Sample-Solution Manual For Calculus of A Single Variable 11th Edition Ron Larson

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Calculus
ELEVENTH EDITION
Ron Larson
The Pennsylvania University,
The Behrend College
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Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
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© 2018 Cengage Learning ISBN-13: 978-1-337-27540-8
ISBN-10: 1-337-27540-9
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Contents
Chapter P: Preparation for Calculus................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 1: Limits and Their Properties .......................................................................................... 55
Chapter 2: Differentiation ............................................................................................................ 113
Chapter 3: Applications of Differentiation .................................................................................. 211
Chapter 4: Integration .................................................................................................................. 362
Chapter 5: Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions ............................... 443
Chapter 6: Differential Equations ................................................................................................ 567
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C click
H Ahere
P to
T download
ER P
Preparation for Calculus
Section P.1 Graphs and Models................................................................................. 2
Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change.................................................... 10
Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs .................................................................21
Section P.4 Review of Trigonometric Functions ....................................................32
Review Exercises ..........................................................................................................41
Problem Solving ...........................................................................................................49
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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C H A P T E R P click here to download

Preparation for Calculus
Section P.1 Graphs and Models
1. To find the x-intercepts of the graph of an equation, 8. y = 5 − 2 x
let y be zero and solve the equation for x. To find the
y-intercepts of the graph of an equation, let x be zero x 0 1 2 3 4
and solve the equation for y.
y 7 5 3 1 0
2. Substitute the x- and y-values of the ordered pair into
y
both equations. If the ordered pair satisfies both
equations, then the ordered pair is a point of intersection. (− 1, 7)
8
(0, 5)
3. y = − 32 x + 3 4
(1, 3)
2
x-intercept: ( 2, 0)
(2, 1)
x
−6 −4 −2 (3, − 1)
−2
y-intercept: (0, 3) −4
( 0(5
2
, (4, − 3)
Matches graph (b).

9. y = 4 − x 2
4. y = 9 − x2
x 0 2 3
x-intercepts: ( −3, 0), (3, 0)
y 0 4 0
y-intercept: (0, 3)
Matches graph (d). y
5. y = 3 − x 2 (0, 4)
( )( )
2
x-intercepts: 3, 0 , − 3, 0 (−2, 0) (2, 0)
x
−6 −4 4 6
y-intercept: (0, 3)
−2
(−3, −5) −4 (3, −5)
Matches graph (a). −6
6. y = x3 − x 10. y = ( x − 3)
2
x-intercepts: (0, 0), ( −1, 0), (1, 0)

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y-intercept: (0, 0)
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
Matches graph (c).
y
7. y = 1x +2
2 10
(0, 9) (6, 9)
8
x 0 2 4 6
4 (1, 4) (5, 4)
y 0 1 2 3 4 (2, 1)
2
(4, 1)
x
y −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 (3, 0)
6
(4, 4)
4 (2, 3)
(0, 2)
(− 2, 1)
x
−4 −2 2 4
(− 4, 0) −2
2 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
@solutionmanual1
Section P.1 Graphs and Models 3
11. y = x + 1 3
15. y =
x
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
x 0 1 2 3
y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y Undef. 3 1
y
6
5 y
4
3
(1, 3)
(−1, 0) 3
(− 4, 3)
2
(2, 3)
(1, 2)
2 (2, 32 (
(− 3, 2) (3, 1)
1 1
(− 2, 1) (0, 1) (− 3, − 1)
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−1 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−2 (− 2, − 32 (
(− 1, − 3)
12. y = x − 1
x 0 1 2 3 1
16. y =
x + 2
y 2 1 0 0 1 2
y
x 0 2
4 y Undef. 1
3
(−3, 2) y
2 (3, 2)
(− 2, 1)
(2, 1) 5
−3 − 2 1 2 3
x
4
3 (0, 12 )
−1 (− 1, 1) 2
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
(0, −1)
(2, 14 )
−2 x
−1 1 2 3
(− 6, − 14 ) −2
13. y = x −6 (− 4, − 12 ) −3
−4
(− 3, − 1)
−5
x 0 1 4 9 16
y 17. y = 5− x
5
y
(− 4.00, 3)
2 (2, 1.73)
x −6 6
−4 4 8 12 16
−2 (9, − 3)
(16, − 2)
−3
−4 (4, − 4)
(1, − 5)
−6
−8
(0, − 6) (a) (2, y) = ( 2, 1.73) (y = 5−2 = 3 ≈ 1.73 )
(b) ( x, 3) = ( −4, 3) (3 = 5 − ( −4) )
14. y = x+2
18. y = x5 − 5 x
x 0 2 7 14
6
y 0 1 2 3 4 (− 0.5, 2.47)
−9 9
y
(1, − 4)
5
−6
4 (14, 4)
(−1, 1)
3 (7, 3) (a) ( −0.5, y ) = ( −0.5, 2.47)
2 (2, 2)
(0, 2) (b) ( x, − 4) = ( −1.65, − 4) and ( x, − 4) = (1, − 4)
x
(−2, 0) 5 10 15 20
@solutionmanual1
4 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus
19. y = 2 x − 5 2− x
y-intercept: y = 2(0) − 5 = −5; (0, − 5)
25. y =
5x + 1
x-intercept: 0 = 2 x − 5 2− 0
y -intercept: y = = 2; (0, 2)
5 = 2x 5(0) + 1
x = 5;
2 ( 52 , 0) x-intercept: 0 =
2− x
5x + 1
20. y = 4 x 2 + 3 0 = 2− x
x = 4; ( 4, 0)
y-intercept: y = 4(0) + 3 = 3; (0, 3)
2
x-intercept: 0 = 4 x 2 + 3 x 2 + 3x
26. y =
(3 x + 1)
2
−3 = 4 x 2
None. y cannot equal 0. 02 + 3(0)
y-intercept: y = 2
3(0) + 1
21. y = x 2 + x − 2
y = 0; (0, 0)
y-intercept: y = 02 + 0 − 2
y = −2; (0, − 2) x 2 + 3x
x-intercepts: 0 =
(3x + 1)
2
2
x-intercepts: 0 = x + x − 2
x( x + 3)
0 = ( x + 2)( x − 1) 0 =
(3x + 1)
2
x = −2, 1; ( −2, 0), (1, 0)

