

sever a l ua g s
“ T h a t l
e s.a d
”
w h i h t h b l a k a n t l p on a t u a l l y c e c n e o e n r

m
,

g a r z e s, i h l d s fi t f t h
e p f a orf a i fi e ; b
e r oru t t h l ad f nc e s o s cr ces e n o

M l é h h h ad iff wi d l y f m “ fi t la i ”
c c s it
e rs L t th the ro e e re e rs c s se s n

m ti d u t i ; but aS hud a
.

v ai ar bly dw l l i th e b f n os e e o re en o ne co n r es r

di t s re s s ed f ub i t or ma s
y j u
s s e nc e w h h h eso o
t rn e re v e r e c oos s .
”
~

t Ma
a “
1 M ui r s Te x t s , i p 1 8
’
nn x II . 43 50 -
. . . .

1 Ma
nn II 1 7 24 .
 C A S T E IN T HE L A W B -
OOKS . 3 73

T h o ugh t h e H i n d us a a wa f th t i f t h e p i il g d
re re o e ex e n s on o r v e e

co u t y t t h wh l
n r f I d ia
o t h y t il l a
e ct i th p i i t f th l at qu ta
o e o n e s n e s r o e se s o

ti ad g a
o ns, l l y pp
n f ig t a l
ene r Th i o A ta k (th a
ose m ore n r ve e r ver e n e

l l y ma
.

ty ml g i a i th b u da y f ”
f wh i h b t u ti
a
o c e o o c e ns o s r c on , s e o n r o

j u yi g a
o l l w d by a
rn e n t A pae o e th a( a md a
c
y )
i
s e . ss r ov e r e se s n r

i a m g th pati i a “ dm i i bl i t mpa ny a t a pa ad ”

t Sh a
s on e r es n t ss e n o co re s ,
n

to b a id d a e vo ddh a fi e r s
‘

Th g a t upul i ty f Ca
e re t i
sc r
g a d t c t
osai k i d f f do i s e n re r o er n n s o oo s

th u pl a
i d by M a
s ex ne th p i i pl f th mt m pyh i
nn , on e r nc e o e e e s c os s

T h s (ai m m
.

a l ad
e e
g tnab l b f s t i n d ) h u
ve d d i e es e ore en one e ns ro e n

mul ti f mdak a f (pat) ati ha i t

.

or by r n e ss , a l
re so n o s c o ns ve n e rn c on

i u ad a s ib l f p l a su a nd p l a 1
Ba
sn ess , n re ens e o
‘

sc o e re ce

d by h i m
.

Th t a h i g f th
e e c d f M au i
n o fi
o e cot hmea o n s c n ne o r ns

(1
t mt dy m
.

In a wi th sta
a c c o rd nc e a l a a d M au d l a t ha
e en s t re e, n ec re s

th Vé daS m t p u u a
e
g ( rim p l i
I, fi d ) a d re s l f atsi f a t ie a ex e e n e -
s s c on re

m
, ,

q ua d up l di a f D uty W a ”
th ti i i i th th i
e r e In
( c o ns o d i t u l l . s c

th la e wb k a g oo s re e .

Th a u t e f thc co Sa n ki a
n o S aa me t i gi by M au
e s c r s, or cr n s v en n

i b i f th at h a
s r e er t f u d l n wh Pat i o
g l n
e t i e se
g t h U p a a yae rea . r e s ne c n e n n

ae h l d t b V d tya(mm faum ul g u )
,

i ti t u b o f the p

th G a
or nves re , r e o e r s e e rs ro n v s

wh a d g a d df m ya t i a d wi th wh m i wha
b f md by ay B a
o re e r e ro e t
r , n o n o c on n e x o n

i t hm a Th f l l o wi ng a di
a
e v er s o e or n e n st r . e o c e s

ti ncti a g i d
on s re re c o T h ya j p an zei t a f t h e B h m a n i et b no v o r s o e

o f tt
co t b puton , hi h a
o e d i n th t in g ; tha
o v er t of a
s K ha e t iya re e s r s s r ,

o f fl a ; a n d th a
x t fa Va i h ya f w l l o th a d ( isi 2
5 7 , Toh oo en re . . e

m y f K hd ta ut ti g ff th ha ’

i ( i h i h y a
Ba
c e re on o es n t
or c t t n o e r, n e s x e en e r

hm
,

o fa a i th t w t y
r n, d f aK h a
n e t iy aad then -
t we ty
se c on o s r ,
n e n

fo u th of a Va i hya ) p i b d b M a u ( i i i w a d d
wi th B a
r sy n re s c r t tet e t s no no n e o.

hm
.

i ai a l di i p l e h i p M au u e y

a
In n c on e x on r n c sc s ,
n se s v r

t o g l agua n ab u
nt t h e b efite f p oo ou c i g th G y a
ent i a d i t o r n n n e r n s
s r
g
p fi e (th t il i t a l l l ab l A U M om b i d l y O M a d th

p ti ti on of th G a
or c ne n e
re x s y e r er s e ,

A th u ad o s n ya t i by a re D ij ae s e r v re

l a hi m i a m th f mag at ff a s a a k f mh i l ugh ”

Th B a i h y a g l c ti n g t h G a
e se s n on ro re o e
nc e , sn e ro s s o

t i m
.

hme a K ha r t iy a Va
n s r ,
ya
or ee t s ,
ne e e r s

M an iii
n 16 7 1
‘
M an n i 49

ak a
. .
. .
,

I A l i st of t h e S ai
ns r s s g i ven bo a
ve , pp 6 0 6 1 .
-
. See before , p 146 . .
 W HA T CA S T E I S
'

w i th c o n te mpt f mth ro e v i rtuous . It i s th e mu h ( p i

o t or r nc i
p a
l pat ) r

of a Wh
t h e Vé d p ati t h da
”
i l y e p t it i oe v e r f it f th
r c se s e r e on o or re e

hm a m a f l y aa
.

ya ae rs pp ah B a ro c es ri ad a um a o ve s s re e s r, n ss es n

l f m A l l i t pa a y b ut i t m
,

ai a wa
”
a By t h p ti
f th G a
i l
Ba
er or r es ss re ns e s o e re e

hm am
.
, .

ti on o ya t i a e a y i d ub i t arb l y b ta i b r a t i t ud l t n n o n e e, e

hi m p f m t p f m
,

e r or ay th or l igi u a
no t (i
e r ori 7 6 n o e r re o s c
”

m m
, .

a m
.

H h d f l M t a d i i a a
[ i t e rew u
s e
g i t on er f t h u n r er v n s n e ro e e s re

(i t
nh l i )
re ef t h S k t a f t
nesh V é d afo m w h ie h i t i t
’
II a k o e ro c s en

01 3 3 ? a
? sw a
81 s

afi ga m
fwa m
a
se ? r

s tr
? =rz fi m
r s II
mbhu bhu a ] d 0 r v : sv h

Ta ai a a mbhag dé ayadh m
é rya
ts v t ah ; r v r t r o v s
'

z
’

a lp a h d a d hzyo yo
yd t
'

n : r c o .
*

-
Cm E a th S k y 1 H a
r n l — W t m p l at t h a t
e vep a i w t h y e c on e e r se or

Su f di i lu t m a h di u i l l
Th i s G a
n ; y
o v t ne t s re t e re c o r n e ec s

ya t i it i a ft wa d nj i d m
r s utb ep a
er t d r e a
s e l t im o ne s e r e e se v r es

w ad d u k (wh i h f m il y t i m
, ,

a t da n n wi th th n o t h e t h
s c da
or f e o n re e es o

Sa nd hy a wi th th Hi d u ) th p e a l ty f th D ij a
n b ei g
s , on c l ud d
e en o e v n ex e

f m
,

l ik a Sh d a the a d
’
b a f th t wi b i i 1 01
Th B a
e II r , ro s c re o se rv n c es o e ce orn

hm adi ipl m m
.

e r uta n
q u i e hi sc k w l de
g f t hs V é dca f r s no e e o e ro

hi p s pt l t h h ul d p
re c e or, es ath i f ad i k t th e gi n f
e s o ro v e e n s n o re o o

t m t (i i en t i t i m o f diffi u l ty h m
e a n l a t
esh V é d a f m c e e rn e
or
y y ro

m
.

o th u
e r so
( i i rc e s N g l t f t h p i b d f e f t
ecu i g a o e re sc r e or o re rn n

hi ml i k a
.

a l uta d p i S h d a f t h i gh t f a l uta
'
s ti on e r ves e ti II r o e r o s on

m
, ,

W a l th k i d e d a
e g e d u
n t ra d l a i g t i tl c on t ce p c t n e rn n en e en o r s e .

i f m
, , , ,

i i ty f V i p a h w k wl dg of K h a t i ya
”
Th e se n or o r s, o e v e r, s ro no e e s r s

f ma of V a i hya f mw a l th ad g a ad f S h d a
,

i
'
l u
A Ba
ro v o r s s, ro e n r n n o II r s

f m(th p i o i ty f) b i th ( 13 6 hm a e g l e ti g

m wi th hi d ndat li k aS ha
ro e r r o r n II. ,
r n c n

th tudy f t h Vé dab
e s o e s ec o e s, d a s e sc e n s, e r

( ii H i t a l l ow e d t p
e s no u a d t t t il l h i o éw b i
ron oth n c e s c re ex s, s n r

A B dhm
.

o ccu b f rs , whi h h i
e ore n a l el wi th a c Sh d a e s o ev a '
II r r n

s tud t b ut en t a
,
Rdj a y a no a V a i hy a m u t b a
n m ord i a t s ,
s e en c n

aiii mbhu bhaa

k a
h d oc c u

a
* Rig Ve d 40, in whi c h , however, t he words 0 r r sv o not r

a aMat a m t ha
- .

a
.
,

Th e sel ec t ion of a
t h e G y t ri for dis ti nct i on s n r see s o ve ori gi n t d
e in
t h e prev l enc e a of sol r worshi ap on g t h e nc i e nt I nm
a
di ns a a .
3 76 W HA T CA S T E IS .

a il m
n o a ad i k e o f pi it a l l f l i q uid am
n, r n r s r a k of b w ad
s, se er o , er o s n

a w afa
rro th
s, i t u t d i th V é da
er ns r by h
c e o al p
n t e The Is s n , e e r, e c

p a i m h d h a a — a m a k
Ba
fo l l w o i g n t u t b
r es u w i t s
g t e s t n ne d p re c re e rs n e e ers

fa nim a l a hm a n l i i g aa S h d aasai fi Ga
'

o s, r v n t sth u II r , cr c er o e s s,

o ne wh d o t p a oes ti d hd a t h h u b ad f at wi
no r c se c r mai d e s n o ce -
rr e

a ad th m of d a
,

w m o n, n e re d b di o ve r
( ii i 1 5 0 e T h a l l g d
o es e e e

m
. .

p a en l ti fo esg l t i g
r ne t h i j
ec u t i o n a e i e se
o i nta nc f a ns r n s e ns n c e s, o n

m pl at
,

a la mi g h aat
r n c F d gi
r c er . t the ll oo f th v en o se er o e oo n -
n

b ec om du i a th w l d ; t aphy i ia p u t aD a
e s or re n no er or la ka o s c n, s o ev
'

( d f i m a g ) ffa l a u u i fa m u
”

Sh a
re ss e r o ; t es o o s rer n o s

M i ute i fo m
, ,

n at i n ad d i
n r ti o a b ut th n dd h a t th
re c on s o e r s o e

ma of a to ad to d i ti f l l w Th mo t fa u a bl pl ae
Sh a
ne s n c es rs n e es o o e s vo r e c

mu f q u t d pl a I f t h b
.

f a
or ddha i r s so e n re en e ec a t d ce e re e n o c o ns r e

i t o w h i h om f t h ma
.

fi bla ti b d pp d h y m a
f aB a
re n c s e o
y o e ot e y bon s e r e e

hm
,

d pp d i to t h h a nd a who i th qui a l f fi
Th B a
ro e n e s o r t n, s e e v en o re

hm am e u t b r y aful a
n b ut h i m
s a f e v er c re o s n n er o

a ti g Wha t h a t wi th h i h a d l p d wi th h i fa t th
f th Ra
e n . e e s s e e nv e o e , s ce o e

so uth (th h a b i ta t e k haa) wi th h i ada

o e l shi f t th
s s s s n s on s ee e

d m
, ,

au dl y d u H sh ul d t b a t i g by a
Ch ada
e o ns ss re evo r e o no e se e n e n

m
.

l aa i a k a d a w a i h u a h
i d uum f t h e S h a
n pg , ,g c oc ,
o , u u o n n er c o rse s , o r e n c .

T h f l wh gi th ddh a aS h d afa '

e oo o v es e re s t ll
o r o II r s

i t t h h l l Kdlai t a Th up fl u u p i z d a l um p } ma b
a
n o e e st r e s er o s z s, o r s e
y
m
.

i a w t a B h a a k i d fi N l y a mi i
t at B a
g ve n t o co to t
r t n, o t h or o re . o on re e ns

hm ti fi d but t h m a s th m l
, ,

r n a ar ns s s e Th y a e ati ne e se v e s e re s s

am th by the m mga
, .

fi d a di g t th
e c c or n d f o e co e, or i ad p t on co on r ns n o

m th m th
,

ve
g et a
bl es for two on s , wi th fi sh fo r t h ree on s, wi th t h e flesh
of t at l p ; f f u wi th m
he n e o utt ef fi wi th a
or o ta b l bi d ; f
r, on or ve , e e r s or

i
s x w i th t h fl h f th k id ; f
,
e wi th tha
es t f th
o
p et t d d ; o r se v e n , o e s o e eer

for e igh t wi th tha t f th b l a

, k at l p f i o wi th th a et f th c -
n e o e or n ne , o e

r u u ( il ga
r f t n wi t h th a
n t f t h b aa
I ord b uffae l , f l o e o r n o o r e e ven,

w i th th a t f h a ad tu tl o f a y a wi th w m
re s n i l k ad t h f d
r es or e r, co
’
s n e oo

c oo k d f i t f t w l y a wi th t ha
e o t f th l
or
g a
e ve d W hi t g a e t; rs , o e on -
c re e o

for wi th th kd l a
ever hdka(th du i g ge e t ab l ) w i th
s t h fl h e en r n ve e , e es

o f ahi r ad f th i
no c e ro s, l u e d k i d wi th h
n o y ad withe ro n - c o o r on e n

by h m
, ,

fo re ig g a i nat r it (i
ns e i i 2 3 8 2 3 9en 2 4 9 2 60 2 6 7 er s. .
, , , , ,

aO ft en rendered fune r l aa
k c es .
 C S
A T E IN T HE L A W -
B OO KS . 3 77

A ni ma
l f ood, howev er, i s now ge ne r a
l ly a i d f m
b ta at Sh a
ddha s ne ro r s,

mi i
m
a
m
c c ordi n g t o th e fol l owi ng

af Hana a
s r t

ma waa
wfuéfi i h
‘

Ir te

ma
v

3 g f : 25 6 3? Ci s f re
r Il
Th e A gn ih o tr ath l a ugh t f w S a ya, e s a(th u f) fl h a er o t co s, nn s ,
e se o es

a
t h e fe s t fo r th e Pi tri th a i i g f ff p i g b y th b th
s, e r f (a
s n o o s r n e ro er o

ad ) h u b ad a fi th i g f b i dd i th Ka l i (Y uga
ad Saya
d e c e se s n , re ve ) O
n s f or en n e

th t h A g ih t a ah w a ti ll i p ati hai g
aA h a
e se e n o r n n s ,
o e v e r, re s n r c ce , v n

ai d t ha b d b y S h ak a a
ma f ub i t f th B a
'
b ee n s o t ve e e n re s ore
y n r c r .

Wh t a t i g f th
en re n o e hm ah u
e ns o s s s enc e or e r n o se

h ld M au aw h a al l w h im t li b y t uth fal h d
a
o e r, n s e v e se e n , o s o ve r or se oo

m m m
, ,

b ut t by hi d
no i ? A Bre h a w h
s e rv c e h u g y a y b g f r n, en n r e ro

pup i l b ut f m
,

ak i g th i ti tut f a ai fi
n e ns hi orw o s cr c e , or s o n ro no

t md
, ,

p l
e rso n e se . H ha t pa y p e t t b j
s e v er t o a d re s ec o o ec s es ee e s c re .

H m e ut t t p s at i g t wh i h aa
no s e o v erlf i ti d s r n u wh o c c s e n or r n en

m
,

r ai [t h gi ft f I d a
n e
] fal l l
o k n h i wr i a g i w at
s , nor H oo on s o n e n e r. e

mu t pa amdaga(ak i d f d um) I a bj t f w h ip a '

B a
s ss re n n o r n o ec o ors

hm mt
, ,

r a l aifi d b utt h y ap l a wh f u pa
n, c r e e r, th on e ce e re o r s ee or

d t h m P ati ul a ul
, ,

l ag t
r e w i th h i
re e s , igh t h ad t wa s r nta t d o r s e . r c rr es , s e

w i th d i g u ti g p a s t i ul as i ty (ad m
n u h dw l t r c i thr p i i pa l n c e on n e r nc

la w b k ) h h at
-
oo sb wh
e li i g a
s o o tu H m
s e rv e ut t en re ev n n re . e s no

d w l l i ai ty g d by a Sh d a ki g i a '
b u d i g w i th

a a
e n c o v e rn e II r n no r n o ne o n n

m
,

f l w a H a d h C h d l a P kk a
a A tya
i
aa
p e rs on s o t o u t -
c t t s e. w t e u s no s n n s,

s s, or
y i n
g i vp i i t ua
s l a d i ns , o r a d t h Ved ave S r v ce or re e s

Sh d a H i d pi aK ha t i y aa p t a
'

B a
t o II r s t e s neve r o es se s r se r en or

hm
.
,

a H h at w a o m m
,

r n . e ak wh i h d s o t b l e
g r nt h i r s c o no e on o

a h i mby
.

H i f b i dd
e s t or t p l l ut d f d ad t h a
en o t
e ff d t o e oo n o e re o

ma
,

p e rso ns f th at th l g i l a
o o er ti f M au
c s e s, th e tt e s on o n on e se e rs

b i g im i l a t t ha f A ugi a a l a dy ul ti a a
a aDa
e n s t r o ti d o A t r s re no ce c v or,

h d m ma
.

er s aab abn, t y s h w
, a t t hr f d
e r, e c f t h i .
,
o e v e r, e e oo o e r

s up i (i
e r o rs . 3 3 3 9 7 9 9 9 1 30 1 3 5 2 10
v. , , , , , , ,

It i ay t p a t wh a a
Ba
t s no n e c ess t i i d by M
r u
o re th edi t f s s en on e e o

rhm a§ I a ddi ti
ns t f m n ti t hi m a onb i o or T h er no ce s, s ve n
y g e e
. -

aLa ugak h i qu t s , o ed aaS i dhu

i n t h e Ni rn y n , iii 1 .
1 S ee before p 21
mJ n
.

mu d
. .
,

1 S i Will ia
r o es t a
n la
rt s t hi a
s e s, o n of e rth a . Se e be fore , pp 3 2 3 .
-
.

48
3 78 W HA T CA S T E IS .

mawh p n o e rfor ma ually f ah u d d y a aa

s nn h amédha( or n re e rs , n s v or

m m m
,

a
,

h o rse -
a
s c ri fi c e , ) ad h a wh
n a
b i f fl ht ea
t h a q ua
l n o st ns ro es -
e ve e

m iter ( v.

