Journal of Instrumentation

TECHNICAL REPORT • OPEN ACCESS

An experimental investigation of the proton fraction in a three electrode

2.45 GHz ECR ion source
To cite this article: H.M. Kewlani et al 2024 JINST 19 T01006

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 Published by IOP Publishing for Sissa Medialab
Received: August 18, 2023
Revised: November 9, 2023
Accepted: December 4, 2023
Published: January 18, 2024

TECHNICAL REPORT

An experimental investigation of the proton fraction in a

2024 JINST 19 T01006

three electrode 2.45 GHz ECR ion source

H.M. Kewlani,𝑎,𝑑,∗ S.H. Gharat,𝑎 P. Roychowdhury,𝑏,1 B. Dikshit𝑐,𝑑 and Rajesh kumar𝑎,𝑑

𝑎 IonAccelerator Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Mumbai, India
𝑏Accelerator & Pulse Power Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,

Mumbai, India
𝑐 Laser & Plasma Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,

Mumbai, India
𝑑 Homi Bhabha National Institute,

Mumbai, India

E-mail: kewnihitesh@gmail.com

Abstract: The ion beam extracted from a proton ion source contains H+ ion along with H+2 and
H+3 molecular ions. In this work, the ionic fractions in the extracted beam of ECR ion source were
measured using an analyzing magnet. A computerized proton fraction measurement setup is described
in detail with instrumentation and control for pulsed operation of the ECR ion source. A timing
diagram has been incorporated for trigger synchronization illustrating the process of pulsing the
plasma, controlling the analyzing magnet parameters and acquiring data about the magnetic field and
beam current. The proton fraction was measured in two cases, in the first case using SS304 plasma
chamber and in the second case incorporating aluminium (Al) cylinder and boron nitride (BN) plates
inside the plasma chamber. In the first case, the proton fraction was found to be in the range of ∼ 60%
and in the second case because of the presence of secondary electron donors it increased to 93%. In
order to understand the enhancement of H+ fraction in the hydrogen plasma, plasma parameters (𝑛𝑒 ,
𝑇𝑒 and EEDF) and its dependence on microwave power and neutral gas pressure were investigated.

Keywords: Beam-line instrumentation (beam position and profile monitors, beam-intensity monitors,
bunch length monitors); Ion sources (positive ions, negative ions, electron cyclotron resonance (ECR),
electron beam (EBIS)); Plasma diagnostics - probes; Plasma generation (laser-produced, RF, x
ray-produced)

∗ Corresponding author.
1 Formerly BARC.

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of

Sissa Medialab. Original content from this work may be used under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/01/T01006
work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation
and DOI.
Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 ECR Ion Source 2

3 Experiment setup 4
3.1 Beam optics simulation 5

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4 Instrumentation & controls 6

5 Results and discussion 8

5.1 SS304 plasma chamber 8
5.2 Steps to improve proton fraction 8
5.3 Aluminum and Boron Nitride plates in the plasma chamber 12

6 Conclusion 14

1 Introduction

Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS) are widely used for proton sources as the front
end of high-power accelerators such as LEHIPA, ESS, FAIR and Peking University [1–5]. In Low
Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA), 50 keV proton beam is accelerated to 20 MeV in
two different types of cavities. The first stage uses a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) to accelerate
50 keV beam to 3 MeV [6, 7], and the second stage uses a Drift-Tube LINAC (DTL) to accelerate
3 MeV beam to 20 MeV [8]. In August-2023, LEHIPA successfully accelerated the proton beam to
its target energy of 20 MeV with a peak current intensity of 2 mA.
An upgraded 2.45 GHz ECR ion source test bench has been designed and developed to achieve
beam current in the range of ∼ 10–15 mA, beam emittance ∼ 0.2 𝜋·mm·mrad and proton fraction of
> 80% requested by the LEHIPA. The first stage is the analysis of ECR plasma using the Langmuir
Probe [9], the second stage is the analysis of pulsed ion beam extraction approaches [10]. This paper
discusses proton fraction characterization using an analyzing magnet and its enhancement. The beam
from ECRIS is focused, steered and diagnosed in the Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) line [11].
The magnetic field in the LEBT solenoid magnets is set to focus and transport H+ beam within 5 mm at
the entry of RFQ. So, by adding aperture discs at suitable locations can partly filters out the unwanted
H+2 and H+3 molecular ions. The RFQ is designed to accelerate and focus only 50 keV H+ ion beam.
The higher species present in the beam such as H+2 and H+3 are not accelerated. In the long run, this
may damage the accelerating structure. Thus, for safe operation of RFQ, ion sources must have proton
fractions more than 80%. So, our effort is to provide such a beam for injection into the RFQ. The next
section discusses the ECR ion source followed by proton fraction experimental setup, beam dynamics
simulation, instrumentation and control followed by results and discussion.