x = 0, − 3; (0, 0), ( −3, 0)
22. y 2 = x3 − 4 x
27. x 2 y − x 2 + 4 y = 0
y-intercept: y = 0 − 4(0)
2 3
y-intercept: 02 ( y ) − 02 + 4 y = 0
y = 0; (0, 0)
y = 0; (0, 0)
x-intercepts: 0 = x3 − 4 x
x-intercept: x 2 (0) − x 2 + 4(0) = 0
0 = x( x − 2)( x + 2)
x = 0; (0, 0)
x = 0, ± 2; (0, 0), ( ± 2, 0)
28. y = 2 x − x2 + 1
23. y = x 16 − x 2
y-intercept: y = 2(0) − 02 + 1
y-intercept: y = 0 16 − 0 2
= 0; (0, 0)
y = −1; (0, −1)
2
x-intercepts: 0 = x 16 − x
x-intercept: 0 = 2x − x2 + 1
0 = x (4 − x)(4 + x)
2x = x2 + 1
x = 0, 4, − 4; (0, 0), ( 4, 0), ( − 4, 0)
4 x2 = x2 + 1
24. y = ( x − 1) x2 + 1 3x 2 = 1
1
x2 =
y-intercept: y = (0 − 1) 02 + 1 3
y = −1; (0, −1) 3
x = ±
3
x-intercept: 0 = ( x − 1) x2 + 1
3  3 
x = 1; (1, 0) x = ;  , 0 
3  3 
Note: x = − 3 3 is an extraneous solution.
@solutionmanual1
29. Symmetric with respect to the y-axis because 41. y = 2 − 3 x

y = ( − x) − 6 = x − 6.
2 2 click here to download
y = 2−30 ( ) = 2, y -intercept
30. y = 9 x − x 2 0 = 2 − 3( x)  3x = 2  x = 2
3
, x-intercept
No symmetry with respect to either axis or the origin. Intercepts: (0, 2), ( 23 , 0)
y
31. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis because Symmetry: none

(0, 2)
( − y)2
2
= y 2 = x3 − 8 x.
1
( 23 , 0(
32. Symmetric with respect to the origin because x
−1 2 3
(− y) = ( − x) + ( − x)
3
−1
− y = − x3 − x
42. y = 2x +1
y = x3 + x. 3
33. Symmetric with respect to the origin because y = 2

3
(0) + 1 = 1, y -intercept
( − x)( − y) = xy = 4. 0 = 2
x + 1  − 23 x = 1  x = − 23 , x-intercept
3
34. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis because
( )
y
Intercepts: (0, 1), − 32 , 0
x( − y ) = xy 2 = −10.
2
2
Symmetry: none
(0, 1)
35. y = 4 − x+3 (− 32 , 0)
x
−1 1 2
No symmetry with respect to either axis or the origin. −1
36. Symmetric with respect to the origin because −2
(− x)( − y ) − 4 − ( − x)
2
= 0
43. y = 9 − x 2
2
xy − 4− x = 0.
y = 9 − (0) = 9, y -intercept
2
37. Symmetric with respect to the origin because 0 = 9 − x 2  x 2 = 9  x = ± 3, x-intercepts

−x
Intercepts: (0, 9), (3, 0), ( −3, 0)
y
−y =
( − x) 2
+1 10 (0, 9)
y = 9 − ( − x) = 9 − x 2
2
x
y = 2 . 6
x +1 Symmetry: y-axis 4
2
38. Symmetric with respect to the origin because (− 3, 0) (3, 0)
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−y =
( − x) 5
−2
− (− x)
2
4
− x5 44. y = 2 x 2 + x = x( 2 x + 1)
−y =
4 − x2 y = 0( 2(0) + 1) = 0, y -intercept
x5
y = . 0 = x( 2 x + 1)  x = 0, − 12 , x-intercepts
4 − x2
(
Intercepts: (0, 0), − 12 , 0 )
y
3
39. y = x + x is symmetric with respect to the y-axis 5
Symmetry: none
because y = ( − x) + ( − x) = −( x3 + x) = x3 + x .
3 4
40. y − x = 3 is symmetric with respect to the x-axis (− 12 , 0) 1

(0, 0)
x
because −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−y − x = 3
y − x = 3.
@solutionmanual1
45. y = x3 + 2 48. y = 25 − x 2
y = 03 + 2 = 2, y -intercept y = 25 − 02 = 25 = 5, y-intercept
0 = x + 2  x = −2  x = −
3 3 3
2, x-intercept
25 − x 2 = 0
Intercepts: − ( 3
2, 0 , (0, 2)) 25 − x 2 = 0
Symmetry: none (5 + x)(5 − x) = 0
y
x = ± 5, x-intercept
Intercepts: (0, 5), (5, 0), ( −5, 0)
5
3
25 − ( − x) =
2
y = 25 − x 2
(0, 2)
1
(− 3 2, 0)
x
Symmetry: y-axis
−3 −2 1 2 3 y
−1
7
6 (0, 5)
46. y = x3 − 4 x 4
3
y = 03 − 4(0) = 0, y-intercept
2
(− 5, 0) 1 (5, 0)
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
3
x − 4x = 0 −2
−3
x( x 2 − 4) = 0
x( x + 2)( x − 2) = 0 49. x = y 3 y
x = 0, ± 2, x-intercepts y 3 = 0  y = 0, y -intercept
4
3
Intercepts: (0, 0), ( 2, 0), ( −2, 0)

2
x = 0, x-intercept
(0, 0)
x
y = ( − x) − 4( − x) = − x3 + 4 x = −( x3 − 4 x) Intercept: (0, 0)
3 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
− x = (− y)  − x = − y 3
3 −2
Symmetry: origin −3
−4
y Symmetry: origin
3
50. x = y 4 − 16
(− 2, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0)
x y 4 − 16 = 0
−3 −1
( y2 − 4)( y 2 + 4) = 0
1 3
−1
−2
−3 (y − 2)( y + 2)( y 2 + 4) = 0
y = ± 2, y -intercepts
47. y = x x+5 x = 04 − 16 = −16, x-intercept
y = 0 0 + 5 = 0, y -intercept Intercepts: (0, 2), (0, − 2), ( −16, 0)
x x + 5 = 0  x = 0, − 5, x-intercepts
Symmetry: x-axis because x = ( − y ) − 16 = y 4 − 16
4
Intercepts: (0, 0), ( −5, 0)

y
Symmetry: none 4
y (0, 2)
3 1
(− 16, 0)
2 x
−14 −12 −10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2
(− 5, 0) (0, 0)
x (0, − 2)
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−4
−3
−4
@solutionmanual1
8 54. y = 6 − x
51. y =
x click here to download
y = 6 − 0 = 6 = 6, y -intercept
8
y =  Undefined  no y -intercept
6− x = 0
y
0
8 6− x = 0 8
= 0  No solution  no x-intercept
x 6 = x, x-intercept
(0, 6)
y
Intercepts: none 4
8 Intercepts: (0, 6), (6, 0)
8 8 6 2
−y =  y = 4 Symmetry: none (6, 0)
−x x 2 x
x 2 4 6 8
Symmetry: origin −2 2 4 6 8
55. 3 y 2 − x = 9
3y2 = x + 9
10 y2 = 1
x +3
52. y = 3
x2 + 1
y = ± 1x +3
10 3
y = = 10, y -intercept
02 + 1 y = ± 0+3 = ± 3, y -intercepts
10
2
= 0  No solution  no x -intercepts ± 1x +3 = 0
x +1 3
y
Intercept: (0, 10) 1x +3 = 0