Th e i n sti tute s j of M p u au
i fin a ti on a im il at
th e sub e c t of r c on re s r o

th o se o f A ugi ath ugh mwha

r s, t m o t d d so Th e f i g o re ex en e . o se r e e rr n

t pu ifi a
o ti
r f th d a
c d
on up y ahi f pl a i
or e e th oc c de Wh c e ce n e co en

ma
.

ah i ld i b
c s wh h di
orn , i or tu i ty a ll hi
en ki d d a
e es n r , s n re re

im p u By ad a d b dy t h S a l a ( h d f
'

re . p n e t o e d t z i r s e se v e n o r e rs o e sc e n n

ti tl d t a t th p d a l um h ) a i m p u
’

th k i /
e n en e o p gt
e t e zn f or t o e er re re or en

da y s, o rf th da
or y wh th b re e ha b s, g a t h en d u p ( e b f on e s ve ee n e re e o re

th k wl dg f th d a th h ab aqui d) f da y
a f di ti gui h d B a
e no e e o e e s y e en l c re or or one on

hm m
,

i th
n e c se o a Sa
s n d da s l a th
e r ti t l d t n s. no c s, ose e n e o

ma k th b l a
e ti e o f wa t t g th on o ad m b a i g aer l l kn w
o e la ti
e r, n e r c n o n re ves

no t i l ud d i
nc th Sae p fa nb m e p u b y
'

s i
z ncm p l s,a b l u t i o ec o e re e n

m i th a f b i th f th wh k a
.

Ma tt a th a
e rs re e s e n e c seb l ut
o r s, or o se o se e so e

p u i ty I p ati h w
r n amth i u l af t d a
r c ce, o e v e r, y a ft o er s nc e n or en s er

m pu by b a m
.

ab i th wh i l afa
r th b e th i g ; S a
er ec o
p d a b
es p
re u n
'

zn s eco e re

m
,

i da y a ft t u hi g a p S a d d a k a h
p upil f aB a
n t en s er ; o c n t c or seTh no s, In re e e

hm a p pt b m p u i t
.

o r n re c e igh t or a ft ec o es re n en n s, er

a tt di g th p
en n pt fu
e a l F
re c e th d a th f a d
or s
’
ner f th or e e o v en er o e

madw l l i g i th a m h u wi th h imi i mpu

.

wh l Vé daa
o e n e n n e s e o se s re

A ubj t i i m
,

f th i gh t pu f ada i h a
k i g I th a i whi h aB a
or re e n s sy ec
g t tsh d t h re or or n on e e

hm a b ms p u e i t
.

o fa n . n e c se s n c r n ec o e r n en

da y aK ha t iy a i pu i fi d i n tw l aVa i hyai fift ad a

n a
s, s r s r e e ve , s n e en , n

m th H wh t u h aDi dl ti ( l ik aCh a
,

S h d ai a la a
' ’
II r , n on e o o d
c es
) v cz r on e e

aw m
.
,

fa ll ai h u a wb hil d a p
A B a
en one , o n n er c o rse s, ne -
o rn c cor se , or

hm
,

on e wh h at u h d a p
o s i pu i fi d b y b a
o c e thi g
c or s e , s a r e n r n

m m
.

t u hin a
o c h u a b e i t w i t h i
n l i p uon i fi d b b a th i t u h
g o y o s
g s r e n o c

i g a
n b t oi l y b y t u h i g a w
on e n o l ki g a o t th c u n a ft co or oo n e s n, er

p f m m
, ,

i g ad ha aa Th i t b a a
V a
e r or n n c g in i g f f u l
e re w t s o e no v n o ne r er

mi d at f f ma
.

f or tyaa r d th s wh b l g tn th o se o e on l o e xe c s e s, or e e

d ev o te t A ki g
es, e c th th
. i a l wa y pu S i aK h a
n on e t i ya
ro n e s s re . o s s r

dyi g i b a
n t tl n
( e . v 8
. 5 8 7 8 9 9 4 , , , ,

A t th p u i fi a
s o ti e f i ai m r a t bj t
c Ma
on o u a g n n w i t h A e o e c s, n re e s n

g i a
r s , en um at i g h w er m i n ta of d fi l
ev e r, m t H o re
g i ns n c es o e e en e ves

t h f l l wing m
.
,

e o o i tiga ti on s h w of th b o da g i,
n w o h i h th
ev e r,e d e n e c oc
380 WHA T CA S TE IS .

a
ll g ed to h a ve b ee n rev e a
l d e b u t t h e pec ul i r c usto s o f c oun tri es a m
m
e , ,

t ib a t
es, c t (s e s, e c a v i ii . a Reg rd i s t o b e h d by hi t o th e

m
r

a a
.

y a l a a a
i n t h e d i ni str ti on of o th s He h s to
a
dig i t n f t h o te se v e r c s es

m
.

ex am in B h m ae h o w
r w h a
ns , t a h d a
e v e r, t a d e o a ti
c a s er s n, r rs , r z ns,

da i a d h i d a t a i f t h y w S h d d a ( i i i

A Ba
s n e rs, n re se rv n s, s e e re r s v
n c e rs, g
.

h m a r h h a t n, w a e b y h i s aoc i t y
s ; a K e h a
r t i y a b y h
s i ve r s r
, s

c y
o nv e ae a d w a
nc p ; an V a i h y ae b y h i
o ns w g a i n a s d g l d ; a d s co s, r ,
n o n

aSh d ay b
'

II t h ri m p e a t i o f
e a l l k i d r c f i n o T h th n s o s n s. e ree

l w l a h m a fi a w l l a b a i h f fa l h d b u t n s or se

Ba
ne , s e s oo
o er c y sse s e

m
,

hm a m y a T h a w fu l y f
i ul ti g B a
r h u t
ns i p l e b i h s s n s i t e se v e r o

hm a haa
.

pu i h mn t p
n s i b d f pa
e s ti
re sc r e or r esl a dy b
ns n r ns s re e en

F r t h ft (th e ma f wh i h mt h a b p m
a
o e e nn ess o c se e s o ve een ro I

t l i n t h e i w f th Hi d u l gi l a ) a B h m a i b m
a
ne n v v e o t e n t e s e o rs r n s o e or

s e
ev el y p u r i h d b y fi n s t h a e t h T h fi
ne f a S h
n o d ae rs.i t h i e ne o r n s

a i igh t f ld ; f aVa i hya i t f l d ; p f aK ha t iy at h i ty

ad f aB a
c se s e -
o o s s x ee n o
-
s r r

hm
, ,

t w f ld o -
o n a i ty f u f l d
o l n
n, s x -
o r- o or ev e

T u h i g am ai d w m
,

o c n a n rr e
( th b a ot ) a y p
on l a w h ei h re s s or n ce c

o ugh t ot t b e t u he d adn o du i g
o c mp l a tl y th i mp pn en r n co c en e ro er

w m
,

t u h fa
o c a a t b i w d aap i f a
o o n, re o dul te y
e v e e s s ec es o r

W m mt
.

e n gui l ty
o f a d ul te y a t b o r l y pu i h d
re o A
e os sev e re n s e

w m ml i t g t h h a
.

o ap l l uti g ada n o n d ha d t w fi g
se s o e erh pp d e s ve o n e rs c o e

mi l y
,

o ff ad t b p a n a d d n aa
o e r A n u fa
e oi th ful w if n ssf h ig h fa n e o

mu i t b b u d t d a
.
,

i t b d
s o u d by d g w h il h
e evo re paa o s, e er th r o r s o e rn e o e

ai b d w l l h a C m mi tti g a d ul t y wi t h a a
ai aS ha
t d (3 7 1 d
d B a
on n ro n e e e e
g u o n er r

hm
.

e r d a p ha s t uff d a th ; a
r Va i h yah at l o s er hi e s s o ose s

ad h a d with
, ,

w a l th ; ad a
e K ha t i ya
n h at b fi d a s r th u ad p a nas o e ne o s n s n s ve

m m
.

th u i f aa ( 3 7 4 A V a i h a i i a d u l y h
aung uad d B a
e r ne o n ss
y t t g t w i t s co n er

hm
.

ai i t b fi d fi h u d d ad aK h a t iya
mi tti g th i c i m w i th aguad d B a
n r e r n s o e ne ve n re n s r

ath u ad (paa) b ut m
, ,

o s n n s co n h s r e r e r

a th y h ul d b pu i h d aS h d a b b u d i afi f d y
nI n I,
'

e s o e n s e s
'

II r s, o r e rne n re o r

a d ( 3 7 6 7 ) Y i m i i u u i h l y p u i h
mt f Ba
r ss or re e s. t g t t e o no n o s o ns re s e n n s
g
-

en s hm a i aa f t h i ki n d wh d a
or r ns n c th i
se o pu i h m s e t ose e n n s n

im
,

ak i g m ut n t
n s a g io l: M
even o f t h i p a t i a
ne l l g i l a t i i
re o s r e s on n

th c a e s fa d ul t y i f u d i th
e o er t s t o ( 3 8 1 n n e c on ex .

S e e before , p 2 2

ama
. .

1
'
A Br h n, h owever, m
ay t a
k t h e e r t
p per y o
o f hi s S l III dr
’

aS
. ee pp . 2 1, 23 .

I Se e before , p 2 2 . .
 CA STE IN T HE L A W -B OO KS . 38 1

Exe mta i g at d t p
mp ti f i gg a tb
fro fit
ad t B a
on x es s r n e o e rsons c on e rr n re en e s

hm a f m t l a i g ai th a f th bli d i di i
,

n o i r ns o e ne n e rn n s n e c se o e n ot c

m ad a
, , ,

la g
e,d n e

ll mak t h ag p i mau
.

Th up m ay f h ki g i a
Ba
e s re c o t e n n r e c r e s, r c e s, e s re

m ad l l i di ti l y l a
e nts , id d w
n hma tud to s ad s s nc t o n r n s e n ts , n

l ig i u m di at ad m h l a f th m m
.

re o s en u i ty a
c n s, n so e ot er c sse s o e co n re

ex emp f mt ll (3 98 t ro o

m y
.

Th ki g ha ed th Vai h yat
n p ati t a d s to or e r e s o r c se r e , or on e

l e ndi n g , or a
g i r cu l ture , or a
tt en d nc e a on c ttl e ; a
a nd to c a
us e th e
'
S hII d r a t o se rv e th e t wi c e b o rn

ay B a
-

am
.

A w e l th hm ay t i b
r u t t t h
n u pp t f a
c on r K h at iy a e o e s or o s r

ad Va i h yaaig n th m th i p i duti Hi p w
aSha
n s ss n e e r re s e c t ve es . s o er ov e r

i th m i u l im
,

d a r att f
n i e it der o
( 4 1 3 4 1 4
se rv c e s n e -
,

f F m
.

Th i th h a
e n n pt f M au t a c t i th fi st i ta
er o n re a l s n e r ns nc e o e es,

wh ose p iti i at ad l igi w h a

os on n c s e ll a ft wa n d ha re aw
on e s er r s ve oc c s n

to no ti It t h
ce pa
. t th en ma tt f I h i ta
sse s o n wh i h i
o e er o n er n c e, c s

c o nn e c et d m wi th g a l j u i p ud
o re th a wi th a
en e r t t wh i h
r s r e nc e n c s e, o c

m f i t i j u ti d i t l y f
,

h w
f aB a
o e v e r, so e o s n nc o ns re c re e r.

If th b f u wi e re e o hm ra i th d i t d ve s o f th r n n e re c or e r o e

c la ad
s se s , a p du d by th ma
n s on s l l th i i th S m
re ro ce i ti f p a ti e ,
s s e r o r

ti on th hi f at i a
e c g i e u l t u
s e rv t h b nu l l f t hn h dr c t h id i gre , e o e er e r n

m m
,

h ai a h (fa i l y) a a d h p i i p a l m u a
ad g i t th B a
ors e o r c g t rr e, t e t o rn e n s, n e r nc e ss e
g
ha l l b d du t d f m t h i h i ta hm a
a
s e e c e ro e n eI nc e , n v en o e r n s on

t g th
o e wi th a la
er
g h a b y w a y f p r m
e s i re L t t h B h m a
o re - e ne n c e . e e r n

h a th ve ha f th
re e s i d u ; th
re s o f th K h ae re s t iya wif tw
e e s on o e s r e, o

s ha th
re s f t h Va i hya
e so n o wi f ah a ad a e ha l f ; ad th
s e, s re n n e so n

f th S h d awi f ha a a a
’

o e II r
( i 1 4 9
e , o ne A s l tre t i x n e rn ve r

ag m t h w
. .

r n e en , i a l a ti d (1 5 2
o e v e r, s Th i l g i l a
so s n c ti on e s e s on

f mth p g f ti m ad th
.

ro e ro re ss o h ag fu a g e,i w
n b l te i c n e o s e, s no o so e e n

t h Hi d u
e mmu i ty Th m
n co ai a g fn t h D ij a f a y e f t h rr V a a e o e v o n o re e rg s

m
.

t a o
y nf a l t f
e h i w a
e no t i fo b i d d i
s o t h K a l
n c s e i Y u g a fi“ s or en n e

F aS h d ai da
or i d awi f f h i
'
II r s or w l a ad ne th a
e o ll s o n c ss , n no o er

p d u d by h h a l l ha q ua l h a th ugh h h a ah u d d
Ba
ro ce er s ve e s re s , o s e ve n re

A b g tt t h ugh l u t b y a hm a aS h d a '

s on s . son e o en ro s r n on II r

S ee quot tion fro a mth e Brih aNa

adi ya
n i r ,
n the Ni rn y aaSindhu ,
ch a
p . 3, ne r thea
3 82 W HA T C A S T E IS .

is li k ac o p e th ugh a
e r sli ad th en a o l l ed i n l a
ve, wa n li i g pse
ce c v n c or ,

d a h a a ( 1 7
Ba
or p r s v

hm
.

T h p p ty f a adyi g wi th ut h i n ea f k i di tat
a
e ro er o r n n o e rs r o n or s n

la a a m a a m a ha
)
a
re ti ( piv es d u o s d dn l si t
r s b g i t
no o B h c s w sh o e ven r ns o ve

re ci t d t h th e Védaad wh a f pu i ty
e re e s, n d ub du d pai o re o ad r n s e ss o n , n

wh h a t p
o ve t wa ot ad th fu re sen a l a k t th fa
er n th e
gner a d f a th c e o e e r, r n er,

ad g a t g a dfa th e wh mth y th u p t T h p p ty f a
Ba
n re -
r n r o e s re re se n . e ro er o

r hm a( t ay t th ul i th ate ) i
n c on r r o e r ee t n o b m er ca d a s s s n ev r o e e n

e sch a t b y th k i g
e ( 1 8 6 e n

f m dm i di t
.

E u u h ad ut a n c s te pn o b c bl i d
s s, d ae rson s a orn n or e en o s,

l im
,

th d um l ud d f m
,

e b ad u h a s ha l
n t th u
s c fa ve b a os e se o re e x c e ro

m
,

ah a f th h i ta
s re o g t h ue gh er t i t l d te, f d o a d a i en t ( 2 0 e1 o oo n r en .

Th who
o se g l t th d u t ine f
ec t h i ae t a w
es i th o p ub l i e r c s e, re c

da nc e rs , s ni g h e ti c t
e rs, t b b ai h d by th p i
er s, e c o e n s e e r nc e

S h d am
. .

A K ha t iy a Va i h ya a a ’
s r s
y d i h
or
g h i II d rb t by sc r e s e

hm
, ,

lab u 1 A B a a n i t d i ha i b d
y f aB a
t y sc
'

r e re es.
o r r g s g o e

hm
.

la a ad i k f ad t p i i t t h t a
Ba
Th e s er o r n, r n er o l f r en s r s, e s e er o

th g l d f a
e o hmo a ad th i l a r t n, f th n b d f hi e v o fa th or o e e o s er

( n a t u a l r ffi i a lor
) a i
o m i a lc i t h h i h
re c r
g t d g en s n S u e h es e re c

m m
.

p a t
r i w h
es ay to h a p f no d a p i
ve a t i a
er o r t b e b a d d
n ex on re o e r n e

i ap a
n t i ul aw a r
y ca d t b r t a t d a un t a ot W
e i th
re e t a t
s o c s es n on e o e

wi th t h mwi th ai fi wi th th m wi th n t b a
.
,

e t n on e o s cr ce ll i d e no e o e e

by m m m
, ,

ai a g t rrth a b
e j t a o d e l u d d f ec a l l n i a l
ex c d u t i l et ro soc es, e

ath b aded wi th m
,

th m e wad n thi e r ov e r s e rak th y h a r n ll b d r s e s e e

t d b y th i pa te a l ad m a t na l la ti o t a t d by

Th B a
se r e e r rn n er re n s, re e n one

w i th a ff ti eci d by on , re c e v e wi th p t (2 3 8 n on e hm
re s a ec e r n

m
.

g u i l t y f a y f o t h n i o i t b e se b a i h cr d w
es h i l s t ho ff d
e n s e e e o en er

o f th o l ae er c n t h ugh th
ss s, e v e off e m a y
o h a b e
n u enc m d i ve ee n re
p e

ta t d e ha ll b
,
s p a l ly e c or or a pita l l y pu i h d or e v e n c n s e .

Wit h thi a a a a a a a Sm
aaaif g t h d s t i f Y
rees j l ke y d f t
oc r ne o h t h u t h n v f t h ri i n o e o er ors o e t s.
M i t k sh r . 1 0 1, -
e tc .

aa
.

1 K amma I 18 3 5 I wi tnesse d, t Dv a a a a k curi ous a

aawa
li i f h i s pri nc i l e,
'
r n r
pp c t on o t
dm
.
, , p
under th a i i t a
e ti ns r on of the a
g e nt s of H H the G ik d A Hi ndut i l or, wh o h d a a
h d hi ml f f t h ak f m h ip t m
. . .

att a c e
pa i
se or
y at t h a e sd t tha t wi l d
e o co n ons o serv n s on e ro o

pa tr f I di
o at k adakan
( g
l i i n i w ) f t h g d Ra h d wi th ut pa
oo rs i n t h re o s v e o e o nc

f m up
o o n
, y g e

esta bl i h d f s e H waa ee o h d d in n qu
ne r ad d m d t plyees en e

amth ad ah a
e s re
pp . c o se enc e, n c on e ne o
th e needl f e l f (c n
or i t l y) t t h pai f
ont h l t h i g fa
n l l th , o ven en o e re ro e c o n o e
offi c i a
ls c onc erned.
3 84 WHA T CA S TE I S .

aim a a m d a d l b a d R i h i ( m pl i fi d a y
a a
n l h s e b v e e ec o t
e r v re n n s ce e r e s s ex e e s

Kul hi k a tt B h a a i B i h i h i g a i n
n
‘h R m s y a n)a s (i
r nt i n
),
t h a t e , so s se e

t h pae t al id p
ern ai l (7
s e re v s

i wh i h th D g a m
.