–1–
2 ECR Ion Source

The ECR ion source with three electrode extraction geometry is shown in figure 1. The key components
of the ion source are microwave system, plasma chamber, extraction electrodes, electro-magnet coils,
precision gas leak valve and vacuum pumping systems. Microwave generator is a 2.45 GHz magnetron
with microwave power output up to 2 kW in continuous (CW) and pulsed modes. The waveguide
line consists of magnetron, three port circulators with water load, dual directional coupler with diode
detectors, four stub tuners, 1st waveguide E-plane bend, high voltage waveguide break, quartz window,
2nd waveguide E-plane bend and ridge waveguide. For measurement of microwave forward and
reflected power, a dual directional coupler with coupling factor of 60 dB is used in combination with

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passive diode detectors. Four stub auto tuners are used to match the load impedance (plasma) to the
source impedance (generator). Waveguide high voltage break isolates ground potential waveguide lines
from 50 kV high voltage waveguide lines. A quartz window is used as a vacuum termination without
interfering with microwave waveguide link. The ridge waveguide is designed to match waveguide
impedance to plasma impedance of 50 Ω and increase the electric field in the plasma chamber.

Three Electrode Extraction Geometry

Gas Leak Valve

Electro Magnet

High Voltage Break

Microwave generator with waveguide

Figure 1. Three Electrode 2.45 GHz ECR Ion Source.

–2–
Ion Source at IADD The plasma chamber is made of SS304 and has an inner diameter of 90 mm and a length of
100 mm. The vacuum system consists of a dry roughing pump and a turbo molecular pump. The
base vacuum achieved in an ion source chamber is of the order of 5 × 10−7 mbar with a leak rate of
5 × 10−9 mbar L/s. The vacuum in plasma chamber is two orders higher (5 × 10−5 mbar) than that in
the ion source chamber (5 × 10−7 mbar). There is a gas insert tube of 3.2 mm inner diameter connected
Three Electrode Extraction Geometry F
to the plasma chamber. A precision gas leak valve is plugged into the other end of the gas insert tube.
The FDGSI make MFH2.300 hydrogen generator is used to generate hydrogen gas with a purity of
99.99999%. Hydrogen gas is injected into the plasma chamber using a precision gas leak valve such
that the operating gas pressure in the plasma chamber is in the range of 1 × 10−3 mbar to 1 × 10−5 mbar.

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Delrine Tiebar

Alumina Cylinder
Ground Electrode
Suppressor Electrode
Plasma Electrode
Plasma Chamber
Ridge waveguide
`

Gaps and Apertures of Electrodes

Figure 2. Three Electrode ECR Ion Source extraction geometry.

Three electrode extraction geometry consists of 1

esh M Kewlani
rd
st
( IADD, BARC)
plasma electrode, 2nd suppressor electrode
and 3 ground electrode with apertures of 8 mm, 13 mm and 13 mm respectively. The gap between 1st

–3–
and 2nd electrode is 17 mm and 2nd and 3rd electrode is 2 mm. The layout of three electrode extraction
geometry is shown in figure 2. The plasma electrode is at 50 kV potential and suppressor electrodes at
−4 kV potential with respect to ground electrode. Two electro-magnet coils mounted above the floating
plasma chamber are isolated by a perspex cylinder. For 2.45 GHz microwave frequency, the required
magnetic field for ECR phenomena is 875 G. On the central axis of the plasma chamber, 875 G magnetic
field is generated by electro-magnet coils. The magnetic field over the plasma chamber is plotted for
different electro-magnet coil currents to generate a magnetic field of 800–1000 G, as shown in figure 3.

