No.

Type Question

Before the drill bits' development, many wells were drilled

using a special technique in which a steel cable repeatedly
1 Toss Up
lifted and dropped a heavy spike or chisel into a borehole to
break and crush the rock. How was called this technique?

2 Toss Up In what year was drilled the first commercial US well?

3 Toss Up Where was drilled the first commercial US well?

What was one of the first drill bits used, which had a
shaped like a flat chisel whose blade was divided into 2
4 Toss Up segments? This bit worked primarily by plowing or scraping
away at the rock. However, this type of bits tended to wear
out quickly

Who patented the first two-cone rotary drill bit, which later
5 Toss Up
evolved into a tricone roller bit?

6 Toss Up In what year was patented the first two-cone rotary drill bit?

The development of synthetic diamonds in the early 1970s

led to the creation of a revolutionary type of drill bit, which
7 Toss Up
was a significant departure from the tricone bit. What is its
name?
This type of bits have 3 metal cones that rotate
independently as the bit turns on bottom. Its cutting
8 Toss Up
structures on each cone gouge and crush the rock as the
cones rotate.
How is called a subcategory of the roller cone bits which
has steel teeth that are machined, cast or integrally forged
9 Toss Up
and are protected with wear-resistant carbide composite
edges?
How is called a measure of the degree to which each
10 Toss Up journal is shifted to prevent the cone axes from intersecting
at the center of the bit?
What is the part of a drill bit that improves bit and hole
11 Toss Up cleaning by jetting mud at the bottom of the hole to dislodge
cuttings?

What type of bits was introduced in 1951, which became a

boon to hard-rock drilling, being harder and more wear-
12 Toss Up
resistant than the best grade of steel and could drill long
intervals before wearing out?

What is the general name of those bits which have no

moving parts or bearings? Here, the cutters are
13 Toss Up
permanently mounted onto blades, which are integral to the
structure of the bit
 What is the name of the special cutter used in PDC bits,
14 Toss Up made of synthetic diamond disks cemented to a carbide
structure?

This is one of the hardest materials in the world. It is 10

times harder than steel, 2 times harder and 10 times more
15 Toss Up wear-resistant than tungsten carbide. It has the lowest
coefficient of friction and highest thermal conductivity of any
known material.

How is called an aggregate of randomly oriented fine and

16 Toss Up
ultrafine synthetic diamond particles?

How is called the process used to mount the cutter

17 Toss Up
substrate to a blade on the bit?

What is the name of those special bits used to cut

formations deemed too hard or abrasive for roller cone or
18 Toss Up PDC bits? Instead of having cutters, the entire bit face
contains industrial-grade diamonds, which grind hard
formations while blade edges shear soft formations

What is the name of those toroidal bits used to cut samples

of rock through zones of interest? They are hollow in the
19 Toss Up
center to permit the cylindrical rock sample to be collected
in a barrel mounted above this bit

When hard formations are encountered, the operator may

call for a special bit. What is the name of those bits that
20 Toss Up pound the rock vertically in much the same fashion as do
air hammers used in the construction? A piston above the
bit imparts force through impact to drive the bit.

21 Toss Up Who designed and manufactured the first BOPs in 1922?

What is the name of these assemblies of valves and other

22 Toss Up
devices installed atop a wellhead during drilling operations?

During drilling and completion operations, hydrostatic

pressure at the formation created by a column of drilling
fluid and zonal isolation provided by casing and cement
23 Toss Up
constitute the primary barrier to undesirable formation flow
to the surface. What is the name of the equipment
considered as the second barrier of flow?

24 Toss Up Who introduced to the industry the annular BOPs in 1946?

 What are the type of preventors that force circular steel-
reinforced rubber elements to close on and create a seal
25 Toss Up around the drillpipe or other tools that may be in the
wellbore at the time of shut-in? Its heart is the sealing
element, which is composed of the donut and packer

What are the type of preventors that include rubber-faced

steel pieces that are brought together to create a seal
around a tool in the wellhead? This type of preventors
26 Toss Up contain elastomeric sealing elements that are located in the
BOP body on the opposite sides of the wellbore. The
preventor is activated by operating pistons on the sides of
the BOP body

What is the name of the ram-type preventors that are high-

27 Toss Up strength hydraulically powered rams that are able to sever
drillpipe by cutting?
How are called those elements that consist of cylinders
28 Toss Up containing hydraulic fluid under high pressure to activate
the BOPs?
What is the name of the trap formed with multiple valves
used to redirect undesirable flow of fluids, providing a
29 Toss Up
means to accurately control flow rate and backpressure
levels?

LMRP is made up of an annular BOP, a control system and

30 Toss Up remotely activated valves designed to release gas from the
riser. What does LMRP stand for?

How are called those joints that allow some lateral rig
31 Toss Up
movement in offshore environment?

In offshore, hydraulic system cannot achieve the required

execution time in deep water. For that reason, drilling rigs
typically employ a special system operated via electrical
32 Toss Up
signals, which minimize the time between control system
activation and full closure of the rams to secure the well.
What is the name of this system?

What is the name of the operations in which the bottomhole

pressure is kept constant by increasing or decreasing
backpressure on the formation? When the well does
33 Toss Up
experience an influx. The driller can increase backpressure
to shut off formation flow without closing in the well, that
means, without interrupting drilling operations.

How is called the process of placing a cement sheath in the

34 Toss Up
annulus between the casing and the formation?
 How is called the process that occurs after primary
cementing, when the engineers inject cements into strategic
35 Toss Up
well locations for various purposes, including well repair and
well abandonment?

In cementing equipment, what is the general name of the

36 Toss Up
devices that protect the bottom end of the casing string?

What is the specific name of the bullet-nosed device, with a

check valve, that guides the casing toward the center of the
37 Toss Up
hole to minimize contact with rough edges or washouts
during installation?

What is the specific name of the bullet-nosed device,

without any check valve, that guides the casing toward the
38 Toss Up
center of the hole to minimize contact with rough edges or
washouts during installation?

In cementing operations, how is called the device placed

along critical casing sections to help prevent the casing
39 Toss Up from sticking while it is lowered into the well? In addition, it
ensures placement of a uniform cement sheath in the
annulus between the casing and the borehole wall.

In cementing operations, what is the name of those fluids

that have added benefit of cleaning the casing and
40 Toss Up
formation surfaces, which helps achieve good cement
bonding?

In cementing operations, how is called the device that

separates the cement slurry from the drilling fluid and has a
41 Toss Up membrane that ruptures when it lands at the bottom of the
casing string, creating a pathway through which the cement
slurry may flow into the annulus?

In cementing operations, how is called the device that

separates the cement slurry from the displacement fluid and
42 Toss Up that doesn't have any membrane; therefore, when it lands,
hydraulic communication is severed between the casing
interior and the annulus?

After the cementing operation is carried out, engineers let

43 Toss Up time pass till cement has cured, set and developed
strength. How is called this time?

What cement additives reduce the cement setting time and

44 Toss Up
increase the rate of compressive strength development?

What cement additives delay the setting time and extend

45 Toss Up
the time during which a cement slurry is pumpable?

What cement additives lower the cement slurry density,

46 Toss Up reduce the amount of cement per unit volume of set
product, or both?
47 Toss Up What cement additives increase the density of the cement?

What cement additives control leakage of water from the

48 Toss Up cement slurry into porous formations, thereby preserving
the designed cement slurry properties?

What cement additives limit flow of the entire cement slurry

out of the wellbore into weak, cracked or vugular
49 Toss Up
formationsand help ensure that the cement slurry is able to
fill the entire annular space?

What cement additives reduce the viscosity of the cement

50 Toss Up slurry which allows a lower pumping pressure during
displacement?
How is called the large-diameter casing that protects
shallow formations from contamination by drilling fluid and
51 Toss Up
helps prevent washouts involving unconsolidated topsoils
and sediments?

How is called the second string in a typical casing program

that maintains borehole integrity and prevents
52 Toss Up
contamination of shallow groundwater by hydrocarbons,
subterranean brines and drilling fluids?

How is called the casing that isolates hydrocarbon-bearing,

abnormally pressured, fractured and lost circulation zones,
53 Toss Up providing well control as drillers drill deeper? Multiple
strings of this category may be required to reach the target
producing zone

How is called the last and smallest tubular element in a

typical casing program that isolates the zones above and
54 Toss Up
within the production zone and withstands all of the
anticipated loads throughout the well's life?

When logging operations indicate that the cement job is

defective, either in the form of poor cement bonding or
55 Toss Up communication between zones, a remedial cementing
technique may be performed to establish zonal isolation,
what is the name of this cementing operation?

When a well has reached the end of its productive life,

operators usually abandon the well by performing a
remedial cementing technique in which engineers fill the
56 Toss Up casing interior with cement at various depths, thereby
restoring the natural integrity of the formations that were
disrupted by drilling. How is called this cementing
operation?
 How is called the continuous length of small-diameter steel
pipe and related surface equipment as well as associated
57 Toss Up
drilling, completion and workover, or remediation
techniques, commonly abbreviated as CT?

To deploy tubing downhole, the CT operator spools the

tubing off the reel and leads it through a specific device
58 Toss Up which directs the CT downward to an injector head, where it
is straightened just before it enters the borehole. What is
the name of this device?

What is the name of the assembly beneath the injector

head that provides a dynamic seal around the tubing string,
59 Toss Up
which is essential for running the CT in and out of live
wells?

60 Toss Up What is the most common diameter of coiled tubing?

Coiled tubing has a wide range of applications. What is the

name of the operation that typically involves circulating a
61 Toss Up cleanout fluid, such as water or brine, through a jet nozzle
run on the end of the CT with the circulating fluids carrying
the debris back to the surface through the annulus?

CTD is carried out with a downhole motor and, compared

with conventional drilling applications, uses higher bit
62 Toss Up
speeds and lower weight on bit, representing one of the
new technologies. What does CTD stand for?

ERD has been used by operators to access offshore

63 Toss Up reservoirs from land locations, sometimes eliminating the
need for a platform. What does ERD stand for?

As of 2013, where was drilled the world's longest ERD well

64 Toss Up with 12,345-m, which its target was the offshore Odoptu
field?

How is called a technique that branches multiple extensions

65 Toss Up off a single borehole with the aim of increasing wellbore
contact with hydrocarbon-producing zones?

66 Toss Up Where was drilled the first multilateral well in 1953?

How is called a drilling technique that produces wells with a

67 Toss Up
curve of 44-m radius or smaller?

How is called the depth at which the directional driller

68 Toss Up deflects the well path by increasing well inclination to begin
the build section?
 To build angle, the directional driller uses a BHA with a full
gauge near-bit stabilizer, another stabilizer between 15 to
69 Toss Up 27 m above the first and a third stabilizer about 9 m above
the second, exerting a positive side force at the bit. How is
called this principle?

How is called the bottomhole assembly designed to exert

70 Toss Up no net side force using 3 to 5 stabilizers placed about 9m
apart?

To drop angle, the directional driller uses a BHA with the

71 Toss Up first stabilizer 9 to 27 m behind the bit, exerting a negative
side force at the bit. How is called this principle?

How is called a technique that provides directional

capability while drilling through loose or unconsolidated
72 Toss Up formations by means of using a specific type of roller cone
bits with either a large extended nozzle in place of one of
the cones, or with one large nozzle and two small nozzles?

What is the name of the roller cone bits with either a large
extended nozzle in place of one of the cones, or with one
73 Toss Up large nozzle and two small nozzles with the objective of
deflecting the well path by alternately sliding or rotating the
drillstring?

How is called a technique often used in tophole sections,

where several wellbores in close proximity to one another
can pose magnetic interference issues and increase the
74 Toss Up risk of collision with other wellbores? In this technique, the
well path is deflected from vertical to pass the hazard and
then steered back to the vertical when the hazard has been
passed.

In directional drilling, what is the general term for those

activities that involves deflecting a well path from an
existing wellbore, performed for a variety of reasons such
75 Toss Up
as avoiding a well collapse, a zone of instability or a section
of previously drilled wellbore containing unretreived fish,
and also for multilateral wells?

What is the name of a wedge-shaped steel tool deployed

downhole to mechanically alter the well path, deflecting the
76 Toss Up
bit from the original borehole at a slight angle and in the
direction of the desired azimuth for sidetrack?

How is called a technique that uses formation evaluation

data obtained while drilling, primarily through MWD or LWD
77 Toss Up
sensors to provide real-time input for steering decisions in
horizontal and high-angle wells?
 What is the name of those devices that use the mud
pumped through a rotor and stator asembly to turn the bit
78 Toss Up without rotating the drillstring from the surface? Its
development provided an important advance in directional
drilling technology

What is the name of the heavy, thick-walled joints of pipe,

79 Toss Up which is one of the BHA's parts, that provide stiffness and
weight to prevent buckling?

How is called one of the BHA's parts that increase its

80 Toss Up
rigidity to prevent vibration and maintain trajectory?

How is called those tools employed to keep the borehole in

81 Toss Up gauge or enlarge it beyond the bit diameter and help reduce
torque and drag?

How is called the drillpipe that form a transition between the

82 Toss Up drill collars of the BHA and the standard drillpipe used to
make up the drillstring which drives the bit?

How is called the hexagonal or square shaped pipe

83 Toss Up screwed into the uppermost joint of drillpipe to provide it
from rotation?

How is called this element of the rotary system in which the

84 Toss Up
kelly is inserted and the rig's rotary drive is engaged?

What is the term used to refer to the commencement of

85 Toss Up
drilling?

How are called the fluids pumped downhole to cool and

lubricate the bit, carry away rock cuttings and other
86 Toss Up functions? They consist of a specialized formulation of
water or a nonaqueous continuous phase blended with
powdered barite and other additives to control its rheology

How is called the operation in which the drilling crew pull

the drillstring by unscrewing each stand from the drillstring
87 Toss Up
and line them up vertically in rows, guided by the
derrickman?

How is called the process in which the mud is circulated to

88 Toss Up
bring cuttings and gas up to the surface?

What is the general term for 3 joints of drillpipe that are

89 Toss Up
connected together?

How is called the entire process of tripping out and back

90 Toss Up
into the hole?

The integrity of the cement job and the formation beneath

the casing is evaluated by conducting a test in which the
91 Toss Up well is shut in and drilling fluid is pumped into the wellbore
to gradually increase the pressure against the formation till
it enters the formation. How is called this test?
 What is the name of those nonaqueous drilling fluids in
which the continuous phase may consist of mineral oils,
biodegradable esters, olefins or other variants? Although
92 Toss Up
typically more costly than acqueous drilling fluids, these
systems tend to provide excellent borehole control, thermal
stability, lubricity and penetration rates

What is the general term for rock fragments created by the

93 Toss Up
bit?

How is called the fluid's ability to transport solid pieces up

94 Toss Up the hole to drill more efficiently and minimize the potential
for stuck pipe?

How is called the actual mud density plus the pressure drop
95 Toss Up
in the annulus above a given point in the borehole?

How is called a method that relies on pressure pulses

96 Toss Up
through the drilling fluid to send data to the surface?

In which kind of interventions, technicians lower tools or

97 Toss Up sensors into a live well while pressure is contained at the
surface?

In which kind of interventions, the rig crew may need to

remove the entire completion string from the well to make
98 Toss Up
major changes to the well configuration, which requires
killing the well by stopping production at the formation?

How is called a single strand of thin wire that conveys tools

99 Toss Up and sensors into and out of the well and is reeled on and off
a hydraulically driven drum?

How is called a conveyance system in which a cable acts

0 100 Toss Up as a conduit for electric power and data transfer between
the surface and downhole tools and sensors?

How is called the operation of abandon one zone and open

101 Toss Up and complete another zone that was tested and left behind
pipe when the well was drilled?

Operators are sometimes reluctant to use kill weight mud to

perform heavy interventions because the dense fluid may
permanently damage pressure-depleted formations. One
102 Toss Up option is to perform the heavy intervention with the well
underpressure using a hydraulic jack to push joints of pipe
into a live well against well pressure. What is the typical
name of this operation?

How are called those wells that comprise more than one
wellbore drilled from and connected to a single main bore to
103 Toss Up access numerous production zones or to increase the
contact area between a wellbore and a formation with
minimal increase in drilling and completion costs?
 Operators have used rudimentary multilateral wells since
the 1950s. However, by 1997, they were applying the
strategy in an expanding variety of configurations, inspiring
104 Toss Up
an industry group of operators and service companies to
form a consortium to develop a classification system for
multilateral wells. What is the name of this consortium?

In which TAML level, the main bore, lateral and junction are
105 Toss Up
uncased?

In which TAML level, the main bores have already been

106 Toss Up
cased and cemented but still have openhole laterals?

In which TAML level, the cased and cemented main bore

107 Toss Up includes a lateral that is cased but not cemented at the
junction?
In which TAML level, both the lateral and the main bore are
108 Toss Up cased and cemented at the junction without providing
hydraulic isolation?
In which TAML level, both the lateral and the main bore are
109 Toss Up cased and cemented at the junction providing hydraulic
isolation?

Which TAML level differs from a TAML level 5 in that

pressure integrity is provided by the main wellbore casing
110 Toss Up
and a cemented or uncemented liner in the lateral? As
today, this category exists as a result of early experiments

How is called the production in which formation fluids from

111 Toss Up separate zones are mixed downhole and allowed to flow as
a single stream to the surface?

How is called the act of blasting holes through steel casing,

112 Toss Up
cement and formation rock?

In perforating, what technique was originally used to

113 Toss Up mechanically punch through the pipe and cement but their
penetration and effectiveness were limited?

What technology, based on military antitank weaponry, was

114 Toss Up introduced to the oil field in 1948, innovating well
completions?
It has an outer shell that houses a primer igniter and
115 Toss Up explosive material, which are held in place by a conical
liner.

What part of a shaped charge acts as a link between the

116 Toss Up
detonator cord and the explosives in the shaped charge?

What part of a shaped charge does more than hold the

explosives in place; its conical shape creates a high-
117 Toss Up
pressure jet of energy, which penetrates the casing, cement
and formation?
 What is the name given to most of the explosives used for
118 Toss Up perforating, meaning another source must initiate their
detonation?

In perforating, how is called the electrically or mechanically

initiated detonator which is connected to the detonator cord,
119 Toss Up creating the shockwave that sets off the shaped charges in
the perforating gun, all of which culminates in the creation
of perforation tunnels?

What type of gun systems is large enough to facilitate

120 Toss Up bigger charges, more phasing options and higher shot
density?

How is called the angle between individual charges

121 Toss Up
expressed in degrees?

In perforating, how is called the number of holes per unit of

122 Toss Up
lenght?

What type of gun systems consist of either expendable or

123 Toss Up
retreivable gun systems in wells that contain tubing?

What type of gun systems leave debris in the wellbore after

124 Toss Up
detonation?

What type of gun systems have a mounting strip that can

125 Toss Up
be recovered after detonation?

Perforating guns are conveyed in the well using a variety of

126 Toss Up methods. In which method, guns are attached to tubing and
run in the well using a drilling or workover rig?

What is the term used to refer to those pieces of hardware

127 Toss Up attached to the production tubing such as packers, sliding
sleeves and safety valves?
How is called the conduit between the producing formation
128 Toss Up and the surface being the infrastructure upon which almost
all completions are built?