I n no ti i g t h c n up a ti e oc c a y
on s a
g g n w h n c e v s en e e

t a
s r it e ned f ub i t or s th i a a t
s s e nc e ,
g d i u a g m t
e re f a g i su l re sc o r e en o r c

tu re , d e t u ti s r c f ai m a l l if
ve o f th a l n f l i q uid d e d g a o i e s e o s, re sse r n,

t i l a d (u l s f a d pu p ) t a lt a ttl m wm
a
se e s n e s o r s c re r o se s s on e s , s c e, en , o en,

d l th m f S aaK h um
, ,

l th dy ed
c o re a d c o ba kw l (
e o th ugh
n s -
r oo ev e n o

am p i fl e h ma
, , ,

no t red) f f ui t o t d ug r wa t ro o s r s, t f th e r, r s, o so n , s -
e o e

m
, ,

m a k y l a fi d i l ( f i l a) u a a d h K h a
i i t i di go l a
i b u u
a
S o ,
i l h ,
e on e t t , c t r s g t e r, o o , r, n e s

a f t b a f a u b a p k h ( )
l a
By l l i g fl h l a k ha a
g r ss f o t
ore s e t
s s o r v e no s e s s, s r s, n , s c ,

ad b at wi th u l o e h f lt a
Ba
n e s s nc v n oo s . se n es s or s

ai tatl y b m aa ll i g m
, , ,

hm p ta by i l k f th e d a y
m aSha
r n ns n t ec o es n os e se n or re s,

h b e ec o d a (8 6
es Th a r l .
”
f m f th ati l e s e o so e o ese r c es

i i t di t d b a
s n er u of th i
c e upp
ec d a d se b a u
e r s f th l o o se s c re n e ss , ec se o e ss

o f ai m n a l l i f i t h i p du t i e n b a e r u f th i r a
ro l l g d im
c pu i ty
on , o r ec se o e e e r

or l iab i li ty t m ia l defi l m t
o c e re on e en .

Th a d a nt a f a h a t k i t d i h a i t w d u ti i

m
e g v e o g e c c s e se e n o sc e o n
g r s es s

il lu t as i t d b y th f l l wi g ta
e tut ad m
e o ai m o n s e n x

a
t wa
if { w i i?
n =r ut eri t eed
fl
l
‘

fii
b "! a a aaaa
i rs?
'

ré e r: v r
'
? f
r
‘

zn

O n e s ow n
’

g h i wmp
o rt h l eo se d
s s i s r dut
o un t ,
— y th
n ot th tou m
paa a
a
o f n o th e r pay
rt , t h oug h w e l l i n sti t ut e d ; t h e e rso n l i v i n b p a a
ama
g y s t r n ge

c o urse o f d ut - -
y a
f l l s i nst n tl fro C ste ay Th e Br h n in ma
ma may quat (a m
.

d is tre ss , h o we v e r, y e i v re c e
g i fts fro n r er to n e e n ts

b e i ngat ha d) T a l i f f b i dd f d m a b a
k a
a f Aj igaaV a
t
d a
o n s ve e or en oo
y e en, s

m
.

i llu t a
t d i
s r th e e n a
ll g d e e ad aBhaa
c
j
sesa o rt ev r v

m
, ,

ad Vish a
,

i t aft f ed t in th e Hi nd u l i te r ture a 1
n v r o e n re e rr o
(1 02
'

mwha d Gi ta
aaa
! g m
Th i i t l i k wh a
t w fi nd i n th e Bh g

a
i
( ii 35)

m m m
s s so e e e v -

a
.

Er i f fi u i a ae s er r : re { r

w d Er
( WE F a t srt l
: cr i
'

a
uan rsz
O ne
’
s own rel ig i on , t h ough worth l e ss, i s b e t ter th n aa t ag s r n e rel i g i on , h owev er
wel l i n s ti tut ed de th ina on e s o wn rel ig i on
’
is goo d th a
t (th e rel i gi on ) of a th
no er
be ath f a
re e r.
”

1 ’
a
S ee bove pp 1 5 0, et . seq .
 C A S TE IN T HE LA W- B O KS O . 38 5

A K ha ma
t iyasy tak th r e e fourth pat ( f a p
r o c ro or i nc o m) i i me n t e

a
of d is tre ss (l l 8 )
m
. .

A tte nd a n c e on Br h a ns i s the b est wor k of aShud a; wha

t r e v er

he m
a p e rfo r mwi l l b frui tl e ss t o h i m
li a
e l se y e .

aShud a(wh a l i t ga d t h f b i dd
ati l ) H i t fi t fo th Saka
The re i s no
g ui t n r o e s r c n o er o r en

r c es e s no a ( f i i t ia r ti ) e H ha ns r o n on e s

m
. .

ne i th th
er i gh t f p a e t i i g D ha
r oa(duty ) r c i a s n
y t a i tr no r s n res r n

h i mi m
,

pl ad ce on ga d t D h a n a “ re r M ao l d ut i r or es ,

to y up n h i m
.

h w o a b l iga
ev e r, re o r o .

Th l th h a
e e e v en pt f M au i d t d p i i pa c er o l ly t n p a s ev o e r nc o en nc e

ad pi a ta i la w at la
Ba
n ti It b gi on h w wi th e ns, o e ver , c er n s s o

hm
ex esses
g r

A l ma t b gi a ki g t m
. .

s re o t e v en o ay t ai fi r ns s ee n o rr , o s cr c e,

t t al
o r ve t th wh h a o p d d th i w a
os e o l th v e ex a d it en e e r e on s c re r e s,

ad wh d i t m ai ta i th i gu u fa th mth ; t th wh
a ha
n o es re o n n e r r e r, o r o er o ose o

hm
,

aBa i ad th wh a a fl i t d wi th di a Th
fB a
re r o r s, n ose o i re c e se se . ese n ne

la hm a a S dta ka(p u ifi d ) J a
a t b gi t B a
c sse s o r ns re n w l o f sl l t r e -
on e s e e s sor s

hm
.

re o e a k wi g th Véda Wh a
ve n o r ns ti no ay n e s. s ne c e ss r

mpl t aaifi ma a k m a p m a
S ha
t b t f f
Sha
ce e en n
o co e e y s cr
y ro erson , e v en ro

d a i f aVa i hya ( h D a ) b a i h d a
ABa
r t s _| t or o er t v1 e no n e r, s nc e e r

ha bu i s no wi th ai fis n ess hm a wi th ut b i g h l d g ui l ty
s cr c e. r n, o e n e

f th ft m a a k a d ay f d f m h p a y w a y ha
’
o e
y t o e t t h s f t ho dro e r o or re e s s

mu t
,

fa il d t uppl y h i wat A K ha t i ya w a
Ba
i th

f mth B a
e o s s n s s l th r s n e v e r se z e e e

hm hm a wh mh p t t a
.

fa a H ga i
A Ba ab eggi g f maSha
o r n. e ns ro e r n o e ro e c s

i th pa t f hi i gh t u e hm d a
t b i th aCh a a
s x r o sr eo sn ss r n n ro r

m i th
.

l a M i a i a i w a h
m aCha
b ec o es n e n ex d r
pp p t g h tn . s rO r n e

h ab gg d f aai fi h b a a w f ahu d d
b th B a
s e e or s cr ce, e ec o es s or c ro or n re

hm
, ,

y a Th p wh af d th
hu d d y a A B a
e rs e e rson o ro s t e f ul r ns ee s on e or s o v

hm
.

tu i th
re s th
n w l d fo a
e o er or r a ki l l d i n re e rs r n s e n

wm m
.

th l a a h a i h w h i j u h i w i h u a pp a l i h
a
e y t t c s se t ose t o
g t t n re o e n o e

ki g H m a u h S h u i f A h a ( h A h a a V éd a ) al
Ba
n y t e t t se t e t r o rv n e rv re v e

hm
.

e d t A gi afo n p h i th w a
r s, or p fa s e ec at d t y hi
s e e on o r n o e s ro s

ene my aami th a f aK h a
, s r s nt i yaa e d w a
c se o l th i th a fa s r , n e n e c se o

Va i hyas ad Sh i d a ( i 1 n l r x

ay u g w m am
. .

N i th e agi l er r a n or a f l i ttl l a i g
o n o n, n or n o e e rn n

adi ad p th u i i ti a m
, ,

n or adu n c e , n or s e se t d i e rso n,
p i tt d n or e n n e , s er e

whi h I ha paia l l y uppl mt d a di g t Kul h ka Bha t aha

’

Thi rt t
m m
s ve rse , c ve s e en e c c or n o i s

m m a
,

g i ven u h t u b l tc d ro t
e t o o ern c o en ors.
 3 86 WHA T CA S TE 18 .

to a s c ri fic e . O nl y one wh o h aa
d a
l l th
s re e Véd am
ut s s ofli c i a
t a
t ae n

o bl a
ti on to fi re (5 7
mam
.

No u t ai fi n s s cr ce wi thout b es towi ng l i ber l gifis a A

m p mth
.

k eps a
n a aa
aa
ri est who n i h otr , n d n egl ec ts hi s fi re , ust e rfor e
p e
g
ch aa
ndr y n for On e mh on t , hi s negl e c t b ei ng eq u a
l t o th e sl a
ught er

of a son

m m
.

P roc e edi ng to e nter ore for all y pe na n on th e doc tri n e of ce,

Ma nn e pe a t t h f l l owi g
r s e ti c ao bl di ta n no Th e wi e a y pe n a n c se s e ce

( i s efi tu a
'

ecl ) f i l u taor y i nv o a d th
n ra y th a
s nt i t i a na i l ab
o l e rs s s v e,

f m ro th id e evf t h S h uti
en c e o f e a l u tay ff e A
r e ve n or vo n r o e nc

m mitted i pu g d by Vé di e p titi ; b ut a
, .

i i n ol u ta
s n v ily n r co s r e c r e on n

o ff e nc e mm it te d i t ti a
co l l y th ugh i fa
n en on tua ti by ai u
ro n on , v r o s

m
,

spe i a c l p ae e n nc (4 5 s F
”
e t a i ff n d e l
orib e ca t l y
r n o e ce s r e co

mi tt d th i w aa
.

e e re i la
s no bl p a e no v e en nc

m m
.
,

M o bi d ha r ge i n
c t h e nb o d y a
s a i d t c u f i nre s c i tt do i o c r or s s o e n

th e p e nt b i th r se i th s by whi h i t h ab
r ,
or n o e prec e ded To sc a c
p s ee n . e e

the se , p na ught t b e ted t (48

e n c es o o e r sor o

S m i
.

o a thus l ai fi d
e s ns re c ss e

I Ma hdp dta ka(G e a t S i s)

a a
s r n

hm Su a
.

m
.

Ba r a c id p a
e,
(d i n k i
r g f n
p i i t ) trh f t ( f n a B oh a s r s , e o r
’
ns

g l
o d ) a d u l t y w i th t
erh e w i f f a g u u a n d a i
e oa t i n g w i th p ra ti ssoc r

m
, ,

g u i l ty o f t h c i ese r e s.

II . P dta ka (S i ) s ns

1 — Fa
. l p t i (ato at ) b i gi g afa
se re e ns on s l c s e ha g, b f
r n a n se c r e e ore

k i g fa l l y au in g a u u — whi h a a l q a k a
Ba
n se
gcc s r
y u l t c i ll i gre n e r e o n

hm
, ,

r a n

hm m
.

2 F g tti g th B aor e n a(th Véda e r

) h w i g t e p t f th s o n c on e or e

Véda
.
,

g i i
, g fa l
v n
se i d k il l i
ev g a f i
en c e , d at i g w h a
n t i f b i d
r end n , e n s or e

wha t i u fi t t b ta
,

or s n t d wh i h i x (fa
” o e s e ul ts ) a l i k pi i t d i k i g
c s re es r -
r n n

A pp p i a ma a
, .

3 ti g a ro d p i t ad t a
r n li g a
e os h n ils e afi l d n n, orse , s v e r,

m d ay th gemae n al y e qua
.
, e

adi a l to t a
,

l i ng (th g l d f a
Ba
on o r n o er r e r s e e o o

hm
, ,

r a) n

m w mb wi th al i ttl
.

4 Ca na l d a rl i g wi th i t e n f th a s s e rs o e s e o e

m
.
,

g i l
r , w i th w f t
o h l w
en o a t o w
e i th t
o h e w c i fe f a
s es , f i nd r 80 o r e or 11 ,

-
whi h a ce sa i d t b e ea
r l y q ua o l t th n i la
r ti n f the b d f au u
e o
g e v o o o e o r

m
.

éaa i i
’ ‘

r re e fisr
'
z r .
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

their pati a l i ty
r Kil l ing aB hm a n a nd tea r a
li ng hi s gol d a f ou s re o c rse

m m In ai m
.

th g ea test offen es whi h ab i tt d ila a t g y

Ba
e r c c c n e co e s r c e or

c d th e d i k i g of pi i t b y a hm
.

i s pl a a Th a i ta t d
A d unk B a
e r n n n
s r s r e re so n s s e

hm n m m m
.

o wa n d r s. a r a y fa l l n r e t h i g i p u o o so n re, r

ma y w h n ei nt x i a t d m a k o a cV é di e u t t a n e e p f m c m er c or e r or so e

ti g thi g p oh i b i t d i m h i
,

u la wful a Ea u tha
Sha
n c n n s r e s ore e no s n

t a du a tu a l im ki l li g aw m a n a d a aV a i hya
Ba
inces n nn r cr e, o r n o r , s

hm
,

or aK ha t iy a E
s r n g i i g pa in t a
ve aa
v n us a l o f a t r n c es o ss o c s e

mm
.

faa
.

Th p a f th ff s th y a a a
m at p i i p l A B a
e e n nc e s or i tt d e o e nc e s c o eil so r e re v

hm
,

a b l a gul a t d n th a a k il l i g
aB a
e, re re e o e s e c s e r nc es r n n

hm tl y ) m
.

r a (i a d n t n a y d w
v e r en
e l l i a f t f a d f y n a ore s or oz e n o e rs,

f di g
ee n aonl m ad t m s.pl a t i g th
n kul l f th sl a
c on e i n A K ha e s o e n s

d ing thi h a t m k hi m l f am s t h i ml f
.

t iya
r o as s o ak t ah e se ca r o rc ers or se

A ki g d i g i t ha t p f m
,

th i r ce h a d l o g i t bl a
e n i gfi n o z n re . n , o n , s o e r or

( w i th g a t re p e t ) f
res n s t h i g ato ne o a i fi A
e s xl t n a t i re a s cr c e s. er v es re

a l o a ll w d a mng wh i h i th u de i th ae f th i h f
p p ty t aB a
s o e o c s e s rre n r, n e c s o e r c o

hm
, ,

a n l a d i th e V é da; wa l ki g t t h u
Ba
ro er o r e rn e n s or n o e so rce

f th i Sa aa ti Th p e a ti of a w hm aa
Ba
o e r v er r sv e r se rv t
on co or r n ones

hm
.

for b a hm
r aid Th stea c l
e. f th gol d f a e er ah a( i th t
o e o r n s e er o

t h d t u ti f hi l if th wi ) t t uc k b y ak i ng wi th

a but i f th ff nd b aB a
e es r c on o s b
e or o er se o e s r

ai on m
n r ce hm
e o ah c ag t ff b y the
e er e r n e n e o

p f m
e r or a n of ta p a Cat l t by th e ff n c a
ce s e b os pe c ifi d o e es ov e s e vo

m mitt d i
.

l u ta
n ilyr co d by t h
e sdnta
s rec ov e re
p au a a d i l u eta il y n nv o n r

f omso i ty th
, ,

b y th p dj ép ae tya Fo
r lu i . r exc hdnd dya
s on r a ai c e e c r s

aa ila bl F kil l ing a K ha t iyath pe a a ke d i l y the

qui d f ki ll i g aB a
v e or s r e n nc e s s on

hm
.

f u th p a t of tha t a n ; f kil li g a
Ba
o r r re re or n r or n

Va i h yaa i gh th ; f k il l i g a
s n e Sh i d aai te nthor n If a l hmr , a n s x e r

t ai hn e um
,

ki l l aa
.

on aC hd ha th I di a b l a
j y) a a
c n c
( n n u s f g e e ro

n wl o a w h e h ato pe fo m me p a
, ,

d a
, ,

d g a
o ,
li a z r , o , r c ro th a s n e r r e s en c

a
,

s f k i l l i ng aSh i d ath a t i th c h ind dya a

Ba
( 0
a
7 A
Cha
or l r ,
q s e c r t

hm
.

r a n ha in g c v i a ti n g wi th a
onne x on o r e
nd l a o t h l ow r o er

ate wom a e ei i ng gift f mu h ae on l s s h i o w

,

c s n , or r c v
p s ro s c ate rs o e s n c s

if h a u wi tti ngl y ad i k s t o al e e l wi th th mif h e a

,

e t c s n , n s n ct
. v e s

w i tti g l y n
( 1 7 T h e a o i at f a a fssa f a l l p f a l l
nd m
c e or e r o
y e s n erson

l i ke h i m a u t pe f m
.

hi p s ib d p a
r or nc e s resc r e en

ti c i g th se a p na s M a t s f th m
.

A ft e r no nd th
n n n t ea e th d
c l udi ng f m
e o er e nc e r o e o

ca a
,

o f ex ste ro The S a p i d a s n
. d th e r r l a ti nof the o e ve s
 CA S TE IN T HE LA W BO -
O KS .
38 9

p a t t
za
'

m u t ff ( t s h i o m a er a if h
o w s d ad )nes i th s i g ef e re e , n e ev en n o

au l u ky da
n n y c a l i b a t i f ,
w a t hi on t i o a ffi i
e r,at i g
-
s c on ne c ons, n o c n

p i t (Bit i k ) ad hi gu u b i g p
r es s n st ; al a gi l b a
r e n ki g th re se n s v e- r re n e

m m m
,

p o t ( f wo a
t ) ; a d t h
er k i n a i i e
g i p u
ns f a
en d are
y a d n n re or n

n igh t Th y m ut a e ft wa d s a t pa er k to i t wi th h i m
r s c e se o s e or s

ad p p ty f mhi m fi hi m m m
,

l l i h i ta
.

wi thh l d a o n n er ce n ro er ro re i se co on

ad d p i h imf h i ight f p i mg i tu O th
,

a t t ti
en ons , n e r ve o s r s o r o en re . er

pati a
r les mu t a t ha ay i t u wi th h i m A i mi l a
so s c e se o ve n n e rc o rse s r

a f ut at d w m wh m
.

co u rse i t b s b o d i the o se rv e n e c se o a y b o c s e o e n, o e

p m er i tt d h w e t ob h um bl y f d
e v e r, o l th d ae d l dg d i h ut e c o e n o e n s

mil y i d m
, , ,

ne ath fa
r e ( 1 8 3res 6 M
e nc e . a u t p l a t -
t h p n con e es e os

s ib il i ty f t a o ti n t
re s o r at a ft o th i f m
o i da
c bl s e j ti (1 8 7 8 )
er s or e e ec on -

b ut thi t a ti
s re s o r by p a a onft th b a ki g f th p t l d m
en n c e, er e re n o e o , se o ,

if e v e r, n o w u i I dia oc c i ty
rs n n n soc e .