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Figure 3. Magnetic field profile at the center axis of plasma chamber as a function of coil current.

3 Experiment setup

The experimental setup for proton fraction characterization in figure 4 consists of three electrode
ECRIS, vacuum chamber, focusing solenoid, Direct Current Current Transformer (DCCT), bending
magnet, 0.5 mm vertical slit and faraday cup. The beam current entering the bending magnet is
measured by DCCT. A hall probe is positioned in the good field region of a bending magnet to
measure its magnetic field.
√︄
1 2𝐸𝑚 𝑖
𝐵= (3.1)
𝑟 𝑒𝑞 𝑖

Equation 3.1 calculates the magnetic field of a 90◦ bending magnet for proton ions and molecular
ions. In eq. (3.1), 𝑟 is the bending radius in meters, 𝑞 𝑖 is the charge state of ion, 𝑚 𝑖 is the mass of

–4–
 Ion Source

Focusing Solenoid

Drift Space

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DCCT

Bending Magnet

Faraday cup

Figure 4. Experimental setup of proton fraction characterization.

the ion in kilograms, 𝐸 is the potential in volts and 𝐵 is the magnetic field in tesla. Table 1 shows
the key parameters of the bending magnet. In order to bend 50 keV beam to 90◦ , a magnetic field of
1054 G is required for H+ , 1490 G for H+2 , and 1826 G for H+3 in a bending magnet.

Table 1. Bending magnet parameters.

Parameters Value
Bending Radius 0.3 Meter
Bending Angle 90◦
Magnet Type Dipole Magnet
Pole gap 110 mm
Edge entrance angle 31.8◦
Edge exit angle 31.8◦

3.1 Beam optics simulation

The beam optics simulation of the experimental setup was performed in TRACEWIN code. The
beam line elements for the simulation are drift-1 (700 mm), solenoid magnet, drift-2 (690 mm), edge
focused 90◦ bending magnet, drift-3 (60 mm) and beam stop. The input parameters for TRACEWIN

–5–
were 50 keV, 10 mA ion beam, 0.2 𝜋·mm·mrad rms-normalized beam emittance and 8 mm beam
size at the ground electrode of the ion source. Focusing solenoid effective length is 560 mm with
a magnetic field of 1250 G. Figure 5 shows the beam envelopes in transverse planes 𝑥 and 𝑦. The

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(a)

(b) (c) (d)

Figure 5. Tracewin simulation results: 50 keV H+ ion beam envelope in 𝑥 and 𝑦 plane in (a), beam profile
in 𝑥 and 𝑦 plane at ground electrode in (b), at entrance of bending magnet in (c), and at the exit of bending
magnet (d).

solenoid magnet focuses 50 keV H+ beam from the ion source, and bending magnet bends the 50 keV
H+ beam. The beam size in the 𝑥 and 𝑦 plane is 40 mm at the entrance of bending magnet. This is
well within the drift tube aperture (120 mm) of the bending magnet. Figure 5 shows a beam profile in
𝑥 and 𝑦 plane at the ground electrode (0 meters), at the entrance of bending magnet (1.96 meters)
and at the exit of bending magnet (2.8 meters).

4 Instrumentation & controls

The schematic of proton fraction measurement instrumentation and control is shown in figure 6.
The computer-based instrumentation is incorporated to control the power supplies of the ion source,
1
focusing solenoid magnet and 90◦ bending magnets. Further it acquires and store data from these
systems. The Data Acquisition (DAQ) module has a provision of four analog inputs, two analog

–6–
outputs, and four timers/counters. The analog input sampling rate of DAQ is 2 MS/s with trigger
capability. For the pulsed operation of an ion source, plasma is pulsed and the high voltage extraction
power supplies are kept in DC mode.

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Figure 6. Proton fraction experimental setup with instrumentation.

