LTE Radio Planning

Day _2
Mohammed Hassan Elrayah
Atoll Training
Exercise

I. Importing geographic data

II. Creating an Atoll document
III. Creating a new station
Modulation

OFDMA Basic Concepts

 1

– The signal is not broadcast over the air interface

– The carrier is modulated by the baseband signal by the transmitter and demodulated by the rece

transmitted
signal
carrier
message
message
Modulator Demodulator

Transmitter Receiver
 Modulation in LTE
• The 3G LTE uses 3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulations (QAMs) depending on the radio
quality.
• QAM uses both the amplitude and the phase.
• The LTE supports in DL and UL the following modulations:
– QPSK, the most robust but the less efficient
– 16-QAM
– 64-QAM, the less robust but the most efficient
 Constellation

– The radius, R, represents the amplitude.

– The angle, φ, represents the phase.

l There are 1 amplitude but 4 phases

to 4 different states.
§ 2 bits can be coded with 1 QPSK symbol.
 Exercise

• What is the number of bits coded per 64QAM symbol?

6 bits

8 bits

16 bits
1.5 Link Adaption & Robustness
LTE (Long Teem Evolution)
qADAPTIVE MODULATION

Modulation Symbol
 Exercise

QPSK

16QAM

64QAM

Time allowed: 1 min

Modulation

OFDMA Basic Concepts

 Carrier and Bandwidth

–The Uplink and the downlink transmissions are separated by the time.
–Only one bandwidth is used.
–Example: WiMAX

DL UL DL UL

§ The Uplink and the downlink transmissions are separated by the frequency.
§ 2 bandwidths are used.
§ Example: WCDMA, CDMA2000

DL
UL DL
UL
 Carrier and Bandwidth

.
• IMT-2000 bands: from 450 MHz to 2.6 GHz
• Including WCDMA/HSPA, CDMA2000/EV-DO, and GSM bands
Frequency
UL DL (MHz)
2500 2570 2620 2690 Band 7 (2,6 Ghz)

.
• Scalable from 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz
• The capacity of a cell depends strongly on its allocated bandwidth.

Frequency

5 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz

 Exercise

• In case of TDD, how are the UL and DL bands organized?

One unique band for UL and DL

Two seperate bands, one for UL and one for DL

Time allowed: 1 min

 Exercise

10 MHz 1.4 MHz

5 MHz 20 MHz

3 MHz 15 MHz

8 MHz
Time allowed: 1 min
 Notion of Orthogonality

5 MHz

Frequency guard band

5 MHz
 Notion of Orthogonality

Frequency domain
Temporal domain
T2

1/T2

T
1/T
 Notion of Orthogonality

0. 8

0. 6

0. 4

0. 2

-0. 2

4 5 6 7 8 9
5
x 10

The red and the blue sub-carriers are crossing the zero point when the green
one is at its maximum
 2 OFDMA Basic Concepts

Inter-Symbol Interference

• What is the multipath?

–Due to the signal propagation phenomena, like reflection or diffraction, a
receiver can receive several delayed versions of the same signal.
–This creates Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI).

Symbol Duration
Symbol Duration

t
t

eNode-B

Inter-symbol interference
 2 OFDMA Basic Concepts

Cyclic Prefix

• The problem is fixed by adding a guard time between each

symbol to avoid the ISI.
• The ISI is still present but is not disturbing for the receiver.
 2 OFDMA Basic Concepts

Cyclic Prefix

• The guard time is called the Cyclic Prefix (CP). It

permits to facilitate demodulation.
• The cyclic prefix transforms the classical channel
convolution into a cyclic convolution which
permits easy demodulation after FFT.
Cyclic Prefix
 Exercise
• Can the Cyclic Prefix technique suppress a multipath-delayed copy of the signal that
arrives during the CP (Cyclic Prefix) period?

Yes

No

Time allowed: 1 min

Modulation

OFDMA Basic Concepts

 In LTE, devices are allocated blocks of subcarriers for a period of time. These are referred
to as a PRB (Physical Resource Block). The resource blocks are contained within the LTE
generic frame structure.