M au a p t d a ai u h u b j f p a h l a
w f u d i th S ahi ta
n g
s re t
or e t t t
n re rns t o t e s ec o en nc es, e s

a ib d t hi m t fitti g i a
, ,

la s o n n e n sc r pp p i a
e o t ly no n n ro r e

wi th th a l a ti d
f th G a
o sedy re no ce .

N gl t e e c e rs o ya t i a d th a d t i g (a
e r t thn app i t de s c re s r n e o n e

t i m) a a dm i i bl t th m a ft p a
ph l t aB a
e re ss e o e er e n nc e .

Ap a y i g h um hm am u t ba th fa t f ada
Ba
erso n s n o r n s e, s
y or ,

ad l ap th f t f th ff d d p aty
n c s e ee o e o F en e t i ki g a r h or s r n r

mawi th abl a f g a tyi g h i m

.

k with al th ad
a
n d e o by th r ss , n e n ec c o n ov er

m m m m
,

w i h i i a u h ff d n p a
a
p o er n
g g t t n r uent t t
e o b f en h i er s ro s r e e ore

m
,

a
.

( 2 0 7 A p i t d i
e rso ng t t i kn en B h na w i th i
o s r t t t k iel l r n n en o

m a i i h ll a h u d d y a atua l l y t i ki g h i ma th u ad
Ba
re ns n e n re e rs, c s r n o s n

hm
.
,

E ver y d p fa ro a bl d h d ad a
o r tt a
n s
’
ti g p a ooti l sf du t
e n r c n r c es o s ,

d me ad ath u ad y a t m t f ah f th
n s o s n e rs
’
or pati l en or e c o es e r c es .

(2 06 7 )
Pa
-

p
Th e i bed p ena a pl ain d a nd th o of th a
a
rescr t n c es re n ex
j ex e se e r

m nt f m
,

p a ty a s t a
pa , a t bnu t i a w a yn o w
,
h a t
e c ., di fi e t h a t
n ta t d s e
'

er ro s e

i n th t ab
e n o es a pp d d t A ugi a whi h ov e en p d wi th th
e o r s, c c orre s o n e

p e
r v al t B ah m a
en i c a
l i nte p
r eta t i n (2 1 1n 2 2 T h all gre d b
r fi t o .
-
e e e ne s

of p a e ad p ta
en n c n ae ta
n t d a tl
re
g th
en T ap a i d
ce l a rd t b s e en . s ec re o e

a ll p -
al t re v en .

E n i ve n e i o w i th th
n con future wo l d th e ubj t p i ip a
x n lly
e r s ec r nc

a m
,

t ea
r t d f i n th e t wel fth
e o la t ha p t o f M a n u C st
,e i
or ad e t o s , c er , s

a pp eawi th a l l i ts p e tensi on a
r n d pa tia l i ti es r s r .
 WHA T CA S TE I S .

When a t re ti ng of th e
th qua l i ti f Sa t aRa re e
f a a d T m a es o v , n o

a n d da a
,

( p u i tyr p a i ss on ,k ) i d t b i
r ness h t i t
,h s
p d u ti o e n ere n n e ro c ons

i o wi th t a m
,

aw l l ai th
s e s nce f D i ty ad t h i
e esse n o e n i e r connex n r ns

m
,

g art i (
j aon d ta a )
n a d nt h i r d i i i ni t th i e r d i t i f t
v s on h n o e r co n o ns o e

l w t t h ma a
,

o es e d th h igh t h p l a S h i d aad M l é h hha

e n, n e es e c es r r s n c c s,

ad b a i th m
, ,

wi th l phat h li ti g i d dl
f th Ta
e e n s, orse s , on s, e rs , di ti
n o rs n e e c on on

o ma
e a q u a li ty —s ly w mi t on ptil t b i g b l wor s, nsec s , re es , e c . e n e o

th m w h il Cha aa Supa aad d eitful m ad ”

k haaad Pi ha
'

th

d il i h Ra
e e r n s, rn s, n ec en , n e v en e

ev s s ha a p ut a
s s n bs th m
c i s, th h ig h t
re ov e e n e es

pl a f thi qua a a a a a aa a
t b V a
ce o l i ty s( i i 4 1 Jh l lx M l l d N t
( i d s, s, n s s

mm ta
. .

b y th tya f th K h a t iya) M a u p l a i th
Ra
e co t en or o e r s o e s r n c es n e

m ti d O f u
,

j aa di ti as c on b a l l th pa
on , ti ov e a b e r es ove en one co rse

B dhm
.

th e a a pl ad i th
r ns re di ti n
ce f p u i ty a d
n e c on o o r c c or

m
,

w g a d — d T
( p a a f ) di a Y
m Ba
i g t th i
n o e r o n t r es ev o e e s t ( ti ) sv s en c n s e s

ad m hm
, ,

a (Vip a) ai i g a t th l w t ta
a
n co on r ns r s t f
rr v n e o es s e o

pu i ty aifi ad Ri hi a m i ddl ; a dBa hm ad th

a
t th

Ba
r s cr ce rs n s s, e e n r n e

hm
r a pati i pa ns ti g i r c ati ( th
n P
n aj p a t
c rei ) a t t h
on h i g h t e r s e es .

a aa
x ii . 48
(
Th e sl ye r of Br h mam
n us t enter th e bod of dog , y a ab a a o r, n

a aa m a a aa p a a a
el , b ul l , go t , sh ee , bird, or of aCha a a
a a
ss, c st g,
dd l
or P u aa
kk sh a
Th e ste l e r of th e gol d (of Br h m a) m ut n s

nd ti m i t
.

paath u a
ss o ths b di f pid
es n o a k t e o es o s ers, sn es, e c

m
.

I di id ua l f th f u Va a f i t i h i p u l i a (C a ) d
A Ba
n v s o
g t e g t
o e r r t s u ti
or o n r ec r s e es

mu t t i ful b die ad b m la to t h i f
m aUl k a
s en e r s n o s, n eco h e s ves e r oes r

m am ki g th i m m m
.

a n i i b
n s o ukha (
ss onw i th a u
ec ot h l ik es a n o e

m f fi ) ad d u wha m
,

fla t i it d a K ha t ya a Ka a a a
it a
i
’

e o re , n e vo rs
tp t s vo e s n , l n

i hya
,

ad a du ad d a d b di aVa a Ma k ha jy i k a a d
a
n t e s or re n e o t es s , r s o n

a
,

f d u a d a S h d a aC h a
i l i h k a a d f d l i ( 0
Th B a
ee s on
p s n r 7 ts n ee s on c e.

hma f mth i at p i ti n ad th p
, ,

k wl dg f pi i t (a
i
a a
e r ns, ro e r c f ths e os o n e osses s on o e

no e tm j e o a
) a d s f rth V é d a a a i d t n nh a p n o e re s o ve een

li afa i l i ti f
r c th a i mt
tta es f futu
or e bl i ( 8 2 n A
en fi o re ss s re

um wi th i t
.

c ons w p w li i g t
es s o h wh k w th Véda
n o er v n re es so e o no s e s

um th ta i t f hi w ( i ful ) a O th fa
ad f th S ha
c ons es e n t o s o n il u
s n f c s . n e re o

ul ai p ti f h Véda f i f t a t ha
whi h i t u t d B a
oc r ns ec on o t e s, o t n e re nce , n o e s r

hm
,

c a
ns r c e
n p p u d i t b e h l d t b i dub i ta
r s ro o bl n s o e o e n e

la w ( 1 .0 5 ,

0 Th is sentence is a
Bahm
ani a
lpr c roverb. We ha
ve mt it b f
e e ore i n A ngir s a( hl ka102 )
s o .
 WHA T CA S T E I S .

S aa
a( a
v dhy y s c ri fic e to Br h ama
) ad h p i tal i ty n os to m a th fi
en , re e ve

m
,

t saifi ces
ay g a A p orti on of th e food used i n t h aa
aa
d il re cr . e se s c r ents

i s to b e th rown t o dogs , Ch pd l aa s, n d c rows T h en , h usb ad ad n n

m m
.

wi fe , a
ft er o th er in at es of the fail y a a
ti fi re s s ed, ha t a
t ve o e

wh t am
ai re ns (i 5 1
mm
. . .

T he fol l o wi ng a a
id
re s to b e th e c o on duti es un i v ers l l ay of a
ll
m en z— A b sti nenc e fro mkill i ng , t ruth ful ness , a
b ti s nen c e fro mh f t e t,

(ce re m ia
l ) pu i ty th
on r e c ont ro l o f th e se nse s, th e i m
pati r n
g of
gi fts,

mmad m
,

pai e ndura
“ 5
nc e )
(1
a
s e l fc o n co ss on,

ma a ab gg d f maS h i d
.
,

A Br h a wi th wh t h e h
m a aa
n s c ri fi c i ng s e e ro r rs

b ec o aa
Ch d l ;
es d t aifi i g wi th wh a
n t h h ag t f n a no s cr c n e s o or

aifi h b m abh i a a w (1 5
i d by S a
s cr c e, e ec o es cs o r c ro

i t b m
.
, . .

ai ta tak awi th h yp
“

N i te o u n rco rse s o ite n ne n s ocr es, or

h ti
e re (1 6
cs T h y a t d i w h i t l th i g (i h e re o re ss n e c o n

m
. . . . .

Na tu i t t be
re li
s no d i i (woh i h a t
re e d a d
ev e
) n r ve rs c re es ee s c re

ya f ay th paty i
.

u h t l ga d h u
S a
Th e co c s oo r en , o se , or c onv e nc e o n o er r s

f d f m
, ,

t t b u d by a taka H i t ta k apaty t
t d by A g i a t h Da
no o e se n e s o e no oo ro r no

ta
.

a d fi (i h a
a
u i g th
s n e A
s c re re . s s e n r s, e s ,

m ad Bab m
.

C wh d K a t aA dh a
o u l eri
,
i i a a y e at w
r , i t h t h S hr d a s rn ,
n r er e r .

a Ya
(i h
j aakya th ubj t f a
.

The l egi sl ti on of n v l tabl ad on e s ec o e es n non

e aa ma a a Fl h p u d f p fa pu p
t b l e s i s si i l r to th t of M nn . es roc re or ro ne r oses

or wi th h a
i m agg t ; f d p p a
r ord f a th p aty p pado s oo re re or no er r , or re re

on ap di g da y a d
re c e l ft b y a nth ad t u h d b y d g an e no e r, n o c e o s or

wo m
ai n n her c ourse s , a
b re th e d on by c ows, l eft by b i rds, o r to uc hed
by af t i t t h a
oo ts no F d f gh i ta o e e. q oo a o r or o th er l i ui d s w h e t

w m d m
, ,

i l k th ugh p pad b f h a
,

ba l y ad a a k
’
r e n co s o
y b t re re e ore n e en

Th m
, , ,

a
.

e il k f t h wi o t t b ta
e co k t il l th te th d a
s no
yo ft t
eh en e n er e

cal i g v n F .a ti g i t t i or e al l y th n fl sh f th j a
n en
y on f d f t d e e o e , o re -
oo e

b ) a d f fi h f a i i b b d f h d a y
Cha
( i d
d a
r s n t o g t s e s, e s t n s o T h e o s rv e or re e s e

m m
,

a
.

n r
y a i t b p
n f s d f o ati g e i i l
e r orl ag p i ge u h or e n on on s, v e -
s, s

roo m i l la s, v
g f w l l k a
e- o d a t s, O f ee ta i fi s, l a wn d a ci m a lrro s. c er n ve- c e n s

h m a a a a a m a a
m
e y e t l d y i t i s t d (i
re 7 ) b y n B u t i t he f n e c se o

mm
.
,

a
f ssi rs fiifi
‘ ‘

i tm
t e re sz l

i u e u
‘

i s ti r
rer e ns. s s
'

rr= s s .

See before p 3 2 . .
 C A STE IN THE LA W BO O KS -
.

Br h ama ns, all u f ai m

al f di se o n oo s no w di sc our ge d , th ough i t i s a re

s o rt e d to by tai lac erf th m n c sse s o e .

O n th e p u i fi a ti f a rti l cth l eg i l a
on t i on o f Ya r
j a a l ky
c e s, a i e s o n v s

im i l at t h a t f A ugi a (i
Da
s r o o r s

m
. .

a dha a( l ag s s) p s wi th th p a
th B a
Th ti e sec o n on n r i of or r e se o en e r se

e hm a wh a t b t h bj t f the li b a
r ns , o re l i ty p
o e ib d e o ec s o er re sc r e .

T h gi ft f a w wi th th
e o coa l f ha lfb i th b t f a e l l gi ft
c it i -
orn s e es o s s

l i k th a e t f th e a th i t l f
o Th gie r b ta i by i t a
se
y a of h a e v er o ns e r e v en

mp g a
.

l y b li f ss y ha i
or e v e rf it b dy G l d t il a d r o la s i o . o ,
-
se e s, s, r n s,

h ha i t uh a ui ta b l gi ft (i
a f Sh a
t re e s o rse s , c t tr o s, c o c e s, e c , e c re s e s

th p e f m
. . .
, , .

F or e r or dd h a e i th nce th o ai f b i th r s, e r on e oc c s on o r s,

d a th lip t h ( i ty i ) ta bl i h d ai n i ay a
y ad m th B a
e s, e c se s , or e n ne -
s x es s e oc c s o s n e r

c o nn e c et d wi th d a hm a l adi a
s n l l th
on Vé da s, r ns e rn e n e s,

k il l d i th k w l dg of B a hm aad ai u l a s a t

Ba
s e n e no e e ti r b n v r o s re ve re o e

hm
, ,

c a ll d e a di ad b l i d of a y f l o h aat
r ns se se n f n e e, o o se c r c er, o

w i th b l ak te th i m
.
,

a d ul t u ig i
e ro w i th b a
s or d a il n, p f t l y l th d
n s, c e er ec c o e

ti i g m h a w i th ut m
, ,

o f evil p h p a s e ec , di
r c t a hi g f hi
s n e rc a n se , e c n or re , o n

h d p a
oo ti i g fo r c i a ti s n di a ffe t d t f i d b a
rn c kb i t
o n, ll s of c e o r en s, c e rs, se e rs

th S m
,

e aa ob ad ,
f g u u o pa t
n o n e rs o a t wi th Kugq a r
gs l a k a r re n s , e e rs -
o s,

h ldo f i t
e rs u e wi th
o n e rc o ut a t t hi
rs i h of b a d du t a
o d c s e s, ev s , c on c , n

o f ba d p t a t to b i i t d (i 1 0 3
re or re n o e nv e . .

ti a
,

T h p pi t i a e ti g f G a
ro a pa d f t h p l a t wh i h i t a
n o n t d fn o e ne s, c s re e o

a t ml gth i th d uty f a
so e en ll,
at s though p ati ul al y bi di g
s e o c s e , r c r n n

on th p i e (i 1 1
r nc e

om
,
. .

Th d uti of th p i ae l a id d w e wh a t a ft Ma nu wi th

l ad t B a
e es e r nc e r o n, s er

hm
,

c er ta i va iati o
n W h h gi
r n s. a th d d f gi ft
en e v es n o r n s, e ee o

s h ul d b
o l o th e on c pp p l a t w i th h i
o r on c o al ad t h e r- a m e s, s se n e n es

o f hi m elf a d a t y a
s tta
n h d ( i
nc es r1 3 1 0 H i c e eu a g .d . . e s nc o r e

t gio i ha
ve i ty f t h f ui t
n c r f hi a
o l u ad h i au d tha
e r s o t s v o r n e s ss re

p aa di
r a
( g ) a
se w i l l b
sv r t h s ul t f h i d a t h i eb at tl ( i
e reb o s e n e

ad Kul athi ti (th u t m f u

. .

H h at pe s th d é hd hd a
o re s e rv e e s c r n s e c s o s o co n

t i r es ad fa mi l i ) (i h
n es

w fC m
. .

I th n d ha p t wh i h t a
e s ec o n ct of Vya a hd a t h La
e r, c re s v r or e o o

m Li f i wh i h th l gi l a
,

on e, n ti i c f ah a at up i t th a
e e s t f th
on s o c r c er s e r or o o e

fi rst — th i b ut l i t tl d i
e re s tl y n t d wi th C a e t Y t mi m
re c p
co ne c e s e e so e or

t at m im f
.
,

a a t b t d i i t I di h ag f d b t th l a
th B a
n tte rs re o e no e n n sc r e o e e c s o

hm
.
,

e arn a nd t i s, d th e f K sh a
n ex t iy a V a i h ya a
n or e r d os o r s, s s, n

50
3 94 WHA T CA STE 1s .

S h dr aa p ec ti v el a ( 2y ae to b Th e re g rd e d i ce
ama
s res r n 1 1. e co ven e n 01

y m t f th i d bt (i h
. .
,

B h r i t b c ns ul t d i th pa
s o e on s e n e en o e r e s.

a
.

h ul d pa a a th t h a a
uth i ty f Na
f d f
t d [a di g t V ij a
A so n s y ot h d b t f e e s o d d ; i
e r no e r o , or ece se ,
o r

a p ai ta c c c or é h a n a th a o n n s v ada r , on e or o r

dm
c e

i i t a m
,

h ha s th p w fa ti yaf
a
wh en e e o er o b i g i t n s r on o n ec o n s x ee n e rs o

a p al p u ni h m t i t b i fli t d B hm a s (i h i i 3
g ] C
e. o r or s en s no e n c e on r n

pu i h m
. . . .

D ub l
o t i pl
e or r e t i e t b i fli t d
n s th n s il o f th e n c e on e re v e rs o e

Pa ti l m aCat wh i l l y ha l f pu i hm t i t i fli t d
f B a
r o s e s,
"i
e on b n s en s o e n c e

on th il e re v f t h A ul m e rs o a Th e il n o hm a ki g e re v ers o r n s, n s,

m
.

a g d
n d a o t s b p ure i h d
o a c ed i g t t h n s u tt a e a i h a c
( i ort h n o e sc s n e

h i gh t d g es wi th a
e fi e of
re e , paa) ; f th th at with
n p s o e o er c s es,

th m ad hya m a i ha (th m f 5 00 p aa; ad f t w

aa
e i d dl d g
sc s, e e e re e o p s n o o ns

m
,

ad u t i w i th th p a tha f 2 5 0 paa
a
lu (t h fi t d g
a
n co n r es e r s
) te e rs e re e , o p s

hm m
. .

( 11 1 6 1 - A p t a B a
e rso n n o g i i g p a i t a Br h a n v n n o r n

th m m b y wh i h h h a ff d d hi m t h a
.

b
aB a
h ul d l
s o o se e e er c t ni nge s o en e re e

hm awi th a up a i d w a p h e h ul d uff th p a th a m a
a
r n n r se e on , s o s er e r

ba a ad m l y t u hi g aw a p i th th ught f u i g it
a
s s n e re o c n e on n e o o s n

a g a i t a ns B h m a h r h oul d u fi
n, th e h a e l f s f t h i p u i hs m n t
'

er o s n s e

m a n c m m
.