12 3
10 10 10 (0, 10)
x = − 9, x-intercept
y = =
( − x) + 1
2
x2 + 1
Symmetry: y-axis
Intercepts: 0, ( )(
3 , 0, − )
3 , ( − 9, 0)
y
3( − y ) − x = 3 y 2 − x = 9
2 2
8
x 6
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
Symmetry: x-axis 4
(0, 3)
(−9, 0)
x
53. y = 6 − x −10 −8 2 4 6
−4 (0, − 3)
y = 6 − 0 = 6, y -intercept −6
−8
6− x = 0
6 = x 4 − x2
56. x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4  y = ±
x = ± 6, x-intercepts 2
Intercepts: (0, 6), ( −6, 0), (6, 0) 4 − 02 4

y = ± = ± = ±1, y -intercepts
2 2
y = 6 − −x = 6 − x
x 2 + 4(0) = 4
2
Symmetry: y-axis
x2 = 4
y
8
x = ± 2, x-intercepts
(0, 6)
Intercepts: ( −2, 0), ( 2, 0), (0, −1), (0, 1)
6
4
(− 6, 0) 2
(6, 0)
−8 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x
( − x)2 + 4( − y ) = 4  x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4
2
−2
−4 Symmetry: origin and both axes
−6
y
−8
3
2
(0, 1)
(− 2, 0) (2, 0)
x
−3 −1 1 3
(0, − 1)
−2
−3
@solutionmanual1
57. x + y = 8  y = 8− x 61. x 2 + y 2 = 5  y 2 = 5 − x 2
4x − y = 7  y = 4x − 7 click here to download
x − y =1 y = x −1
8 − x = 4x − 7 5 − x 2 = ( x − 1)
2
15 = 5 x
5 − x2 = x2 − 2x + 1
3 = x
0 = 2 x 2 − 2 x − 4 = 2( x + 1)( x − 2)
The corresponding y-value is y = 5.
x = −1 or x = 2
Point of intersection: (3, 5)
The corresponding y-values are y = − 2 (for x = −1)
3x + 4 and y = 1 (for x = 2).
58. 3x − 2 y = − 4  y =
2
− 4 x − 10 Points of intersection: ( −1, − 2), ( 2, 1)
4 x + 2 y = −10  y =
2
62. x 2 + y 2 = 16
3x + 4 − 4 x − 10
= x + 2y = 4  x = 4 − 2y
2 2
3x + 4 = − 4 x − 10
(4 − 2 y ) + y 2 = 16
2
7 x = −14 2
5 y − 16 y + 16 = 16
x = −2 y(5 y − 16) = 0  y = 0, 16
5
The corresponding y-value is y = − 1.
x = 4 − 2(0)  x = 4
Point of intersection: ( −2, −1)
x = 4− 2 (165 )  x = − 12
5
59. x + y = 15  y = − x + 15
2 2
− 3 x + y = 11  y = 3 x + 11
Points of intersection: ( 4, 0), − 12
5
, ( 16
5 )
− x 2 + 15 = 3 x + 11
63. y = x3 − 2 x 2 + x − 1 y = x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 1
2
0 = x + 3x − 4 4
y = − x2 + 3x − 1
0 = ( x + 4)( x − 1) −4
(2, 1)
6
Points of intersection: (0, −1)
x = − 4, 1 (−1, −5)
(−1, − 5), (0, −1), (2, 1)
The corresponding y-values are y = −1 (for x = − 4)
Analytically, −8
y = −x 2 + 3x − 1
and y = 14 (for x = 1). 3 2 2
x − 2 x + x − 1 = − x + 3x − 1
Points of intersection: ( − 4, −1), (1, 14) x3 − x 2 − 2 x = 0
x( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0
60. x = 3 − y2  y2 = 3 − x
x = −1, 0, 2.
y = x −1
3 − x = ( x − 1)
2
64. y = x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1 y = x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
3 − x = x2 − 2 x + 1 y = 1 − x2 2
0 = x 2 − x − 2 = ( x + 1)( x − 2)
(0, 1)
Points of intersection:
−3 3
x = −1 or x = 2 (−1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) (− 1, 0) (1, 0)
The corresponding y-values are y = −2 (for x = −1) Analytically, −2

y = 1 − x2
and y = 1 (for x = 2). 1 − x2 = x4 − 2x2 + 1
Points of intersection: ( −1, − 2), ( 2, 1) 0 = x4 − x2

0 = x 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x = −1, 0, 1.
@solutionmanual1
65. y = x +6 68. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain

y = − 0.35t 2 + 22.9t + 103.
y = − x2 − 4 x
4 (b) 400
y= x+6 (3, 3)
(− 2, 2)
−7 2
y= − x2 − 4x
0 16
−2 0
The model is a good fit for the data.

Points of intersection: ( −2, 2), −3, ( )
3 ≈ ( −3, 1.732)
(c) For 2024, t = 24:
Analytically, x +6 = − x2 − 4 x y = − 0.35( 24) + 22.9( 24) + 103 ≈ 451
2
2
x + 6 = −x − 4x
There will be approximately 451 million cell phone
2
x + 5x + 6 = 0 subscribers in 2024.
(x + 3)( x + 2) = 0
C = R
69.
x = −3, − 2.
2.04 x + 5600 = 3.29 x
66. y = − 2 x − 3 + 6 5600 = 3.29 x − 2.04 x

5600 = 1.25 x
y = 6− x
5600
7 x = = 4480
1.25
(1, 5) y=6−x To break even, 4480 units must be sold.
(3, 3)
−4 8 70. y 2 = 4kx
−1
y = −⎮2x − 3⎮ + 6 (a) (1, 1): 12 = 4k (1)
Points of intersection: (3, 3), (1, 5) 1 = 4k
1
Analytically, − 2 x − 3 + 6 = 6 − x k = 4
2x − 3 = x
(2, 4): ( 4) = 4 k ( 2)
2
(b)
2 x − 3 = x or 2 x − 3 = − x
16 = 8k
x = 3 or x = 1.
k = 2
67. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain (c) (0, 0): 0 2 = 4 k ( 0)
y = 0.58t + 9.2. k can be any real number.
(b) 20
(3, 3): (3) = 4k (3)
2
(d)
9 = 12k
9 3
k = 12
= 4
8 15
0
71. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
The model is a good fit for the data.
(c) For 2024, t = 24: y = x+ ( 3
2 )( x − 4)( x − 52 ) has intercepts at
y = 0.58( 24) + 9.2 ≈ 23.1 x = − 32 , x = 4, and x = 52 .
The GDP in 2024 will be approximately