The trigger synchronization schematic of the measurement is shown in figure 7. The DAQ is
programmed to generate a trigger pulse that trigger’s an analog output-1 pulse of 0–10 V with pulse
width same as the trigger pulse. The magneton receives this analog signal and generates microwave
power based on a calibration value of 0–10 V, equivalent to 0-2000 Watts. A current power supply
made by DANFYSIK with a 480 A, 50 V rating was used to energize the bending magnet. In order to
control the bending magnet power supply with precision, serial communication option was utilized.
The bending magnet power supply current was increased in each cycle of trigger pulse that corresponds
to magnetic field increase from say 950 G to 955 G in first cycle and finally to 1950 G at the end
of the cycle. A current pre-amplifier of range ±200 μA with proportional output of ±10 volts, was
used to measure the faraday cup current after the vertical slit of 0.5 mm (width) by 80 mm (height).
The bending magnet’s magnetic field is measured with a FW Bell’s 5180 gauss meter. The gauss
meter operates in the range of ±3 kG and gives a linear output of ±3 V. DAQ records the voltage
output of the current meter on Analog Input-1 (AI-1) and the gauss meter on Analog Input-2 (AI-2)
in trigger mode for a 2 ms pulsed beam as show in figure 7.
The timing diagram of proton fraction scan is shown in figure 7 and described as follows:
1. At the beginning of the scan, bending magnet’s magnetic field is set to 950 G.

2. At the initiation of trigger pulse, plasma generation and beam extraction take place. The beam
is bent according to the magnetic field of bending magnet. For one set point of magnetic field,
100 data points of beam current are recorded during a period of 2 ms.

–7–
 Clock

Trigger Pulse (2 ms @ 2 Hz)

Pulse to Magnetron (AO-1)

950 G 955 G 1950 G

Magnetic Field Set

Current meter signal (AI-1)

Gauss meter signal (AI-2)

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AO-1 : Analog Output-1, AI-1 : Analog Input-1, AI-2: Analog Input-2

Figure 7. Timing diagram of proton fraction scan of pulsed beam.

3. For each magnetic field, a software program calculates the maximum and average faraday cup
currents.

4. The bending magnet field is increased by ∼ 5 G and the process continues until it reaches
1950 G.

5. Upon completion of the proton fraction scan, peak and average current w.r.t. magnetic field is
plotted in a GUI and stored in a csv file.

In both, peak current data and average current data, the measured proton fraction is in the same range.
In this study, proton fractions were calculated based on average faraday cup current data.

5 Results and discussion

Proton fraction experiments were conducted under two cases. In the first case only SS304 plasma
chamber is considered, and in the second case an Al cylinder and BN plates were added in the
plasma chamber.

5.1 SS304 plasma chamber

Experiments were conducted with SS plasma chambers at operating gas pressures of 1 × 10−5 mbar,
with microwave power of 860 W (reflected power of 200 W), extractor potential of 50 kV, and suppressor
potential of −2.5 kV. Figure 8 illustrates the waveforms of trigger pulses, forward microwave power,
reflected microwave power, and beam current measured using DCCT for a pulsed beam of 2 ms.
The best-achieved fractions were 60% 1of H+ , 33% of H+2 and 7% of H+3 for a 50 keV, 8 mA beam
as shown in figure 9.

5.2 Steps to improve proton fraction

Our aim is to obtain high intensity hydrogen beam with high H+ fraction. To achieve this, it is
important to control the main physical processes of hydrogen plasma inside the source chamber. The

–8–
 Trigger Pulse

Beam current signal from DCCT

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Reflected Power
Forward Power

Figure 8. Waveform of trigger pulse, beam current of 8 mA, microwave forward power of 860 W and reflected
power of 200 W for plasma 𝑇on time of 2 ms.

dominant species inside the source chamber are H+ , H+2 , H+3 , H− ions, electrons, H atom and H2
molecules. To obtain high intensity H+ dominated beams, the wall processes such as recombinative
desorption process and secondary electron emission of the wall material play an important role besides
the volume processes that happens inside the source chamber. For H+ ion sources, a wall material
with high secondary electron emission coefficient is considered superior.
The main formation and loss processes with threshold energy 𝐸 Th in the ECR hydrogen plasma
are listed in eq. (5.1) to eq. (5.9) and the cross-sections for the processes are discussed in [12].