1 7 A i tti g a d u l t y i hi w n a i
( i i . o n t t b p u er n s o c s e s o e n

i h d a d i g t t h h i gh t a
s e c c or n ol ; wi th a e p l w es th a h i
sc e w e rson o er n s o n

c at a di g t th m
s e, c c or i dd l n l a ; ad wi th a
o e p e ch i gh e i ss at n e rson , r n c s e

th ah i m l f w i th d a
n se th wh i l th w m
,
a
en i t b , d p i de f h
e o s o e e r ve o er

a ad o e P o ayi g fi gi l f h igh at tha th i

e rs n n s . e rs ns c rr n o
'

r s o er c s e n e r

o w a t b pu i h d wi th d a
n re o e th
n s Ap e f h i gh e ate h ai g e rs on o c s v n

t w m
.

i t n e rc o u wi th a l w a
rse a n d i i g i t i g ui l tl
o c s e o b ut h a i g es r n s e ss v n

i t n e rc o u wi th u h ap
rse s t d i i g it h
c i bla
erso n m w thy no es r n e s e- or .

( i i 2 2 4 A p o f a t h a i g i
e rs on t u wc i t h a
s e a t yja a v n n e rc o rse n n

w m m p e d with am ak a
. .

a i to b e ta b ad di g a
S ha
o n, s s d i rA or n o ne n s r c e.

m m
,

d a h ai g i t
r uv n wi th aatya n erc o j a w rsea b e s a a n t a
y jna o n co e n n

m
.

A a tya a a a y a a
d fi l i g aB a
n j n h i g i t u v n w i th A n e rc o w rse
n i t b u t t o n r n o s o
p e

d a eth (i i 22
. .A y p n hm a b y a ati l
e rson e n r n n r c e

f bi dd
or t b a ent i t b p u i h d wi th th
o e e s o h igh t fi
e n s th u d
e e es ne s e.

fi li g a K ha t iy a w i th th m thu d fi l i g a Va i h i yawith
a
n s r id d l fi , e e ne s e n s

a a
,

a a
a
th l w fi d h u d fi l i S h d w i h h h l f f h l
a
e o ; t ne
g n s t te n t wfi r e o e o ne

a a m m a a m
.

( i i 2 3
. A . S h d s u i g t h k r , f B s h a h
n ul d b e r s o r n s o e

fi d igh t hun dr d paa I th i l g i l a

ne e e ti n s. th i o ly a
n
g s
n e a l e s on , ere s n e r

See be fore pp 63 6 4. .
-
3 96 WHA T CA STE IS .

on e y a t n c ows f th a
e r t f aS h a
e d a r aV a or ta (
o a o l u n ta i l y r , o r v r

im p dp a m th (ii i 8 2
f aB a
ose nc ) f ien e o s x on s.

hm
. .

F orth la ugh t e f ab a
s d wi f er o a al a th ki e o r n, e er s n

d a wi g wa h ato b g i th a t of aK h a t i y aa
a
for r t n ; f
er s e ven b w; or s r o

m
,

for th at fa Va i h yaa
o g a t f th at
s f a S h d a o a a (i i i
or 8 o r r

m a
.
, ,

f a
.
,

ad fo th l a
n r ugh t e s g d w a w h
er o t i g i e n fo oot h e s l a uo
gh t e n s v r r

fa Sh i d a
i ti f Ya
o t r

T h e b e fi t of h ea ti g t h S m l kya a
.

i ng o e p a j aa
k aB a
en s r r r e n e r o n v re

s aid a t th l f th t a
e ti
c ose o t b g ea t i d de re It m ase , o h e r n ee es r

ma
.

aK ha nd a
,

a t i y ai t i u a Va i h yai h ad p s
a
bl
n v e ne r e, s r v c or o s, s r c n ro

p u
e ro T hs p o S h d a h ae t b a
ort i fi d w i t h rt h i f s m a ot i o h
e s s e e n or n e

ma m m
.

y g t f iet f toh e D ij a s a ro d i g t hi s i v
g i a, t h c c or
y ay n o ex enc es s e

aa
oc c ur.

mS mi ti
/a
In t h e P r
g s 1a l t t f w h i rh th e e ne r c o n en s o c

m
,

l a
I ha a dy ti d ve re
g ul a a no a g ce t i
,
*
h n o re r rr n e en s o

se rve d Th W k i k d a e
g a t
or a
u t h i t y i
s re c t h o ne re or n e

id tl y m md m
.

Ka l i Y ug a ad i t i n tha s ev en ore o e rn n so e

o f th th elaw l l ti
o er f it l a It g i co ec th o ns o s c ss ves e

f S miti a mm m t th
.

f l l wi g l i t t it
a
o o n s o r s s co e nc e en ose

m
-

f Ma G a a G a a a V a h a K a a a a
k ha A ug i a S h a
u i th h G l j
ta
o
g nn , t s
r s s
, y p p , o

A t i Vi sh u S a a
, ,

l ta D a ta a
Ha i taY a
r n nv r s r s,
p
mbaS hakhaad Likhita
, , , ,

j aa
,

l kyaA pa ta
Ka tya a a
'

a
r , n v , s , n n

a a a
,

y P h é t n a d , S h u t i r c
j a ( P a l a, a l ) n r r r s l r

Ma a ail d a a a
.

a
nn it i ,dd d p s uth i t y i th
e , re v e s n or n e

th re efi t Y ug a wh il rs th A h af th th s, Y uga
e e
’
c r o e re e s

i s t f
no th p t
or K al i Y u gea T a a
rese n
p w a t h s e

K i taY ug a
.

th D a a
h i g h t d uty i es th ; kn w l dg ei th r no e e, n e

T é ta ad ai fi
r i n s a
cr w h i l
ce t h i n i e v r
p g g e e v n

f la
o
g ir t h h i h
e sse s
g t d u t is t h K a l
e i T h es n
y e

ma( l ig i u l a
e
Dha f M au wa f
.

r w) re o s th K ita ; o n s or e r

At p . 3 57 .

1 pyIn th e
f r d t by D
t f G pa
St
'

l (I
cod re e r e o S tud i 2 3 2 ) the
mof U ha
n r en z er
a na
.

f th a
. . .

n e s h re o c u s la e c rs or o o .
 CA STE IN THE LA W BO O KS -
. 397

a f Ga uta ma f th T é ta; tha f S hakh a

ad Likh itaf th D a a a
th t o or e t r o n

n or p ea a v d t h art f P a n h a a i o r s r s

f th Ka
or e li T h pa . ty g uil ty
e r f afa ul t i f t d a o n ec e

th Kri ta Yug a i t h T é ta a il l a
th D a
u t y i
a
co n r n e n e
g ; i r
n v e

m m
,

e
p v a h i r f a i l y s a d i t h Kn a l i h i n l f Ae se

m m
, , .

p e rs on b a p
ec a t i tea ( fa l l f a t
en ) i rot h K r i t
c s e n e e,

a i th T é taby ta t ; ad i
D a a
by c on v e rs ti on n e r , th
c on c n n e

v
p a b
r
y ,
a t i g e
(f b ni d d ) f
or d ; W enh i l i t h
oo e n e

Ka l i by d d eeI th
s Kri t l a
n e
g w s r ta k r e sse s e e en

m
, .

a
th T a
t th h u
o e
(
o f t h
se p
o t y t e b b r fi t o d b ye t h e ne ) i e e n

taby a l l i g h i mt th m a
D a a
e r c n i )
o re c e v e d i t h e n n e

m
,

v
p a b r
y ,
i py l s l i i g t h
re a k
ev n ; W h i l e i t h s er e n e

Ka l i th y a t b b t w d
e re o e ly f
es o e i
on I th or s e rv c e n e

m m
,

a
.

a a
Kr )
a a
i t t h p i e ( fir ers i t l i
ve v w i trsh l e re t n e e e en s

m
,

( o f t h b e d y) o t h T é t a ie t h r fl h ,
i n t h D e
p es a n e v r ,

i th bl d W h il
n e oo i t h Ka e, l i th y a i
n e th f d e re n e oo

md f th p ul iai ti f
, .

T h D ij a a
e v s t t b bl a
re n o o e e or e ec r es o

a K m m
a
th i Y I h i u k i
th D a
p
e re s e c t u gve t s t n e t r e, c rs e s oo e

i t h T é ta a
.

d ia t ff t
e e ec n ft
e t r da y i
er en
p a s n e v r

am th Wh il i th Ka
,

a ft er on e l i Y ug aa
n e ft y a , er o ne e r
fi"

Pu re re l ig i ad t uth i th Ka
on n r l i ha
n e l y af u th ve on o r

p a rt f th i p p
o e r d i
ro m i er L i f i
e n s on s h t d ( i e t h i s s o r e ne n s

m
.

Y ug a ) y b at i g ef b id
n d or t h i g en D h a a n a ds t a p a r n

wil l b m
.

a p ati d l y f
re r c se on t ta
or ti os e nTh on uh e re e c

m
.

fa l p
se s e a k i g f n t h orak f w
e s a l t h e o L i tt l e i l k w i l
. l b e e

y i l
e d d be
y w co T hs a t h W i l l
e e
y i l d
r b u t l i t tl g a i e e r n

Wm a wil l b a l y f m
.

a
a
o n e r on l Th i t e es u . f e n e rc o rse o

l y f pl au P i ( B l l a ’

th wi l l b sr e u ) r nc es
'

e s ex e s e on or e .

p i s

P f Wi l l ia m ly a i h i l l T u
aB a
ro essor M i on e r y s c orre c t s s, n s ex c e en t

a
ugu a
l L r e c t ure , a
th t th e c urse of hm a is a
l wa
r
y s n su pp o se d

m g th
a on e Hi ndus to t a
k e e ffe c t so on e r or lat e r.
3 98 WHA T CA STE IS .

ayu S h ud a wil l h a th
j
sub e c t e d to D
afBa
wi l l be
A ha
s s r s ve e

hm
.

a ad th D ij a tha t f S hu d a
'

a
c r o r ns n e v s o r s .

T h h ig h a a a a a
a
e t ( yd )cw i l l
s es t h i l i l i h d l i
v rn s k e rn e r ve oo e

t h l w t (at ya a ta a a
t i ya t h D a
K B
ma th T eta
j ) T h i Y w f h h
a
e o es n ug s t e r s or e r .

a
.

ns f th K ha e r p or f th e s r s e v r or e

Va i hya ad th Ka
s l i i f th S h u
s n d a W m f th e s or e r s o en o e

at wil l t b m
.

l w o er c s esai d wi th th h igh a di g no e rr e e er c c or n

t th l a
o w whi h p m
e i tt d th D j at a c dd t t h wif
er e e vr s o o e e

o f th i wn l a e r o f ma h f th l w
c ss f th f u
o ne ro e c o e o er o e o r

Va a D uty ad i wi l l b
rg s mmi gl d T h mitn s n e co n e e er

mi l l i d g
. .

wh i h wa f a f f ui t i th K i ta wa f
a
c s o on e re e s o r n e r s o

ah u d d th u ad i t h T et f t th u ad i th
D a a
n re o s n n e r , o en o s n n e

p v a a d w i l l r b , f a n h u d d i t h K a lei o n re n e

(i 1 1 3 S-

p i fi l g i l a t i f l l w t h i
ec
g c a l e s on o o s s e ner

a u t f th mdi fi a
.

cc o n ti o a u d by th Y ug a
e o c o ns c se e s .

a
T h e D vg s sh o ul d l i v e wh e re th e bl ak at l p e m
c n e o ov e s, b e t we e n the
Hi m
aaa
v t nd th e Vi nd h ya
,
w h e re t h e fl w wh e ag i g i
oc e n- o n r v e rs o , er

th g a
e t ti th aa f u d ad w h
re r s t h Ri hi
re o dw l l
n T hi i th
n e re e s s e s s e

d am
, .

la n d f pu i ty
o b ut S hu r ay l i wh t h y a r si l i d T h ve e re e re nc ne . e

co u t y i ba
n r d wh thi g
s t t b d u k ad u ke re n ot t o b
s no aot e r n re r n n e e en

a f md (i 1
,

a a re e t ad wh u l a
e n, wful n i e re n c o nn e x o ns re or e

ABa
. .

hm am a
r
y g i f d t n a K h a t iy a ave V a i hoo
y a aS
o h u d a s r s or r

i it i g hi m t h ti m f a ma
, ,

v s n a l t
(i 6e 1 2 e o e . . .

Th g a l d uti
e f th f u V a aa l a
ene r es id d w ai
o e o Mar rn s re o n s n nn

ad th th S mi ti It i d l ad h w
n e o er r s . t b ai s ec
e re , o e v e r, o e s n, ev n on

th p a
e t fa S hu
r d at o ll pi i t fl h (i 7 1
r , o se S r s or es . . .

T h wa t eth w (f er a ti )
ro t h
n h f a
o r c on se c r wi i t e on on e orn o co s s x e n

t i m b tt th a t h a t fa l l th t tha f th ad a f th '

es e er n i o e zr s o e r ve rs n oc e ns o e

e ath (i 8
r .

m
. .

If a D g aa t f d v th la
e t da y oof t h on n ( h ea d a k ha
s
ya o e oo c n r s

ul g a m d d yd ) h e wi l l l h i m i t f th e m o th
( i 8
Th a
v s

ha
v o ose s er or n . . .

eaf fa mi l i a
c nd r u t i
o i t g l
es y i n u l a t dco all n r es s s ron c c e on

c l a of p p l ath i
sse s up e m duty
eo e, s
( i 9 e r s r e . . .
400 WHA T CA STE IS .

a
f st fo r si x aB a hm awh a t i g b t u h d b y ath
n igh ts . If
Ba
r n en e n e o c e no er

hm
r ah m u t i p wa
n, t ad p a
e t th am f Vi h u; i f a
s s er n re e e n es o s n

h b e t u h d b y aK h a
e o t iy a h
c emu t fat ti l l ight i f by a s r e s s n

i h yah m
, ,

Va s ut i a dd i ti t th i fa
e t wa l l w th fi
s p du t f
n on o s s s o e ve ro c s o

d g h m
, ,

th w ; if b y a
e co S hu d a a u t fa t f aday a d i h
g ;t r or o e s s or n n

awah m h m u t pe f mt h
, ,

a th l w a ha
a
t
a
i f by lf f
a
s er n, or o er o c s e s, e s r or e o

th ea
p j p y
t a p an r e If a B h man wh at i g b tenu h d c r en e n e o c e

w mawh i i m p u f mab i th o
.

by a o n t a i t o b y aM l é
s re ro r r re s r n o r n

h hah m
,

c u t fa t t il l s u
, e t ad b a
thsi wa t r k pt f sada y nse ,
n e n e e or .

( vi 48
aaa Pul indaKika a
.

Sh b r s,
t ( a b i g i al t i b
s,
) an d N a t a a s l ik or n r es s re e

h m m m
,

wa s er If a Va i shya
en g
. t a w a f t h w a h a at he
o o o n o e s er n c s e,

h at o ta
s k w u i n ad h a e co lf i p b a
’
s l y fo i da
r e, y n p f m -
r e r e r s x s, o r e r or

ad ub l k i chh a ( i 3 1 2
a
o e r r v

f d filem t i aa i m
. .

Th ul e r es ati g gi n b y Pa
or e sh a
en n e i l at n ve r r re s r o

th f A ugi a
o se o r s.

F d k d i th e h us f aS hfid am a h a a a i
a
oo c oo e n
y t e o t e o wh n r e r ve r e

p i k l ed wi th i t wa
s r n t am p a i d bsy a p t it i
e r, n f t h
cco G y a t i n e re e o o e r

fl h l ai fi d butt h y oi l ad d iff t k i d f
.

U b il d g a
n oi e r n, es c r e e r, on e n e re n n s o

f ui t a i m
, , ,

r spu wh i l th y a i th
re re s l f M l é hh a b ut p u
e e re n e ves e s o nc s, re,

wh ta
en k nf m e M il kro ud ad l ai fi d butt a pu ,
c r s, n c r e er re re

wh i th e e
en n l s of th A b h f a( i w d a owh d )
v sse e Ma ket r s v e e s c er s r

w a a p u w h i l i n th e h a
.

nd f th d s
res re re e
( i 3 1 5 s o e v e n er . v .

Th ul
e r f th es l a n i g
or f s l a l i k e th
e c e s n f A ug i a o v e se s re o se o r s

ad M a
n nn .

ABa hm a
n i n t t a p t g i ft wh n i ata f im pu i t y f m
a
r s o t o cce s e n s e o r ro

b i th sr d a th or Wh n h e i g i
s. ft s f m a B e h m a n h h at a
e re c e v e s ro r e s o c

k wl dg th m in a f m
,

no e el oud i e aRéj ayai ag tl e i ; v o ce ro n n en v o ce

f m ad f maS hfid ai h i own m

,

ro aVa i hyai a whi p s n s er i d n ro r , n s n

hm mm by a yi g Omwi th ak i g h h a
, .

Wi th a Ba a n h h atr e s o co s e nc e s n n e

0 m wi th aVa
,

t o ut t th ak wi th ut th
er n s i hyat wh i p
o e th a k ; s o s er n s

ad wi th aShfid at wi h th ak i m m
,

n a
r ,
g i n i o
g h i el f
s t s ay an ti s, n s o , sv s

s i s g ood ) v ii. 82
(th i (
dm
.

The wh ol e a i i t a
ti n s r on of S hdntz ,
’

or p p i ti a
ro ti o n, of th e g o ds,

F ro mth e sp e c i fi c a
ti on o f th e M l enc h h
’
a s, or Ba
rb a
ri a i n s, n c onn e x i o n wi th t h e se
p rod uc t s it se e mt s o be w aata
bl
rr n e t o i nfe r th a
t th at i cl es were mt im
t f m
e

m
r so
t l a
e
aa
, es
i p o rt ed i nt o Ind i the s ro e neig h b ouri ng p rov i nces .
 CASTE IN THE LA W BO KS -
O . 401

el e mt de v i l s, e tc ad of h ouses, te m
pl tak is in the
a
e n s, n es , n s, e tc .

ma (i pasim
.
,

h ad
n s of th e Br h ns x, s)
tem
.

Th e wor k concl udes wi th asta ent of the doct ri nes ad p ati

n r c ce s

c o nn ec t e d wi th the Yog a .

aa
T he be st dig e st of Hin du l w, l l t hing s c on si dere d ,
a a a a maa
i s p rob bl y t o b e foun d i n t h e M yzilch of K aa
l k r
aa aa a ma
Bh tt , t o whi c h re fe re n c e h s l re dy b een de It s .

tw l Rae ve
y di i i a t al w a
s, or
y a a g d i v s on s, re no s rr n e n

th mo d Wit h ai w t i di a
a e s e r t th era pp l i a V e o n c e e c

l u t m f th
.

ti f th
on o di i i t u h f the se ia v s on s o s c o e so c c s o so e

Hi d u aa m
n s l t d wi t h Ca
s re t I ti
ore o r e ss c o n n e c e s e, no ce

th i t t a t g a
e r c on e n s, t l l g t h a n d ful f re e r or e ss en , s ee or

t he j
ob e c t s o f t hi s work
a kdmM a mg
.