$23.1 trillion.
@solutionmanual1
72. Yes. If (x, y) is on the graph, then so is ( − x, y ) by 73. Yes. Assume that the graph has x-axis and origin
symmetry. If (x, y) is on the graph, so is ( x, − y ) by
y-axis symmetry. Because ( − x, y ) is on the graph, then
x-axis symmetry. Because ( x, − y ) is on the graph,
so is ( − x, − y ) by x-axis symmetry. So, the graph is
symmetric with respect to the origin. The converse is then so is ( − x, − ( − y)) = ( − x, y) by origin symmetry.
not true. For example, y = x3 has origin symmetry Therefore, the graph is symmetric with respect to the
but is not symmetric with respect to either the x-axis y-axis. The argument is similar for y-axis and origin
or the y-axis. symmetry.
74. (a) Intercepts for y = x3 − x :

y -intercept: y = 03 − 0 = 0 ; (0, 0)
x-intercepts: 0 = x3 − x = x( x 2 − 1) = x( x − 1)( x + 1) ;
(0, 0), (1, 0) (−1, 0)
Intercepts for y = x 2 + 2:
y -intercept: y = 0 + 2 = 2 ; (0, 2)
x-intercepts: 0 = x 2 + 2
None. y cannot equal 0.
(b) Symmetry with respect to the origin for y = x3 − x because

− y = ( − x) − ( − x) = − x3 + x.
3
Symmetry with respect to the y-axis for y = x 2 + 2 because

y = ( − x) + 2 = x 2 + 2.
2
(c) x3 − x = x 2 + 2
x3 − x 2 − x − 2 = 0
(x − 2)( x 2 + x + 1) = 0
x = 2  y = 6
Point of intersection : (2, 6)
Note: The polynomial x 2 + x + 1 has no real roots.
75. False. x-axis symmetry means that if ( − 4, − 5) is on the  −b ± b 2 − 4ac 

77. True. The x-intercepts are  , 0 .
graph, then ( − 4, 5) is also on the graph. For example,  2a 
 
(4, − 5) is not on the graph of x = y 2 − 29, whereas
 b 
(− 4, − 5) is on the graph. 78. True. The x-intercept is  − , 0 .
 2a 
76. True. f ( 4) = f ( −4).
Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change

1. In the form y = mx + b, m is the slope and b is the 3. m = 2
y-intercept.
4. m = 0
2. No. Perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative
reciprocals of each other. So, one line has a positive 5. m = −1
slope and the other line has a negative slope.
6. m = −12
@solutionmanual1
Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 11
2 − ( −4) 6 21 1
7. m =
5−3
=
2
= 3 click here to download
11. m =
−
3 6 = 2 = 2
1  3 1
y
− − − 
2  4 4
3
2 (5, 2) y
1
x 3
−1 1 2 3 5 6 7
2
−2
−3
(− 12 , 23 ) (− 34 , 16 )
x
−4 (3, − 4) −3 −2 1 2 3
−5 −1
−2
3−0 3 −3
8. m = = −
−2 − 0 2
 3  1
  − − 
y
4 4 1 8
5
12. m =     = = −
4 7 5 3 3
3  −  −
(− 2, 3)
2 8  4 8
(0, 0) y
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 3
−2
−3 2
1
( 78 , 34 )
1−6 −5
9. m = = , undefined. x
4− 4 0 −2 −1 1
−1
( 54 , − 14 )
The line is vertical.
y
7
13. m = −2
y
m is undefined.
6 (4, 6)
5
4
m= −3
2
8 m=1
3
6
2
1 (4, 1) 4 (3, 4)
x 2
−2 −1 1 2 3 5 6 x
−6 −4 2 4 8 10
−2
−5 − ( −5) 0
10. m = = = 0 14. y
5−3 2 m = −3 m=3
1
The line is horizontal. (− 2, 5) 6

y m=0
4
1
x m=3
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−1 −6 −2 2 4
−2 −2
−3
−4
15. Because the slope is 0, the line is horizontal and its
(3, − 5) (5, − 5)
−6 equation is y = 2. Therefore, three additional points are
(0, 2), (1, 2), (5, 2).
16. Because the slope is undefined, the line is vertical and its
equation is x = − 4. Therefore, three additional points
are ( − 4, 0), ( − 4, 1), ( − 4, 2).
@solutionmanual1
17. The equation of this line is 23. y + 2 = 3( x − 3)

y − 7 = −3( x − 1)
y + 2 = 3x − 9
y = −3x + 10. y = 3x − 11
Therefore, three additional points are (0, 10), (2, 4), and 0 = 3x − y − 11
(3, 1). y
3
18. The equation of this line is 2
y + 2 = 2( x + 2) 1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
y = 2 x + 2. −1
−2 (3, − 2)
Therefore, three additional points are ( −3, − 4), ( −1, 0), −3

−4
and (0, 2). −5
y = 3x +3
y
19. 4 24. y − 4 = − 53 ( x + 2)
5
4 y = 3x + 12 4 5 y − 20 = −3 x − 6
0 = 3x − 4 y + 12 (0, 3)
3x + 5 y − 14 = 0
2
y
1
x 5
−4 −3 −2 −1 1
4
(−2, 4)
20. y − ( − 2) = 6
x − ( − 5) y
5 2
5
y + 2 = 6
5 (x + 5) 4 1
x
6
y + 2 = 5
x + 6 2 −3 −2 −1 1 2
1
6 x
y = 5
x + 4 −6 −5 −3 −2 −1
−1
1 2
6 x
−2
25. =
0 = 6 x − 5 y + 20 (− 5, − 2)
−3
100 200
100 x = 1200
21. Because the slope is undefined, the line is vertical and its x = 12
equation is x = 1. 6
y
Since the grade of the road is , if you drive 200 feet,
100
3 the vertical rise in the road will be 12 feet.
2 (1, 2)
1 Δy 1
26. (a) Slope = =
−3 −2 −1 2 3
x
Δx 3
−1
−2
(b)
x
−3 10 ft
30 ft
22. y = 4
By the Pythagorean Theorem,
y − 4 = 0
x 2 = 302 + 102 = 1000
y
x = 10 10 ≈ 31.623 feet.
5
(0, 4)
3
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2
@solutionmanual1
27. (a) y
29. y = 4 x − 3
Population (in millions)
= 4 and the y-intercept is (0, − 3).
320
The slope is m
315
310
305 30. − x + y = 1
300 y = x +1
t
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
The slope is m = 1 and the y-intercept is (0, 1).
Year (9 ↔ 2009)
309.3 − 307.0 31. 5 x + y = 20