𝑒 + H2 = H+2 + 2𝑒 (H+2 Ionization) 15.6 eV (5.1)

H+2 + H2 = H+3 +H (H+3 Formation) 0 eV (5.2)
𝑒 + H+2 = 2H (Dissociative Recombination) 9.2 eV (5.3)
𝑒+ H+3 = 3H (Dissociative Recombination) (5.4)
𝑒 + H2 = 2H + 𝑒 (Dissociation) (5.5)
𝑒 + H = H + 2𝑒
+
(H Ionization)
+
13.6 eV (5.6)
𝑒+ H+2 =H +H+𝑒
+
(Dissociative Excitation) 12.1 eV (5.7)
𝑒+ H+2 = 2H + 2𝑒
+
(Dissociative Excitation) 17 eV (5.8)
𝑒+ H+3 = H + 2H + 𝑒
+
(Dissociative Excitation) (5.9)

–9–

1
 2024 JINST 19 T01006
Figure 9. Proton fraction scan with SS plasma chamber at microwave power of 860 watt, operating gas pressure
of 1 × 10−5 mbar and beam parameters of 50 keV, 8 mA.

To increase H+ fraction in the plasma, the processes resulting H+ must be dominant.

• Dissociative excitation of H+2 and H+3 to H+ ions as per eq. (5.7), eq. (5.8) and eq. (5.9).

• Dissociative recombination of H+2 and H+3 to H atom eq. (5.3) and eq. (5.4) along with ionization
hydrogen atom to H+ as per eq. (5.6).

• Two step ionization hydrogen molecules H2 to H atom eq. (5.5) followed by H atom to H+ ion
eq. (5.6).

• H+ ion can be lost by ambipolar diffusion and the recombination at the chamber walls.

The formation of H+ , H+2 , H+3 mainly depend on number of H2 molecules, H atoms, number of electrons,
energy of electrons, electron energy distribution function, cross section of the process and threshold
energy of the processes. The plasma density (𝑛𝑒 ) and temperature (𝑇𝑒 ) are controlled by ECR plasma
operating gas pressure, applied microwave power and magnetic field over the plasma chamber. The
behaviour of plasma parameters were studied with applied microwave power by using a langmuir
probe. The probe measurement shows that with increase in microwave power from 400 W to 1200 W,
the plasma density (𝑛𝑒 ) increases from 5.5 × 1015 m−3 to 7.9 × 1015 m−3 and plasma temperature

– 10 –
 2024 JINST 19 T01006
Figure 10. Plot of plasma density (𝑛𝑒 ) and plasma temperature (𝑇𝑒 ) with respect to microwave power.

Figure 11. Plot of Electron Energy Distribution Function (𝐸 𝐸 𝐷𝐹) for microwave power of 400 W, 800 W
and 1200 W.

(𝑇𝑒 ) decreases from 10.5 eV to 6.8 eV respectively. The plot of 𝑛𝑒 and 𝑇𝑒 with respect to microwave
power is shown figure 10. The derived Electron Energy Distribution Function (EEDF) of Langmuir
probe 𝐼 − 𝑉 curve is plotted in figure 11 for microwave power of 400 W, 800 W and 1200 W. The
mean electron energy for 800 W and 1200 W is 8.6 eV and 6.8 eV respectively.

– 11 –
 (a) (b)

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(c)

Figure 12. Snapshots of (a) aluminum cylinder and boron nitride plate assembled on the flange, (b) boron
Figure 1:atBoron
nitride plate mounted Nitride
one end plates and
of the flange and(c)
Aluminum cylinder
water cooled in chamber,
plasma the plasma chambercylinder and
Aluminium
two boron nitride plates.