What is the name of those devices that isolate producing

129 Toss Up
zones within the casing-tubing annulus?

130 Toss Up what are the two basic types of artificial lift systems?

this artificial lif system consists of a series of centrifugal

pumps stages contained within a protective housing. A
submersible electric motor, which drives the pump, is
131 Toss Up
deployed at the bottom of the production tubing and is
connected to surface controls and electric power by an
armored cable strapped to the outside of the tubing.
 the modern designs of this ALS are able handle fluids with
high gas/oil ratios, and can be made using materials and
132 Toss Up configurations able to withstand corrosive fluids and
abrasives and can operate in extreme temperatures. What
is this artifial lift system?

how is called the valve that is at the end of the rod string in
133 Toss Up
a beam pump system?
what are the names of the two valves used in a beam pump
134 Toss Up
lift system?

this artificial lift system consists of ha rotor placed inside a

stator. The rotor is a screw that has deep round threads
135 Toss Up
and extremely long pitch. The stator has a longer pitch and
one more thread than the rotor.

it is the simplest form of artificial lift that consist of a piston

136 Toss Up that has only small clearance through th production tubing
and is allowed to fall to the bottom of the well.

this artificial lift is used primarily in high GOR well to lift

137 Toss Up
liquids out of the well to allow th gas to be recovered.

what is the name of the fluid used in hydraulic pumping,

138 Toss Up that is pumped from the surface through tubing to a
subsuface pump?

this artificial lift system consists of valves installed at

various depths along the tubing string, which open in
139 Toss Up response to pressure exerted on them by the rising fluid
column. When the valve opens, injected gas mixes with and
lightens the fluid column.

which property of the reservoir fluids is mainly affected

140 Toss Up
inside the tubing when using a gas lift system?

what are the two factors that determine the technical

141 Toss Up
applicability and economic viability of gas lift installations?

they are the means by which operators adjust the rate of

142 Toss Up
gas injection into the liquid column in the production tubing

in a gas lift system, this valve allows flow in only one

143 Toss Up direction, from the casing annulus into the production
tubing.

what is the name of the process that places at various

depths between the bottommost valve and the surface that
144 Toss Up
reduce the density of the fluid taht has risen above the
primary point of gas injection at the deepest set valve?

this kind of valves are design to open tipically in reation to a

specified gas pressure in the casing annulus. They remain
145 Toss Up
closed unless the well experiences an increase in fluid in
the tubing.
 valves may be also placed in this device, which provide
146 Toss Up communication between the annulus and the production
tubing and a locking mechanism to hold the valve in place.

it is defined, generally, as the minimun gas velocity in the

147 Toss Up
production tubing required to move fluid droplets upward.

what is the recommended gas lift system for well with high
148 Toss Up
bottomhole pressures, high PI, and high GOR's?

this systems are usually deployed in depleted wells that

149 Toss Up were first using continuous flow systems and on wells that
have begun to produce water

these systems are also referred to as natural or in situ gas

150 Toss Up ift , and thay have specific requirements and thus are used
less commonly than traditional systems

601 Toss Up Intentionally deviate a vertical well.

To stop a well from flowing or having the ability to flow into

the wellbore. Kill procedures typically involve circulating
602 Toss Up
reservoir fluids out of the wellbore or pumping higher
density mud into the wellbore, or both

A high-pressure pipe leading from an outlet on the BOP

603 Toss Up
stack to the high-pressure rig pumps.

Any gas deliberately introduced into the mud system to help

a mudlogger or wellsite geologist track the amount of time
604 Toss Up or the number of mud pump strokes it takes to circulate
mud from the kelly downhole through the drillstring to the
bit, and back uphole to the gas trap at the shale shaker.

Solid material intentionally introduced into a mud system to

605 Toss Up reduce and eventually prevent the flow of drilling fluid into a
weak, fractured or vugular formation.

A test to determine the strength or fracture pressure of the

open formation, usually conducted immediately after drilling
606 Toss Up below a new casing shoe. During the test, the well is shut in
and fluid is pumped into the wellbore to gradually increase
the pressure that the formation experiences
 The magnitude of pressure exerted on a formation that
causes fluid to be forced into the formation. The fluid may
be flowing into the pore spaces of the rock or into cracks
607 Toss Up opened and propagated into the formation by the fluid
pressure. This term is normally associated with a test to
determine the strength of the rock, commonly called a
pressure integrity test (PIT) or a leakoff test (LOT).

A casing string that does not extend to the top of the

608 Toss Up wellbore, but instead is anchored or suspended from inside
the bottom of the previous casing string.

To continuously measure formation properties with

electrically powered instruments to infer properties and
609 Toss Up make decisions about drilling and production operations.
The record of the measurements, typically a long strip of
paper, is also called a log.

The measurement of formation properties during the

610 Toss Up excavation of the hole, or shortly thereafter, through the use
of tools integrated into the bottomhole assembly.

The reduced or total absence of fluid flow up the annulus

when fluid is pumped through the drillstring. Though the
definitions of different operators vary, this reduction of flow
611 Toss Up may generally be classified as seepage (less than 20 bbl/hr
[3 m3/hr]), partial lost returns (greater than 20 bbl/hr [3
m3/hr] but still some returns), and total lost returns (where
no fluid comes out of the annulus

A long, high-pressure pipe fitted to the top of a wellhead or

Christmas tree so that tools may be put into a high-pressure
well. The top of the lubricator assembly includes a high-
612 Toss Up pressure grease-injection section and sealing elements.
The lubricator is installed on top of the tree and tested, the
tools placed in the lubricator and the lubricator pressurized
to wellbore pressure.

Toolface angle used for near-vertical wells. Magnetic

toolface is the angle, or azimuth, of the borehole survey
613 Toss Up instrument within the wellbore measured clockwise relative
to magnetic north and in the plane perpendicular to the
wellbore axis;

To add a length of drillpipe to the drillstring to continue

614 Toss Up
drilling.

615 Toss Up To deepen a wellbore with the drill bit. To drill ahead
 To tighten threaded connections.
616 Toss Up

A clutched, rotating spool that enables the driller to use the

617 Toss Up drawworks motor to apply tension to a chain connected to
the makeup tongs.

Large-capacity, self-locking wrenches used to grip drillstring

618 Toss Up
components and apply torque

An adaptive drilling method used to precisely control the

annular pressure throughout a wellbore. The annular
pressure is kept slightly above the pore pressure to prevent
the influx of formation fluids into the wellbore, but it is
maintained well below the fracture initiation pressure. The
619 Toss Up
MPD process may utilize a variety of techniques including
control of back pressure, adjusting mud density, modifying
fluid rheology, adjusting the annular fluid level, controlling
circulating friction and incorporating hole geometry in the
well construction.

A large-diameter pipe that connects the subsea BOP stack

620 Toss Up
to a floating surface rig to take mud returns to the surface.

The structure used to support the crown block and the

621 Toss Up
drillstring

The length of the wellbore, as if determined by a measuring

622 Toss Up stick. This measurement differs from the true vertical depth
of the well in all but vertical wells.

The evaluation of physical properties, usually including

623 Toss Up pressure, temperature and wellbore trajectory in three-
dimensional space, while extending a wellbore

A measure of drilling efficiency. Mechanical specific energy

624 Toss Up (MSE) is the energy required to remove a unit volume of
rock.

The limiting or prevention of motion of the drillstring by

anything other than differential pressure sticking.
625 Toss Up Mechanical sticking can be caused by junk in the hole,
wellbore geometry anomalies, cement, keyseats or a
buildup of cuttings in the annulus.

A tool that grinds metal downhole. A mill is usually used to

626 Toss Up remove junk in the hole or to grind away all or part of a
casing string.

To use a mill or similar downhole tool to cut and remove

627 Toss Up
metal downhole.

The use of a mill or similar downhole tool to cut and remove

628 Toss Up
material from equipment or tools located in the wellbore.
 A variation of air drilling in which a small amount of water
trickles into the wellbore from exposed formations and is
629 Toss Up
carried out of the wellbore by the compressed air used for
air drilling.

A generic term for several classes of self-contained

630 Toss Up floatable or floating drilling machines such as jackups,
semisubmersibles, and submersibles.

The small platform that the derrickman stands on when

631 Toss Up
tripping pipe.

The opening in the hull of a drillship or other offshore drilling

632 Toss Up
vessel through which drilling equipment passes.

633 Toss Up The work shift of a drilling crew that starts in the morning.

The member of the rig crew responsible for maintenance of

634 Toss Up
the engines.

An opening in the rig floor near the rotary table, but

between the rotary table and the vee-door, that enables
635 Toss Up rapid connections while drilling. The mousehole is usually
fitted underneath with a length of casing, usually with a
bottom

A positive displacement drilling motor that uses hydraulic

636 Toss Up
horsepower of the drilling fluid to drive the drill bit.

A method of transmitting LWD and MWD data acquired

637 Toss Up downhole to the surface, using pressure pulses in the mud
system.
Pertaining to a well that has more than one branch radiating
638 Toss Up from the main borehole. The term is also used to refer to
the multilateral well itself.

Cement that has no additives to modify its setting time or

639 Toss Up
rheological properties.

Any short piece of pipe, especially if threaded at both ends

640 Toss Up
with male threads.

To take apart, disassemble and otherwise prepare to move

641 Toss Up
the rig or blowout preventers.

To put together, connect parts and plumbing, or otherwise

642 Toss Up make ready for use. This term is usually reserved for the
installation of a blowout preventer stack.

Outside or outer diameter. Casing and tubing are commonly

643 Toss Up described in terms of inside diameter (ID) and outside
diameter.

An existing wellbore close to a proposed well that provides

644 Toss Up
information for planning the proposed well.
645 Toss Up The uncased portion of a well

The company that serves as the overall manager and

646 Toss Up
decision-maker of a drilling project.

The amount of pressure (or force per unit area) in the

647 Toss Up wellbore that exceeds the pressure of fluids in the
formation.

Slang for penetration rate, or the speed that the bit is drilling
648 Toss Up
into the formation.

To prepare a well to be closed permanently, usually after

either logs determine there is insufficient hydrocarbon
649 Toss Up
potential to complete the well, or after production operations
have drained the reservoir.

(1) To plug the wellbore around a drillstring. This can

happen for a variety of reasons, the most common being
that either the drilling fluid is not properly transporting
cuttings and cavings out of the annulus or portions of the
650 Toss Up
wellbore wall collapse around the drillstring. (2) A flexible,
usually elastomeric sealing element and housing used to
seal an irregular surface such as a wireline.

A device that can be run into a wellbore with a smaller initial

outside diameter that then expands externally to seal the
651 Toss Up wellbore. Packers employ flexible, elastomeric elements
that expand. The two most common forms are the
production or test packer and the inflatable packer.

(1) A temporary drilling site, usually constructed of local

materials such as gravel, shell or even wood. (2) A fluid
652 Toss Up
used to initiate hydraulic fracturing that does not contain
proppant.

Any relatively small quantity (less than 200 bbl) of a special

653 Toss Up blend of drilling fluid to accomplish a specific task that the
regular drilling fluid cannot perform.

A male threadform, especially in tubular goods and

654 Toss Up
drillstring components.

(1) Onshore, two elevated truss-like structures having

triangular cross sections. The pipe rack supports drillpipe,
655 Toss Up drill collars or casing above the ground. (2) Offshore, the
storage bins for drillpipe, drill collars and casing. The
offshore pipe rack functions similarly to the onshore version.
 A type of sealing element in high-pressure split seal
blowout preventers that is manufactured with a half-circle
656 Toss Up
hole on the edge (to mate with another horizontally
opposed pipe ram) sized to fit around drillpipe.

The act of pulling the drillstring out of the hole or replacing it

in the hole. A pipe trip is usually done because the bit has
657 Toss Up
dulled or has otherwise ceased to drill efficiently and must
be replaced.

Abbreviation for pull out of the hole. To remove the

658 Toss Up
drillstring from the wellbore.

The pressure of fluids within the pores of a reservoir,

659 Toss Up usually hydrostatic pressure, or the pressure exerted by a
column of water from the formation's depth to sea level.

A downhole motor used in the oil field to drive the drill bit or
660 Toss Up other downhole tools during directional drilling or
performance drilling applications.

A type of fluid pump in which the displacement volume of

661 Toss Up
the pump is fixed for each rotation of the pump.

The evaluation of various well parameters in an attempt to

identify when the pore pressure in a drilling well is
changing. The purpose of a pressure hunt is to detect the
662 Toss Up
pore pressure transition (usually from lower to higher
pressure) and safely set casing in the transition zone to
maximize wellbore strength.

The source of power for the rig location. On modern rigs,

663 Toss Up the prime mover consists of one to four or more diesel
engines.

The location supervisor for the drilling contractor. His job is

largely administrative, including ensuring that the rig has
664 Toss Up
sufficient materials, spare parts and skilled personnel to
continue efficient operations

To place a stand of drillpipe in the derrick when coming out

665 Toss Up
of the hole on a trip.

A device that can be used to quickly seal the top of the well
in the event of a well control event (kick). A ram blowout
666 Toss Up
preventer (BOP) consists of two halves of a cover for the
well that are split down the middle
 A storage place for the kelly, consisting of an opening in the
rig floor fitted with a piece of casing with an internal
diameter larger than the outside diameter of the kelly, but
less than that of the upper kelly valve so that the kelly may
667 Toss Up
be lowered into the rathole until the upper kelly valve rests
on the top of the piece of casing. (2) Extra hole drilled at the
end of the well (beyond the last zone of interest) to ensure
that the zone of interest can be fully evaluated.

A pressure-control device used during drilling for the

668 Toss Up purpose of making a seal around the drillstring while the
drillstring rotates.

To enlarge a wellbore. Reaming may be necessary for

several reasons. Perhaps the most common reason for
669 Toss Up
reaming a section of a hole is that the hole was not drilled
as large as it should have been at the outset.

To alternately raise and lower the drillstring, casing string or

670 Toss Up
liner in the wellbore.

Residual gas that remains entrained in the drilling fluid

671 Toss Up
despite being circulated to surface.

In onshore operations, an earthen-bermed storage area for

672 Toss Up
discarded drilling fluid

The intentional pumping of wellbore fluids down the annulus

673 Toss Up
and back up through the drillpipe

To take apart equipment for storage and portability.

Equipment typically must be disconnected from power
674 Toss Up sources, decoupled from pressurized systems,
disassembled and moved off the rig floor or even off
location.

To make ready for use. Equipment must typically be moved

675 Toss Up onto the rig floor, assembled and connected to power
sources or pressurized piping systems.

To connect pipe together and lower the connected length

676 Toss Up
into the borehole in a controlled fashion.

A tool designed to crush rock efficiently while incurring a

minimal amount of wear on the cutting surfaces. Invented
677 Toss Up
by Howard Hughes, the roller-cone bit has conical cutters or
cones that have spiked teeth around them

A method of making hole that relies on continuous circular

motion of the bit to break rock at the bottom of the hole.
678 Toss Up This method, made popular after the discovery of the East
Texas Field by "Dad" Joiner in 1930, is much more efficient
than the alternative, cable tool drilling.
 A tool designed to drill directionally with continuous rotation
679 Toss Up from the surface, eliminating the need to slide a steerable
motor.
The revolving or spinning section of the drillfloor that
provides power to turn the drillstring in a clockwise direction
680 Toss Up (as viewed from above). The rotary motion and power are
transmitted through the kelly bushing and the kelly to the
drillstring.

A floor hand, or member of the drilling crew who works

under the direction of the driller to make or break
connections as drillpipe is tripped in or out of the hole. On
most drilling rigs, roughnecks are also responsible for
681 Toss Up
maintaining and repairing much of the equipment found on
the drill floor and derrick. The roughneck typically ranks
above a roustabout and beneath a derrickman, and reports
to the driller.

The complete operation of removing the drillstring from the

682 Toss Up
wellbore and running it back in the hole.

Any unskilled manual laborer on the rigsite. A roustabout

683 Toss Up may be part of the drilling contractor's employee workforce,
or may be on location temporarily for special operations

A weak spot in the drillstring. Such a weak spot sometimes

684 Toss Up is intentionally put into the drillstring so that if tension in the
drillstring exceeds a predetermined amount, the safety joint
will part and the rest of the drillstring will be salvageable.

A short length of drill collar that has male threads on one

685 Toss Up end and female on the other. It is screwed onto the bottom
of the kelly or topdrive and onto the rest of the drillstring.

A device for cleaning mud and mud filter cake off of the
wellbore wall when cementing casing in the hole to ensure
good contact and bonding between the cement and the
686 Toss Up wellbore wall. The scratcher is a simple device, consisting
of a band of steel that fits around a joint of casing, and stiff
wire fingers or cable loops sticking out in all directions
around the band (360-degree coverage).

A particular type of floating vessel that is supported

primarily on large pontoon-like structures submerged below
687 Toss Up the sea surface. They are usually anchored with six to
twelve anchors tethered by strong chains and wire cables,
which are computer controlled to maintain stationkeeping.
 A drilling mud filled open steel or earthen berm tank that is
not stirred or circulated. By having mud slowly pass through
688 Toss Up
such a container, most large drilling solids sink to the
bottom, cleaning the mud somewhat.

The primary and probably most important device on the rig

689 Toss Up
for removing drilled solids from the mud.

A blowout preventer (BOP) closing element fitted with

hardened tool steel blades designed to cut the drillpipe or
tubing when the BOP is closed, and then fully close to
690 Toss Up
provide isolation or sealing of the wellbore. A shear ram is
normally used as a last resort to regain pressure control of
a well that is flowing.

A pulley. In oilfield usage, the term usually refers to either

the pulleys permanently mounted on the top of the rig (the
691 Toss Up
crown blocks), or the pulleys used for running wireline tools
into the wellbore.

(1) The bottom of the casing string, including the cement

around it, or the equipment run at the bottom of the casing
692 Toss Up string. (2) A short assembly, typically manufactured from a
heavy steel collar and profiled cement interior, that is
screwed to the bottom of a casing string.

A full-sized length of casing placed at the bottom of the

casing string that is usually left full of cement on the inside
693 Toss Up
to ensure that good cement remains on the outside of the
bottom of the casing.

An abbreviated recovery of pipe out of, and then the

replacement of same back into the wellbore. A short trip
694 Toss Up often is used to gauge whether a hole is clean or whether
the mud weight is sufficient to permit a full trip out of the
hole.

A surface observation of hydrocarbons, usually observed as

florescent liquid on cuttings when viewed with an ultraviolet
695 Toss Up
or black light (oil show) or increased gas readings from the
mud logger's gas-detection equipment (gas show).

The force per unit area exerted at the bottom of a wellbore

when it is closed at either the Christmas tree or the BOP
696 Toss Up stack. The SIBP is generated by a combination of the
hydrostatic pressure from the weight of the liquid in the well
and any additional applied pressure.

The surface force per unit area exerted at the top of a

697 Toss Up wellbore when it is closed at either the Christmas tree or the
BOP stack
 To drill a secondary wellbore away from an original
wellbore. A sidetracking operation may be done
intentionally or may occur accidentally. Intentional
sidetracks might bypass an unusable section of the original
698 Toss Up wellbore or explore a geologic feature nearby. In the bypass
case, the secondary wellbore is usually drilled substantially
parallel to the original well, which may be inaccessible due
to an irretrievable fish, junk in the hole, or a collapsed
wellbore.

(1) A conveyance, such as a sled with runners or pontoons,

used to transport geophysical gear to a location. Skids are
commonly deployed in acquisition of seismic data in
699 Toss Up
marshes or other areas of soft, soggy terrain. (2) A steel
frame on which portable equipment is mounted to facilitate
handling with cranes or flatbed trucks.