Slopes: = 2.3
10 − 9 y = − 5 x + 20
311.7 − 309.3
= 2.4 The slope is m = − 5 and the y-intercept is (0, 20).
11 − 10
314.1 − 311.7 32. 6 x − 5 y = 15
= 2.4
12 − 11 6x
y = 5
−3
316.5 − 314.1
= 2.4
13 − 12 The slope is m = 6
5
and the y-intercept is (0, − 3).
318.9 − 316.5
= 2.4
14 − 13 33. x = 4
The population increased least rapidly from 2009 to The line is vertical. Therefore, the slope is undefined and
2010. there is no y-intercept.
318.9 − 307.0
(b) = 2.38 million people per year 34. y = − 1
14 − 9
The line is horizontal. Therefore, the slope is m = 0 and
(c) For 2025, t = 25:
the y-intercept is (0, −1).
P − 307.0
= 2.38  P = 2.38(16) + 307.0
25 − 9 35. y = − 3
≈ 345.1
y
The population of the United States in 2025 will be 2

about 345.1 million people. 1
x
y −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
28. (a)
(thousands of parcels per day)
−2
70
Biodiesel production
60
−4
50
−5
40
−6
30
20
t
7 8 9 10 11 12 36. x = 4
Year (7 ↔ 2007)
y
44 − 32
Slopes: = 12 3
8−7 2
34 − 44
= −10 1
9−8 x
22 − 34 1 2 3 5
= −12 −1
10 − 9 −2
63 − 22
= 41
11 − 10 37. y = − 2 x + 1
64 − 63
=1 y
12 − 11
3
The population increased most rapidly from 2010 to
2011.
64 − 32 32 1
(b) = = 6.4 thousand barrels per day
12 − 7 5 x
−2 −1 1 2
(c) No. The production seems to randomly increase and −1
decrease.
@solutionmanual1
38. y = 1x −1 7 − ( −2) 9 y
3
44. m =
1 − ( −2)
=
3
= 3
8
y (1, 7)
6
2
y − ( −2) = 3( x − ( −2)) 4
1
x y + 2 = 3( x + 2) x
−3 −2 −1 3
−6 −4 2 4 6
(0, −1) y = 3x + 4 (− 2, − 2)
−2
−4
−3 0 = 3x − y + 4
−4
8−0 8 y
45. m = = −
2−5 3 9
(x − 1)
3 y (2, 8)
39. y − 2 =
8
2 7
4 8
y − 0 = − ( x − 5)
6
y = 3x + 1 3 5
2 2 2
3 4
3
1 8 40
y = − x +
2
x 1 (5, 0)
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 3 3 x
−1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
−2 8 x + 3 y − 40 = 0 −2
−3
−4
y
6− 2 4
46. m = = = −1
−3 − 1 −4 7
40. y − 1 = 3( x + 4)
y
6
16 y − 2 = −1( x − 1) (− 3, 6)
5
y = 3 x + 13 12
y − 2 = −x + 1 3
(1, 2)
x+ y −3 = 0 2
1
x
−16 −12 −8 4 8 x
−4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−8
8−3 5 y
47. m = = , undefined
41. 3x − 3 y + 1 = 0 y
6−6 0 8 (6, 8)
3 y = 3x + 1 The line is vertical.

4 6
3
4
y = x + 1 2 x = 6 or x − 6 = 0 (6, 3)
3 1 2
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 x
−1 −2 2 4 8
−2 −2
−3
−4
−2 − ( −2) 0 y
48. m = = = 0
3−1 2 1
42. x + 2 y + 6 = 0 y
y = −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x
y = − 12 x − 3 4
−1
2
y + 2 = 0
(1, − 2) (3, − 2)
x
−3
− 10 −8 −6 −2
−4
−4
−6
1−1 y
49. m = = 0
5 −3 4
−5 − 3 −8
43. m = = = 2 The line is horizontal.
3
0−4 −4 y
2
(3, 1) (5, 1)
y = 1 or y − 1 = 0
y − ( − 5) = 2( x − 0) 6 x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 −1
y + 5 = 2x 2
(4, 3)
−2
0 = 2x − y − 5
x
−2 −1 1 3 4 5 6 −3
−2
−4
(0, − 5)
−8
− 10
@solutionmanual1
7 − 5 2 y
x y
50. m =
2 − 2
= , undefined
0 8 click here to download
56.
a
+
−a
=1
7 (2, 7)
The line is vertical. 6
5 (2, 5) (− 23 ) + (− 2) =1
x = 2 or x − 2 = 0 4
3 a −a
2
1 2
x − + 2 = a
−3 −2 −1 1 3 4 5 6 7
3
−2
4
a =
1− b 1− b 3
51. The slope is = .
3− 0 3 x y
+ =1
The y-intercept is (0, b). Hence, ( ) (− 43 )
4
3
4
1 − b  x − y =
y = mx + b =   x + b. 3
 3 
3x − 3 y − 4 = 0
b
52. m = − y
57. The given line is vertical.
a
(a) x = −7, or x + 7 = 0
−b (0, b)
y = x +b
a (b) y = −2, or y + 2 = 0
b
x+ y = b 58. The given line is horizontal.
a
x y (a, 0) (a) y = 0
+ =1 x
a b (b) x = −1, or x + 1 = 0
x y 59. x + y = 7
53. + =1
2 3 y = −x + 7
3x + 2 y − 6 = 0
m = −1
(a) y − 2 = −1( x + 3)
x y
54. + =1
2 −2 y − 2 = −x − 3
−
3 x + y +1 = 0
− 3x y (b) y − 2 = 1( x + 3)
− =1
2 2
y −2 = x +3
3x + y = −2
0 = x − y +5
3x + y + 2 = 0
60. x − y = − 2
x y
55. + =1 y = x + 2
2a a
m =1
9 −2
+ =1 y − 5 = 1( x − 2)
2a a (a)
9− 4 y −5 = x − 2
=1
2a x − y +3 = 0
5 = 2a
(b) y − 5 = −1( x − 2)
5
a = y − 5 = −x + 2
2
x + y −7 = 0
x y
+ =1
2() ()
5
2
5
2
x 2y
+ =1
5 5
x + 2y = 5
x + 2y − 5 = 0
@solutionmanual1
61. 5 x − 3 y = 0 −6 − 4
10
y = 5x click here to download
66. m1 =
7−0 7
= −
3
11 − 4 7
m = 5 m2 = = −
3 −5 − 0 5
(a) y − 7
8
= 5
3 ( x − 43 ) m1 ≠ m2
24 y − 21 = 40 x − 30 The points are not collinear.