In t h e S yns i l ha aft z c , e r so e e n er a
l
r e fe ren c e s t o t he ut h it a
a ti l it a tu
or ve er re of t he Hin d us ,
we h a v e n ot i c e s of el e v en of the si x t e en S mt
aa cr e n s, in
a
a a
c o nn e x i on wi th whi c h t h e pe c ul i ri t i e s of t h e four A sh
’

r ma s a
o f t h e Br h n s, a
n d t he
g ma
en e r l d ut i e s of

K ha s t iya Va r i hya S hud a ad w m a t a

s, s t d s, r s, n o en re re e

of .I thi d pa n tm t f t h w k h w
s e th ri en o e or , o e ver, e re s

no thi g whi h w ha
n t a l a dy c ti d e v e no re no ce .

I t h S h i ti M a y i/nh a whi h t
e a t f t h cn z c , c re s o e

p p i
ro t i a
t i f t h g d a d
on o t h bj t f f a we o s n o er o ec s o e r, e

h a t h f ll wi g p i i pa
ve e l o ti o n r nc se c on s

aa pa p (p uj é )
a
Th e worshi ti of G n

a
.

Th a bl uti
e
( p d aa) f V ion y ak a G
( na a
sn p t i ) n o n .

S ai fi t th Pl at
cr ce o e ne s .

C ha
ra t i ti ( g
f
c er s d il ) f th csP l a t or oo or ev o e ne s .

Ch aat i ti f G a
r c er s a
p p a
ti a d f t
csh L ok ap afl a (g uadi a
n n o e o s r s of

t h Ca
e di a l P i t )
r n o n s

m a
.

Di recti ons for th e Ho es (burnt -

s crific es
) of

or d h utz s,
’

or obl a
ti on s .

Th e Pfij af H
’

. o ouses .
 WHA T CA STE Is .

a the A rches of G tew a a

y
a
The P fij of s.

The P fi j of ob ec t s rese
j m
bl i ng th e Deiti es, a f Nadi
s o n Gaudatc
r e

P pi ti a ha a
.
,

The ro ti n o of a y g th e G
( j u ti r f t h o s c on nc on s o e Pl a t )ne s .

P pi ti a f th Pl a t i th i i ndi i dua l i ty
f Ra
Th e ro ti n o o e n e s, n e r v .

The P piti a
ro ti n o hu a
o d K etu (th a c di ng ad d
n di e s en n e s c en ng

nd m
,

Node s) , but vi e w d ad il
e i i g th
s un a
ev s se z n
o ad a
ui e s on , n c s ng

p
a a
th ei r ecl i se

Vi h ath thi d m hm ma
.

The A ka
r -
ai a
v g f aB , a e r rr e o r n, d e first to
l pi agi g at aad a ft wa
a
th e A s c e s d to th b id
n e n er r s e r e.
‘

w m
,

S h t i of a a u
a
’
The n o n s co rs e s .

S h ti f th bi th of aa
a
Th e n o lf e r c .

a a
Th e S h nt i of n ew t eeth .

Th e S h a
nti of bi rth o c c urring on th e fourte enth d y of th e d e cre ase

m
a
of th e o on

m a m
.

a a
S h nti of th e ful l n d of

a a
Th e d y of th e
-
o on , the l st oon

a m
.

Th e S h nti of bi rth occ urring on th e d y of th e new o on .

a Na aa(L a a )
a a
S h nti of th e k sh tr s un r M nsi on s
’

Th e .

a p
a a
Th e S h nti of bi rth o c c urri n g durin g n ecl i se .

a a a( P ky a
y a a aaa
’

Th e S h nti of th e V i sh -
G h t ik th e oi sonous or unl uc G h tik

a aa
nd n i ght
of th e thi rt ) g h t i k s in d y .

Th e S h a a(a kynti of
j th e G nd nt -
Y og n un l uc con un ct i on of the
Na aa)
a
k sh t r s .

a
Th e S h nt i of di sgustin g occurrenc e s .

a
Th e S h pa a
nti of th e ent r n c e of th e sun i nt o rti c ul r sr ns
g of the
a
a a
z odi c .

a ay p
Th e S h n ti o f f l li ng into fe v ers, etc .

The S h ua aaaa
nt i of d s s ec ifi e d 1n the S tr s of A ’
shv l y n

a p
a mj
Th e S h nti of e cl i se s .

pa aa
a a
The S h nti of uri es t o re c e t cl e s of w te r nd fire .

aa
a a
Th e Sh f llin g of g re t w ll s
nti of th e .

Th e S h nti of di se se i n t rees .

a a a
a a a ama a
Th e S h nti o f th e f l li ng of l iz rds .

Th e S h nti of vi l l g e nd wi l d ni l s, s of the dove , c ro w, h orse ,

ad
n el e ph at n

hdm M a
.

The c on te nt s of t he Vy aa v
y i/ haa z c re

H ath i
s s custo t d f m
m ig i a
or th n e ro e sh m
a e of . third m
ai a
g rr es, p rev l entmg
a a on
th e ol den Hindus ?
404 WHA T CA STE 1s .

at a l a
a aa a a
S e rvi c e in 1 8 2 7 The wo rk, t oo , w s t d r ns e into
M a r by R gh un th Sh s t ri D te
t hi a .

a a a aa
In t he P rdy schz tt M yzikh , fte r g en er l st teaa '

m a a
en t s on t he n t ure a m a
n d obj e c t s of ton e en t s n d en
p
a p n c es , i pt i a m
re sc r ad f i on s mmi tt d i are e or s ns co e n

f m bi t h (i di a
or er t d by di a a
r ,
il m t
n c t ) e di
d se ses, en s, e c . 1

rec ti a gi f a
on s rebl uti by ad ad by w a
v en or t on s s n n er

th ifi
e s
p a tec f g a
cl p ca a
so m t i d
en e r
; a d en n c e s re en on e n

t h di ti
e ti s f ffnc a um a
on s o t d o P a en c e s re en er e . en n c es

a p i b d f apaty fa
re re sc r e l l y au d f ff
or r se cc se o o e n c es

for am a ut h t i hi da n c
y f sd u k
or n f s s or r n en n e s s or

ea t i g whant i f bi dd f sati g fl h
or f ta ki g
en or e n es or n

f d wi th a
oo
p g a d w i t h a a a
e rson e n m t f a t i g
g e s cr en or e n

food i nj ure d by ke e pin g for t he ft of

g ol d for i n t er
a m f a
c ourse wi t h l ow c s t e wo -
d ul t y f eni t or er or n er

co u wi th b a
rse t f g a m b l
e s s i g f f
ora m il i a i t y w i t h n or r

p a t ir
g u il
esty f ff f o t ou hi
en c e s
g t h l a i g f or o c n e e v n s o

ma el f m s i or i f aifi i g f t h u w t hy ;
n or s n s or s c r c n or e n or

for a b u i g i gi s n f a
v r bad i g t h h u h l d fi
ns or n on n e o se o re

ad f m i l l a u fa ul t
I th S h a
n or sc e n eo s s

a
.

dd ha Ma a
ad p ati f Sh a
n
ye i / k r t h g l d t i z c e en e r oc r n e

n r c d dh ai t a
ce o t d f
r But th i ubj t
s s re e o . s s ec ,

afaa at i
s r s c s e d hab s c on c e rn e a l a dy ha ut d
,
s een re ex s e

i n th p e di g pa
re c e
g n es

m a a
.

Th S a a y a
e M a y fl h w h i h t t f t h r c c re s o e

t i m ad
,

es a f l igi u
n se son s o i ad th d ut i f
re o s se rv c es, n e es o

da y a sd m nt h d t
on b as, u p C
o es a t t h
no u g h e r on s e, o

i t t iki gl y il l u t a
s r n t th f m a l i ty ad b d a
s r es
g e i or n on e n

whi h t h Hi du w ta
hi t a
c e hi pp n i ors tl y k p t Th er s c on s n e . e

M a Sa nn it t l l u p
n a il i e t h K i taY ug a
s s, re v
; s n e r

mai th T eta the Shakhaad Li khi ta

,

t h Ga
e ut a ,
n e r n n
 CA STE IN THE LA W BOO KS -
. 405

i n th e Dv p r a
aaa
nd t he P rdsh r i n t he K li The a aa a
a m
.

fol l owin g l ws, fo r erl y c urren t, i t l so t el l s us, h ve a a

a
b e e n rep e l ed i n t h e K l i Yug a a .

Th e w p m
la i tti er ng the r a
i i
s ng up of issue upon the wi dow of a
ad b th
d ec e se ro er

m
.

Th l a ewa l l wi g a g i l toa
l l y i t
n d d t b g i t ap a
rt i ul a en n en e o e ven o r c r

h u ba d t m ay a th hu bad h ul d h di
Ba
s n o rr no er s n s o e e

hm
.

Th l a ewa ll n a t ha f u wi (
o f a
r h f th ns o ve o r ves , on e o e c o e

p im at ) K h a t iyat h a th ad Va i hyat h a tw
l l wi g th kill i g f B a
r i ti ve c s e s s r s o ve ree , n s s o ve o

hm tt m
, .

Th l a ewa o a i th at f a
n e pti g n o r ns n e c o e n

mu d r e r.

aa a m
Th e l w l l owing D vij s wh o a a pa
y h v e ss e d over th e s e t o be a
a p
re cei v e d i nt o c ste on th ei r m p a
e rfor i ng e n n ce

m
.

aa a aa a
Th e l w l l owing th e pe rfor nc e of S tr d z fcshci (s c rific ing ) for
'

all lac f m ( t l w th a Sh u
s se s o en d a )no o er n r s

m m
.

Th l a wa ayi g f awa
a a
e ll wi g t h o n t p t (t h
e c rr b l n f to e r-
o e e e o en e r

g i t t h
n o S a y he am a) n s s r

th m m m
.

Th l a w a l l wi g M a hdp a a a a a a k p a
a
’
e o g n (w l i g r i ls
g i c
g n n on r e,

i th di
n e ti f th Him
re c on la ya till th pil g imb ai d ff t
o e , e r e c rr e o o

h a )
e ven .

la fa aifi
ut a
Th ught
e s bul l f er o or s c r ce

m
.

Th d i nk i g f pi it
e r n at tho Sa s r an(i t h
s , e vena i fi t e r e s cr ce o

I d a
n r )
m
.

Th l awa t a i t th Vi a a a a
l puni hm t f B a
e l l wi g o n p th
en r n c e i h n o e cn r s cs r

hm
.

Th l a ap i ta a d l ib a
a
w f bi ddi g th
e or n e c t s en o r ns e er e

ly m mi tti g a Ma ha ak a ’
co pnt
m t f fa m
.

Th l aw qui i g th
e re ati f a rn t e ex c ili a i ty ( a a
on o one en s or r s ns r

a
g ) wi th sinne rs .

a
The l w requi 1i ng pena
nces f or sins co m
mi tt d e in sec ret , wi th th e
ex c e pti on of th eft .

aa
Th e l w l l owi ng th e use f fl h in S h afddh a o es r s

m
.

Th l a
w p
e i tti g fi li a
t
eri b y t h w a
y t
nh a b y bi th on ad p t i o er s n r or o on

m m m m
.

Th l a
w e qui i g th re ab a d rn t f aw if f e in ( a
onl l en o e or c o on s n s s er

th aandul t y) er .

Th l a
a
w qui ing on to g ve p
e re i u r hi o w n l i f i n
e th p ot cti on of s e e r e

co ws ad Bn rma h ns .
 406 WHA T CA STE IS .

aa a f th S m aj ui
ti g B a
The l w l l owi ng th e l s e o e o ce.

Th l a w e qui i g th kil l i g (by ffi i a

re rn e hm a) f ai m a l n o c n r ns o n s

i ai fi (th d d b i g w d by S hfid a)
n s cr ce e ee e n no on e r s

hm a a l g p i l g im
.

Th l a wa ll wi g a h u h l di g B a a
aDa
’
e o n o se
g i o n r n , on on r e, n
diffi ul t i atf m aG pa l aKul a m it aA dh a
ll wi g B a
’
c t es, o e ro si i s o r r r

hm l i l ih d i ti m f diffi u
, , ,

Th l a wa a t bta i a
.

e o n r l ty
ns o o n ve oo n es o c

by d i g th w k f K ht iya Va i hya ad S h u d a
i ya
o n e or o s r s, s s, n r s

D k hi naf m
.

Th l a wa l l wi g aS a
e i to b g ad
n i n a ll
s o e n rece ve e s
’
ro

c at t t a
s es, y t da o s y aywh aagu t ad t l dg wh
en s n h e re s es , n o o e

m
e re v er e

ig ht b f u d a
d i g fBa
t u
e t o n s n se

hm
.

Th l a w f bi ddi g th wa a
wf bi ddi g aB a
e or n e n er n o r ns

hm at bl w i t fi wi th hi mut h
.

Th l a e or n r n o o n o re s o .

Th l a w i t di ti g th givi g f
e n er c id n i a b tw afa e th n o ev enc e n c se s e ee n er

ad a
ah ayaA h a
n son

hm mat l at f f ty ight
.

Th l a w qui i g th B a
’
e re rn e r c r s r o s or or -
e

y a (f mth bi di g f th a d t i g b i g tw l y a f th
e rs ro e n n o e s c re s rn ,
e n e ve e rs or e

s tudy f a h V éda
o
)
e c

ll wi g th m m
.

Th l a wa e aia g o f na t n a l u ei rr e o er c o s ns .

Th l a wa l l wi g th kil l i g f w
e o n e n o co s

ai fi f m ad h
.

Th l a wa l l wi g th
e o n e s cr ce o en n orse s

mai a m
.

Th l a wa l l wi g t h
e o g nf f a l e re -
rr e o e es .

Th gi ft f a e la g h a o(i i h i ta
r er s
) t th l d t sren n n er nc e o e e es o

w ati i g th p f m
.

Th l a e s nc a f th Ra
on n a
j yfi a e e r or nc e o e
’
s

m n v th l s
.

Th l a w d i g th p a d a
a
e ti
or er n f l (whi h e r c ce o or e c so e e er e es

thi k d an ta g u )
v n eo s .

T h e se t hi rty four i n st -

y d e c i d e dl
y an c es of re
p e a
l v er

p ro v e t h e u t b ili t y ma
of t h e Hi nd u l ws, f c t w hi c h a aa
shoul d n ot b e ov erl ook e d b ay m
n t i v e re for e rs fi
“ a
I n
q u l i
a a a aa
fi c t i on of th e rep e l of th e l ws re sp e c t i ng A gni h o t r nd

Saya ai t i a
n s t th y m
dd d t h a ,
a y b ps ati d w hi l t he e e r c se e e

di t i t i
s nc f Ca t a d t h Ved a a a
on s o k wl dg d s e n e s re c no e e .

( )
7 I t h N i t M ay i kha tnh d ut i ef ki g a z
'

t e es o n s re

t a
re t d f m e u h ai t h La
o w b k a ib d t c Ma s n e -
oo sc r e o nn .

The l i st h ere gi ven i s c onsider bl ay l ag r er th atha t f u d i

n th o n n e

G ener l Notea pe nd ed t o S i r Wi a
p
l li mJ
a ones s
’
t a rti n f M a
n la s o o nn .
 WHA T CASTE IS .

ought to be aS hfid aVa i hyaa

twel ve fing er bre dths ;
of d a of r s n

f aw m
, ,

K ha t iy a
s r ,
a f f u fing
of si x fing er bre dth s nd -
a a o o n o o r er

b a dth
re Pati ul aw d u d a l u ky ad th u l u ky
s r c r oo s se re c ,
n o ers n c

H w th p at a i g f Ku h a
. .

a
A Ba
b w h f h
'

o e g t vz r t , u t or r n o s r ss, o e orn on e o r

fi g i t b w
n er, s at ta i l ig i u a
o d the i orn h cer n re o s n o e r s erv ce s r

ma h ul d u f u bl a
.

n s do f g a aK h a t i ya t h
se ; a do a r es o r ss s r ,
re e n

Vai hyatw s o

h ul d b p f m
.

Th y a l a d i t th
,

H wa bl uti
o d ons s o e e r or e . e re c sse n o e

ay th l u tay th
n ece ss r ai a l th e vo dful f l a li n r e o c c s on o se n ee or c e n ness,

mi m
, , ,

ad n th e secon d r ay Th e fi rst se a son for th e s the o rn i n

g The
aa mit
.

a f ll w — til l wa
.

g r d ti on a of er t fl wi g of w ters ri se s s o o s s e rs , o n

wa th o a ti th a th G a a
aB a
t ers , eg Th f h
ce n ,
oul d b t u d t r s, e n es e ce s e rne o

hm a h ul d l th him
.

th e a
e t i ba
th i g
s A ft abl utin n er on r n s o c o e

tmt ; a
.

sel f i n whi t K ha t i yaie vesd; a Vai h yai y ll w ; en s s r n re s n e o

ad aShfid ai bl u Th D ij a h ul d u m
, ,

n r at a i ban thi g e e v s s o se n r s n n

m A bl u i
.
, ,

ah
aa a
but S hfidr s s oul d not use th e t on sh oul d foll ow t h e t ouch
m
.

o fa Ch nd l a a w a n i n ,
h ou o a n u t — ca t aS fi tik a er c rs es, o s e, ,

p o th t u h of ape on d fil d by t u hi ng ay of th
c or se , r e o c rs e e o c n ese

bj ts a Déva laka m a a m p a
a
o ec (d e s f i g ) w h u t
r o f ser ot e l B ud es en o e,

m m
,

dhi t a s P ha
, p a t a a f o
sl l w f K ap i l,
a (a d i g too er o t e t i c c or n so e s o

i ) a
n es n il l b h a d D ij a -
e ay p on wh h oul d n t b t uched
ve v ,
n e rs o s o e o ,

n wl y h a
,

on e h dding tea a
s e nd a v d p
rs , e s e erson

m
.

H w th ti l a
o ka } o
e r l i g i u a k i s to b a pprel i e d t o t h b sod y r e o e

munta
, .

la y to b p f a bl y us d i t be th a t f th top f a
f th B a
Th e c e re er e in
s o o e o o

hm
,

o f th ba e nk f ai o ak h ét a f th
r ve r, o at f th a
e r s r o e co s o e se

f m
, , ,

f aa t of th Tul a si pl a t a d f G pi h ada na

a aa
o n thil l n f th , o e roo s e n ,
n o o c n ro

D aa
v r v ti (Dv a k ) It i t b da r il y a ppl i d fo th d t u t io f
. s o e e r e es r c n o

sin . A bl a c k til a ka i fa v ua bl t p aful s s a d o t b i ging

o r e o e ce ne s re ne , o rn

p ati into n powe ; a

r es nd a
o e s y l l w on to w a
’
l th
r Th V a i h na a
e o e, e . e s v s

(sec t a i al fr l l w f
o V i h n)
o u ug
ers oht t h a a w hi t
s t i l ak a Th o ap o ve e e

kaby th thum m
.

pl i a ti n f th t il a
c o o e b p odu fa tn ; y b e t h i ddl ,
r ces ess e e

fi ng wa
er, t h a ; by th
er or t fi g
e ve n f d; a n d by t h fo e fi
e n ex n e r, oo e r n

m
-

g er, l i b a ti n er(f b i ot h ) A c ro d i g t t h r V a i shs a a

. t h e c or n o e n v s re

a tw l e pl a f a
,

re e v ppl yi g u gu nt — th f f h a
c es or d t h b l l y th
n n e s, e o e e e e e

th m m
,

a
,

re g i f
on o th h t th e n k t h
e r t w i d e f th
e b l l y
ec i ddl a e o s s o e e e e r s,

ppl yi g th mt th e f eh a
, , ,

th ti ps of the a
e s the el b ws e rWh en a ,
o . d n e o or e ,

at
‘

Th e root of thi s word i s til , o b e unc tuous .