A specially designed drilling rig capable of drilling directional

700 Toss Up
wells.

(1) To drill with a mud motor rotating the bit downhole

without rotating the drillstring from the surface. This
operation is conducted when the bottomhole assembly has
been fitted with a bent sub or a bent housing mud motor, or
701 Toss Up both, for directional drilling. Sliding is the predominant
method to build and control or correct hole angle in modern
directional drilling operations. (2) The escape device for
workers on the rig floor should an emergency require
prompt evacuation

An inexact term describing a borehole (and associated

702 Toss Up casing program) significantly smaller than a standard
approach, commonly a wellbore less than 6 in. in diameter.

To replace the drilling line wrapped around the crown block

703 Toss Up
and traveling block.

A telescoping joint at the surface in floating offshore

704 Toss Up operations that permits vessel heave (vertical motion) while
maintaining a riser pipe to the seafloor.

A device used to grip the drillstring in a relatively

nondamaging manner and suspend it in the rotary table.
705 Toss Up
This device consists of three or more steel wedges that are
hinged together, forming a near circle around the drillpipe.
 The act of putting drillpipe into the wellbore when the
blowout preventers (BOPs) are closed and pressure is
contained in the well. Snubbing is necessary when a kick is
taken, since well kill operations should always be
conducted with the drillstring on bottom, and not
706 Toss Up
somewhere up the wellbore. If only the annular BOP has
been closed, the drillpipe may be slowly and carefully
lowered into the wellbore, and the BOP itself will open
slightly to permit the larger diameter tool joints to pass
through.

Oilfield slang term for rope not made of steel, such as

707 Toss Up
nylon, cotton, or especially standard manila hemp rope.

Any liquid used to physically separate one special-purpose

liquid from another. Special-purpose liquids are typically
708 Toss Up prone to contamination, so a spacer fluid compatible with
each is used between the two. The most common spacer is
simply water.

A length of ordinary steel link chain used by the drilling crew

709 Toss Up
to cause pipe being screwed together to turn rapidly.

(1) To start the well drilling process by removing rock, dirt

710 Toss Up and other sedimentary material with the drill bit. (2) will drill
faster.
To place the male threads of a piece of the drillstring, such
711 Toss Up as a joint of drillpipe, into the mating female threads, prior to
making up tight.

Two or three single joints of drillpipe or drill collars that

712 Toss Up
remain screwed together during tripping operations.

A rigid metal conduit that provides the high-pressure

pathway for drilling mud to travel approximately one-third of
713 Toss Up
the way up the derrick, where it connects to a flexible high-
pressure hose (kelly hose).

A mud motor incorporating a bent housing that may be

stabilized like a rotary bottomhole assembly. A steerable
714 Toss Up motor can be used to steer the wellbore without drillstring
rotation in directional drilling operations, or to drill ahead in
a rotary drilling mode.

It is a method of directing the wellbore trajectory of

horizontal wells using 3D visualization. It is the process of
715 Toss Up combining structural analysis and modeling capabilities with
borehole images to optimize well placement, often in real-
time.

The portion of the drillstring that cannot be rotated or

716 Toss Up
moved vertically.
 Referring to the varying degrees of inability to move or
remove the drillstring from the wellbore. At one extreme, it
might be possible to rotate the pipe or lower it back into the
717 Toss Up
wellbore, or it might refer to an inability to move the
drillstring vertically in the well, though rotation might be
possible.

Any small component of the drillstring, such as a short drill

718 Toss Up
collar or a thread crossover.

A particular type of floating vessel, usually used as a mobile

offshore drilling unit (MODU), that is supported primarily on
719 Toss Up
large pontoon-like structures submerged below the
seasurface.

A mud tank, usually made of steel, connected to the intake

of the main rig pumping system. Since it is the last tank in
the surface mud system, the suction pit should contain the
720 Toss Up
cleanest and best-conditioned mud on location. It is also the
most representative of mud characteristics in the hole,
except for temperature.

In offshore operations, any barge, boat or ship that brings

721 Toss Up
materials and personnel to and from the rigsite.

A large-diameter, relatively low-pressure pipe string set in

shallow yet competent formations for several reasons. First,
the surface casing protects fresh-water aquifers onshore.
Second, the surface casing provides minimal pressure
integrity, and thus enables a diverter or perhaps even a
722 Toss Up
blowout preventer (BOP) to be attached to the top of the
surface casing string after it is successfully cemented in
place. Third, the surface casing provides structural strength
so that the remaining casing strings may be suspended at
the top and inside of the surface casing.

A data set measured and recorded with reference to a

723 Toss Up particular area of the Earth's surface, such as a seismic
survey.

To reduce pressure in a wellbore by moving pipe, wireline

tools or rubber-cupped seals up the wellbore. Swabbing is
724 Toss Up
generally considered harmful in drilling operations, because
it can lead to kicks and wellbore stability problems.

An isolation device that relies on elastomers to expand and

form an annular seal when immersed in certain wellbore
725 Toss Up
fluids. The elastomers used in these packers are either oil-
or water-sensitive.

A mechanical device that suspends the weight of the

drillstring. It is designed to allow rotation of the drillstring
726 Toss Up
beneath it conveying high volumes of high-pressure drilling
mud between the rig's circulation system and the drillstring.
 A string of drillpipe or casing that consists of two or more
sizes or weights. In most tapered strings, a larger diameter
pipe or casing is placed at the top of the wellbore and the
727 Toss Up
smaller size at the bottom. The sizes are set to minimize
flowing friction and keep the velocity above the critical level
to lift fluid.

The depth of the bottom of the well. Usually, it is the depth

728 Toss Up
where drilling has stopped.

On an offshore jackup drilling rig, the deck below the rotary

table and rig floor where workers can access the BOP
stack. This platform surrounds the base of the BOP stack
and is suspended from the cantilever (where the rig floor is
729 Toss Up
located) by adjustable cables. It is accessed from the main
deck of the jackup barge by a semipermanent stairwell. The
Texas deck is used primarily for installing the wellhead and
nippling the BOP stack up and down.

Gas entrained in the drilling fluid during a pipe trip, which

730 Toss Up typically results in a significant increase in gas that is
circulated to surface.

A formation encountered during drilling into which

731 Toss Up
circulating fluids can be lost.

A cheap, expendable, perhaps even disposable threaded

shape to mate with threads on drillstring and casing
732 Toss Up
components. Thread protectors prevent harmful impacts
and other contact to the metal thread surfaces.

A particular style or type of threaded connection, especially

733 Toss Up
as used for rotary shouldered connections.

(1) A section of a wellbore, usually openhole, where larger

diameter components of the drillstring, such as drillpipe tool
joints, drill collars, stabilizers, and the bit, may experience
resistance when the driller attempts to pull them through
734 Toss Up
these sections.
(2) A well that the operator
requires be kept as secret as possible, especially the
geologic information.

Large-capacity, self-locking wrenches used to grip drillstring

735 Toss Up
components and apply torque.
 The enlarged and threaded ends of joints of drillpipe. These
components are fabricated separately from the pipe body
and welded onto the pipe at a manufacturing facility. The
736 Toss Up tool joints provide high-strength, high-pressure threaded
connections that are sufficiently robust to survive the rigors
of drilling and numerous cycles of tightening and loosening
at threads.

The angle measured in a plane perpendicular to the

737 Toss Up drillstring axis that is between a reference direction on the
drillstring and a fixed reference

The location supervisor for the drilling contractor. His job is

largely administrative, including ensuring that the rig has
738 Toss Up
sufficient materials, spare parts and skilled personnel to
continue efficient operations

A device that turns the drillstring. It consists of one or more

motors (electric or hydraulic) connected with appropriate
gearing to a short section of pipe called a quill, that in turn
739 Toss Up
may be screwed into a saver sub or the drillstring itself. The
topdrive is suspended from the hook, so the rotary
mechanism is free to travel up and down the derrick.

A measure of the geometric complexity of a porous

medium. Tortuosity is a ratio that characterizes the
740 Toss Up
convoluted pathways of fluid diffusion and electrical
conduction through porous media.

A work shift of a drilling crew. Drilling operations usually

741 Toss Up
occur around the clock because of the cost to rent a rig.

742 Toss Up The set of sheaves that move up and down in the derrick.

The act of pulling the drillstring out of the hole or replacing it

743 Toss Up
in the hole.

744 Toss Up To remove the drillstring from the wellbore.

The vertical distance from a point in the well (usually the

745 Toss Up current or final depth) to a point at the surface, usually the
elevation of the rotary kelly bushing (RKB).

A generic term pertaining to any type of oilfield pipe, such

746 Toss Up as drill pipe, drill collars, pup joints, casing, production
tubing and pipeline.
A type of financing arrangement for the drilling of a wellbore
747 Toss Up that places considerable risk and potential reward on the
drilling contractor.
 To part or break the drillstring downhole due to either
748 Toss Up
fatigue or excessive torque

The amount of pressure (or force per unit area) exerted on

749 Toss Up a formation exposed in a wellbore below the internal fluid
pressure of that formation.

The uncontrolled flow of reservoir fluids from one reservoir

into the wellbore, along the wellbore, and into another
reservoir. This crossflow from one zone to another can
750 Toss Up
occur when a high-pressure zone is encountered, the well
flows, and the drilling crew reacts properly and closes the
blowout preventers (BOPs).

The place where mud additives are kept at the rig, also
1201 Toss Up
known as the sack room.

The mud flowing into the well. The mud-in sample is taken
1202 Toss Up from the suction pit (the last pit in the flow series) just
before the mud goes into the pump and down the wellbore

A mud sample taken from the suction pit (the last pit in the
flow series) just before the mud goes into the pump and
1203 Toss Up
down the wellbore. The in sample is also called the suction-
pit sample, or "mud in" on a drilling fluid repor

The mud returning through the flowline. This mud has

experienced the downhole pressures, temperatures and
1204 Toss Up contamination that cause degradation. It is evaluated for
needed treatments and compared, on a lagged time basis,
with the corresponding "in" or mud-in sample.

A mud sample taken after it has passed from the flowline

and through the shale shaker screens to remove large
1205 Toss Up
cuttings. The out sample is also called the shale shaker
sample.
An oven into which mud-testing cells are placed. Ovens
usually have a set of horizontal rollers inside and are also
1206 Toss Up
called roller ovens. Mud-aging cells are placed on the
rollers.
A large tank that holds drilling fluid on the rig or at a mud-
mixing plant. For land rigs, most mud pits are rectangular
1207 Toss Up
steel construction, with partitions that hold about 200
barrels each.

A formal plan developed for a specific well with predictions

and requirements at various intervals of the wellbore depth.
1208 Toss Up The mud program gives details on mud type, composition,
density, rheology, filtration and other property requirements
and general and specific maintenance needs

The report sheets filled out by the mud engineer at the

1209 Toss Up
wellsite on a daily basis
 A mud distillation unit used to measure the water, oil and
solids content of a mud. It consists of a cylindrical body
1210 Toss Up
fitted with a mud sample holder, a heater element (or an
oven) and an aluminum condenser.

Another term for mud balance, a device to measure density

1211 Toss Up
(weight) of mud, cement or other liquid or slurr

A mud distillation unit used to measure the water, oil and

solids content of a mud. It consists of a cylindrical body
1212 Toss Up
fitted with a mud sample holder, a heater element (or an
oven) and an aluminum condenser

A type of nonreactive, easily differentiated material placed

in a small portion of a circulating mud system at a certain
1213 Toss Up time to be identified when it later returns to the surface from
downhole. Mud tracers are used to determine mud cycle
time (circulation time)

To add commercial materials to convert water or a water-

1214 Toss Up
clay slurry into a mud.

The mass per unit volume of a drilling fluid, synonymous

1215 Toss Up
with mud density

The residue deposited on a permeable medium when a

1216 Toss Up slurry, such as a drilling fluid, is forced against the medium
under a pressure.
The action of coating rock grains and plugging off the
permeability of a productive reservoir during drilling. The
1217 Toss Up
term is seldom used today, but refers to formation damage
by mud solid
The act of adding commercial materials to convert water or
a water-clay slurry into a mud. Mudding up is usually done
1218 Toss Up after drilling a well to a certain depth with relatively
inexpensive spud mud or other native-clay mud, or with
water or air.
The common name for the small shrimp species Mysidopsis
1219 Toss Up bahia, which is used as the test organism in a US EPA
bioassay test protocol.

A type of organic compound of carbon and hydrogen that

contains one or more saturated cyclic (ring) structures, or
contains such structures as a major portion of the molecule.
The general formula is CnH2n. Naphthenic compounds are
1220 Toss Up
sometimes called naphthenes, cycloparaffins or
hydrogenated benzenes. Naphtha is a refined petroleum
fraction that contains a high percentage of these types of
hydrocarbons
 Clays incorporated into a so-called native-solids mud when
1221 Toss Up drilling shallow formations. Native clays are undesirable in
muds that are (or will be) weighted with barite.

A mud in which the suspended solids are dispersed clays,

sand, chert and other rock that originated from formations
1222 Toss Up
being drilled. A spud mud is commonly a type of native-
solids mud.

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base to form a

salt and water. Neutralization is used in the manufacture of
1223 Toss Up mud products, removal of acidic contaminants from muds
and formation of emulsifiers in oil mud. Neutralization is
used in the test for alkalinity of mud and mud filtrate.

To form a salt and water by chemical reaction between an

acid and a base. Neutralization is used in the manufacture
1224 Toss Up of mud products, removal of acidic contaminants from
muds, formation of emulsifiers in oil mud and in the test for
alkalinity of mud and mud filtrate.

A fluid that has a constant viscosity at all shear rates at a

1225 Toss Up constant temperature and pressure, and can be described
by a one-parameter rheological model

A mud that does not conduct electricity sufficiently well to

allow spontaneous potential (SP) logging or resistivity
1226 Toss Up
logging. Oil- and synthetic-base muds are nonconductive
drilling fluids. Water muds are not in this category.

A fluid whose viscosity is not constant at all shear rates and

1227 Toss Up does not behave like a Newtonian fluid. Most successful
drilling fluids are non-Newtonian.

A unit of concentration for solutions of reagent chemicals

1228 Toss Up
used in testing mud chemistry.

Abbreviation for "National Pollutant Discharge Elimination

System." The US Congress passed this Clean Water Act to
1229 Toss Up
control discharges of contaminants. Discharges are allowed
in to US water only by NPDES permits

Abbreviation for the now-defunct "Oil Company Materials

Association," an organization that for years set standards
based primarily on what oil companies operating in the
1230 Toss Up
Middle East wanted in mud materials. Suppliers had little
voice in OCMA. OCMA's specifications for bentonite clay
were modified and taken over by API/ISO.

One of the layers that constitute the atomic structure of the

1231 1231 Toss Up clay group of layered silicate minerals. The structure of
these minerals can consist of two, three or four layers.
 An eight-carbon alcohol. Iso-octanol is used as a defoamer
1232 Toss Up
for water muds

Also known as octanol, an eight-carbon alcohol. Iso-octanol

1233 Toss Up
is used as a defoamer for water muds.

An invert-emulsion mud, or an emulsion whose continuous

1234 Toss Up phase is oil. In the past, the term referred to an oil mud
containing less than about 5 vol.% water.

The volume percent of oil in a mud. The term should not be

1235 Toss Up
used to refer to the amount of synthetic fluid.

A water-base drilling fluid that contains dispersed oil or

synthetic hydrocarbon as an internal phase. Early emulsion
1236 Toss Up
muds used diesel or crude oil dispersed into alkaline water-
base muds.

A dispersion of oil droplets into an aqueous medium. This

describes an emulsion mud, as contrasted with an invert-
1237 Toss Up emulsion mud. The term should not be used to refer to
synthetic-in-water emulsion because a synthetic fluid is not
a true oil.

A mud in which the external phase is a product obtained

1238 Toss Up
from an oil, such as diesel oil or mineral oil.

The oil content of cuttings, normally expressed as grams of

oil adsorbed per kilogram of dry cuttings. The value has
1239 Toss Up
been used as the basis for discharge regulations for oil-
base muds in several operating areas.

The surface of contact between a water layer and an oil

1240 Toss Up
layer.

A chemical used in preparation and maintenance of an oil-

or synthetic-base drilling fluid that forms a water-in-oil
1241 Toss Up emulsion (invert emulsion). An oil-mud emulsifier lowers the
interfacial tension between oil and water, which allows
stable emulsions with small drops to be formed

The group of hydrocarbon compounds that has one or more

1242 Toss Up double or triple bonds between carbon atoms in the linear
chain. Ethylene, C2H4, is the smallest olefin

A low-molecular-weight polymer typically with two to five

1243 Toss Up
monomer units.

Pertaining to a material that associates with organic and

oily surfaces and liquids and rejects aqueous systems. An
1244 Toss Up example of organophilic behavior in drilling fluids is the
organophilic coating applied to clays and lignites to make
them dispersible in oil-base muds.
 Clay minerals whose surfaces have been coated with a
1245 Toss Up
chemical to make them oil-dispersible.

A lignite that has been coated with a chemical that renders

1246 Toss Up it dispersible in oil. The treatment is usually accomplished
with a type of quaternary amine compound.

Abbreviation for Occupational Safety and Health Act of the

US. OSHA laws protect safety and health of workers and
1247 Toss Up
give workers the right to know what materials they are
handling

The movement of water from one aqueous system to

another through a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic
1248 Toss Up movement is driven by activity differences between the two
systems and can be considered as a vapor-phase transfer.
An oil mud acts as an osmotic system

The pressure that must be applied to the low-salinity side of

an osmotic system to prevent water movement into the
high-salinity side by osmosis. Conversely, it is the suction
1249 Toss Up
pressure that a high-salinity system exerts on the low-
salinity system across a semipermeable membrane in an
osmotic system.

he Oslo and Paris Commission, formerly known as

PARCOM. The commission is a group of experts who
advise North Sea countries on environmental policy and
legislation. OSPAR has been influential in establishing
1250 Toss Up
North Sea legislation on drilling fluids that has served as the
model for other operating areas. OSPAR has published lists
of environmentally acceptable and unacceptable products,
referred to as the "green," "grey" and "black" lists

A chemical that reacts with dissolved oxygen (O2) to reduce

1251 Toss Up corrosion, such as sulfite (SO3-2) and bisulfite (HSO3-) ions
that combine with oxygen to form sulfate (SO4-2)

A chemical property of an aqueous system that implies that

there are more hydroxyl ions (OH-) in the system, or a
1252 Toss Up
potential to produce more hydroxyl ions, than there are
hydrogen ions (H+), or potential to produce hydrogen ions.

A chemical property of an aqueous system that implies that

there are more hydroxyl ions (OH-) in the system, or a
1253 Toss Up
potential to produce more hydroxyl ions, than there are
hydrogen ions (H+), or potential to produce hydrogen ions.
 A cellulose derivative similar in structure, properties and
usage in drilling fluids to carboxymethylcellulose. PAC is
considered to be a premium product because it typically
1254 Toss Up has a higher degree of carboxymethyl substitution and
contains less residual NaCl than technical grade
carboxymethylcellulose, although some PACs contain
considerable NaCl.

A fluid that is left in the annular region of a well between

tubing and outer casing above a packer. The main functions
of a packer fluid are: (1) to provide hydrostatic pressure in
1255 Toss Up order to lower differential pressure across the sealing
element, (2) to lower differential pressure on the wellbore
and casing to prevent collapse and (3) to protect metals
and elastomers from corrosion.