0 = 40 x − 24 y − 9 67. y
(b) y − 7
8 (
= − 53 x − 3
4 ) 3
2
B (1, 2)
40 y − 35 = −24 x + 18 1
(− 1, 0) (3, 0)
24 x + 40 y − 53 = 0 −2 A 1 2 C 4
x
−1
−2
D (1, − 2)
62. 7 x + 4 y = 8 −3
4 y = −7x + 8 8 = 2 2.
The four sides are of equal length:
−7
y = x + 2 For example, the length of segment AB is
4
(1 − (−1))
2
+ ( 2 − 0)
2
7 = 4+ 4
m = −
4
= 8
1 −7 5
(a) y + = x −  = 2 2 units.
2 4 6
1 −7 35 Furthermore, the adjacent sides are perpendicular
y + = x +
2 4 24 2−0 2
because the slope of AB is = = 1, whereas
24 y + 12 = − 42 x + 35 1 − ( −1) 2
42 x + 24 y − 23 = 0 2−0
the slope of BC is = −1.
1−3
1 4 5
(b) y + = x − 
2 7 6 68. ax + by = 4
42 y + 21 = 24 x − 20
(a) The line is parallel to the x-axis if a = 0 and
24 x − 42 y − 41 = 0 b ≠ 0.
(b) The line is parallel to the y-axis if b = 0 and
63. The slope is 250.
a ≠ 0.
V = 1850 when t = 6.
(c) Answers will vary. Sample answer: a = −5 and
V = 250(t − 6) + 1850 b = 8.
= 250t + 250 −5 x + 8 y = 4
64. The slope is −1600. y = 1
8 (5 x + 4) = 5x
8
+ 1
2
V = 17,200 when t = 6. (d) The slope must be − 52 .

V = −1600(t − 6) + 17,200 Answers will vary. Sample answer: a = 5 and
= −1600t + 26,800 b = 2.
5x + 2 y = 4
1−0
65. m1 = = −1 y = 1
(−5 x + 4) = − 52 x + 2
−2 − ( −1) 2
−2 − 0 2 (e) a = 5 and b = 3.
m2 = = − 2
2 − ( −1) 3
5x + 3y = 4
2
m1 ≠ m2
5x + 6 y = 8
The points are not collinear.
@solutionmanual1
69. The tangent line is perpendicular to the line joining the 70. The tangent line is perpendicular to the line joining the
point (5, 12) and the center (0, 0). click here to download
point ( 4, − 3) and the center of the circle, (1, 1).
y y
(5, 12)
4
8
4 2 (1, 1)
x x
−8 −4 (0, 0) 8 16 −6 −2 2 4
−2
−8
(4, − 3)
− 16 −6
12 Slope of the line joining (1, 1) and ( 4, − 3) is

Slope of the line joining (5, 12) and (0, 0) is .
5
1+3 −4
The equation of the tangent line is = .
1−4 3
−5
y − 12 = ( x − 5) Tangent line:
12
−5 169 3
y = x + y +3 = ( x − 4)
12 12 4
5 x + 12 y − 169 = 0. 3
y = x−6
4
0 = 3 x − 4 y − 24
c
71. (a) The slope of the segment joining (b, c) and ( a, 0) is . The slope of the perpendicular bisector
(b − a)
of this segment is
(a − b) a + b c
. The midpoint of this segment is  , .
c  2 2
So, the equation of the perpendicular bisector to this segment is
c a − b a + b
y − = x − .
2 c  2 
Similarly, the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining ( − a, 0) and ( a, 0) is
c a − b b − a
y − = x − .
2 −c  2  y
Equating the right-hand sides of each equation, you obtain x = 0. (b, c)
Letting x = 0 in either equation yields the point of intersection:

(b −2 a , 2c ) (a +2 b , 2c )
c a − b a + b c2 b2 − a 2 c2 + b2 − a 2
y = + 0 −  = + = .
2 c  2  2c 2c 2c x
(− a, 0) (a, 0)
 − a2 + b2 + c2 
The point of intersection is  0, .
 2c 
(b) The equations of the medians are:
c
y = x
b y
c2 c
y = ( x − a) = ( x − a) (b, c)
b − a b − 3a
  − a
 2  (b −2 a , 2c ) (a +2 b , 2c )
c 2 c
y = ( x + a) = ( x + a).
a + b 
x
3a + b (0, 0)
 + a 
(−a, 0) (a, 0)
 2 
b c
Solving these equation simultaneously for ( x, y), you obtain the point of intersection  , .
 3 3
@solutionmanual1
72. (a) Lines c, d, e and f have positive slopes. 73. Find the equation of the line through the points (0, 32)
(b) Lines a and b have negative slopes. click here to download
and (100, 212).
m = 180 = 9
(c) Lines c and e appear parallel. 100 5
Lines d and f appear parallel. F − 32 = 5 (
9 C − 0
)
(d) Lines b and f appear perpendicular. F = 9 C + 32
5
Lines b and d appear perpendicular.
or
C = 1
9 (5 F − 160)
5F − 9C − 160 = 0
For F = 72°, C ≈ 22.2°.
74. (a) Current job: W1 = 0.07 s + 2000

New job offer: W2 = 0.05s + 2300
(b) 3500
(15,000, 3050)
0 20,000
1500
Using a graphing utility, the point of intersection is (15,000, 3050).

Analytically, W1 = W2
0.07 s + 2000 = 0.05s + 2300
0.02 s = 300
s = 15,000
So, W1 = W2 = 0.07(15,000) + 2000 = 3050.
When sales exceed $15,000, the current job pays more.
(c) No, if you can sell $20,000 worth of goods, then W1 > W2 .
(Note: W1 = 3400 and W2 = 3300 when s = 20,000.)
75. (a) Two points are (50, 780) and (47, 825). 76. (a) y = 18.91 + 3.97 x
The slope is
(x = quiz score, y = test score)
825 − 780 45
m = = = −15. (b)
47 − 50 −3 100
p − 780 = −15( x − 50)

p = −15 x + 750 + 780 = −15 x + 1530
or 0 20
1 0
x = (1530 − p)
15 (c) If x = 17, y = 18.91 + 3.97(17) = 86.4.
(b) 50
(d) The slope shows the average increase in exam score
for each unit increase in quiz score.
(e) The points would shift vertically upward 4 units.
The new regression line would have a y-intercept
0 1600 4 greater than before: y = 22.91 + 3.97 x.
0
If p = 855, then x = 45 units.