5.3 Aluminum and Boron Nitride plates in the plasma chamber

As per literature [13–19] the use of Boron Nitride (BN), Aluminum (Al) and Alumina (Al2 O3 ) as
plasma chamber wall materials increases the number of secondary electrons in the plasma. The
secondary electron emission coefficient of BN, Al and Al2 O3 are 2.9, 1.6 and 6.3 respectively.
The experiments have been conducted with an Al cylinder of 85 mm length and 5 mm thickness
and two BN plates of 2 mm thicknesses and 90 mm in diameter located inside the stainless-steel
plasma chamber as shows in figure 12. The electrons collisions with Al cylinder (plasma chamber
wall) and BN plates (waveguide flange and extractor electrode) generates secondary electrons which
leads to increase number of secondary electrons in the plasma. Proton fraction experiments with Al
and BN plates in the plasma chamber were conducted with system parameters as follows: operating
pressure from 5 × 10−6 mbar to 1 × 10−5 mbar, microwave power of 860 W, extractor potential 50 kV,
1
suppressor potential −2.5 kV and focusing solenoid field of 1250 G.
The proton fraction at pressure 1 × 10−5 mbar increases from 60% (figure 9) for stainless steel
chamber wall material to 79% (figure 13) for Al and BN plates chamber wall materials. The proton
fraction scans are shown in figure 13 and plotted in figure 14 for various operating gas pressures. The
result in figure 13 shows that varying pressure has significantly less influence on H+ fraction than the
choice of wall materials. At lower pressure 5 × 10−6 mbar the H+ fraction increase to 83% while H+2
and H+3 reduces to 16% and 1% respectively. The decrease of proton fraction with pressure say from
83% at 5 × 10−6 mbar to 79% at 1 × 10−5 mbar is due to higher recombination rate at higher pressures.

– 12 –
 2024 JINST 19 T01006
Figure 13. Proton fraction scan with aluminum cylinder and boron nitride plates in the plasma chamber for
different operating gas pressure at microwave power of 860 W and beam parameters of 50 keV, 8 mA.

Figure 14. Plot of H+ , H+2 and H+3 fraction with respect to operating gas pressure.

The experiment was also carried out at microwave power of 1.5 kW with other system parameter
unchanged, the extracted beam current increases to 20 mA for 50 keV beam extraction. The proton

– 13 –
 140.0µ +
H 9 3 %

120.0µ

100.0µ
C u r r e n t (A )

80.0µ

60.0µ

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40.0µ

20.0µ
+
H 2 7 %

0.0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

M a g n e tic F ie ld (G )

Figure 15. Proton fraction scan at 1.5 kW microwave power for beam parameters of 50 keV, 20 mA. The proton
fraction increases to 93%.

fraction scan for 1.5 kW microwave power is shown in figure 15. The H+ fraction increase to 93% and
H+2 reduce to 7%. The dramatic increase of H+ fraction as the microwave power increase to 1500 W
can be explained by the hydrogen plasma processes inside the plasma chamber. H+ ions are produced
by two multiple ionization processes eq. (5.5)–(5.6) and eq. (5.8)–(5.9). For low temperature plasma,
processes eq. (5.5) and eq. (5.6) predominate the generation of H+ ions. This is seen in figure 10
as microwave power increases plasma temperature decreases. In this case more hydrogen can be
produced by process eq. (5.5) as the microwave power (electron density in figure 10) increases, since
the dissociation degree of hydrogen is proportional to electron density. Additionally, these high-density
hydrogen atoms are ionized to protons, which causes increase in H+ fraction. Therefore, higher
microwave power and lower pressure is important to produce high H+ fraction in proton ion sources.

6 Conclusion

The proton fraction of the beam extracted from 2.45 GHz ECR ion source has been characterized.
A computerized instrumentation of control system is developed to measure the proton fraction of
pulsed ion beam. The proton fraction with SS plasma chamber was found to be of the order of
60%. To increase the H+ fraction in pulsed plasma, the behavior of 𝑛𝑒 and 𝑇𝑒 were studied by using
Langmuir probe. Al cylinder and BN plates were added to the plasma chamber to increase the number
of secondary electrons. The number of electrons, their energy, distribution and cross-section for
the H+ formation processes in the plasma has been enhanced by operating ECR plasma at higher
microwave power and lower pressure with efficient microwave power coupling to the plasma. The
proton fraction with Al and BN plates along with ECR plasma optimization rises to 83% for 50 keV,
8 mA beam for 860 W microwave power. When microwave power is increased to 1.5 kW, beam current
increases to 20 mA and proton fraction increases to 93%.

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