A type of fluid-mixing tank used in the preparation of

treatment fluids or slurries that provides the agitation to
achieve a well-dispersed mixture. Paddle mixers are
1256 Toss Up
generally equipped with rotating paddles that provide
turbulence for mixing fluids and an action that prevents the
settling of solids prior to being pumped.

A type of fluid-mixing tank used in the preparation of

1257 Toss Up treatment fluids or slurries that provides the agitation to
achieve a well-dispersed mixture.

A polymer or copolymer of an alkalene oxide, such as

polyethylene glycol (PEG), a polymer of ethylene oxide with
general formula HO(CH2CH2O)nH, or polypropylene glycol
1258 Toss Up
(PPG), which is a polymer of propylene oxide. PAGs are
effective shale inhibitors and have effectively replaced the
earlier polyglycerols.

The group of hydrocarbons consisting of linear molecules

with the formula CnH2n+2. Methane, CH4, is the simplest
member. Higher members, starting at about C18, are wax-
1259 Toss Up
like and are called paraffin. Excessive amounts of paraffinic
hydrocarbons in an oil mud adversely affect mud flow and
oil removal from cuttings at cool temperatures.

A commonly used preservative for starch, xanthan gum,

guar gum and other natural polymers that are prone to
1260 Toss Up attack by bacteria. It is as a trimer of formaldehyde and has
the formula O-CH2-O-CH2-O-CH2. Paraformaldehyde is a
white, water soluble powder
 A specialized apparatus used in the particle-plugging test.
The PPA is used to determine the ability of particles in the
1261 Toss Up drilling fluid to effectively bridge the pores in the filter
medium and, therefore, the ability of the mud to reduce
formation damage in the reservoir.

A test performed in a specialized filtration-type apparatus to

1262 Toss Up determine the effectiveness of additives to prevent fluid loss
into a permeable medium.

The weight, or net volume, of solid particles that fall into

each of the various size ranges, given as a percentage of
the total solids of all sizes in the sample of interest. Particle
1263 Toss Up
size can be determined by sieve analysis, light scattering,
passage through an electrically charged orifice, settling rate
or other method

1264 Toss Up A unit of concentration, frequently abbreviated to ppm

A unit of measurement for pressure in the International

System of Units (SI), symbolized by Pa. The conversion
1265 Toss Up
factor from lbf/in2 to Pa is 6,895 Pa per lbf/in2 (psi). For
example, 5,000 psi = 34.5 × 106 Pa.

Dispersal of a substance into a colloidal form or dispersal of

1266 Toss Up
a clay in water to form a colloidal suspension.

To disperse a substance into a colloidal form or to disperse

1267 Toss Up
a clay in water to form a colloidal suspension.

A clay that has been treated during manufacturing to

1268 Toss Up
enhance its dispersion.

A product that enhances dispersion of a substance (such as

1269 Toss Up
clay) into colloidal form.

The permanently frozen subsoil that lies below the upper

1270 Toss Up layer (the upper several inches to feet) of soil in arctic
regions

Hydrogen ion potential, which is the log10 of the reciprocal

of hydrogen ion, H+, concentration. Mathematically, pH =
1271 Toss Up log10 (1/[H+]), where [ ] represents mole/L. pH is derived
from the ion-product constant of water, which at room
temperature is 1 x 10-14 = [H+] x [OH-].

A drilling-fluid test to measure pH of muds and mud filtrates,

usually performed according to API specifications. The pH
1272 Toss Up test uses a pH meter equipped with a glass-membrane
measuring electrode and reference electrode, which read
from 0 to 14

pH indicator that is clear below pH 8.3 and red above 8.3.

1273 Toss Up
It is the indicator used in various alkalinity titrations.
 A group of salts formed by neutralization of phosphorous or
1274 Toss Up
phosphoric acid with a base, such as NaOH or KOH

A class of water muds that use partially-hydrolyzed

polyacrylamide (PHPA) as a functional additive, either to
1275 Toss Up
control wellbore shales or to extend bentonite clay in a low-
solids mud.

A small volume of mud used for a specific purpose in a

drilling operation. Various types of pills are needed from
1276 Toss Up
time to time on the rig, such as to stop circulation loss or
free stuck drillpipe

An experimental test, or series of tests, used to predict mud

behavior and guide future actions by the mud engineer.
Rather than experimenting on the full mud volume and
risking serious and expensive mistakes, pilot tests such as
those listed below give valuable guidance:

(1) Weight-up tests evaluate how much mud weight can be

increased.
(2) Dilution tests evaluate how much prior dilution is needed
in order to weight up.
(3) Product tests evaluate similar additives for performance
1277 Toss Up to select the best material.
(4) Heat-aging tests evaluate how a mud will react if
exposed to high temperature while circulating or while static
in the hole.
(5) Contamination tests evaluate how mud will respond to
an expected contaminant.
(6) Contaminant-treatment tests evaluate how
contaminated mud will respond to various amounts and
types of treatments.
Pilot test samples are formulated using the concept of
barrel equivalent.

A fluid in which the shear force is not proportional to the

shear rate (non-Newtonian) and that requires a finite shear
1278 Toss Up
stress to start and maintain flow. Most drilling muds are
characterized as either plastic or pseudoplastic fluids.

A parameter of the Bingham plastic model. PV is the slope

of the shear stress/shear rate line above the yield point. PV
1279 Toss Up represents the viscosity of a mud when extrapolated to
infinite shear rate on the basis of the mathematics of the
Bingham model

A solid or gel in a workover or drilling fluid that blocks off

permeable zones to prevent loss of fluid into those
1280 Toss Up
permeable zones or to protect those zones from damage.
The plugging may be temporary or permanent.
 A term used to describe the beginning of thickening of a
cement slurry during the thickening-time test, often
1281 Toss Up
abbreviated as POD. For some slurries, the POD is used as
the thickening time.

A unit of measurement for viscosity, symbolized by P.

Viscosity is the ratio of shear stress to shear rate, giving the
1282 Toss Up
traditional unit of dyne-sec/cm2 for poise. In metric (SI)
units, 1 P is 0.1 Pa.s (pascal-second).

In chemistry, referring to a compound in which electrons are

1283 Toss Up not shared equally in the chemical bond, resulting in partial
electrical charges.

A compound whose electrons are not shared equally in

chemical bonds. A polar compound is not necessarily
1284 Toss Up
ionized. Water is a polar compound. Polymers can have
ionizing polar groups on their complex structures.

Linear, anionic polymer made from the monomer acrylic

acid, CH2=CHCOO- H+. The acrylic acid groups are evenly
spaced along the chain. Acrylic acid polymer neutralized
1285 Toss Up
with NaOH is sodium polyacrylate (SPA). Polyacrylates are
best utilized in soft water with low salinity to achieve the
best dispersion and full chain elongatio

A polymer or copolymer of an alkalene oxide, such as

polyethylene glycol (PEG), a polymer of ethylene oxide with
general formula HO(CH2CH2O)nH, or polypropylene glycol
1286 Toss Up
(PPG), which is a polymer of propylene oxide. PAGs are
effective shale inhibitors and have effectively replaced the
earlier polyglycerols.

One of the synthetic hydrocarbon liquids manufactured from

1287 Toss Up
the monomer ethylene, H2C=CH2.

A cellulose derivative similar in structure, properties and

1288 Toss Up
usage in drilling fluids to carboxymethylcellulose

A fluid-loss control additive used in high-temperature,

1289 Toss Up water-base muds. It shows good salt tolerance and
temperature tolerance.

1290 Toss Up A polymer that ionizes in solution.

A series of alcohols with glycerol, C3H5(OH)3, (usually

referred to as glycerin in the USA) being the simplest
1291 Toss Up
member. Polyglycerols have been used as shale inhibitors
in water-base drilling fluids

A large molecule made up of repeating units. Some

1292 Toss Up polymers are naturally occurring, such as xanthan gum,
guar gum and starch.
 A generic name for low molecular weight, water-soluble
1293 Toss Up polymers and oligomers containing a large number of
hydroxyl groups.
Also known as isomerized olefin or IO, a synthetic
1294 Toss Up hydrocarbon liquid made by the polymerization of ethylene,
H2C=CH2

Also known as pyrophosphates, polymers made from

1295 Toss Up
various orthophosphates by dehydration with heat

A laboratory test used to determine if a drilling fluid blocks

1296 Toss Up
movement of filtrate through pore spaces of a shale sample

The product obtained by pulverizing clinker consisting

essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates. Portland cement is
1297 Toss Up
the most common type of cement used for oil- and gas-well
cementing.

Hard granular nodules composed essentially of hydraulic

calcium silicates, with smaller quantities of calcium
1298 Toss Up
aluminates and ferrites. Portland cement clinker is produced
by the heat treatment of cement raw materials in a kiln

1299 Toss Up The ion of potassium, K+.

A class of muds that contain potassium ion (K+) dissolved

in the water phase. Potassium muds are the most widely
1300 Toss Up
accepted water mud system for drilling water-sensitive
shales

US oilfield unit of concentration, usually abbreviated to

1301 Toss Up lbm/bbl. One lbm/bbl is the equivalent of one pound of
additive in 42 US gallons of mud.

The lowest temperature (in °F or °C) at which a liquid

1302 Toss Up
remains pourable (meaning it still behaves as a fluid)

A fluid described by the two-parameter rheological model of

1303 Toss Up a pseudoplastic fluid, or a fluid whose viscosity decreases
as shear rate increases.

A siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material that

1304 Toss Up
possesses little or no cementitious value

Pertaining to material that possesses little or no

cementitious value, but that is capable of reacting
1305 Toss Up
chemically with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures
to form compounds with cementitious properties.

To form an insoluble material in a fluid. Precipitation can

1306 Toss Up occur by a chemical reaction of two or more ions in solution
or by changing the temperature of a saturated solution.
1307 Toss Up The formation of an insoluble material in a fluid.

A water-soluble starch that has undergone irreversible

1308 Toss Up
changes by heating in water or steam.

To mix with water and allow to react or yield in the water

1309 Toss Up before use. Prehydrating is a common technique for
incorporating bentonite in cement slurry or drilling mud.

1310 Toss Up A concentrated slurry of bentonite clay mixed in fresh water

The addition of a mud product to fresh water prior to adding

1311 Toss Up
it into the mud system.

Another term for bactericide, an additive that kills bacteria.

Bactericides are commonly used in water muds containing
1312 Toss Up
natural starches and gums that are especially vulnerable to
bacterial attack

A device to measure density (weight) of a mud, cement or

1313 Toss Up other liquid or slurry under sufficient pressure that the effect
of gas bubbles in the liquid is eliminated.

The first cementing operation performed to place a cement

sheath around a casing or liner. The main objectives of
1314 Toss Up primary cementing include zonal isolation to prevent fluid
migration in the annulus, support for the casing or liner, and
protection of the casing from corrosive fluids.

The situation in which 10-second and 10-minute gel

strengths for a drilling mud have dissimilar values, with the
1315 Toss Up
10-minute number being much higher than the 10-second
number.

A solvent used with water to break the emulsion of an oil-

base or synthetic-base drilling fluid to prepare the sample
1316 Toss Up
for chemical titrations to determine lime, calcium or chloride
content according to API testing procedures.

A descriptive term for a fluid with shear-thinning

characteristics that does not exhibit thixotropy. Most
1317 Toss Up
effective drilling fluids are shear thinning, although most
also exhibit some gel-building characteristics.

The ability of the slurry to be pumped. Pumpability is usually

1318 Toss Up
measured by the API thickening-time test.

The total time required for pumping the cement slurry into
the well, plus a safety factor. Pumping time can also be the
1319 Toss Up time required to reach a consistency deemed to be
unpumpable (generally 70 Bc) during an API thickening-
time test.
 Also known as polyphosphate, a polymer made from an
1320 Toss Up
orthophosphate by dehydration with heat

A mineral containing ferrous sulfide, FeS, that typically

1321 Toss Up
contains inclusions of free sulfur and other minerals

Planned and systematic monitoring, testing and

1322 Toss Up documenting of practices to show that a product or
procedure meets established standards

1323 Toss Up Slang term for quaternary amine.

Also known as quaternary amine, a cationic amine salt in

1324 Toss Up which the nitrogen atom has four groups bonded to it and
carries a positive charge.

A cationic amine salt in which the nitrogen atom has four

1325 Toss Up
groups bonded to it and carries a positive charge.

A powdered form of tannic acid extract from the bark of the

1326 Toss Up quebracho tree, used as a high-pH and lime mud
deflocculant.

A chemical with formula CaO, commonly called quick lime

1327 Toss Up
or hot lime.

The velocity gradient measured across the diameter of a

fluid-flow channel, be it a pipe, annulus or other shape.
1328 Toss Up
Shear rate is the rate of change of velocity at which one
layer of fluid passes over an adjacent layer

Abbreviation for Resources Conservation and Recovery Act

1329 Toss Up passed by the US Congress in 1976 and expanded in 1980
as CERCLA.
A clay-based water mud that used tannates (from tannic
1330 Toss Up acid) as clay deflocculant and mined lignite for fluid-loss
control, usually with lime.

A contraction of reduction-oxidation, a type of chemical

1331 Toss Up reaction in which one reactant is reduced (gains electrons)
while the other is oxidized (loses electrons).

A cement slurry made with less mix water than is

1332 Toss Up
customarily used without modifying additives.

Quantity that is double the filtrate volume collected from a

filtration test between 7.5 to 30 minutes. This ignores the
1333 Toss Up
spurt of filtrate that comes out of the filter press before a
cake is established.

The water content of air compared to the water content that

1334 Toss Up the air could hold if it were saturated, expressed as a
percentage.
 An oil mud designed and maintained with a minimum of
colloid-sized solids, typically by omitting fatty-acid soap and
1335 Toss Up
lime, and minimizing organophilic clays and fluid-loss
additives.

1336 Toss Up Any pit not part of the active (circulatory) system

1337 Toss Up Organic material having low solubility.

A mud distillation unit used to measure the water, oil and

solids content of a mud. It consists of a cylindrical body
1338 Toss Up
fitted with a mud sample holder, a heater element (or an
oven) and an aluminum condenser

The volume percent (or fraction) of a mud that is not

captured in the receiver when performing the water, oil and
1339 Toss Up
solids test as prescribed by API, as given in the equation
below.

Mud that comes back to the surface and exits through the
1340 Toss Up
flowline after being pumped down the drillpipe

Pertaining to rheology, the science and study of the

deformation and flow of matter. The term rheology is also
1341 Toss Up
used to indicate the properties of a given fluid, as in mud
rheology.

One of several flow characteristics of a material, such as a

1342 Toss Up
drilling fluid, completion fluid, workover fluid or cement.

The science and study of the deformation and flow of

1343 Toss Up matter. The term is also used to indicate the properties of a
given fluid, as in mud rheology.
An additive for oil- and synthetic-base muds that provides
high viscosity at low shear rates, which is useful when
1344 Toss Up drilling high-angle and horizontal wells and can be critical
for cuttings carrying and to prevent sag and settling of
weighting material.

The characteristic of a cement slurry whose consistency

changes from the point of departure or 30 Bc to 100 Bc in a
1345 Toss Up
short time. The term refers to the characteristic 90-degree
bend in a plot of cement consistency versus time.

A mud test in which the mud sample is mildly agitated by

1346 Toss Up rolling (or tumbling) for the duration of the test, usually
performed at a selected high temperature.

1347 Toss Up Abbreviation for Recommended Practice.

 A unit of measure for portland cement. In the United States,
a sack refers the amount of cement that occupies a bulk
volume of 1.0 ft3. For most portland cement, including API
1348 Toss Up
classes of cement, a sack weighs 94 pounds. The sack is
the basis for slurry design calculations and is often
abbreviated as sk.

1349 Toss Up A protective device to prevent electrolytic corrosion.

Settling of particles in the annulus of a well, which can

1350 Toss Up
occur when the mud is static or being circulated.

A soft, soluble evaporite mineral also known as halite or

1351 Toss Up
rock salt

An influx of formation water, usually salty and sometimes

1352 Toss Up
hard, into the mud in the wellbore.

1353 Toss Up A water mud containing varying amounts of dissolved

sodium chloride, NaCl, as a major componen

A category of size used to describe particles in a mud that

1354 Toss Up will not pass through a 200-mesh screen (74 micrometers
and larger).
A test to determine the volume percent of solids in a mud
that are retained on 200-mesh screen. A glass, sand-
1355 Toss Up
content tube with a tapered lower end and a 200-mesh
screen are used in the test

A small pit, typically located immediately after the shaker

1356 Toss Up screens, which is used as a settling pit to separate coarser
solids that accidentally bypass the shakers

A solution that contains as much dissolved materials as it

1357 Toss Up
can hold at a given temperature.

A deposit or coating formed on the surface of metal, rock or

other material. Scale is caused by a precipitation due to a
chemical reaction with the surface, precipitation caused by
1358 Toss Up
chemical reactions, a change in pressure or temperature, or
a change in the composition of a solution. The term is also
applied to a corrosion product.

A treating chemical that is added to a drilling mud or other

1359 Toss Up fluid to react with a contaminant to change the contaminant
to a less harmful compound

A water-base mud designed for offshore drilling whose

1360 Toss Up
make-up water is taken from the ocean
 The process of separation of the components of a cement
1361 Toss Up slurry during which the solids settle. Sedimentation is one of
the characterizations used to define slurry stability.

A clay mineral with long, slender, needle-like structure,

1362 Toss Up
similar to attapulgite.

A chemical whose molecular structure can envelop and

1363 Toss Up
hold a certain type of ion in a stable and soluble complex.

A fine-grained, impermeable, sedimentary rock composed

B 1364 Toss Up of clays and other minerals, usually with a high percentage
of quartz.

The velocity gradient measured across the diameter of a

1365 Toss Up
fluid-flow channel, be it a pipe, annulus or other shape

Another term for gel strength in a fluid. Shear strength

1366 Toss Up opposes the movement of mud, whether by pumping or
movement of pipe in a wellbore

A test procedure published by the API that specifies the use

1367 Toss Up of a shearometer tube and a set of weights to measure the
shear strength of a mud (lbf/100 ft2 or kPa).

A luster, brightness or radiance. A sheen appears as a

1368 Toss Up spectrum of colors and is commonly caused by a thin film
on a surface that diffracts light.
A test intended to indicate the presence of free oil when
drilling fluid, drilled cuttings, deck drainage, well treatment
1369 Toss Up fluids, completion and workover fluids, produced water or
sand or excess cement slurry are discharged into offshore
waters.

A laboratory test or other assessment utilizing a living

organism, such as mysid shrimp, to determine the effect of
1370 Toss Up a condition to which the organism is exposed. Such tests
are performed under controlled environmental conditions
and duration.

M A mineral composed of ferrous carbonate, FeCO3, and

1371 Toss Up
having 3.8 g/cm3 specific gravity

One of the layers that constitute the atomic structure of the

1372 Toss Up clay group of layered silicate minerals. The structure of
these minerals can consist of two, three or four layers

1373 Toss Up A type of salt derived from silicic acid.

The anion, SiO4-4, found in solutions of sodium and

potassium silicate, formed by dissolving silica or silicate
1374 Toss Up
minerals in NaOH or KOH solutions. Silicate anions form
polysilicates, or colloidal silica gel.
 A type of shale-inhibitive water base drilling fluid that
1375 Toss Up
contains sodium silicate or potassium silicate polymeric ions

A group of seven hydrated forms of SiO2, including the

following silicic acids: tetra, H2Si4O9, meta-di, H2Si2O5,
1376 Toss Up
meta-tri, H4Si3O8, meta, H2SiO3, ortho-tri, H8Si3O10,
ortho-di, H6Si2O7 and ortho, H4SiO4

A term used to describe particle whose size is between 2

1377 Toss Up
and 74 micrometers (200 mesh)

A chemical used as a titrant with potassium chromate as

the endpoint indicator, for a chloride test, a titration
1378 Toss Up
procedure standardized by the API to quantitatively
determine Cl- (chloride ion) concentration.