1
(c) If p = 795, then x = (1530 − 795) = 49 units
15
@solutionmanual1
77. If A = 0, then By + C = 0 is the horizontal line y = −C B. The distance to ( x1 , y1 ) is

 −C  By1 + C Ax1 + By1 + C
d = y1 −   = = .
 B  B A2 + B 2
If B = 0, then Ax + C = 0 is the vertical line x = −C A. The distance to ( x1 , y1 ) is
 −C  Ax1 + C Ax1 + By1 + C

d = x1 −   = = .
 A  A A2 + B 2
(Note that A and B cannot both be zero.) The slope of the line Ax + By + C = 0 is − A B.
The equation of the line through ( x1 , y1 ) perpendicular to Ax + By + C = 0 is:
B
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
A
Ay − Ay1 = Bx − Bx1
Bx1 − Ay1 = Bx − Ay
The point of intersection of these two lines is:
Ax + By = −C  A2 x + ABy = − AC (1)
Bx − Ay = Bx1 − Ay1  B 2 x − ABy = B 2 x1 − ABy1 ( 2)
( A2 + B 2 ) x = − AC + B 2 x1 − ABy1 (By adding equations (1) and (2))
2
− AC + B x1 − ABy1
x =
A2 + B 2
Ax + By = −C 
ABx + B 2 y = − BC (3)
Bx − Ay = Bx1 − Ay1  − ABx + A2 y = − ABx1 + A2 y1 ( 4)
( A2 + B 2 ) y = − BC − ABx1 + A2 y1 ( By adding equations (3) and ( 4))
− BC − ABx1 + A2 y1
y =
A2 + B 2
 − AC + B 2 x1 − ABy1 − BC − ABx1 + A2 y1 
 ,  point of intersection
 A2 + B 2 A2 + B 2 
The distance between ( x1 , y1 ) and this point gives you the distance between ( x1 , y1 ) and the line Ax + By + C = 0.
2 2
 − AC + B 2 x1 − ABy1   − BC − ABx1 + A2 y1 
d =  2 2
− x1  +  2 2
− y1 
 A + B   A + B 
2 2
 − AC − ABy1 − A2 x1   − BC − ABx1 − B 2 y1 
=  2 2  +  
 A + B   A2 + B 2 
=
− A(C + By1 + Ax1 ) 
2
− B(C + Ax1 + By1 ) 
2
( A2 + B 2 )(C + Ax1 + By1 )2 Ax1 + By1 + C
  +   = =
( A2 + B 2 )
2 2 2
 A + B   A2 + B 2  A2 + B 2
78. y = mx + 4  mx + ( −1) y + 4 = 0
Ax1 + By1 + C m3 + ( −1)(1) + 4 3m + 3

d = = =
m 2 + ( −1)
2 2 2
A + B m2 + 1
The distance is 0 when m = −1. In this case, the line y = − x + 4 contains the point (3, 1).
8
−9 9
(− 1, 0)
−4
@solutionmanual1
1( −2) + ( −1)(1) − 2 5 5 2
79. x − y − 2 = 0  d = click= here
= to download
2
2
1 +1 2 2
4( 2) + 3(3) − 10 7
80. 4 x + 3 y − 10 = 0  d = =
2
4 +3 2 5
81. For simplicity, let the vertices of the rhombus be (0, 0), 82. For simplicity, let the vertices of the quadrilateral be
(a, 0), (b, c), and ( a + b, c), as shown in the figure. (0, 0), (a, 0), (b, c), and (d, e), as shown in the figure.
The midpoints \of the sides are
c
The slopes of the diagonals are then m1 = and a  a + b c  b + d c + e d e
a+b
 , 0 ,  , ,  , , and  , .
c 2   2 2  2 2   2 2
m2 = . Because the sides of the rhombus are
b−a The slope of the opposite sides are equal:
2 2 2
equal, a = b + c , and you have c c +e e
−0 −
2 2 2 = 2 2 = c
c c c c a +b a b+ d d
m1m2 = ⋅ = 2 2
= = −1. − − b
a +b b−a b −a −c 2 2 2 2 2
Therefore, the diagonals are perpendicular. e c c+e
0− −
y
2 = 2 2 e
= −
a d a +b b+ d a −d
− −
2 2 2 2
(b, c) (a + b, c)
Therefore, the figure is a parallelogram.
y
(d, e)
(0, 0) (a , 0)
x
( b +2 d , c 2+ e )
(b, c)
( )
d e
,
2 2
(a +2 b , 2c )
x
(0, 0)
( a2 , 0) (a, 0)
83. Consider the figure below in which the four points are collinear. Because the triangles are similar,
the result immediately follows.
y2* − y1* y − y1
* *
= 2
x2 − x1 x2 − x1
y
(x 2 , y2 ) (x 2* , y2* )
(x1, y1 )
(x 1*, y1* )
84. If m1 = −1 m2 , then m1m2 = −1. Let L3 be a line with 85. True.

slope m3 that is perpendicular to L1. Then m1m3 = −1. a c a
ax + by = c1  y = − x + 1  m1 = −
b b b
So, m2 = m3  L 2 and L 3 are parallel. Therefore, L 2
b c b
and L1 are also perpendicular. bx − ay = c2  y = x − 2  m2 =
a a a
1
m2 = −
m1
86. True. The slope must be positive.
@solutionmanual1
Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs 21
Section P.3 Functions and Their

clickGraphs
here to download
1. A relation between two sets X and Y is a set of ordered 6. (a) f (0) = 7(0) − 4 = −4
pairs of the form ( x, y ), where x is a member of X and
(b) f ( −3) = 7( −3) − 4 = −25
y is at member of Y.
A function from X to Y is a relation between X and Y that (c) f (b) = 7(b) − 4 = 7b − 4
has the property that any two ordered pairs with the same
(d) f ( x − 1) = 7( x − 1) − 4 = 7 x − 11
x-value also have the same y-value.
2. For a function f from X to Y, the domain is the set X. 7. (a) f ( − 2) = ( − 2) 2 + 4 = 4+ 4 = 8 = 2 2

If y is the image of x, then the range is a subject of Y
consisting of all images of numbers in X. (b) f (3) = 32 + 4 = 9+ 4 = 13
3. The three basic types are vertical shifts, horizontal shifts, (c) f ( 2) = 22 + 4 = 4+ 4 = 8 = 2 2
and reflections.
(d) f ( x + bx) = (x + bx) + 4
2
4. Consider the nonconstant polynomial
f ( x ) = an x n + an −1 x n −1 +  + a1 x + a0 . = x 2 + 2bx 2 + b 2 x 2 + 4
If n is even and an > 0, then the graph of f moves up to 8. (a) f ( −4) = −4 + 5 = 1 =1

the left and up to the right.
If n is even and an < 0, then the graph of f moves down (b) f (11) = 11 + 5 = 16 = 4
to the left and down to the right.
(c) f ( 4) = 4+5 = 9 = 3
If n is odd and an > 0, then the graph of f moves down
to the left and up to the right. (d) f ( x + Δ x) = x + Δx + 5
If n is odd and an < 0, then the graph of f moves up to
the left and down to the right. 9. (a) g (0) = 5 − 02 = 5
( 5) = 5 − ( 5)
2
5. f ( x) = 3x − 2 (b) g = 5−5 = 0
(c) g ( −2) = 5 − ( −2) = 5 − 4 = 1