 :A STE IN THE LA W BO O KS 409
”

-
.

a m
a aam
y Na
a
i h brigh te ning h l f of th e K é th e
(d u ) h i
a
r ng t e oon n e s v s to be

p ro n o un c ed ; wh e n to the bel l , a a
y q ; wh t th h a
'

t
r en o e e r , M d
h aa; wh to th thr a
v en t G i da ;e w h n t th o id V i h u ad ov n e o e s e s, s n n

V im m
,

ta na ; w h n t o t h a e M a dh u fi d an a ; w h
e t th r a T i ik
s, s en o e e rs , r v

a ma; wh to th l b w S h idh aaad H i hik é ha; wh to th

aa bh a D a
r en e e o s, r r n , s s en e

ba k Pa
c dm mda ; ad wh n t th b a
n or l o
g i n ( rs t n e o e cere r re o no

m ti d a b e) V a
,

s ud s a W h n th u ng u t a a ppl i d du i g
’

en one ov e e e en s re e r n

l f f th m m a t b ta
.
,

t h da e k i g ha r en n o n th p o ding na e ok in e re ce es re o e en

Th f m f th ung u nt h ul d b af l l w
,

th e reve rs e or de r. e or s o e e s s o e s o o s

o n th f eh a d tha
o re t f aupp r a
e rm ; n t h a th a
o t fa d ;
n th
e o e e r, o ro on e

m; n th amtha
,

b a re t th a s t fa l tu n t h b l l y tha
o o t f a s fla o e et o e o e r

m
.
, ,

ba th ba
,

o f th l a ef fa e bu ;
o k th a t f th e a on ppl Th b t e c o e ros -
e e es

kaf mth ti p f th n to th ha
, .

t il a ro e i i o ft fi ge b a osedt h e r, s o en n er -
re s

t fm a
,

th a oi ddl wo th f in e nd th e l ow t i
r o al u of f u t h
n e es n v e, o r, re e

m m ma
,

b a dth W i th ut a a Ka
,

or tw fi g o n e r- re tt ti n to th s;, tt r o en o es e e s, r

( t h f u
e i t rf w k )
o i l t Fi
or s g u of th s n h hos el l .a d h ak a re s e co c -
s ,
n e r

( a
s e dcrdi u ) h u
scl d b ap
s p l is d t toh b o d y f t h e V a i h g a a Te h o e o e s v e

t by hi mTh
.

l a tul a h uld a he a inj un ti ns a

Pu a a
e ve s f th o si e l s o so e e se c o re

hm
. .

a i d t o b a ding t th B a a a [A di ng to A h a l ya na
’
’ ‘

s e ccor o e r r g c c or s v

l m
.

a ta ia ak h ul d n t b u d du i g Védi
Pu a a
h e re l f d to
s o re e rre s ec r r s s o o e se r n c

mni ] A c ding t th B a hm d a
,

c or
j a t h U
o d h a p p ue r n r r e

m
c e re es r v

m
o ,
-

d a r
(t h u pp e a k f S hi
er a ) a r t
r s o b ad b y l a y a d avl w o d e o e e c s n o

— ft t h h m by a
,

y; a
,

ah ad wa
s es , t n a ft ba th i ng by l a
er er h ;a ft c er e o e, s es er

my n
,

th w e h ip ors f t h g d by a o da lw d ;
e o d i g ay s, s n oo on o n n c e re on co

nec e t d wi th wa t by wa t If th u g u t b by l a
e r, y i t l in a
er . e n en e c ,
s es re

ta ti ca l ; if by a th y a n t t b ti a
a
l but h
a di g t K tya
no t t b h ri o e o z on ,
v er l s es , e re o o e v er c

b ut h i ta l Th y a to b u d a a
h a
o r z on e re e se c c or n o n
y
m
.
,

a a
,

a t ddh a
s r
’

aifi s, j p s cr h e t h bl
c es , a t i t t h s, o s, e o on o e

V i h édé a ad th w
s v v s, hip n f th g d e ( u ) ors Th p l a o e o s s re s . e c es

for appl yi g ah a th f h a n s esd th b a re t t h nal t h e ore th a te e re s e ve e ro

ad upp amth bak ad th h a ma

, , , ,

th h ul d d Th S hi a nt a

Ga
e s o er n er r ,
e c ,
n e e . e v r

or ya t i f th A t h aa r o éd ai t b u d wh n th a
e rv v ppl i a ti i s o e se e e c on s

ma h ul d a ppl y th ah with wa ad th
nya
A h u h ld
va
d e. o se o er s t
o e s es er n e

ap athaad S a i h ul d a ppl y th mwith ut wa

a
n r s n s tes o Th e o r e

l m ak f aB hm
.

h i
o r z on ta a h ul d b ix fi g r b a
r s o r dth l g n f
s o e s n e -
re s on o

aK ha t i yaf ur f a Va i hyatw a f a S hfid aad th

a
s r o nd
o s o o r n o e rs

b l w hi m f m n m
, ,

e o ,
If th (Sha
o o ne i a )
. B h a a k n te t h t ip qu d av r e o e r r
4 10 W HA T CA ST E IS .

(th ay f li
e te rn r o n es ) h e beco m pata
ta (
esfal l
'

en
) m k th Th ose wh o oc e

mak a th d a F m
.

pati w ai g th
r es e r n e se r s re e ofi spri ng o
'

f Shu th r s ro ese

kam
.

no ti c e s , i t is ppa
a re nt a
th t t he til a ak a r s re c hi e fly of a taia
l se c r

aa
c h r c te r

mi tm
ad/ y i a
.

How ad Wh
n ere th e c ere on es of S n z c orn, noo n , ad n even

i ng at re o be p e rfor md e

m md ;
.

How t h e H o ai aity i t b di pens d ;

s to be p erfor e how c h r s o e s e

a Y a a a ma a a a
a
o b d h w
h w th fi
o g et j ve t re g l i b t i
n s re e n e o ons re

t b p u d ut t a t
o e o re t Bh i ghm
‘

o at Ya
o m a d t th g d
nc e s o rs , o o n o e o s

H w P uj i (m
, ,
.

o at ia l w h i p ) i to be gi
r er t th g d ad wha
ors t s v en o e o s n

fl w ad l a a a pta
o e rs n bl e ves una pt a bl ret ai u g d ;
cc e e or cce e o v r o s o s

ad wha t a th uita bj t a d pl a f p u
t aB a
n bl re e s j i I e o i o w i th
ec s n c es or c n co nn e x n

t hi m hm
.

a
s tt it i aid tha e r, a ught t w hi p Vishnu aVa
s s i r n o o ors s

s ud é a ; a
v p i a S a k
n s a h a a
r nce ,
; a d aV ai h y a sa P a dy u m a ; a
r d p n s s r n n

hm ug h t t ha f u i m
,

aS hud aa A ni uddha A B a
r s an r . ag ; a r
’
o o ve o r es

a
,

K ha t iyath a a a a a p
l ig a fin d t B a
w
f th S ha
s r ; V i h y t w ;
re e n d S hfi d n Th s h i o r , o e e ors

m hm
.

a A S hud ap
, ,

aught t b
w hi ppi g t h S ha a
o e r o o e con e o r ns r ro

lig m
.

a d yl l a a g ing
Ba a b m aCh a a a
u i g th
no n c n bl O e s c re s e M, ors n e r or o

hm m
,

fa a a
a
t th Wi f
o e e o d l
r A B h n, wh th ec o es n r n, e er

im
.

pu pu ug ht ac ding t th Li g aP anat b th a
hi ppi g th S h l ig a a
re o r re , o c or g t o e n r o e e en

m a If aS hud a aw m
, ,

i w
n ors n e at u h i t it r r or o n o c s

W m
.
,

t uch wi l l p l ik tha t f athu d b l t ni ni ti a

Ba
o ro ve e t do n er o o e n, no e

hm ight t t u h th e em bl m f V i h u
.

r a a nd S h u
ns,drah a s ve n o r o o c e s o s n

a
a
or Shiv
md ma ahi
.

How p u
j ci i s to b e p erfor e A Br h aS h fid at n te c ng r o

m aS hfid aad th S hfid a

.

p ronounce the a
s c red OH or svci hci , bec o es r ,
n e r

g o es t o hel l
y im
.

How th e worshi p of cl a ag es (of t he l i ng at e c

) sh o uld be
md
,
.

p e rfor e

m
.

How t ath e worshi p of g u u r s,

g ifts shoul d be g iven to th e
m m
.

How the ho e of the Vi shvé déva s i s to be p e rfor e d

ma a m
.

How the fi ve a h ya j n s a
re to be pe rfo r ed

m
.

Ho w Bhoj a s (fee di ng s a
na a da a
f aB a
re to eff ected Th
) e
y l ( e nc l osure )
md by wa hm
.

for e t e r on t he g round for th e ves sel o a r n , ou ht

g to
be qua
d ang ul a faK ha
r t iyat ia g ul a f aVrai hya oi u l a s r r n r o s c rc r

ad f aS hfid a m
, ,

i i ul a Th
a
n o l u d ug h t t b
r se f g ld c rc r e ve ss e s se o o e o o

b l l mta
, .
,

il
s c ppe
ve r, l o f th l a
ve f t h l tu
r, e th pa
-
l h e , or o e e s o e o s, or e s e
41 ? W HAT C A ST E t s .

O faqui i ti m
a al i l ih d ad rese rved fo r

da
de , one th i rd shoul d be
‘

c s ons -
ve oo n

ma Of
,

t w th i d f
o -
r s aa di g t th w k a
or n ,
l l d S hi a
c c or n dh a o e or c e v r .

y t th h ul d b gi a di g t th Bhfi a ta G l d
ya
co w s ev e r en s o e v en , c c or n o e r . o ,

s il v e r, o r pp gi t aYa co t i (S a
e r, i)
v en ig o b t h th g i n s c ons ns o e ver

ad i t hel l N p
n rece v e r o wh ha ff p i g h ul d pa
. 0 e rson t with o s o s rn s o r

a l l hi p p ty r wi th h i wi f a
s ro er o d p d t wh a t i h ld i l a
s e, e en en s e n o n or

m m m
, ,

pa w Wh a n, t b l g t t h e on b s f a o ofa i l y er a w l l
e a ers o s e s one s
’

lf a pl dg wh a t d haaa d a n
tim a a
t i i l ud d i
'
se e e, s nc e n s rz n ,
n so .

pp p i a a
,

C ta i er n es t f g i
ref t u h ro S u
r d a y
e th or s, s c s n s, e

da y f t h o u t i
e g is t n a w
en er n i g f t h d
n o i a l i p ne s n o e z o c, e c ses,

f ti a
es l v t s, e c

l y mi t i u ; y t t h
.

G ift a t h l y pl a a p ul i a
s o ce s re ec i r er or o s e o s e re c e v

i g th mt h
n e ( f m a p
erei i t f v rot u ) h a s t r p fo i n co e o sne ss ve o e r or

p ae n nc e

ad i r h a t p f mum u mi
G ift f mB a
B th g i o ve rs n re ce ve s ve o e r or n e ro s c e re o n es

hm a a t b ak wl dg d i al ud i f m
.

s ro r ns re o e c no e e n o vo ce ro

K ha s t iya i a r g t l s, i n; f m V a
en i h y a i
e vo cen a w hi p ; a
ro d f m s s, s er n ro

S hu d a i ail t ar s, k wl dgm t
n s en c no e en

fm i ai th a f m y
.

M th d e au i g ad w ighi g i da
o s o e s rn n e n n n n e c se s o o ne

a
, ,

g rai l a n, d t n p , i
e cb d .
,
re re s c r e .

M ad a p a n t a b a l s, or w h t d b y t
e rn c es , h g i f l a e n e re c e
g e ve rs o r e s s e s,

a t b f apati ul af m ad f pat i ula w d D i ti

re o e o r c r or ,
n o r c r oo s . re c ons

a g i f th
re ve n t u ti
or f th aifi i a
e c ons r c l Ku da on o h l whi h
e s cr c n s, o r o es , c

ma y b m ad ei t h M ea d ap a
n m e sef t h m b in g f t h f
s , so m e o e e n o e or

ul a t i a a q a a a a a m
p b ing diff t a di g t th at aB a
o f th e v
g u l v s,u d r
g ul n g u l
r, l t u f r n d r, se x n r, o s or e ,

t
e c t th
e c ha e s es e ere n h cc or n o e c s es , r

ma b i g qua m
,
. .

n s
’
d a e n
g u l a a K h a t iy a
r n i u l a a
r, V a i h ysa ri
’
s , c rc r, s
’
s , se

i ul a a d a S h fi d a t iag ul a Th d pth f t h K u dai a l

’
c rc r, n r s, r n r. e e o e n s s so

p
a
resc r ib d e .

Th pl a t e th L k a ne s,p l a g u a e d i a o f th i g h t
s , ord i ti r ns o e e re c o ns,

ad Vi a fya ka a a a a a k H y
mat aa t b it d P uj a
n ( pp )
Gn t i d th g d t b i n o d er l o s, re o e n vo e o

ad d i t b p f m
.

n r s re o t h u
e rec e . o o se s n oors s o e er or

e d Th h l y fi i t b ki dl d
e o re Fl w s o a t b l t d fit t d
e n e o e rs re o e se ec e e

Pati ul am
. .
,

t pl a i di i d ua a nt aa t b pa
a a
o e se l g d n v o s r t d th
c r r s re o e re e e ose

m m
.
,

o f th Rig Vedi a e d Ya j
-
u V e d i a dn S a V e di Br -
h a , b i g n -
r ns e n

di ffe re nt .

ll th ing s a
When a re re a
dy ,
t h e p ri nc e p roce eds t o best ow hi s l ag r e sses,
 CA ST E IN T HE LA W BOO KS -
.

th B a hm a a a a a m
Pu a
The S i x te en G re t G i fts
( S h d h M h dd d d )
'

on e r ns .
- -
o s -
n

a di g t t h M a
c c or n o t ya e aa th f l l wi g
s r y re e o o n ’

m m
,

T h Tul a e p u u h ad i a t h
r s w i g h t f
cn a a w e a i e a y f t h o n or o n n n o e

p i u mta
,

l gh i t ; th H i a a a a a ag l d f t u ; th
a
rec o s e s, y g e c b h d d e r n r n o en oe s e

él d ath g ift f g l d i t h f m f th m
.

hm
, ,

B a r d da n ,
e o o u da , gg ; n e or o e n ne e

th Kae lp a ta ud i at h g ift f a
r c n g l d te l i k tha
o t wh i h a ti fi o en re e , e c s s es

l l h um
,

a ad i ; th G an e s re s haa dd ath g i ft
e os f ath u adsr w ; n e o o s n co s

k im
,

t h H i aya
e r n a d h ud d ath g ift f a
c en g l d n w a de a l f l i k t h o o en c o n c e e

t m
,

w wh i h yi l d wh a a
,

co c e y b
s d i d ; t h Hi a y d eh a dd a
es ret h g i ft e rn s v n e

a
,

o fa g l do h e
en ; t h H
o rs i n y i h a a et ha d d a t
r h g i ft csf a g l dv r n , e o o en

c ha i t wi th (g l d ) h
r o o ; t h enH i a h at d i ath g ift f ag l d
orses e en s z
'

cn , e o o en

l ph at th P a ha
e e n e l i ga la d i ath g ift f fi
nc c n pl w f w d ad
cn , e o ve o s o oo n

f g l d wi th th bul l k a
, ,

dd d ; t h D hai d aath g ift f g l d i

’

o o e oc s e e rc n e o o n

t h f mf th ath amu ta
, ,

e or o e e r i t ; th Vi h a
,
o n ha k a d d at h g i ft
n, e c . e s v c r n , e

o fa g l do w h enl d i uee ; t h ,
K a
or lp a l a t i d
sc i a st h g i f t f
e t g l d c t n , e o en o en

c re e pi g pl at with fl w
n n s, th S a p t a d
o g a a d
ers d a t h g i ft e f s r n e o se ve n

m
,

la rg a
e oc e n ci g l d l
o f a u b i t
e n v e sse s , i d i a t ao d d p t h ; t h c n e er n e e

Ra t a d h ud i at h g i ft f a w f m d f t j w l ; th M a
’

n en c n ,
e o co hd bku or e o se e e s e

ta g h a ta d i a t h
z n g if t f a e l a g g l d o l f a h u d
r e d fi g o en ve ss e o n re n er

d th fi l l d with m
, ,

b a re s, eil k la i fi d b ut t orM i ut c ul ra la ide er n e r es re

b ut th t i m a d th mth d by wh i h
.

d w a d pl a a t wh i h a
a
o n o e es n ces c n e e o s c

th g
es e i f t a p
s , so t a b l t th
c ce B h m a ea d o m i t e i u b f r t h ns n er or o s e ore e

at
a a
g o ds ,
re be g i ven
o .

a th a a th T n G a
Da maP aa
Besi des th e se S i x te en G re t D l t - -
n s, e re re so e e re

a f th K fi m
-

ath D ah i m ahd d d d m Th y a a
a
’

n s o e r r n , e s c n . e re s

f l
o l w —og l dsah ti l a a o a
g ( b a, p t i g l d ) a
orse , l a g i l ,
n co r ser en n o s ve r ,

ahai t l ad ah u ada
,

ad ata w y
aa(with ti f m f th p di g ) a t at d f
c r o ,
ugh t
n ,
l u d
o se , w e r, n n -
co o re co .

O th er s no c es o so e o e rec e n re re e o

a di g t ai u a
cc or n uth it i a th
o v r o f awhi t s h f a or es , -
s o se o e o rs e , o

co pp l ful f
e r v essea mum d f awa t p t
o f a t ud t fil l d
ses s ee s, o er o o s en e

wit h th d f a l phat f ah a
ese see i t f la
s, o d f ah u n e e f n o c r o o n o o se , o

w ( fm m
, , ,

s h p f ah l t
ee ,
oft s la
e
g h i t
e r, oa wat il k u d e n co s o o s ses , r ,
e r, , c r s,

h y ug aa j ui
o ne s ug a tt
rc al t ad g l d ) f ag l d
ne c e, s r, co on , s ,
n o , o o en

w f a w ad aa
,

h d
o rn e co l f wh
,
t h bi th i ta
o co ki g pl a (whi h n c en e r s n ce, c

ah aM ah é da aa a f w a ia mth a at a
a a
T he S h od s n s re , wi th ti e v r ons fro e M tsy t d re e of in
a a
,

t h e Li n g aad t h P u n n S o er r s. ee Li n g a P a a r n , sec ond p t r , pp . 56 75 -

. P unti
e d i ti on .
 4 14 WHAT CAS TE IS .

wil l aa f p aa
se c ure
g a s t h e i f al i ss V a i t a ea i ) f
c ross a e n e rn r ver r p o

f m al buffa fa a m m
,

a a
a daaVi pul aad S upa
e l e
g t f d if
o, o u u b t (
of t h o u t i
o or e ro s s s nc es ro e o n ns

m
,

G adh a h a a a a a a
f aa
) f bh d i dh
’

n n ,
n rs v o r n z, n oce n
, ,

f ha ppi adai dhi (a a f j y a l f th fi u

a
o ne s s , o n n n n n oc e n o o v es se o e c s

m f im
, ,

a a a a
a
g l o t w i
erth il d fil l d w i th g l d )
s ve r c ov er, f th n e o o
, g , es o e

g od a d t s A atn a f t h tw l
en v A d itya f th M r s, o ad S u e e ve s, o e oo n n n,

pl at f g l d i m a a Ku é a
l ig a
f th i f h d d f
(th g d f i h ) f g l d S ha
o e n ne ne s , o
g t o en es o e onor n o v r

m aad f t h g l d i m a
f Ka
e o o rc es o o en r s, n o e o en e
g
m
,

o lap u u h a Y a a( g
t h r s d f d a t h ) e o o e

mu h i
.

R p ti g K i yaes di a
ec n pt i a l c rn di ti a l g i ft
c n or o on or sc re on s, c s

sa id Th Kd l a p u u ha ded a a d K i l a h a k ad
r sd a m a d p p a a t
n i t n c c r n e re r ve o

th m m
.
, ,

d a e ay b f a i a g w i th e o
g l d y n f a il d ie u il o en e e s, or o s ve r sc s, s ver

m th f a f d a
,

t th
ee t Th y a ae c. id t e re th ad p a
s i :t o re o ve e e r o e n n o

ad t mit h a S i m
pl m t
m
,

sec ure th e full co e en of l i fe , il a i n o er e v en r n

m
.

th i e r obj t a d ff t a th Ya
ec s n e a dd a
ec s , l ad P u kaa re d i a Th
e n s n s r c n s e

K h z ij i a ki f abl ak at l p wi th a m
.

d d ath g ift f th
’

r es lc n n e o e s n o c n e o e, eco

m
,

p a in t d t
en s , y t h i
e s ro s f b i th T
e s n o h S h a y a d a a
s even g i ft fr s . e
'

n , or o

ab d b a i h at th u a nd y a l a f h a
’
e f ,
uty
con ers e ,
rc es , en o s e rs e se o e ven,

ad th b fit Th Vat a d i a g ift f l th
'

n o er ene s . e s r f wh
cn , thor o c o e s , c on e rs , en e

d re s ses a f ott re o t a c i t S a a
on , en r nce
g ; w h n t h y a f
n o w l v r e
‘

e re o oo ,

t a
e n r nc e i t th a b d
n o f t h Ri hi ; wh
e o e th y a f t h k u ha
o e s s en e re o e s

a k t a i t th a f th Va u Th A aa d aa
'

f i l b d
'

r ss , o r o s en r n ce n o e o e o e s s e s n n
g ,
.
,

t h g ift f a a
e ot k p se di a a ,
wa y ad gi atat f h a
ee s se s e ,
n v es s e o e ve n .

Th Bha e j a a d i a th
n g i f t
c n f ,
l s w he t h y a o f g l d
v e s se p u ,
en e re o o ,
roc res

a a a a a a
a
t h e h ef I d
ve n o ; w h f
n r il t h b d f
en o t h G s dh v er, ; e o e o e n rv s

w h en o f pp t
coh a b er,d f t h Y
e a k h a a
o e o d R k h a a e w h f s s n s s s, en o

w d oo i t c l
ro n , e b . fi,
t T
esser h S th i l d d
ene a t h g
s i.ft f a t ea y c z
’

n ,
e o r ,

a a
,

g i ves fa t a d p
ne ssl u n T h P d k a
e s d i t
re h .
g i ft f e k d f d i c n ,
e o coo e oo ,
s

fa u a b l t t h a q u i i t i f p w T h V i d y i d
on o d a g i
o ft ferl a e c n or o e rn

m
vo r e o e c s

m
.
,

p p a y p a a
a
i i l l t f b k T h u t d
a
i g
n i t
c on s s s n r c re se n s o oo s . ose en er e re

a a a a a a
,

P —
a
V b ) i h i d j i
a
di t h t t
th E ig h t u e en ( g
r n s t c c or n o e r e r ec ve

m
e

a m a — m a P a a a a a a a B a
a
— f l l w To h o B h s: d V i
e h r S h i h g s n v v

m
n es s , , , ,

a taNa y a a a a a a a a a a a a
a
B B h V i
a
M k d é A é h i h tt

a a
di
a
r v r
r y g y r v n
gy n

m m m
v , , , ,

a a a
,

a a a a a
,

La i g aV a k y
a a a
V K u M t G ud d
a
h S rd n ns , r s r n

m
n , ,

B am
,

a
,

a a a a
,

a a
,

a R y B h d
a
th e h r d ; t h nU p p u i ; th e rr n s t e n ,
r ,
n

k f th Ta a a l
( g ) i C h a d a A l a k a
i a f t h V é d a
a
b k h t n r o e s,
‘

oo s o e r s s r o c n

m
, , ,

M im a
i a ansd D h a na h t a P w
r s a t hs r a d g .
l y i o h a
e r on e r ,
n or n e v en ,
4 16 W HA T CA STE 1s .

ne
g l e c t e d, thea mtim a
y tt d d t
re so i die es en e o, e v e n n s

p u
e i g l a
s n
g a d i g
r e s se s t t h h i g h t
c c or a l F n o e es sc e . re

qu tl y t h
en ati p ie f
n I d i aa
ve b ug h t t
r n c es o n re ro o

no ti am ce s l a t i fyi g t h
ore or hi g h d m
e ss s ad f s n e e n s o

t h pa wh ha th p i i l g ki g a lm
a a a
e ti r es o f ve The r v e e o se e n s e

ll m tm m
.

c a sa d a ai a eg b y B h a rr B h t a d
es Ch a r n s, s, n r ns

( or f a m il y b a d ) i t h a r f s t h R aj p un t w e c se o e s, e re

o ft en i w d a i du m t
v e e t i fati i d
s n M t ce en s o n n c e os

mu uma gi a
.

e nor o s s wa y s i t h re h p f g t
ve n t i g n e o e o e n

ad h i th ugh ut t h u t y
a a
so n s n e rs, ro A b ut t h o e co n r . o e

a C h a a h h a a K a h a f M i d a ”

a
y e r 1 7 9 4 g s y nt o
p u y s o n r, s s

m m
, ,

M Wa d “
a h B h a a a i fi i a l
t hi G pa
r .
g r t t, ve to e u r ns n r c o n

ta l aK i h aa
i dyaf Ra a a
i n of g ld A l it tl
o b f e e ore s o r s n

m
.
,

Va a
j g po a t d t nt h B h r,a t h res en e o e r ns re e

mu tao i n f g ld
n s, on e o f i ad a th f t h o on e o r c e, n no er o e

mum Th mu t a
,

se e d f s o a “
se s i . h a dd d e se o n n s, e s, n ee

no t b l
e v er
y a g b u t i t i r a e
y t h a t fi g u f s n e c e ss r re s o

t re e s, d e e r, etc sho ul d be see n on t he m So mt im e es

mriti a a
.
,
.

e ffe c t s n o t re c o
g n iz e d by t h e S ll g s, re e ed to fol
mu i fi t gift Sh d a i t i a t d a t ”

a
’
l ow
a
n c en s 11 r s, s sse r e c n no

m
,
.

a a a a R
a
p f
ss l w ro
g d t h i g h o b u t t h
er j r f e o er e s o

T aak u a a
r v l wa
n
y m ar ufa t u drei t B h m a s n c re n o r ns on

a di g t h m
sc e n aa n d aim p t a tep a t i t h i t
sna m i n or n r n s r ns

m m
,

a a a a
muth f whi h t h Ra j at
g t
r i b i g on t i l
e n
p y d b y g sol d w t
e t h es e o en co ,
e

o o aSh ud aad hai g

c e e n e rs r n v n

aag m t m g u d
,

cr awl d a l g it i t i
e on s n e r or rr n e en s, e er es n er

t h aim al ta il a f t h t wi b t h wi h
’
e n s s on e o e ce -
o rn : o er se e

a ag de n l o t us Th e gol d fi g ure s a
ama
b the s i n ol re s ub

m
.

se q uen tl y di v i de d a on s t t h e
g o ffi c i t i n
g Br h a ns .

Wa
rd s
’
Vie w of th e Hi s to ry , L i tera
tur a
nd e, y
M th ol og y of th e
H i nd us . Vo l II I . . p . 2 92 .
 CA STE IN THE LA W BO KS -
O . 417

Du
ri n
g t h e l at tu y t w s T a aku B a
c en r hm a
, o r v n r r ns

i it d E gl ad th
v s e n by f n ,
u l i g th i
e re , at
o co rse , os n e r c s e,

wh i h wa l y
c s t d by t h i p ai g th
on re s ore ad e r ss n e s c re

Y im on ad f th fi e t g l d whi h a
o e ft wa
nes d wi t h o c er r s,

may th a
,

l ua
a a
n o b l gift w
er v p e t d t s, f t h e re re se n e o on e o e

t m e
pl ”
esT h R j f M ah i
e h u ( y
M )
o t w i t h s r sore no

mbaa d ta f hi fi a
,
.

t ad i g t h a
a
s n n e e t rr sse i id t
s e o s n n c e s, s s o

h a ft ve o g i en m a g i fi nt
v en
p e t t B
n h m a ce a w l l r se n s o r n s, s e

at th t m
s o p l
e f t eh g d A
es o m g t h
e m ot i d
s on o e rs en on e

t m by pa
.

o e ti aq ua i t d wi t h hi
r es c u t y a a n e s co n r re

m a a
,

a a a a a
a
g lod en d p d n d l w i t hn
p l cr d p i e,u e r s n re c o s

t
s on e s, t th hi f Va
o i sh aa
e c S m e i a t h u ad g l dn v v o s n o en

i g
r n t wi t h p
s se i u t t am
re c o ay mm b
s s on e s, f th o s n e e rs o e

a h w i h h
k hi a
p i t
r es l y t ; t c s e
g t f i e w b e d y i i l (o s o n o n s v er on

hi mpl ti g hi i ti th y a) ; ad li b a
s co e n s s x l da
e t e r n er n

Sim
s o

l a d m il ap t ha b
a a
e rn e en r
g i i
re se n s u ve e en v en n o r

m
.

w da a a a a
f Ba
o n
y yb f t h soM t heo d R jp p
e u t i r F t n r nc es e s

hm a a k d m i t i u th ugh ut
.

i g
n s o r ns re re c on e er or o s ro o

th u t y
e co I
n r
p t at i f
n ex t h m aec d w i t h a i on w o e n V e

mth mtim
.
,

t o do j ust ic e t o th e o se o f the ol d sc h o ol so e es

ma a
,

fat th
s a
d y prec e d ing t he , n d e t so c opi o usl y th t
e a
a
t h ey n e e d few ddi ti on l suppl i e s th e d y fol l owin g a a
ma
.

Th e S hud dhi M yzi kh t re t s of t h e re ov l -

a a a
m ia
o f c e re l ad on n ot h e r i mpu i ti r es But I h a
ve ex

at d m dy f mA g i
.

a l a
Ya
é,
a
tr c euh so c on t hi s s ub ec t j re ,
ro n r

Ma j aa l kya ad P a ha aj tha t it i n ot
' '

n n, n v n r s r s

m
, ,

ay h a
n e c e ss r g ai n t a tt p t i
e ret h i b i t i i o e s ex on

Day L ad f th P m
’
aul p 3 1 4 C mpa with thi F b
o e er s, o re s or e s s
’

l M mi
s n

O i ta
. .

r en l i i (2 d di t ) pp 23 9 40
e o rs , vo . n e . .
-
.

S ee before pp 3 6 0 et seq

m m
. .

a i na a a a
1
mau ipt
: In th e
n sc r s
ex

ad thos
n
ti n
e o
o

f Ga
of

p a
t aaan
th e
r
M yu kh s , I h ve use d
o G d g i l , In d r, of Wé i
y
a
ma .
own

53
41 8 WHA T CASTE IS .

By the S mit i r s th e a
C st e syst e -
mwa b s ro u
g h t t o i ts

ful l ma
t u i ty ad r
yp ,
n st e re ot ed for e v e r, ex c e
p t i n so f a r

as i t i s e x e c t e d t o be i n fl ue n c e d b
p y w h t i s h e l d t o be a
th e l ma a
a
en t b l e n d d e st ruc t i v e ro re ss of t h e K li u
p g y g a a
ir um ta
.

In c on se q uen c e of t hi s c c n w d ay s
y c e, e n ee s v er

l ittl e , co mpaa
ti r vel y, re s e c p t i g Ca t a i tna
pp a i t h s e s e rs n e

a
l t e r l it er t ure a of t h e Hin dus .

X .
— CA S T E IN T HE HA RIV A NS HA .

ai a hawhi h i mtim a
Th e H r v ns ll d a uppl c s so e es c e s e

mt t ad mt im ap t i
,

ha a
en o f th
n so e es or on o e

m
,

Ma bh a t ai a a a
i t i ad t h P u a
g r l l y i d d s i t en erd i t c on s e re s n er e e

th S m
,

b twe ee n e a t wh i h
r s n e r n s, o c n e v er

mtim ma
,

th l it i
e e ss, d s t f
so It t a
e t es e o re e r . re s,

es
p i a
l l
ec
y i i t a l i p t i
n a fts ei t i t rd u t
er
y or on s er s n ro c or

ma tt f t h gl y f Ha
e r, o i pa t i ul a
e ly i or th f m f o r r c r n e or o

may u i u l g d It i
,

Kri sh a It n ta
. i c on ns n c r o s e en s . s

sca ly rc e ay t a y t h
n e c e ss r at i t g i t h a
o s t re c o n z es e c s e

s
y st e mi n i t s i n t eg ri ty, t houg h i t d o e s n ot m ti en on it
aywhn e re aa t n y c on si de r bl e l e ng t h a .

O f Ven p ath p ut d t e b b
ri nc e rel l i u ag aie t t ho B a h
e so re e o s ns e r
’

m
,

a i t i th
ns, a i d th a
s t h wa l a
ere id h l d f by th g a
s e t Ri h i s o o e re s s,

wh ubb d hi l ft thi gh
o r e F m s thie ubbi g a di m i nuti ro ad bl ak s r n ve n c

ma a m f th wh b i g a ma
.

n c e or fa id i d o, ta
e n di g wi th j i d
r re ne s n n o ne

i g h im i d t hi mN h d a( it
, ,

ha d A t i (th Ri shi ) afa id a

’ ’

n s r e se e n r s o zs z s

mth ta
.
, ,

d wn) H b a
o . e bli h
ec (k a tt
e d ) f t
e es h a fs t h N
er i h i d a r o e r ce o e s c s .
‘

Th Ha
e i ah a i
r v ns
g S i ta a d M d
re c o g ad h a
n z es i n t h iz a t s n s, e r c s e

occ up a ti f mia
on s o t a d ba d
e nc o s s n r s

maS hud af
.

It a y tha t P i had a ig i a l ly a K ha t i yab a

f Na bh g a a
s s r s r ,
or n s r ,
ec e r or

kil l i g hi g u u w ad th a i h ta ig i na l ly
m Ba
t tw
’
n s r s co n o son s o r s or

hm
,

Va i hya b a a sl It a l a ll g l ik M au t h a
mb j aPa
t th
k aYaaaKa a
ns e es, n
'
s s, ec e r so e ,
e

S ha s, v n s, a da P a hl a a Ha o ih a
s, y a Tr l a a
j gn s,h a v s, s, s,

H nsha
aiva V 3 25 et 1 H V i 6 58 9
'
r . v. seq . . . x . 0. -
.
42 0 W HAT CA STE IS .

d at
n s in th o us a
nds
“ In a ig h bne o uri ng paa
g e S
ss h u
d a a a
id r s re s

md
.

aa ha a
Ra a l
a
to h l d th esce nt s
'

so e s e

m
ve

yaa a a ma
a
A i sth nn i t e is s id th t i n th e re ig n o f R the
m
,

K ha t iyaw
s r s e re s ub ect j to th e Br h a ns ; th e V i sh y a at s o th e Ksh a
t iya; a
r d th
s n e S hu
dr at th th th at s o e re e o er c s e s .
1
ba
S ha a Babaa ad P ul aa p
i i g A ya
E v en t he wi l d z nd re sented
'

r s, r r s, n s re re

ap as r (th
s nwi f f '
r e e o

O f aw m ap f m i g th Um i ata(th at af t h g dd
awif f Shi a) it i aid that h wil l gi mt mag i fi t
o n e r or n e c vr e vr o e o ess

Um
pu B a
e o v s s s e ve os n c en

hm
,

p t t a
re s en s a u h at w uit f l thi g ab d a
o re r n, s c s o s s o c o n e

la m l ad f m amu ta
, ,

ya ah u g a
c on ve i nc e , a al j w l i
o se , r n, s v es , e n e e, e e s, o n n

l ph a h w t |

Th B a
o fj w l e t e s, e e t n s, orses , co s, e c e c

hm a i th i umt ac a p
. .

e r t d as ecei in
ns , n o er c rc s n es, re re re se n e r v
g
m
il a
bh a
si fif
ha
r resen t s
p
The adi g f th M a
re n a ta h ul d a o t i t di ff e t ta g b r s o s ere n s es , e

am p ai d wi th m t l ib a
,

l la “
Ba
c co n e g os er r e sse s

hm
.

I a tt ti
n t en ai a l i ti tut i
on o i p r t d ath g a d n c ns on s s re re s en e s e r n

ca u f th p g
se o f th e vi l K a l i Yug aa
ro m t pi u u ig n f
re ss o e e ,
os c ons c o s s o

wh i h i th u u p a
c sti by n e at f th d uti f a th pati
s r on o e c s e o e es o no e r, r

c ul arl y a faath f u p im
s it i r at a s r e d fi A h wd
o r r ve c s es e c onc ern e s
'
s re

g u h
es s a b m ad ats t h p een b a b l i u f t h ty a ie a
l y t m e ro e ss e o e r nn c s s e

o f a t ; but th i g u
c s e i a ia t d wi th g a s t bl u d a t th
e ss s ssoc e re n e rs s o e

ma t ia l d p aa f I di a f whi h ig y t b g i t a pp a
f th B a
ti
A m
er e r v on o n o c no s n e e ns o e r

hm
, .

y ti a l ig i s c a a di g t th i ai fi i a
or n o l di e r ns , c c or n o e r s cr c s

t ib ut i
r i th u
on , pk f (I qu t th t a l a
s s ti
s ad i t p d
o en o o e e r ns on n n e r ose

n t o es f M M uio ubj i ni g a r n t p ti g t h t t )
r, s Th o n o e res ec n e ex e

hm
.

L d cr a t d th B a d wh i th hi f aw l l at h udg d tg wh
'

or e e e r o s e c e s e s e
‘
z, o

unt th S i m aVé daf mh i muth ; ad h t ad a

,

ch a m
,

dh a