Pertaining to a type of filter medium in which the particles

1379 Toss Up
are fused together to give a designed permeability

Calcium carbonate, such as limestone, marble or oyster

shells, that has a specified minimum and maximum range of
particle sizes and may also have a specified distribution of
1380 Toss Up
sizes. It is used as a bridging agent in drill-in, workover and
completion fluids to positively seal permeable zones by
plugging pores at the wellbore face

NaCl solid particles that have a specified minimum and

1381 Toss Up maximum range of particle sizes and may also have a
specified distribution of sizes.

Common term for calcium hydroxide, a chemical with

1382 Toss Up formula Ca(OH)2. Lime is used in lime muds and as a
treatment to remove carbonate ions
A fine-grained, impermeable, sedimentary rock composed
1383 Toss Up of clays and other minerals, usually with a high percentage
of quartz.

A volume of mud that is more dense than the mud in the

1384 Toss Up
drillpipe and wellbore annulus.

Also called a slug, a volume of mud that is more dense than

1385 Toss Up
the mud in the drillpipe and wellbore annulus.

A mixture of suspended solids and liquids. Muds in general

1386 Toss Up are slurries, but are seldom called that. Cement is a slurry
and is often referred to as such.

The weight per unit volume of a cement slurry, usually given

1387 Toss Up
in units of kg/m3 or lbm/gal

The ability of a cement slurry to maintain homogeneity. Two

1388 Toss Up tests are used as a measure of slurry stability: the free-fluid
test and the sedimentation test.
 The volume of slurry obtained when one sack of cement is
mixed with the desired amount of water and other additives,
1389 Toss Up
usually given in units of m3/kg or ft3/sk (sack).

A category of clay minerals that have a three-layer

crystalline structure (one alumina and two silica layers) and
1390 Toss Up
that exhibit a common characteristic of hydrational swelling
when exposed to with water

A collective term for organic salts made by reacting an

1391 Toss Up
aliphatic carboxylic acid with a base

Another term for sodium carbonate, a chemical with the

formula Na2CO3. It is called soda ash at the drilling rig and
1392 Toss Up
is used to treat most types of calcium ion contamination in
freshwater and seawater muds.

A sequestering agent used to treat cement contamination

1393 Toss Up and a deflocculant for low-temperature water muds. The
term is sometimes abbreviated to SAPP.

The instantaneous volume (spurt) of liquid that passes

1394 Toss Up through a filter medium prior to deposition of a competent
and controlling filter cake

The forcing, by pressure, of cement slurry into a specified

1395 Toss Up location in a well, such as channels or perforations, for the
purpose of achieving zonal isolation.

A copolymer of polystyrene (containing sulfonate groups on

1396 Toss Up
the ring) and anhydrous maleic acid (a di-hydroxy acid)

A piece of equipment required to conduct the electrical

stability (ES) test, a test for oil-base and synthetic-base
1397 Toss Up muds that indicates the emulsion and oil-wetting qualities of
the sample. The test is performed by inserting the ES probe
into a cup of 120°F [48.9°C] mud and pushing a test button.

A drilling-mud additive used to control fluid loss in water

1398 Toss Up muds ranging from freshwater to saturated-salt to high-pH
lime muds.

A mud test in which the mud sample is not agitated. This

test is usually performed at a selected high temperature.
1399 Toss Up Typically, the mud sample is sealed in a mud-aging cell and
placed in an oven for a given period of time (often 16 hours,
overnight). The cooled mud is tested before it is stirred

A pressurized cell, fitted with a filter medium, used for

1400 Toss Up evaluating filtration characteristics of a drilling fluid while it is
static in the test cell.
 A filtration process in which the slurry being filtered remains
1401 Toss Up static. Filter cake continues to grow thicker as filtration
continues
A salt made with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid, a type of
1402 Toss Up organic acid derived from animal and vegetable fats and
oils.

1403 Toss Up A decline of cement strength at elevated temperatures

A form of corrosion in which susceptible types of metals will

1404 Toss Up break by a combination of stress within the metal and the
specific type of corrosion.

The compound C6H5-HC=CH2, also known as styrolene,

1405 Toss Up
cinnamene and phenethylene.

A common anaerobic bacterium, commonly abbreviated

1406 Toss Up SRB, that can convert sulfate ions, SO4-2, into S-2 and
HS-, with the concomitant oxidation of a carbon source.

The ability of set cement to resist deterioration in the

1407 Toss Up
presence of sulfate ions.

A cement in which the amount of tricalcium aluminate is

1408 Toss Up
controlled as specified by API Specification 10A.

A compound of sulfur that contains the S-2 ion. H2S is the

1409 Toss Up gaseous and highly toxic molecular form often found in the
subsurface.
A chemical that removes all three soluble sulfide species,
1410 Toss Up H2S, S-2 and HS-, and forms a product that is
nonhazardous and noncorrosive

A type of spontaneous brittle failure in steels and other

1411 Toss Up high-strength alloys when they are in contact with moist
hydrogen sulfide and other sulfidic environments.

A quantitative analysis of sulfides in the drilling fluid.

1412 Toss Up
Specific test methods have been published by API.

1413 Toss Up Sulfide test

An asphaltic mud additive that has been reacted with sulfite

1414 Toss Up to add anionic sulfonate groups to the complex molecular
structure.
A copolymer of polystyrene (containing sulfonate groups on
the ring) and anhydrous maleic acid (a di-hydroxy acid).
1415 Toss Up The sulfonated ring-structure polymer component is anionic
and usually low to moderate in chain length and molecular
weigh
Surface free energy that exists between a liquid and air.
1416 Toss Up Surface tension can be observed as a curved meniscus in a
small tube of the liquid
 A chemical that preferentially adsorbs at an interface,
1417 Toss Up lowering the surface tension or interfacial tension between
fluids or between a fluid and a solid.

Dispersed particles in a slurry that can be separated by

filtration and are not dissolved. In the water, oil and solids
1418 Toss Up
test (retort test), the retort solids are divided into two types,
dissolved and suspended solids

The slang abbreviation for synthetic. The term can be

1419 Toss Up
confusing to the uninitiated, so its use is avoided.

Any of a number of fluids (liquids) manufactured from

1420 Toss Up starting products of known composition and purity. Popular
fluid types include several olefin oligomers of ethylene.

Nonaqueous, water-internal (invert) emulsion muds in which

1421 Toss Up
the external phase is a synthetic fluid rather than an oil.

Ratio of the volume percent synthetic fluid to the volume

1422 Toss Up percent brine in a synthetic mud, where each is expressed
as a percent of the total liquid in the mud.

Ratio of the volume percent synthetic fluid to the volume

1423 Toss Up percent water in a synthetic-base mud, where each is a
percent of the total liquid in the mud.

1424 Toss Up The last cement system pumped during primary cementing

An oil produced by conifer trees that yields both saturated

1425 Toss Up
and unsaturated (double- and triple-bond) fatty acids

1426 Toss Up The acids found in tannin. Quebracho contains tannic acid.

Chemical extracted from the bark of trees and used as clay

1427 Toss Up
deflocculant in water muds.

Also known as geothermal gradient, the rate of increase in

temperature per unit depth in the Earth. Although the
1428 Toss Up
geothermal gradient varies from place to place, it averages
25 to 30 °C/km [15 °F/1000 ft].

The characteristic of a drilling fluid or a mud product

1429 Toss Up pertaining to its response to prolonged heating, usually in a
controlled mud composition in a rolling- or static-aging test.

The shear stress measured at low shear rate after a mud

1430 Toss Up has set quiescently for 10 minutes as per the standard API
procedure.
The shear stress measured at low shear rate after a mud
1431 Toss Up has set quiescently for 10 seconds as per the standard API
procedure.
 The force per unit cross-sectional area required to pull a
1432 Toss Up
substance apart.

One of the layers that constitute the atomic structure of the

1433 Toss Up
clay group of layered silicate minerals.

A term describing the application of a cloud point glycol or

polyglycol as a shale inhibitor. The purported mechanism is
1434 Toss Up that the glycol clouds out at the higher downhole
temperatures, coating onto the surface of clays and
preventing hydration.

A measurement of the time during wh The end of the

thickening time is considered to be 50 or 70 Bc for most
1435 Toss Up
applications.ich a cement slurry remains in a fluid state and
is capable of being pumped.

Another term for deflocculant, a thinning agent used to

reduce viscosity or prevent flocculation; incorrectly called a
1436 Toss Up "dispersant." Most deflocculants are low-molecular weight
anionic polymers that neutralize positive charges on clay
edges.

Pertaining to the ability of a fluid, such as cement or drilling

1437 Toss Up mud, to develop gel strength over time when not subject to
shearing, and then to liquefy when agitated.

The characteristic of a fluid, such as a drilling mud, to form

1438 Toss Up a gelled structure over time when not subject to shearing
and then to liquefy when agitated.

To perform a titration, a procedure to determine the amount

of a constituent in a sample by adding a measured volume
1439 Toss Up of reagent until the reaction between the constituent of
interest and the reagent is completed, as shown by an
appropriate endpoint indicato

In chemical analysis, a procedure to determine the amount

of a constituent in a sample by adding a measured volume
1440 Toss Up of reagent until the reaction between the constituent of
interest and the reagent is completed, as shown by an
appropriate endpoint indicator.

A chemical analysis to measure the hardness ions in water-

1441 Toss Up
mud filtrates or in make-up water.

Also known as retort solids, the volume percent (or fraction)

of a mud that is not captured in the receiver when
1442 Toss Up
performing the water, oil and solids test as prescribed by
API, as given in the equation below.
 A chemical or other material placed in the borehole fluid
and later detected to infer information about the borehole or
1443 Toss Up
the drilled formations. The two main types of tracers used
during drilling are the mud tracer and the filtrate tracer.

Also called a slug, a volume of mud that is more dense than

1444 Toss Up
the mud in the drillpipe and wellbore annulus

A type of fluid flow characterized by swirling or chaotic

motion as the fluid moves along the flow path. This is a
1445 Toss Up preferred flow regime for mud removal during primary
cementing because it is perceived to result in better
removal of mud, especially of mud at the formation wall.

1446 Toss Up Referring to any particle in the size range 2 to 44 microns.

A solution that could contain more solute than is presently

dissolved in it. In brines, an undersaturated solution will not
1447 Toss Up
form crystals as easily as if it were saturated or
supersaturated
A mud that contains no commercial weighting material.
1448 Toss Up Native-solids muds are unweighted muds, containing no
barite.

In a U-tube manometer, the height of one leg of fluid

changed by altering the density of some of the fluid in the
1449 Toss Up other leg. In a well with drillpipe in the hole, the string of
drillpipe is one leg and the annulus between the drillpipe
and the wellbore is the other

The pressure exerted by a vapor escaping from a liquid. It

1450 Toss Up quantifies the tendency of molecules to enter the gaseous
phase

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, the reagent used to titrate

1451 Toss Up for calcium and magnesium ions (hardness ions) in water
samples. It is also known as EDTA or titraver.

Viscosity-gel meter. This jargon is used to describe the

1452 Toss Up direct-indicating viscometer, the instrument commonly used
to test flow properties of drilling muds.

A copolymer of vinyl acetate (ethylenic polymer) and

anhydrous maleic acid (a di-hydroxy acid). The vinyl acetate
polymer component is usually high molecular weight. As
1453 Toss Up
such, with polar groups on the structure, it is used as a
flocculant or bentonite extender.
 A class of polymers constructed with the monomer
1454 Toss Up ethylene, H2C=CH2, with hydrogen replaced by various
chemical groups.

1455 Toss Up Abbreviation for viscosity.

A property of fluids and slurries that indicates their

resistance to flow, defined as the ratio of shear stress to
shear rate. Viscosity can be expressed mathematically as
follows: Poise is the unit for viscosity, equivalent to dyne-
1456 Toss Up
sec/cm2. Because one poise represents a high viscosity,
1/100 poise, or one centipoise (cp), is used for mud
measurements. One centipoise equals one millipascal-
second.

Measurement of the viscosity and gel strength of a drilling

1457 Toss Up
fluid.

The residue deposited on a permeable medium when a

1458 Toss Up slurry, such as a drilling fluid, is forced against the medium
under a pressure.
Also known as differential sticking, a condition whereby the
1459 Toss Up drillstring cannot be moved (rotated or reciprocated) along
the axis of the wellbore.
A process in which dirty water is stripped of its solids and
made suitable for recycling into a mud system or disposal
1460 Toss Up into sewer systems or other places. In closed mud systems,
water containing colloidal matter can be cleaned and
recycled.

A drilling fluid (mud) in which water or saltwater is the major

1461 Toss Up
liquid phase as well as the wetting (external) phase

A drilling fluid (mud) in which water or saltwater is the major

1462 Toss Up
liquid phase as well as the wetting (external) phase

The process of removing colloidal materials from water. A

chemical coagulant (for example, alum) or a chemical
1463 Toss Up
flocculant (for example, polymer) or both are added to the
water.

A fluid with water or brine as droplets dispersed into an

1464 Toss Up
external phase of oil.

Referring to the volume of liquid measured in the filtration

1465 Toss Up tests performed according to API specifications, in units of
cm3/30 minutes.

1466 Toss Up argon applied to a mud additive used to control fluid loss.

A drilling fluid (mud) in which water or saltwater is the major

1467 Toss Up
liquid phase as well as the wetting (external) phase.
 A chemical used in preparation and maintenance of an
1468 Toss Up emulsion mud, which is a water mud containing dispersed
oil (or a synthetic hydrocarbon).

In a cement slurry, the ratio of water to cement expressed

1469 Toss Up as percent; the number of parts of water used to mix with
100 parts of cement.
A test for water mud or oil mud, generally known as the
1470 Toss Up retort test. Proper procedures for retort tests have been
published by API

Referring to mud weight, the mass per unit volume of a

1471 Toss Up
drilling fluid, synonymous with mud density

Also known as weighting material, a high-specific gravity

and finely divided solid material used to increase density of
1472 Toss Up
a drilling fluid. (Dissolved salts that increase fluid density,
such as calcium bromide in brines, are not called weighting

A mud that contains commercial weighting material such as

1473 Toss Up
barite or hematite

A high-specific gravity and finely divided solid material used

1474 Toss Up
to increase density of a drilling fluid.

A dilution process which involves selective dumping of the

1475 Toss Up active system (such as sand traps and "bottoms up" mud)
and replacement of the lost volume with fresh mud.

A polysaccharide secreted by the bacteria genus

1476 Toss Up
Xanthomonas campestris, also known as XC polymer.

A polysaccharide secreted by the bacteria genus

Xanthomonas campestris, also known as xanthan gum. XC
1477 Toss Up in water muds provides non-Newtonian mud rheology,
highly desirable because of the flat velocity profile it
produces in annular flow

An aromatic hydrocarbon molecule containing a benzene

ring with two methyl side chains, formula C6H4(CH3)2.
1478 Toss Up
Xylene is an excellent solvent, especially for aromatic solids
such as asphaltic materials

1479 Toss Up The specified minimum yield strength of steel used in pipe.

A term used to specify the quality of a clay according to the

1480 Toss Up number of barrels of 30-cp viscosity mud that one ton of the
clay would produce

parameter of the Bingham plastic model. YP is the yield

1481 Toss Up
stress extrapolated to a shear rate of zero.
 The stress that must be applied to a material to make it
1482 Toss Up begin to flow (or to yield). Yield stress is a parameter in the
Herschel-Bulkley rheological model.

Gel strengths that are very low, with both values near zero,
1483 Toss Up when measured at 10 seconds and 10 minutes according to
standardized test procedures.

A neutral double salt of zinc carbonate and zinc hydroxide

1484 Toss Up
in 2-to-3 stoichiometric proportions, 2ZnCO3·3Zn(OH)2

A acidic salt, ZnBr2, which is used to prepare dense, clear

1485 Toss Up (solids-free) brine for well completion and workover
operations.

A neutral zinc salt, ZnCO3, which can be used as a sulfide

scavenger in water-base muds. Zinc carbonate is less
1486 Toss Up
soluble than zinc basic carbonate and perhaps slower to
react with sulfide ions.

An acidic salt, ZnCl2, used as one of the standard saturated

1487 Toss Up
salt solutions for calibration of the electrohygrometer

A very weak base, ZnO, which can be used as a sulfide

1488 Toss Up
scavenger in oil-base or synthetic-base muds.

1489 Toss Up Abbreviation for residual oil saturation.

This value is derived empirically from best fits of measured

values of F and phi on a group of rock samples. It has no
1490 Toss Up clear physical significance, although it has been related to
grain shape and tortuosity. A wide range of values has
been found, from 0.5 to 5.

The exponent of porosity, m, in the relation of formation

factor, F, to porosity, phi. In the Archie equation, F = 1 /
1491 Toss Up phim, H. Guyod termed m the cementation exponent
because m was observed to be higher in cemented rock.
The more general term is porosity exponent.

This exponent expresses the effect on the resistivity of

desaturating the sample, or replacing water with a non-
1492 Toss Up
conductive fluid. In petrophysically simple, water-wet rocks
(Archie rocks, this is constant for different values of Sw.

1493 Toss Up Abbreviation for water saturation.

This is an induction log made with a particular array of

transmitter and receiver coils. The array was introduced in
1494 Toss Up 1960 and became the industry standard for 30 years. The
6FF40 array has six coils with the main transmitter-receiver
pair spaced 40 in.
 The value a in the relation of formation factor (F) to porosity
(phi): F = a / phim. The value a is derived empirically from
1495 Toss Up
best fits of measured values of F and phi on a group of rock
samples.

This is a device for producing high-energy neutrons by

using a charged particle accelerator. These are used in
various pulsed neutron devices and some neutron porosity
measurements. Neutron generators are used in various
pulsed neutron devices and some neutron porosity
1496 Toss Up measurements. In a typical device, deuterium (2D) and
tritium (3T) ions are accelerated towards a target also
containing the same isotopes. When 2D and 3T collide,
they react to produce a neutron with an energy of about
14.1 MeV. The first neutron generators were built in the late
1950s and soon led to the first pulsed neutron capture log.

This is the closeness of the agreement between the result

of the measurement and the conventional true value of the
quantity, also depends on the equipment performing and
being operated to specification. should not be confused with
precision. (ISO) Core measurements have well-defined
calibration techniques and standards. Logging
measurements are characterized during tool design and
1497 Toss Up
construction, and calibrated regularly to some standard.
The quoted accuracy of a log then depends on the initial
characterization, the reproducibility of the standard, and the
stability of the measurement between calibrations and
under downhole conditions. The actual accuracy also
depends on the equipment performing and being operated
to specification.