2
(a) f (0) = 3(0) − 2 = − 2
(d) g (t − 1) = 5 − (t − 1) = 5 − (t 2 − 2t + 1)
2
(b) f (5) = 3(5) − 2 = 13
(c) f (b) = 3(b) − 2 = 3b − 2 = 4 + 2t − t 2
(d) f ( x − 1) = 3( x − 1) − 2 = 3 x − 5 10. (a) g ( 4) = 42 ( 4 − 4) = 0
( 32 ) = ( 32 ) ( 32 − 4) = 94 (− 52 ) = − 458
2
(b) g
(c) g (c) = c 2 (c − 4) = c3 − 4c 2
(d) g (t + 4) = (t + 4) (t + 4 − 4)
2
= (t + 4) t = t 3 + 8t 2 + 16t
2
f ( x + Δx ) − f ( x ) (x + Δx) − x3 x3 + 3 x 2 Δx + 3x 2 ( Δx) + ( Δx) − x3

3 2 3
= 3 x 2 + 3xΔx + ( Δx) , Δx ≠ 0
2
11. = =
Δx Δx Δx
f ( x) − f (1) 3 x − 1 − (3 − 1) 3( x − 1)
12. = = = 3, x ≠ 1
x −1 x −1 x −1
13. f ( x) = 4 x 2 14. g ( x) = x 2 − 5
Domain: ( −∞, ∞) Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
Range: [0, ∞) Range: [−5, ∞)
@solutionmanual1
15. f ( x) = x3 24. f ( x) = x 2 − 3x + 2
Domain: ( − ∞, ∞) x 2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0
Range: ( − ∞, ∞) (x − 2)( x − 1) ≥ 0
Domain: x ≥ 2 or x ≤ 1
16. h( x) = 4 − x 2
Domain: ( −∞, 1] ∪ [2, ∞)
Domain: ( − ∞, ∞)
Range: ( − ∞, 4] 1
25. f ( x) =
x+3
17. g ( x) = 6x
x+3 ≠ 0
Domain: 6 x ≥ 0 x+3 ≠ 0
x ≥ 0  [0, ∞) Domain: all x ≠ −3
Range: [0, ∞) Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, ∞)
18. h( x) = − x +3 1
26. g ( x) = 2
x −4
Domain: x + 3 ≥ 0  [−3, ∞)
x2 − 4 ≠ 0
Range: ( −∞, 0]
(x − 2)( x + 2) ≠ 0
19. f ( x) = 16 − x 2 Domain: all x ≠ ± 2
16 − x ≥ 0  x ≤ 16
2 2
Domain: ( − ∞, − 2) ∪ ( − 2, 2) ∪ ( 2, ∞)
Domain: [− 4, 4]
2 x + 1, x < 0
Range: [0, 4] 27. f ( x) = 
2 x + 2, x ≥ 0
Note: y = 16 − x 2 is a semicircle of radius 4.
(a) f ( −1) = 2( −1) + 1 = −1
20. f ( x) = x − 3 (b) f (0) = 2(0) + 2 = 2
Domain: ( − ∞, ∞) (c) f ( 2) = 2( 2) + 2 = 6
Range: [0, ∞)
(d) f (t 2 + 1) = 2(t 2 + 1) + 2 = 2t 2 + 4
3 (Note: t 2 + 1 ≥ 0 for all t.)
21. f ( x) =
x
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
Domain: all x ≠ 0  ( −∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
Range: ( −∞, 1) ∪ [2, ∞)
Range: ( −∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
 x + 2, x ≤ 1
2
x − 2 28. f ( x) =  2
22. f ( x) = 2 x + 2, x > 1
x + 4
Domain: all x ≠ − 4 (a) f ( −2) = ( −2) + 2 = 6
2
Range: all y ≠ 1
(b) f (0) = 02 + 2 = 2
[Note: You can see that the range is all y ≠ 1 by (c) f (1) = 12 + 2 = 3
graphing f.]
(d) f ( s 2 + 2) = 2( s 2 + 2) + 2 = 2 s 4 + 8s 2 + 10
2
23. f ( x) = x + 1− x
(Note: s 2 + 2 > 1 for all s.)
x ≥ 0 and 1 − x ≥ 0
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
x ≥ 0 and x ≤ 1
Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1  [0, 1] Range: [2, ∞)
@solutionmanual1

Sample-Solution Manual For Calculus of A Single Variable 11th Edition Ron Larson

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Chapter P: Preparation for Calculus................................................................................................. 1

Chapter 1: Limits and Their Properties .......................................................................................... 55

Chapter 2: Differentiation ............................................................................................................ 113

Chapter 3: Applications of Differentiation .................................................................................. 211

Chapter 4: Integration .................................................................................................................. 362

Chapter 5: Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions ............................... 443

Chapter 6: Differential Equations ................................................................................................ 567

Section P.1 Graphs and Models................................................................................. 2

Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change.................................................... 10

Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs .................................................................21

Section P.4 Review of Trigonometric Functions ....................................................32

Review Exercises ..........................................................................................................41

Problem Solving ...........................................................................................................49

C H A P T E R P click here to download

Matches graph (b).

(−3, −5) −4 (3, −5)

Matches graph (a). −6

x-intercepts: (0, 0), ( −1, 0), (1, 0)

x = −2, 1; ( −2, 0), (1, 0)

29. Symmetric with respect to the y-axis because 41. y = 2 − 3 x

31. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis because Symmetry: none

33. Symmetric with respect to the origin because y = 2

36. Symmetric with respect to the origin because −2

37. Symmetric with respect to the origin because 0 = 9 − x 2  x 2 = 9  x = ± 3, x-intercepts

40. y − x = 3 is symmetric with respect to the x-axis (− 12 , 0) 1

Intercepts: (0, 0), ( 2, 0), ( −2, 0)

Intercepts: (0, 0), ( −5, 0)

Intercept: (0, 10) 1x +3 = 0

Intercepts: (0, 6), ( −6, 0), (6, 0) 4 − 02 4

The corresponding y-values are y = −2 (for x = −1) Analytically, −2

Points of intersection: ( −1, − 2), ( 2, 1) 0 = x4 − x2

65. y = x +6 68. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain

The model is a good fit for the data.

66. y = − 2 x − 3 + 6 5600 = 3.29 x − 2.04 x

The GDP in 2024 will be approximately

74. (a) Intercepts for y = x3 − x :

(b) Symmetry with respect to the origin for y = x3 − x because

Symmetry with respect to the y-axis for y = x 2 + 2 because

75. False. x-axis symmetry means that if ( − 4, − 5) is on the  −b ± b 2 − 4ac 

Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change

The line is horizontal. (− 2, 5) 6

17. The equation of this line is 23. y + 2 = 3( x − 3)

Therefore, three additional points are ( −3, − 4), ( −1, 0), −3

and (0, 2). −5

309.3 − 307.0 31. 5 x + y = 20

The population of the United States in 2025 will be 2

3 y = 3x + 1 The line is vertical.

24 y − 21 = 40 x − 30 The points are not collinear.

V = 17,200 when t = 6. (d) The slope must be − 52 .

12 Slope of the line joining (1, 1) and ( 4, − 3) is

Equating the right-hand sides of each equation, you obtain x = 0. (b, c)

Letting x = 0 in either equation yields the point of intersection: