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What is an atom? An atom is the smallest part of an element.
What is a molecule? A molecule is made of a fixed number of atoms covalently
bonded together.
Describe the structure of an atom in terms of the positionsAn atom consists of a
central nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons. This is surrounded by electrons,
orbiting in shells (energy levels). Atoms are neutral because the numbers of
electrons and protons are equal.
Define what an atomic number is? The number of protons in an atom.
Define what a mass number is? The number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Define what an isotope is? Atoms of the same element with the same number of
protons but with a different number of neutrons.
State the steps to calculate the relative atomic mass Multiply the mass of each
isotope by its relative abundance Add those together Divide by the sum of the
relative abundances (normally 100)
In what order are the elements arranged in the periodic table? in increasing
atomic number
What are the columns of the periodic table called? Groups
What are the rows of the periodic table called? periods
What do the periods of the periodic table show? the number of shells of the
electrons an atom has
What do the groups of the periodic table show? how many outer electrons an atom
has
What does the electronic configuration show? the arrangement of electrons in the
different shells in an atom
the shell closest to the nucleus has the Lowest energy
what is the maximum number of electrons the 1st, 2nd and 3rd shells can hold?
2.8.8
Where are metals found on the periodic table? left of the stepped line
Where are non-metals found on the periodic table? right of the stepped line
plus hydrogen
why do the elements in the same group have similar properties? because they have
the same number of electrons in their outer shell
why do noble gases (Group 0) do not readily react the noble gases are
unreactive because they have a full outer shell of electrons so they have no
tendency to lose, gain or share electrons.
what do group 1 metals produce when reacting with water? metal hydroxide solution
and hydrogen
Lithium + water = Lithium hydroxide + hydrogen
Write a symbol equation for lithium + water (balanced) 2Li (s) + 2H20 (1) →
2LiOH (aq) 2LiOH (aq) + H2 (g)
what are the observations when group 1 metals react with water (3)? fizzing
(hydrogen is produced) metal floats and moves around on the water metal disappears
The observations for the reaction of lithium and water are (3): fizzing (hydrogen
gas is released) lithium floats and moves around on the water lithium disappears
The observations for the reaction of sodium and water are (4): fizzing (hydrogen
gas is released) sodium floats and moves around on the water sodium melts into a
silver-coloured ball sodiym disappears
The observations for the reaction of potassium and water are (4): fizzing
(hydrogen gas is released) potassium floats and moves around on the water catches
fire with a LILAC flame potassium disappears
what do these similarities provide evidence about lithium, sodium and potassium ?
that they are in the same group
What happens when the group 1 metals react with air? they oxidise
how does lithium react with water? quickly
how does sodium react with water? vigourously
how does potassium react with water? violently
What happens to the reactivity as you go down group 1? the reactivity increases
as you go down group 1 this is because as you go down the group the number of
shells increase by 1 therefore the outer shell is further away from the nucleus
creating a weak force of attraction between them therefore the electrons are more
easily lost.
what is the colour of chlorine gas? green
what is the colour of bromine liquid? red-brown
what is the colour of iodine solid? grey
what is the physical state of chlorine at room temperature?gas
what is the physical state of bromine at room temperature? liquid
what is the physical state of iodine at room temperature? solid
why is chlorine handled in a fume cupboard? chlorine is a toxic gas
what is the physical state of fluorine at room temperature?gas
what is the physical state of astatine at room temperature?solid
what is the colour of fluorine gas? yellow
what is the colour of astatine solid? black
Chlorine + potassium bromide = potassium chloride + bromine
write the symbol equation for chlorine + potassium bromide = Cl (aq) + 2KBr
(aq) → 2KCI (aq) + Br(aq)
what happens to the reactivity as you go up group 7? As you go up group 7, the
elements become more reactive, this is because as you go up the group the number of
shells decrease therefore the outer shell is closer to the nucleus creating a
strong force of attraction between them, so it is easier for them to gain an
electron.
How can metals be arranged in the reactivity series? based on their reactions with
water and dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid
name the metals in order of reactivity potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium,
magnesium, aluminium, (carbon), zinc, iron, (hydrogen), copper, silver, gold.please
send lemon cake monkey and cute zebra I T learn high metal order
when does iron rust? when iron reacts with water and oxygen
iron + water + oxygen = hydrated iron (III) oxide
what methods can rusting of iron may be prevented by (3)? barrier methods
galvanising sacrificial protection
what is the barrier method? excluding water and oxygen from reaching the surface
of the metal with a barrier of grease, oil, paint or plastic.
what is galvanising? the process where the iron is coated with a layer of zinc
and acts as barrier to oxygen and water reaching the iron. Even if some of the zinc
surface is scratched, the iron still doesn't rust this is because zinc is more
reactive than iron so it also acts as a sacrificial metal.
what is sacrificial protection? blocks of a metal eg: magnesium, zinc (more
reactive than iron), are attached to the iron. Example: Zinc is more reactive than
iron, so oxygen in the air reacts with the zinc to form a layer of zinc oxide
instead of the iron.