This is the change in a pulsed neutron capture

measurement produced by acidizing a carbonate formation.
Acidizing tends to increase the porosity as well as leave
1498 Toss Up chlorides in the formation, thereby increasing the capture
cross section. Both of these results affect the formation
thermal decay time and must be taken into account in the
interpretation.
 This is a record of some acoustic property of the formation
or borehole. The term is sometimes used to refer
specifically to the sonic log, in the sense of the formation
compressional slowness. However, it may also refer to any
1499 Toss Up other sonic measurement, for example shear, flexural and
Stoneley slownesses or amplitudes, or to ultrasonic
measurements such as the borehole televiewer and other
pulse-echo devices, and even to noise logs.

This is a situation in which acoustic energy that propagates

in one direction is confined in the other two directions as,
for example, a mode confined to an interface between two
different materials or within the borehole. The Stoneley
wave, tube wave and flexural mode have important
1500 Toss Up applications in formation evaluation, while most of the
others, such as the Rayleigh wave and the various guided
borehole modes (normal mode, leaky mode and hybrid
mode), are considered interference that must be filtered
out. In y slow formations, leaky modes can help determine
formation compressional slowness.

An undrained test is one in which the fluid in the sample is

not able to flow and equilibrate to imposed pore pressure
1951 Toss Up
conditions; the fluid mass remains the same while the fluid
volume and pressure will vary.

A system that is in a transient state at the time of a

measurement. In the case of permeability measurements
1952 Toss Up on core samples, two transient techniques are used. In the
pressure falloff method, the sample is at atmospheric
pressure, either in a chamber or under a probe.
 An element with an atomic number of 92. The 238U isotope
is radioactive and decays with a half-life of 4.4 x 10^9 years
through a series of intermediate isotopes to a stable isotope
of lead. The intermediate isotopes emit a wide range of
gamma rays, the most prominent being that of bismuth,
214Bi. It is assumed that formations are in secular
equilibrium; that is, the relative proportions of parent and
daughter isotopes remain constant, and the measured
spectrum is directly related to the amount of 238U. The
1953 Toss Up concentration in the Earth?s crust is about 4 ppm by weight.
Uranium-bearing minerals are rare. Uranium is a soluble
trace element that is transported easily and can be
precipitated far from its source. It is most frequently found in
carbonates and organic materials. A log of uranium is
presented in parts per million, ppm. It is useful for detecting
organic material, but is otherwise considered not useful for
quantitative evaluation. In the corrected gamma ray log, the
uranium contribution is removed to differentiate carbonates
from shales.

A presentation of the acoustic waveform at a receiver of a

sonic or ultrasonic measurement, in which the amplitude is
1954 Toss Up presented in color or the shades of a gray scale. This log is
commonly used as an adjunct to the cement-bond log, and
offers better insights into its interpretation.

A check performed at the wellsite to establish whether a

logging measurement is functioning properly. This is also
1955 Toss Up known as an operational check. Theis may be done before
or after the survey and may be presented with the log. This
is distinct from calibration.

1956 Toss Up A description of the contents of a digital record.

The resistivity of a formation measured by flowing current in

1957 Toss Up a vertical plane. In anisotropic formations, the horizontal
and vertical resistivities are different.

A distance that characterizes the ability of a logging tool to

resolve changes parallel to the tool axis. The word vertical
1958 Toss Up implies a vertical well, but the term is used at other wellbore
deviations. This summarizes the vertical response of the
measurement in one or more distances.

The response of a logging measurement as a function of

distance parallel to the tool axis. The word vertical implies a
1959 Toss Up vertical well, but the term is used at other wellbore
deviations. These are determined by computer simulation or
laboratory measurement.
 The part of the formation that has not been affected by
1960 Toss Up
invasion.

The cross section of a material to photoelectric absorption,

in barns/cm3. This is from the product of the photoelectric
1961 Toss Up factor, PEF or Pe , and the electron density. In practice, U
is usually calculated using the bulk density instead of the
electron density.

The time allotted for the alignment of protons with the static
magnetic field during a nuclear magnetic resonance
1962 Toss Up
measurement. The term is used more generally with
reference to logging tools.

The resistivity of a sample completely filled with water.

1963 Toss Up
Called also Ro.

The fraction of water in a given pore space. It is expressed

in volume/volume, percent or saturation units. Unless
1964 Toss Up
otherwise stated, this is the fraction of formation water in
the undisturbed zone.

Describing the preference of a solid to be in contact with a

1965 Toss Up water phase rather than an oil or gas phase. These rocks
preferentially imbibe water.

A piece of steel cable placed inside a logging head that is

designed to break at a predetermined tension. If the logging
1966 Toss Up
tool becomes stuck in the borehole, there is a danger that
the logging cable will break at surface.

The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or

1967 Toss Up
more physical quantities in or around a well.

The proportion of a wet clay that is clay-bound water. A

1968 Toss Up formation that has 100% clay would have a porosity equal
to the this parameter.

The preference of a solid to contact one liquid or gas,

known as the wetting phase, rather than another. The
1969 Toss Up wetting phase will tend to spread on the solid surface and a
porous solid will tend to imbibe the wetting phase, in both
cases displacing the nonwetting phase.

A complete section of a conventionally drilled core. The

section may be up to about 2 feet [0.6 m] in length, with
1970 Toss Up typical core diameters lying between 1.75 and 5.25 in. [4.4
and 13.3 cm]. The term full-diameter core is also used, but
generally refers to shorter sections of about 6 in. [15 cm].

Related to any aspect of logging that employs an electrical

cable to lower tools into the borehole and to transmit data.
1971 Toss Up
Wireline logging is distinct from measurements-while-drilling
(MWD) and mud logging.
 A general term used to describe well-intervention
operations conducted using single-strand or multistrand
wire or cable for intervention in oil or gas wells. Although
1972 Toss Up
applied inconsistently, the term commonly is used in
association with electric logging and cables incorporating
electrical conductors.

A continuous measurement of formation properties with

1973 Toss Up electrically powered instruments to infer properties and
make decisions about drilling and production operations.

The reactive signal, or that part of the alternating signal at

the receiver of an induction logging tool that is out of phase
1974 Toss Up with the transmitter current. This signal, also known as the
quadrature signal, is less sensitive to formation conductivity
and must be separated from the R-signal,

A technique for imaging a core by moving a source of X-

1975 Toss Up rays along a core and recording the attenuated X-rays on
the other side on a suitable photographic film.

A technique for the semiquantitative mineralogical analysis

of a sample of rock by measuring the diffraction peaks in X-
rays diffracted by the sample. The position of the diffraction
1976 Toss Up
peaks is a measure of the distance between discrete
crystallographic diffracting planes within minerals, while
their intensity indicates the quantity of the mineral.

A technique for elemental analysis of samples based on the

characteristic fluorescence given off by different elements
1977 Toss Up
subjected to X-rays. In core analysis, this often is used to
help determine mineral content.

The reactive (X) signal, or that part of the alternating signal

1978 Toss Up at the receiver of an induction logging tool that is out of
phase with the transmitter current.
 The ratio of the electron density to the bulk density. The
electron density is equal to the bulk density multiplied by
2Z/A where Z is the average atomic number and A is the
average atomic weight of the formation. The density log
actually responds to electron density, whereas the desired
measurement is the bulk density. Although for most rocks
2Z/A is close to 1, it is not practical to adjust 2Z/A for each
1979 Toss Up
formation. Instead the electron density is scaled to give the
correct bulk density in limestone filled with fresh water.
Then it is found that in the majority of sedimentary rocks,
the log reads the bulk density within 1%. The main
exceptions are halite, sylvite and low-pressure gas,
because the 2Z/A of chlorine and hydrogen are not close to
1.

Abbreviation for American Petroleum Institute, a trade

association founded in 1919 with offices in Washington,
DC, USA. The API is sponsored by the oil and gas industry
and is recognized worldwide. Among its long-term
endeavors is the development of standardized testing
procedures for drilling equipment, drilling fluids and
1980 Toss Up cements, called API Recommended Practices ("RPs"). The
API licenses the use of its monogram (logo), monitors
supplier quality assurance methods and sets minimum
standards for materials used in drilling and completion
operations, called API Specifications ("Specs"). The API
works in conjunction with the International Organization of
Standards (ISO).

Abbreviation for gas initially in place, the volume of gas in a

1981 Toss Up
reservoir before production.

A unit of distance used for marine and aerial

navigation. An international nautical mile is approximately
equivalent to the angle of one minute of latitude at Earth’s
surface.

The conventional value for the nautical mile was

established at the First International Extraordinary
Hydrographic Conference held in the Principality of Monaco
1982 Toss Up
in 1929 and named the international nautical mile. In SI
units, the international nautical mile is equal to exactly
1,852 m, which is approximately 6,076 ft.

Reference: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures: The

International System of Units (SI), 8th edition. Paris:
Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du
Mètre, 2006.
 A unit of speed used for marine and aerial navigation. A
knot is one nautical mile per hour. In SI units, the knot is
1983 Toss Up
equivalent to exactly 1,852/3,600 m/s, which is
approximately 0.5144 m/s [1.688 ft/s].

The product of a physical quantity and its distance from an

1984 Toss Up
axis or a tendency to cause motion around an axis.

NACE, or NACE International, is a worldwide professional

organization committed to corrosion prevention and control.
NACE, founded in 1943, is headquartered in Houston,
Texas, USA. Areas of focus include oil and gas, water,
transportation and infrastructure protection. The original
name was National Association of Corrosion Engineers—
the source of its NACE acronym—although the organization
formally adopted NACE International—The Corrosion
Society, in 1993. Among its activities, the organization
1985 Toss Up
offers technical training and certification programs,
conducts regional and international conferences, publishes
industry standards, reports, publications and technical
journals and assists in government relations activities. The
NACE Materials Requirements include the widely used
MR0175, corrosion resistant materials for oil and gas
applications, and MR0103, sulfide stress cracking in
corrosive environments. Publications can be ordered from
NACE at http://www.nace.org/.

Thermochemical breakdown of organic matter by heating in

1986 Toss Up
the absence of oxygen.

Organizations establish a standard temperature and

pressure to enable the comparison of datasets and to meet
their members’ and stakeholders’ laboratory, industrial and
regulatory requirements. For example, the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines
1987 Toss Up
standard temperature to be 0°C [273.15°K, 32°F] and
standard pressure to be 100 kPa [1 bar, 0.9869 atm, 14.504
psi] and the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) defines
standard temperature to be 15°C [288.15°K, 59°F] and
standard pressure to be 100 kPa.

The study of the chemistry of the Earth and within solid

bodies of the solar system, including the distribution,
circulation and abundance of elements (and their ions and
isotopes), molecules, minerals, rocks and fluids. For
geochemists in the petroleum industry, source rock
1988 Toss Up
geochemistry is a major focus. Geochemical techniques
can determine whether a given source rock is rich enough
in organic matter to generate hydrocarbons, whether the
source rock has generated hydrocarbons, and whether a
particular oil sample was generated by a given source rock.
 The naturally occurring, solid, insoluble organic matter that
occurs in source rocks and can yield oil upon heating.
Kerogen is the portion of naturally occurring organic matter
that is nonextractable using organic solvents. Typical
organic constituents of kerogen are algae and woody plant
material. Kerogens have a high molecular weight relative to
1989 Toss Up bitumen, or soluble organic matter. Bitumen forms from
kerogen during petroleum generation. Kerogens are
described as Type I, consisting of mainly algal and
amorphous (but presumably algal) kerogen and highly likely
to generate oil; Type II, mixed terrestrial and marine source
material that can generate waxy oil; and Type III, woody
terrestrial source material that typically generates gas.

A type of geochemical analysis in which a rock sample is

subject to controlled heating in an inert gas to or past the
point of generating hydrocarbons in order to assess its
quality as a source rock, the abundance of organic material
in it, its thermal maturity, and the quality of hydrocarbons it
1990 Toss Up
might generate or have generated. Pyrolysis breaks large
hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules. This
process is used to determine the quality of shale as a
source rock and is instrumental in evaluating shale gas
plays.

A rock rich in organic matter which, if heated sufficiently, will

generate oil or gas. Typical source rocks, usually shales or
limestones, contain about 1% organic matter and at least
0.5% total organic carbon (TOC), although a rich source
rock might have as much as 10% organic matter. Rocks of
marine origin tend to be oil-prone, whereas terrestrial
1991 Toss Up
source rocks (such as coal) tend to be gas-prone.
Preservation of organic matter without degradation is critical
to creating a good source rock, and necessary for a
complete petroleum system. Under the right conditions,
source rocks may also be reservoir rocks, as in the case of
shale gas reservoirs.

A subsurface condition in which the pore pressure of a

1992 Toss Up geologic formation exceeds or is less than the
expected, or normal, formation pressure.

1993 Toss Up the measurement of age in years.

The measurement of the permeability, or ability to flow or

1994 Toss Up transmit fluids through a rock, conducted when a single
fluid, or phase, is present in the rock.
 the measurement of pressure relative to the pressure in a
1995 Toss Up vacuum, equal to the sum of the pressure shown on a
pressure gauge and atmospheric pressure.

the deepest area of the ocean basins. The depositional

energy is low and fine-grained sediments are deposited
1996 Toss Up slowly by waning turbidity currents or from suspension in
the water. The water is thousands of meters deep (>2,000
m) [>6,520 ft] so it is cold and sunlight is minimal.

This term is related to the depositional environment of the

deepest area of the ocean basins, the abyss. The
depositional energy is low, the abyssal plain is flat and
1997 Toss Up nearly horizontal, and fine-grained sediments are deposited
slowly by waning turbidity currents or from suspension in
the water. The water is thousands of meters deep (> 2000
m) [6520 ft], so the water is cold and sunlight is minimal.

It is the sequence stratigraphic term for the amount of

space available for sediment accumulation. Dominant
1998 Toss Up
influences on the amount of accommodation, or
accommodation space, include subsidence and eustasy.

An occurrence of trapped hydrocarbons, an oil field.

1999 Toss Up
Synonym: play
The phase in the development of a petroleum system
2000 Toss Up during which hydrocarbons migrate into and remain
trapped in a reservoir.

A boundary of colliding lithospheric plates. The present

2001 Toss Up subduction zones of the Pacific Rim, the older mountains of
the Alps, and the Himalayas represent active margins.

This term is related to the environment of deposition of

sediments by wind, such as the sand dunes in a desert.
2002 Toss Up Because fine-grained sediments such as clays are removed
easily from wind-blown deposits, eolian sandstones are
typically clean and well-sorted.

A predictable variation of a property of a material with

the direction in which it is measured, which can occur at
all scales. In rocks, variation in seismic velocity measured
2003 Toss Up parallel or perpendicular to bedding surfaces is a form of
aeolotropy. Often found where platy minerals such as micas
and clays align parallel to depositional bedding as
sediments are compacted, aeolotropy is common in shales.
 the surface or near-surface, unconsolidated
sedimentary layer that has been subject to weathering
2004 Toss Up
and whose pores are air-filled instead of liquid-filled. An
aerated layer typically has a low seismic velocity.

the accumulation of stratigraphic sequences by

deposition that stacks beds atop each other, building
2005 Toss Up
upwards during periods of balance between sediment
supply and accommodation.

a telescopic surveying device used to construct

surface topographic and geologic maps in the field. The
alidade is mounted on a plane table, which has a sheet of
paper on which to draw the map, and an object or location
2006 Toss Up is sighted through the alidade. The edge of the alidade is
aligned in the azimuthal direction of the object or location.
The vertical angle from which elevation of the location can
be calculated is measured using the calibrated arc of the
alidade.

Pertaining to materials, particularly rock masses, that

formed somewhere other than their present location, and
were transported by fault movements, large-scale gravity
sliding, or similar processes. Autochthonous material, in
2007 Toss Up contrast, formed in its present location. Landslides can
result in large masses of allochthonous rock, which typically
can be distinguished from autochthonous rocks on the
basis of their difference in composition. Faults and folds can
also separate allochthons from autochthons.

A rock mass formed somewhere other than its present

2008 Toss Up location, which was transported by fault movements, large-
scale gravity sliding, or similar processes.

Related to materials, particularly rock masses, that formed

2009 Toss Up
somewhere other than their present location

Pertaining to minerals or rock fragments that formed in

one location but were transported to another location
2010 Toss Up
and deposited. Clastic sediments in a rock such as
sandstone are allogenic, or formed elsewhere.

Pertaining to the subaerial (as opposed to submarine)

environment, action and products of a stream or river
on its floodplain, usually consisting of detrital clastic
sediments, and distinct from subaqueous deposition such
2011 Toss Up
as in lakes or oceans and lower energy fluvial deposition.
Sediments deposited in an alluvial environment can be
subject to high depositional energy, such as fast-moving
flood waters, and may be poorly sorted or chaotic.
 the material deposited in an alluvial environment, typically
2012 Toss Up
detrital sediments that are poorly sorted.
A description of organisms that can survive in the absence
2013 Toss Up
of oxygen, particularly bacteria.
the condition of an environment in which free oxygen is
2014 Toss Up
lacking or absent.
A surface that separates younger strata from eroded,
2015 Toss Up dipping, older strata and represents a gap in the geologic
record.
This mineral if formed by precipitation of calcium sulfate
2016 Toss Up
from evaporation of seawater.

Having directionally dependent properties. For a crystal

of a mineral, variation in physical properties observed in
different directions is anisotropy. In rocks, variation in
seismic velocity measured parallel or perpendicular to
2017 Toss Up
bedding surfaces is a form of anisotropy. Often found where
platy minerals such as micas and clays align parallel to
depositional bedding as sediments are compacted,
anisotropy is common in shales.

Predictable variation of a property of a material with the

direction in which it is measured, which can occur at all
scales. For a crystal of a mineral, variation in physical
properties observed in different directions is anisotropy. In
2018 Toss Up rocks, variation in seismic velocity measured parallel or
perpendicular to bedding surfaces is a form of anisotropy.
Often found where platy minerals such as micas and clays
align parallel to depositional bedding as sediments are
compacted, anisotropy is common in shales.

Different from what is typical or expected, or different

from what is predicted by a theoretical model. The
difference or anomaly may refer to the measurement of the
difference between an observed or measured value and the
expected values of a physical property. Anomalies can be
of great interest in hydrocarbon and mineral exploration
because they often indicate hydrocarbon and mineral
2019 Toss Up
prospects and accumulations, such as geologic structures
like folds and faults. Geochemical anomalies at the surface
of the Earth can also indicate an accumulation of
hydrocarbons at depth. Geophysical anomalies, such as
amplitude anomalies in seismic data and magnetic
anomalies in the Earth's crust, can also be associated with
hydrocarbon accumulations.

An entity or property that differs from what is typical or

2020 Toss Up expected, or which differs from that predicted by a
theoretical model.
 Pertaining to an anticline, an arch-shaped fold in rock in
which rock layers are upwardly convex. The oldest rock
layers form the core of the fold, and outward from the core
progressively younger rocks occur. Anticlines form many
2021 Toss Up excellent hydrocarbon traps, particularly in folds with
reservoir-quality rocks in their core and impermeable seals
in the outer layers of the fold. A syncline is the opposite
type of fold, having downwardly convex layers with young
rocks in the core.

a type of structural hydrocarbon trap whose closure is

2022 Toss Up
controlled by the presence of an anticline.

A minor, secondary fault, usually one of a set, whose

2023 Toss Up sense of displacement is opposite to its associated major
and synthetic faults.

The maximum inclination of a bedding plane, fault

plane or other geological surface measured from a
2024 Toss Up vertical cross section that is not perpendicular to the
strike of the feature. Apparent dip corrected for well drift,
or geometry, is referred to as true dip.