Radio frame structure is used for FDD and is 10ms in duration. It consists of 20 slots, each
lasting 0.5ms. Two adjacent slots form one subframe of length 1ms. For FDD operation 10
subframes are available for downlink transmission and 10 subframes are available for uplink
transmission, with each transmission separated in the frequency domain.
 CP (Cyclic Prefix) in OFDM systems. In LTE, it was chosen to have two different cyclic prefix sizes, namely
“Normal” and “Extended”. In order to facilitate these, two different slot formats are available. Figure 2-20 illustrates the 7
and 6 ODFM symbol options. Obviously, to facilitate a larger cyclic prefix one of the symbols is sacrificed, thus the symbol
rate is reduced.

Chapter 9 LTE Frame Structure

 Basic Frame Structure

.
Basic Frame Structure
 LTE must support the international wireless market and regional
spectrum regulations and spectrum availability. To this end the
specifications include variable channel bandwidths selectable
from 1.4 to 20 MHz, with subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz.

Channel bandwidth
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
BWChannel [MHz]
Transmission bandwidth
6 15 25 50 75 100
configuration NRB

NRB is the number of resource blocks

 Exercise

• How many symbols are there in a radio frame for normal CP?

140

120

70

Time allowed: 1 min

 Exercise

How many OFDM symbols are there per slot in case of extended CP?

10

Time allowed: 1 min

Atoll Training
Exercise 2

• Working with frequency bands

• Checking the LTE global parameters
• Working with the LTE frame details
MIMO
 1 MIMO
1.1 Introduction

The principle is to use several antennas in transmission and/or reception to

improve signal robustness and consequently system capacity or coverage.

eNodeB
 1.2 Single Antenna

SISO = Single Input Single Output

§ It is the most basic radio channel access mode.

§ Only one transmit antenna and one receive antenna are used.
§ This is the form of communications that has been the default one since radio has
begun. SISO is the baseline against which all the multiple antenna techniques are
compared.

eNodeB
 Transmit Diversity

MISO = Multiple Input Single Output

§ Principle
 More complex than SISO.
 2 or more transmitters and one receiver.
 MISO is more commonly referred to as transmit diversity.
 The same data is sent on both transmitting antennas but coded in such a way that the receiver
can identify each transmitter.
§ Benefits
 Transmit diversity increases the robustness of the signal to fading and can increase
performance in low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions.
 It does not increase data rates as such, but rather supports the same data rates using less
power.
 1.4 Receive Diversity

SIMO = Single Input Multiple Output

§ Principle
 It uses one transmitter and 2 or more receivers.
 It is often referred to as receive diversity.
§ Benefits
 It is particularly well suited for low SNR conditions in which a theoretical gain of 3 dB is possible
when two receivers are used.
 No change in the data rate since only one data stream is transmitted, but coverage at the cell
edge is improved due to the lowering of the usable SNR.
 1.5 MIMO

MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output

§ 2 or more transmitters and 2 or more receivers.
§ MIMO transmits several streams whereas SIMO or MISO transmits only one stream.
§ If there are N streams, there will be at least N antennas (here only 2).
§ By spatially separating N streams across at least N antennas, N receivers
will be able to fully reconstruct the original data streams
 Example
1. Channel Band 20Mhaz , 2. Modulation 64 qam
3. MIMO 4X4 Throughput ?

REs = 100 RB X 12 Sub Carriers X 7 Symbol X 2

= 168,00 RE/ Sub frame
②

X64 qam  6Bit  RE

Total Bit/ms = 16800 RE X 6 bit = 100800 bit / ms

= 100.8 Mbps

 4 X 100.8 = 403.2 Mbps

25% over Head ( 6% CP , 10 GUARD BAND , 10% SIGN & 14% PIL OT OVER
HEAD
Total Throughput = 302 Mbps
 Exercise
• Select the non valid statement among those describing the Paging
behavior.
A: The Paging message is listened by the UE at specific Paging Occasions

B: The Paging is sent on the PDSCH physical channel

C: The UE retrieves its UE Context in the Paging message

Time allowed: 1 min

 Thanks
Mohammed Hassan Elrayah