what does redox mean? a reaction in which both oxidation and reduction occurr
what does oxidation mean? the gain of oxygen or loss of electrons (OILRIG)
what does reduction mean? loss of oxygen or gain of electrons (OILRIG)
where are most metals extracted from and where are they found? from ores found in
the earth's crust combined with other elements
where are unreactive metals often found? from ores found in the earth's crust as
the uncombined element
how to extract an ore that contains a metal which is below carbon in the reactivity
series? give an example the metal is extracted by reaction with carbon in a
dispalacement reaction example: zinc oxide + carbon = zinc + carbon dioxide
how to extract an ore that contains a metal which is above carbon in the reactivity
series or or reaction with a more reactive metal? electroysis
what is an alloy? an alloy is a mixture of a metal and one or more elements
(usually other metals or carbon)
Why are alloys harder than pure metal? In an alloy, the different elements have
slightly different sized atoms. This breaks up the regular lattice arrangement and
makes it more difficult for layers of ions to slide over each other.
Explain why magnalium(an alloy of aluminium and magnesium) is harder than
aluminium? The regular arrangment is distorted, because magnesium atoms are larger
than aluminuim atoms, and therefore it more difficult for the layers to slide over
one another.
how are ions formed? Ions are electrically charged particles formed when atoms
lose or gain electrons. They have the same electronic structures as noble gases.
what are metal atoms that form posistive charge called? Metal atoms form
positive ions (cations).
what are non-metal atoms that form negative charge called? Non-metal atoms form
negative ions (anions).
what are the charges of Group 1 to Group 0?
What is the charge of hydrogen ion? +1
What is the charge of hydroxide ion? OH-
What is the charge of ammonium ion? +1
What is the charge of carbonate ion? -2
What is the charge of nitrate ion? -1
What is the charge of sulfate ion? -2
What is the ionic bonding? Ionic bonding is a strong electrostatic force of
attraction between oppositely charged ions
Why do ionic compunds have a high melting and boiling points? Ionic compounds
have high melting and boiling points because they have a giant structure with
strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions that require a lot of
energy to break.
Do ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid? ionic compounds do not
conduct electricity when solid.
Do ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous solution? Ionic
compounds do conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous solution
What is covalent bonding? Covalent bonding is a strong electrostatic attraction
between the bonding pair of electrons and the nuclei of the atoms involved in the
bond.
Do covalent compounds conduct electricity? covalent compounds do not usually
conduct electricity
What is metallic bonding? Metallic bonding is an electrostatic attraction
between a giant structure of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised
electrons.
Why are metals good conductors of electricity? Metals are good conductors because
they have delocalised electrons which are free to move.
Why are metals malleable? Metals are malleable (can be hammered into shape)
because they have layers of ions that can slide over each other.
What is the unit for the amount of substance? mol
Define molecular formulae? The molecular formula shows the actual number of
atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
Define empirical formuale? The empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number
ratio of atoms in a compound.
What is the mass of a proton? 1
What is the mass of a neutron? 1
What is the charge of a electron? -1
What is the charge of a neutron? 0
What is the charge of a proton? +1
What is the mass of an electron? 1/1836
How can temperature changes affect enzyme function? 1) At low temperatures, the
enzymes and substrate molecules have less kinetic energy. This means they are
moving slower so fewer enzyme-substrate complexes form and fewer products are made.
The rate of reaction is therefore low.2) As the temperature increases, the rate of
reaction increases, as the enzyme and substrate molecules gain more kinetic energy,
so more enzyme-substrate complexes form and more products are made. This increase
occurs up to the optimum temperature, at which enzymes work best (37°C for human
enzymes). 3) As the temperature increases above the optimum temperature, the rate
of reaction decreases, as the enzymes denature - the shape of the enzyme’s active
site changes so the substrate can no longer fit into it and therefore the active
site and the substrate are no longer complementary. Denaturation is irreversible.
What is osmosis? the net movement of water from an area with a high water
potential (more water molecules) to an area with a low water potential (fewer water
molecules) across a selectively-permeable membrane. This is down a water potential
gradient. This is a passive process – it does not use up energy (ATP).
What factors affect the rate of movement of substances in and out of cells? 1.
Distance – As the distance increases, the rate of diffusion decreases as the
molecules have further to move. 2. Temperature – As the temperature increases,
the rate of diffusion increases as the molecules have more kinetic energy and
therefore are able to move faster. 3. Concentration gradient – The steeper the
concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. 4. Surface area:volume
ratio – the larger the surface area:volume ratio, the greater the surface area (in
comparison to the volume) over which diffusion can take place, so the rate of
diffusion increases.
Describe the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration Aerobic
respiration’s word equation is:Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP
(energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)However, anaerobic
respiration’s word equation is:1) In animals: Glucose → lactic acid + a little ATP
(energy) 2) In plants & fungi: Glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol + a little ATP
(energy)Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen (e.g. in animals
during exercise or in plants when the roots are waterlogged) . This type of
respiration does not produce as much energy (ATP) and toxic waste products are
produced (i.e. lactic acid in animals and ethanol in plants and fungi).