The phase of petroleum operations that immediately

follows successful exploratory drilling. During appraisal,
2025 Toss Up delineation wells might be drilled to determine the size
of the oil or gas field and how to develop it most
efficiently.

A body of rock whose fluid saturation, porosity and

2026 Toss Up
permeability permit production of groundwater.

A water-bearing portion of a petroleum reservoir with a

2027 Toss Up
waterdrive.
Describing sandy-textured rock or sediment.
Arenaceous does not necessarily imply silica-rich, but
2028 Toss Up
rather particles of sand size, 0.625 to 2 mm, according to
the Udden-Wentworth scale.

Describing rocks or sediments containing particles that

are silt- or clay-sized, less than 0.625 mm in size. Most
2029 Toss Up have a high clay-mineral content, and many contain a
sufficient percentage of organic material to be considered a
source rock for hydrocarbon.

A solid or nearly solid form of bitumen that can melt

upon heating and contains impurities such as nitrogen,
2030 Toss Up oxygen and sulfur. Asphalt forms naturally when the light
components or volatiles of petroleum have been removed
or evaporated.
 The relatively plastic layer of the upper mantle of the
Earth on which the tectonic plates of the lithosphere
move. The asthenosphere is approximately 200 km [124
miles] thick and, owing to its depth below the Earth's
2031 Toss Up surface, warm (~ 1400 oC) [2640 oF] but not molten. Here
the mantle deforms by plastic flow in response to applied
pressures above 100 MPa [14,500 psi]. This zone is
considered coincidental, at least below oceanic crust, with
the low-velocity zone of the upper mantle.

The orientation of a planar or linear feature in three-

dimensional space. Planar features that are not horizontal,
such as tilted strata, are described by their strike, or the
azimuth of the intersection of the plane with a horizontal
2032 Toss Up
surface, and the dip, or the magnitude of its inclination from
a horizontal reference. The trend and plunge of linear
features, such as the axis of a fold, describe the azimuth of
the line and its deviation from horizontal.

In plate tectonics, it is defined as a failed rift arm. At the

junctions of tectonic plates, three intersecting lithospheric
plates typically are separated by "arms." Arms might be
areas of rifting, convergence or transform faults (similar to a
2033 Toss Up strike-slip fault). The arm along which the motion that
spreads the plates apart ceases is termed the failed arm, or
aulacogen. Spreading or rifting along the other arms of the
triple junction can form new oceanic basins, whereas the
aulacogen can become a sediment-filled graben.

Pertaining to minerals or materials that grow in place

with a rock, rather than having been transported and
2034 Toss Up deposited. These include quartz, chlorite and other pore-
filling minerals or cements that grow during diagenesis.
Evaporite minerals are authigenic, or formed in situ.

It referres to Materials, especially rock masses, that formed

2035 Toss Up
in their present location and have not been transported.

In folded rocks, it is the imaginary surface bisecting the

limbs of the fold. The axial surface is called the axial plane
2036 Toss Up when the fold is symmetrical and the lines defined by the
points of maximum curvature of each folded layer, or hinge
lines, are coplanar.

The angle between the vertical projection of a line of

interest onto a horizontal surface and true north or
2037 Toss Up
magnetic north measured in a horizontal plane, typically
measured clockwise from north.
 Pertaining to the angle between the vertical projection of
a line of interest onto a horizontal surface and true
2038 Toss Up
north or magnetic north measured in a horizontal plane,
typically measured clockwise from north.

A dense sulfate mineral that can occur in a variety of

rocks, including limestone and sandstone, with a range
of accessory minerals, such as quartz, chert, dolomite,
2039 Toss Up calcite, siderite and metal sulfides. Barite is commonly used
to add weight to drilling fluid. Barite is of significance to
petrophysicists because excess barite can require a
correction factor in some well log measurements.

A map on which primary data and interpretations can

be plotted. A base map typically includes locations of
lease or concession boundaries, wells, seismic survey
points and other cultural data such as buildings and
roads, with a geographic reference such as latitude and
longitude or Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid
2040 Toss Up information. Geologists use topographic maps as base
maps for construction of surface geologic maps.
Geophysicists typically use shot point maps, which show
the orientations of seismic lines and the specific points at
which seismic data were acquired, to display interpretations
of seismic data. In the field, geologists can use a plane
table and alidade to construct a base map.

The rock layer below which economic hydrocarbon

reservoirs are not expected to be found, sometimes
called economic basement. Basement is usually older,
deformed igneous or metamorphic rocks, which
2041 Toss Up seldom develops the porosity and permeability
necessary to serve as a hydrocarbon reservoir, and
below which sedimentary rocks are not common.
Basement rocks typically have different density, acoustic
velocity, and magnetic properties from overlying rocks.
 A depression in the crust of the Earth, caused by plate
tectonic activity and subsidence, in which sediments
accumulate. Sedimentary basins vary from bowl-shaped to
elongated troughs. Basins can be bounded by faults. Rift
basins are commonly symmetrical; basins along continental
2042 Toss Up margins tend to be asymmetrical. If rich hydrocarbon source
rocks occur in combination with appropriate depth and
duration of burial, then a petroleum system can develop
within the basin. Most basins contain some amount of
shale, thus providing opportunities for shale gas exploration
and production.

Pertaining to the environment of deposition and the

organisms of the ocean between depths of 200 m [656
2043 Toss Up ft], the edge of the continental shelf, and 2000 m [6560
ft]. The bathyal environment is intermediate between the
neritic environment and the abyss.

A layer of sediment or sedimentary rock, or stratum. A

bed is the smallest stratigraphic unit, generally a
2044 Toss Up
centimeter or more in thickness. To be labeled a bed, the
stratum must be distinguishable from adjacent beds.

The thickness of a layer or stratum of sedimentary rock

measured perpendicular to its lateral extent, presuming
deposition on a horizontal surface. Because sediment
2045 Toss Up deposition can occur on inclined surfaces, apparent or
measured bed thickness might differ from true bed
thickness. The thickness of a given bed often varies along
its extent.

Solid rock either exposed at the surface or situated

2046 Toss Up below surface soil, unconsolidated sediments and
weathered rock.

A zone of the upper mantle in which earthquakes occur

when a lithospheric plate is subducted, named in honor of
seismologists Kiyoo Wadati and Hugo Benioff. The dip of
2047 Toss Up this zone, also referred to as the Wadati-Benioff zone,
coincides with the dip of the subducting plate. The Wadati-
Benioff zone extends to a depth of about 700 km [435
miles] from the Earth's surface.

Pertaining to the environment and conditions of organisms

2048 Toss Up
living at the water bottom, or benthos.
2049 Toss Up Organisms that live at the bottom of a body of water.
 A material composed of clay minerals, predominantly
montmorillonite with minor amounts of other smectite
group minerals, commonly used in drilling mud. Bentonite
2050 Toss Up swells considerably when exposed to water, making it ideal
for protecting formations from invasion by drilling fluids.
Montmorillonite forms when basic rocks such as volcanic
ash in marine basins are altered.

The application of plant and animal fossils to date and

correlate strata in order to elucidate Earth history,
combining the principles of paleontology and
stratigraphy. In the petroleum industry, biostratigraphy
2051 Toss Up often denotes the use of terrestrial (pollen and spores) and
marine (diatoms, foraminifera, nannofossils) microfossils to
determine the absolute or relative age and depositional
environment of a particular formation, source rock or
reservoir of interest.

Naturally-occurring, inflammable organic matter formed

from kerogen in the process of petroleum generation
that is soluble in carbon bisulfide. Bitumen includes
hydrocarbons such as asphalt and mineral wax.
2052 Toss Up Typically solid or nearly so, brown or black, bitumen has a
distinctive petroliferous odor. Laboratory dissolution with
organic solvents allows determination of the amount of
bitumen in samples, an assessment of source rock
richness.

A characteristic sequence of sedimentary structures

occurring in sedimentary rocks deposited in areas of deep
2053 Toss Up
water sedimentation by turbidity currents, which form
deposits called turbidites.

Water containing more dissolved inorganic salt than typical

2054 Toss Up
seawater.
The crystalline form of calcium carbonate and chief
constituent of limestone and chalk. Calcite reacts readily
2055 Toss Up with dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl], so the presence of
calcite can be tested by simply placing a drop of acid on a
rock specimen.

A crust of coarse sediments or weathered soil rich

in calcium carbonate. It forms when lime-rich groundwater
rises to the surface by capillary action and evaporates into
a crumbly powder, forming a tough, indurated sheet called
2056 Toss Up
calcrete. Caliche typically occurs in desert or semi-arid
areas. Of particular concern to geophysicists is the difficulty
in acquiring good seismic data when shooting through a
layer of caliche.
 A relatively impermeable rock,
commonly shale, anhydrite or salt, that forms a barrier or
seal above and around reservoir rock so that fluids
2057 Toss Up cannotmigrate beyond the reservoir. It is often found atop
a salt dome. The permeability of a cap rock capable of
retaining fluids through geologic time is ~ 10-6-10-8
darcies.
A class of sedimentary rock whose
chief mineral constituents are calcite and aragonite
2058 Toss Up
and dolomite, a mineral that can replace calcite during the
process of dolomitization.
A type of metamorphic rock with shearing and
granulation of minerals caused by high
2059 Toss Up mechanical stress during faulting or
dynamic metamorphism, typically during episodes of plate
tectonic activity.

The physical and chemical alteration of sediments

and pore fluids at temperatures and pressures higher than
those of diagenesis. Involves heating in the range of 50° to
150°C [122° to 302°F]. At these temperatures, chemical
2060 Toss Up bonds break down in kerogen and clays within shale,
generating liquid hydrocarbons. At the high end of this
temperature range, secondary cracking of oil molecules can
generate gas molecules.

Abbreviation for coalbed methane. Natural gas,

2061 Toss Up predominantly methane [CH4], generated during coal
formation and adsorbed in coal.
The binding material in sedimentary rocks that precipitates
2062 Toss Up between grains from pore fluids. Calcite and quartz are
common cement-forming minerals.
The process of precipitation of cement between mineral or
2063 Toss Up rock grains and forming solid clastic sedimentary rock, one
phase of lithification.
A porous marine limestone composed of fine-grained
2064 Toss Up remains of microorganisms with calcite shells,
coccolithophores

A linear, commonly concave-based depression through

2065 Toss Up which water and sediment flow and into which sediment can
be deposited in distinctive, often elongated bodies.

A sedimentary rock and a variety of quartz made of

extremely fine-grained, or cryptocrystalline, silica, also
called chalcedony. The silica might be of organic origin,
such as from the internal structures of sponges called
2066 Toss Up
spicules, or inorganic origin, such as precipitation from
solution. The latter results in the formation of flint. Chert can
form beds, but is more common as nodules in carbonate
rocks.
 A platy, pale green mineral of the mica group of sheet
silicates, also considered to be a type of clay mineral, found
in sedimentary and low-grade metamorphic rocks.Chlorite is
a common authigenic mineral lining the pores of
2067 Toss Up
sandstones. In some cases, the presence of authigenic
chlorite on sand grains can inhibit the growth of pore-filling
cements during diagenesis and preserve pore space for
occupation by hydrocarbons.

A graphic display, with geologic time along the vertical

axis and distance along the horizontal axis, to demonstrate
2068 Toss Up the relative ages and geographic extent of strata or
stratigraphic units in a given area, also known as a
Wheeler diagram.

The study of the ages of strata. The comparison, or

2069 Toss Up correlation, of separated strata can include study of their
relative or absolute ages.

2070 Toss Up The value of the separation between two adjacent contours.

2071 Toss Up Structures formed by sediment injection

Sediment consisting of broken fragments derived from

2072 Toss Up preexisting rocks and transported elsewhere and
redeposited before forming another rock.
An unusual occurrence of hydrocarbon in which molecules
2073 Toss Up of natural gas, typically methane, are trapped in ice
molecules.

2074 Toss Up Fine-grained sediments less than 0.0039 mm in size.

Pertaining to a sedimentary rock, such as sandstone or

2075 Toss Up limestone, that contains only minimal amounts
of clay minerals.

2076 Toss Up Water containing more dissolved inorganic salt than typical seawater.
The vertical distance from the apex of a structure to the
2077 Toss Up
lowest structural contour that contains the structure
A carbon-rich sedimentary rock that forms from the
2078 Toss Up remains of plants deposited as peat in swampy
environments.

Natural gas, predominantly methane [CH4], generated

2079 Toss Up
during coal formation and adsorbed in coal.

Natural gas, predominantly methane [CH4], generated

2080 Toss Up
during coal formation and adsorbed in coal.

An interaction of lithospheric plates that can result in the

2081 Toss Up
formation of mountain belts and subduction zones.

A phenomenon that occurs after the deposition of some

sediments such that different parts of the sedimentary
2082 Toss Up accumulation develop different degrees of porosity or settle
unevenly during burial beneath successive layers of
sediment.
 The physical process by which sediments
2083 Toss Up are consolidated, resulting in the reduction
of pore space as grains are packed closer together.
Describes a bed that maintains its original thickness during
2084 Toss Up
deformation.
The deformation of rock layers in which the thickness
of each layer, measured perpendicular to initial
2085 Toss Up
undeformed layering, is maintained after the rock
layers have been folded.

A low-density, high-API gravity liquid hydrocarbon phase

2086 Toss Up
that generally occurs in association with natural gas.

In sequence stratigraphy, a section of fine-grained

sedimentary rocks that accumulated slowly, thereby
representing a considerable span of time by only a thin
layer. In condensed sections, fossils and organic,
phosphatic and glauconitic material tend to be concentrated
2087 Toss Up
compared with rapidly deposited sections that contain few
fossils. Condensed sections are most commonly deposited
during transgressions. In such cases they are associated
with "maximum flooding surfaces" and form important
sequence stratigraphic markers.

Parallel strata that have undergone a similar geologic

2088 Toss Up
history, deposited in succession without interruption.

The nature of the contact between strata deposited in

2089 Toss Up
continuous succession.

A bedding surface separating younger from older

strata, along which there is no evidence of subaerial or
submarine erosion or of nondeposition, and along which
2090 Toss Up there is no evidence of a significant hiatus. Unconformities
(sequence boundaries) and flooding surfaces
(parasequence boundaries) pass laterally into correlative
conformities, or correlative surfaces.

Water trapped in the pores of a rock during formation of the

2091 Toss Up
rock.
Pertaining to sediments that have been compacted and
2092 Toss Up cemented to the degree that they become coherent,
relatively solid rock.

Compaction and cementation of sediments to the

2093 Toss Up
degree that they become coherent, relatively solid rock.

The interface, also called fluid contact, that separates fluids

2094 Toss Up
of different densities in a reservoir.

The area at the edges of a continent from the shoreline

2095 Toss Up to a depth of 200 m [660 ft], where the continental slope
begins.
A line on a map that represents a constant value of the
2096 Toss Up
parameter being mapped.
 The value of the separation between two adjacent
2097 Toss Up
contours.
A map displaying lines that include points of equal
2098 Toss Up value and separate points of higher value from points of
lower value.

The density- and heat-driven cycling, transfer or

circulation of energy through which material initially
2099 Toss Up
warms up and becomes relatively less dense, then rises,
cools and becomes relatively more dense, and finally sinks.

A reservoir in which buoyant forces keep hydrocarbons in

2100 Toss Up
place below a sealing caprock.

A portion of a data set, such as seismic data, to which

functions or filters are applied. Aperture time, for example,
2551 Toss Up
can be specified, such as a window from 1.2 to 2.8
seconds.

A mechanism to limit the affects of measurements on a

2552 Toss Up device or system. In seismic data acquisition, the length of
the spread has the effect of an aperture.

In seismic data, the ratio of the velocity determined from

normal moveout (i.e., primarily a horizontal measurement)
to velocity measured vertically in a vertical seismic profile or
similar survey. Apparent anisotropy is of particular
2553 Toss Up
importance when migrating long-offset seismic data and
analyzing AVO data accurately. The normal moveout
velocity involves the horizontal component of the velocity
field, which affects sources and receivers that are

In geophysics, the velocity of a wavefront in a certain

direction, typically measured along a line of receivers and
2554 Toss Up symbolized by va. Apparent velocity and velocity are related
by the cosine of the angle at which the wavefront
approaches the receivers:

The wavelength measured by receivers when a wave

approaches at an angle. The relationship between true and
2555 Toss Up
apparent wavelength can be shown mathematically as
follows:

A technique to map a potential field generated by stationary

2556 Toss Up
electrodes by moving an electrode around the survey area.

Generally, a geometrical configuration of transducers

(sources or receivers) used to generate or record a physical
2557 Toss Up
field, such as an acoustic or electromagnetic wavefield or
the Earth's gravity field.
 A geometrical arrangement of seismic sources (a source
array, with each individual source being activated in some
2558 Toss Up
fixed sequence in time) or receivers (a hydrophone or
geophone array) that is recorded by one channel.

An event or appearance of seismic data as a reflection,

refraction, diffraction or other similar feature, or the time at
2559 Toss Up
which seismic data appear. An event in a seismic section
can represent a geologic interface.

The elapsed time between the release of seismic energy

2560 Toss Up
from a source and its arrival at the receiver.

The comparison of a waveform to itself. Autocorrelation is

useful in the identification of multiples or other regularly
2561 Toss Up
repeating signals, and in designing deconvolution filters to
suppress them.

The loss of energy or amplitude of waves as they pass

through media. Seismic waves lose energy through
2562 Toss Up absorption, reflection and refraction at interfaces, mode
conversion and spherical divergence, or spreading of the
wave.
The removal of undesirable features, such as multiple
2563 Toss Up
events, from seismic data.

A measurable property of seismic data, such as amplitude,

dip, frequency, phase and polarity. Attributes can be
measured at one instant in time or over a time window, and
may be measured on a single trace, on a set of traces or on
2564 Toss Up
a surface interpreted from seismic data. Attribute analysis
includes assessment of various reservoir parameters,
including ahydrocarbon indicator, by techniques such as
amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis.

To use computer software to pick a particular reflection or

attribute in seismic data automatically. Autotracking can
2565 Toss Up speed interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data, but
must be checked for errors, especially in areas of faulting
and stratigraphic changes.

2566 Toss Up What does AVA stand for?

2567 Toss Up What does AVAZ stand for?

in geophysics, the depth divided by the traveltime of a wave

to that depth. Average velocity is commonly calculated by
2568 Toss Up assuming a vertical path, parallel layers and straight
raypaths, conditions that are quite idealized compared to
those actually found in the Earth.
 An axis of rotational invariance. A material whose properties
exhibit cylindrical, or invariant rotational, symmetry may be
2569 Toss Up rotated about this axis by any amount and its properties will
be indistinguishable from what they were before the
rotation.

A method for reconstructing the location and shape of the

2570 Toss Up
wave at an earlier time using the wave equation.

A modeling technique to assess the geologic history of rock

layers through the use of geologic cross sections or seismic
sections. Removal of the youngest layers of rock at the top
of the section allows restoration of the underlying layers to
2571 Toss Up
their initial, undisturbed configurations. Successively older
layers can be removed sequentially to further assess the
effects of compaction, development of geologic structures
and other processes on an area.

A reflection phenomenon of energy in which a nonreflective

surface, which is a surface that does not reflect energy
coherently, randomly scatters energy. No coherent reflected
2572 Toss Up energy can be identified and the energy is scattered in all
directions, including back in the direction from which it
came. For example, light can be scattered or redistributed
by rough, nonreflective surfaces.

A range of frequencies or wavelengths. Audible frequencies

of sound and visible wavelengths of light are examples of
2573 Toss Up bands. In seismic data, band-pass frequencies are within
the limits of a specific filter, while band-reject frequencies
exceed the acceptable range of frequencies.

A function or time series whose Fourier transform is

2574 Toss Up
restricted to a finite range of frequencies or wavelengths.

Frequencies within the acceptable limits of a filter. The term

is commonly used as an adjective, as in "band-pass filter,"
2575 Toss Up
to denote a filter that passes a range of frequencies
unaltered while rejecting frequencies outside the range.

2576 Toss Up Frequencies beyond the limits of a filter.

The lower boundary of the near-surface, low-velocity zone

in which rocks are physically, chemically or biologically
broken down, in some cases coincident with a water table.
2577 Toss Up
Static corrections to seismic data can compensate for the
low velocity of the weathered layer in comparison with the
higher-velocity strata below.
 A reference location for a survey, or a survey point whose
measured values of a given parameter of interest are
2578 Toss Up understood and can be used to normalize other survey
points. Accurate knowledge of base stations is critical in
gravity and magnetic surveying.

A line joining base stations whose transmissions are

2579 Toss Up
synchronized during surveying.
A reference line, such as a "shale baseline," a line
representing the typical value of a given measurement for a
2580 Toss Up
shale on a well log, or the zero-amplitude line of a seismic
trace.

The original survey of a set of surveys covering the same

area but acquired over a period of time. In four-dimensional
2581 Toss Up
seismic data, it is the first seismic survey, which is then
compared to subsequent surveys.

The shape of a wavelet produced by reflection of an actual

wave train at one interface with a positive reflection
coefficient. The embedded wavelet is useful for generating
2582 Toss Up
a convolutional model, or the convolution of an embedded
wavelet with a reflectivity function and random noise, during
seismic processing or interpretation.

The 0 to 12 scale for measurement of wind strength

according to its effect on objects such as trees, flags and
water established by Admiral Francis Beaufort (1774 to
1857). According to the Beaufort scale, at wind speeds
2583 Toss Up below 1 knot or 1 km/hr, seas are calm. Whitecaps on water
and blowing dust and leaves correspond to a Beaufort
number of 4, with winds of 11 to 16 knots [20 to 28 km/hr].
Hurricane-force winds, greater than 64 knots [> 118 km/hr],
have a Beaufort number of 12.

The unit of measurement to describe or compare the

intensity of acoustic or electrical signal, named for American
inventor Alexander Graham Bell (1847 to 1922).
Measurements are typically given in tenths of a bel, or
2584 Toss Up decibels. The logarithm of the ratio of the sound or signal to
a standard provides the decibel measurement. Sounds on
the order of one decibel are barely audible to humans but
can cause pain when on the order of 1012 decibels. The
symbol for the unit is B, but dB is the standard unit.

A permanently fixed marker cited in surveying, such as a

2585 Toss Up concrete block or steel plate, with an inscription of location
and elevation.
A standard against which the performance of processes are
2586 Toss Up
measured.
 An adjustment of the relative positive and negative
excursions of reflections during seismic processing by bulk
shifting the null point, or baseline, of the data to emphasize
2587 Toss Up
peaks at the expense of troughs or vice versa. Some
authors describe bias as a systematic distortion of seismic
data to achieve greater continuity.

A subdivision of a seismic survey. The area of a three-

dimensional survey is divided into bins, which are
commonly on the order of 25 m [82 ft] long and 25 m wide;
traces are assigned to specific bins according to the
midpoint between the source and the receiver, reflection
2588 Toss Up point or conversion point. Bins are commonly assigned
according to common midpoint (CMP), but more
sophisticated seismic processing allows for other types of
binning. Traces within a bin are stacked to generate the
output trace for that bin. Data quality depends in part on the
number of traces per bin, or the fold.

To sort seismic data into small areas according to the

2589 Toss Up midpoint between the source and the receiver, reflection
point or conversion point prior to stacking.

A device containing a magnetometer and possibly other

instruments that can be towed by an aircraft during
2590 Toss Up
aeromagnetic surveying or in a marine seismic streamer to
provide dynamic information about the streamer position.

The splitting of an incident wave into two waves of different

velocities and orthogonal polarizations. Birefringence
occurs in optical mineralogy (see petrography) when plane-
polarized light passes through an anisotropic mineral and
emerges as two rays traveling at different speeds, the
difference between which is characteristic of a mineral. In
2591 Toss Up seismology, incident S-waves can exhibit birefringence as
they split into a quasi-shear and a pure-shear wave.
Although birefringence was first described by Danish
physician Erasmus Bartholin (1625 to 1698) in crystals in
1669, the phenomenon was not fully understood until
French physicist Etienne-Louis Malus (1775 to 1812)
described polarized light in 1808.

A small, electrically activated explosive charge that

explodes a larger charge. Detonators, also called caps,
2592 Toss Up seismic caps or blasting caps, are used for seismic
acquisition with an explosive source to achieve consistent
timing of detonation
 A device containing primary high-explosive material that is
used to initiate an explosive sequence. The two common
types of detonators are electrical detonators (also known as
blasting caps) and percussion detonators. Electrical
detonators have a fuse material that burns when high
voltage is applied to initiate the primary high explosive.
Percussion detonators contain abrasive grit and primary
2593 Toss Up high explosive in a sealed container that is activated by a
firing pin. The impact force of the firing pin is sufficient to
initiate the ballistic sequence that is then transmitted to the
detonating cord. Several safety systems are used in
conjunction with detonators to avoid accidental firing during
rig-up or rig-down. Safety systems also are used to disarm
the gun or ballistic assembly if downhole conditions are
unsafe for firing.

A layer or body of rock that cannot be detected by seismic

2594 Toss Up refraction, typically because its velocity is lower than that of
the overlying rocks; also known as a hidden layer.

A shadow zone, or a zone through which waves do not

2595 Toss Up pass, or cannot be recorded, or in which reflections do not
occur.
A wave that propagates through a medium rather than
2596 Toss Up along an interface. P-waves and S-waves are examples of
body waves.

Seismic data measured with receivers, sources or both in a

well, such as a check-shot survey, vertical seismic profile
(VSP), crosswell seismic data or single-well imaging. By
directly measuring the acoustic velocity of each formation
encountered in a well, the well logs and borehole seismic
2597 Toss Up data can be correlated to surface seismic data more easily.
Borehole seismic data, including both S- and P-waves, can
be gathered in a cased or openhole. This term is commonly
used to distinguish between borehole sonic data (with
frequencies typically greater than 1000 Hz) and borehole
seismic data (with frequencies typically less than 1000 Hz).

The remaining value of gravitational attraction after

accounting for the theoretical gravitational attraction at the
point of measurement, latitude, elevation, the Bouguer
correction and the free-air correction (which compensates
2598 Toss Up for height above sea level assuming there is only air
between the measurement station and sea level). This
anomaly is named for Pierre Bouguer, a French
mathematician (1698 to 1758) who demonstrated that
gravitational attraction decreases with altitude.
 The adjustment to a measurement of gravitational
acceleration to account for elevation and the density of rock
between the measurement station and a reference level. It
2599 Toss Up
can be expressed mathematically as the product of the
density of the rock, the height relative to sea level or
another reference, and a constant, in units of mGal:

A concave-upward event in seismic data produced by a

buried focus and corrected by proper migration of seismic
data. The focusing of the seismic wave produces three
2600 Toss Up reflection points on the event per surface location. The
name was coined for the appearance of the event in
unmigrated seismic data. Synclines, or sags, commonly
generate bow ties.

The fastest route that a seismic ray can travel between two
2601 Toss Up
points, generally dictated by Fermat's principle.

An arrival of energy propagated from the energy source at

the surface to the geophone in the wellbore in vertical
2602 Toss Up
seismic profiles and check-shot surveys, or an indication of
seismic energy on a trace.

A processed seismic record that contains traces from a

common midpoint that have been added together but has
2603 Toss Up undergone only cursory velocity analysis, so the normal-
moveout correction is a first attempt. Typically, no static
corrections are made before the brute stack.

Bubble pulses or bubble noise that affect data quality. In

marine seismic acquisition, the gas bubble produced by an
air gun oscillates and generates subsequent pulses that
cause source-generated noise. Careful use of multiple air
2604 Toss Up
guns can cause destructive interference of bubble pulses
and alleviate the bubble effect. A cage, or a steel enclosure
surrounding a seismic source, can be used to dissipate
energy and reduce the bubble effect.

A vibrator truck equipped with wide tires to allow access to

2605 Toss Up rugged or soggy terrain while causing less damage to the
environment.
The ratio of stress to strain, abbreviated as K. The bulk
modulus is an elastic constant equal to the change in
2606 Toss Up
applied pressure (∂P) divided by the ratio of the change in
volume to the original volume of a body (∂V/V).
 A bundle of electrical wires that connects geophones, or the
entire carrier system for marine hydrophones, which
includes the hydrophones, the electrical wires, the stress
2607 Toss Up member, spacers, the outer skin of the cable, and the
streamer filler, which is typically kerosene or a buoyant
plastic. The cable relays data to the seismic recording truck
or seismic vessel.

A method of adjusting a data set against a control that has

2608 Toss Up
properties to which the data set should conform.

A small, electrically activated explosive charge that

detonates a larger charge. Caps, also called seismic caps
2609 Toss Up
or blasting caps, are used for seismic acquisition with an
explosive source to achieve consistent timing of detonation.

A type of positive gravity anomaly that results from the

2610 Toss Up presence of a dense cap rock overlying a relatively low-
density salt dome.

An implosion produced by locally low pressure, such as the

2611 Toss Up collapse of a gas bubble in liquid (the energy of which is
used as the source of seismic energy from air guns).

In multichannel seismic acquisition where beds do not dip,

the common reflection point at depth on a reflector, or the
halfway point when a wave travels from a source to a
reflector to a receiver. In the case of flat layers, the
2612 Toss Up common depth point is vertically below the common
midpoint. In the case of dipping beds, there is no common
depth point shared by multiple sources and receivers, so
dip moveout processing is necessary to reduce smearing,
or inappropriate mixing, of the data.

A device to carry data from a receiver to a recorder, such as

from a group of geophones. Simultaneous recording of 500
2613 Toss Up to 2000 channels is common during 3D seismic acquisition,
and 120 to 240 channels during onshore 2D seismic
acquisition.

A type of elastic wave propagated and confined in a layer

2614 Toss Up whose velocity is lower than that of the surrounding layers,
such as a layer of coal.

A distinguishing feature of a waveform in a seismic event,

2615 Toss Up
such as shape, frequency, phase or continuity.
 A type of borehole seismic data designed to measure the
seismic traveltime from the surface to a known depth. P-
wave velocity of the formations encountered in a wellbore
can be measured directly by lowering a geophone to each
formation of interest, sending out a source of energy from
the surface of the Earth, and recording the resultant signal.
The data can then be correlated to surface seismic data by
2616 Toss Up correcting the sonic log and generating a synthetic
seismogram to confirm or modify seismic interpretations. It
differs from a vertical seismic profile in the number and
density of receiver depths recorded; geophone positions
may be widely and irregularly located in the wellbore,
whereas a vertical seismic profile usually has numerous
geophones positioned at closely and regularly spaced
intervals in the wellbore.

A technique for acquiring full-azimuth marine seismic data.

This technique uses a vessel equipped with source arrays
and streamers to shoot and record seismic data; however,
unlike conventional surveys acquired in a series of parallel
straight lines, circle shooting surveys are acquired as the
vessel steams in a series of overlapping, continuously
2617 Toss Up
linked circles, or coils. The circular shooting geometry
acquires a full range of offset data across every azimuth to
sample the subsurface geology in all directions. The
resulting full azimuth (FAZ) data are used to image complex
geology, such as highly faulted strata, basalt, carbonate
reefs and subsalt formations.

In multichannel seismic acquisition, the point on the surface

halfway between the source and receiver that is shared by
numerous source-receiver pairs. Such redundancy among
source-receiver pairs enhances the quality of seismic data
2618 Toss Up when the data are stacked. The common midpoint is
vertically above the common depth point, or common
reflection point. Common midpoint is not the same as
common depth point, but the terms are often incorrectly
used as synonyms.

2619 Toss Up A measure of the similarity of two seismic traces.

The quality of two wave trains, or waves consisting of
2620 Toss Up
several cycles, being in phase.
The similarity of two mathematical functions as evaluated in
2621 Toss Up
the frequency domain.
A quantitative assessment of the similarity of three or more
2622 Toss Up
functions, also called semblance.
 A technique for removing noise and emphasizing coherent
2623 Toss Up
events from multiple channels of seismic data.

Pertaining to seismic events that show continuity from trace

to trace. Seismic processing to enhance recognition of
2624 Toss Up coherent events and emphasize discontinuities such as
faults and stratigraphic changes has gained popularity since
the mid-1990s.

Undesirable seismic energy that shows consistent phase

2625 Toss Up
from trace to trace, such as ground roll and multiples.

Method of seismic reflection surveying and processing that

exploits the redundancy of multiple fold to enhance data
quality by reducing noise. During acquisition, an energy
source is supplied to a number of shotpoints
simultaneously. Once data have been recorded, the energy
2626 Toss Up source is moved farther down the line of acquisition, but
enough overlap is left that some of the reflection points are
re-recorded with a different source-to-receiver offset.
Multiple shotpoints that share a source-receiver midpoint
are stacked. The number of times that a common midpoint
is recorded is the fold of the data.

Pertaining to traces that have the same offset, or distance

2627 Toss Up
between source and receiver.
Pertaining to traces that have a different source but share a
2628 Toss Up
receiver.
2629 Toss Up A display of seismic traces that share a receiver.

In multichannel seismic acquisition, the common midpoint

on a reflector, or the halfway point when a wave travels
from a source to a reflector to a receiver that is shared by
2630 Toss Up numerous locations if the reflector is flat-lying. Like common
depth point, this term is commonly misused, because in the
case of dipping layers, common reflection points do not
exist.

Pertaining to traces that have a different receiver but share

2631 Toss Up
a source.
2632 Toss Up A display of seismic traces that share a source.

A change made to porosity measurements, such as those

from sonic logs, to compensate for the lack of compaction,
2633 Toss Up or the predicted loss of pore space as sediments are buried
by overburden. Compaction corrections are commonly
performed in uncompacted sediments.
 A mathematical method to determine seismic attributes,
including reflection strength and instantaneous frequency,
2634 Toss Up by using the Hilbert transform, a special form of the Fourier
transform, and the quadrature trace, or the component of
the signal that is 90 degrees out of phase.

The product of conductivity and thickness, typically

measured in units of siemens (S). In the inversion of
electrical and electromagnetic measurements, the
2635 Toss Up
conductance of a layer or zone is usually much better
determined than either the conductivity or thickness
individually.

The reciprocal of resistance in a direct current circuit,

measured in siemens (formerly mhos). In an alternating
2636 Toss Up
current circuit, conductance is the resistance divided by the
square of impedance, also measured in siemens.

In mathematics, the process in which a sequence of

numbers approaches a fixed value called the "limit" of the
2637 Toss Up sequence. This term is often used in modeling or inversion
to describe the situation in which a sequence of calculated
values approach, or converge with, measured values.

A seismic wave that changes from a P-wave to an S-wave,

2638 Toss Up
or vice versa, when it encounters an interface.

A mathematical operation on two functions that is the most

general representation of the process of linear (invariant)
filtering. Convolution can be applied to any two functions of
time or space (or other variables) to yield a third function,
the output of the convolution. Although the mathematical
definition is symmetric with respect to the two input
functions, it is common in signal processing to say that one
2639 Toss Up
of the functions is a filter acting on the other function. The
response of many physical systems can be represented
mathematically by a convolution. For example, a
convolution can be used to model the filtering of seismic
energy by the various rock layers in the Earth;
deconvolution is used extensively in seismic processing to
counteract that filtering.
 To perform a convolution, which is a mathematical
operation on two functions that is the most general
representation of the process of linear (invariant) filtering.
Convolution can be applied to any two functions of time or
space (or other variables) to yield a third function, the
output of the convolution. Although the mathematical
definition is symmetric with respect to the two input
2640 Toss Up functions, it is common in signal processing to say that one
of the functions is a filter acting on the other function. The
response of many physical systems can be represented
mathematically by a convolution. For example, a
convolution can be used to model the filtering of seismic
energy by the various rock layers in the Earth;
deconvolution is used extensively in seismic processing to
counteract that filtering.

The comparison of seismic waveforms in the time domain,

2641 Toss Up
similar to coherence in the frequency domain.

The state of being attached to another entity: A well-planted

geophone has a coupling to the Earth's surface or to a
2642 Toss Up
borehole wall that allows it to record ground motion during
acquisition of seismic data.

An electrical or mechanical device that joins parts of

systems and can affect the interaction of, or energy transfer
between, parts of systems. Electrical couplings promote the
2643 Toss Up
passage of certain signals but prevent the passage of
others, such as an alternating current coupling that
excludes direct current.

The angle of incidence according to Snell's law at which a

2644 Toss Up refracted wave travels along the interface between two
media. It can be quantified mathematically as follows:

The minimum damping that will prevent or stop oscillation in

the shortest amount of time, typically associated with
2645 Toss Up
oscillatory systems like geophones. Critical damping is
symbolized by μc.
A reflection, typically at a large angle, that occurs when the
2646 Toss Up angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of a wave are
equal to the critical angle.
The comparison of different waveforms in digital form to
quantify their similarity. A normalized crosscorrelation, or a
2647 Toss Up correlation coefficient, equal to unity indicates a perfect
match, whereas a poor match will yield a value close to
zero.
A seismic line within a 3D survey perpendicular to the
2648 Toss Up
direction in which the data were acquired.
 A crosswell seismic technique that incorporates reflection
traveltimes and direct traveltimes into a tomographic
2649 Toss Up
inversion algorithm to produce images of seismic velocity
between wells.

A survey technique that measures the seismic signal

transmitted from a source, located in one well, to a receiver
array in a neighboring well. The resulting data are
processed to create a reflection image or to map the
acoustic velocity or other properties (velocities of P- and S-
waves, for example) of the area between wells. Placement
of the source and receiver array in adjacent wells not only
enables the formation between wells to be surveyed, it also
2650 Toss Up avoids seismic signal propagation through attenuative near-
surface formations. Another advantage is that it places the
source and receiver near the reservoir zone of interest,
thereby obtaining better resolution than is possible with
conventional surface seismic surveys. This technique is
often used for high-resolution reservoir characterization
when surface seismic or vertical seismic profile (VSP) data
lack resolution, or for time-lapse monitoring of fluid
movements in the reservoir.

A technique for measuring a signal that is broadcast from a

transmitter or source located in one well, to a receiver array
placed in a neighboring well. This technique is used to
create a display of formation properties such as acoustic
2651 Toss Up velocity and attenuation, seismic reflectivity, or
electromagnetic resistivity in the area between wells. The
reservoir-scale data acquired with this technique can be
used to bridge the gap between wellbore measurements
and surface measurements.

The magnetic field associated with the Earth’s crust arises

from induced and remanent magnetism. The crustal field—
also referred to as the anomaly field—varies in direction
and strength when measured over the Earth’s surface. It is
2652 Toss Up
relatively strong in the vicinity of ferrous and magnetic
materials, such as in the oceanic crust and near
concentrations of metal ores, and is a focus of geophysical
mineral exploration.

A local geophysical anomaly generated by a man-made

2653 Toss Up feature, such as electrical and communications wires, steel
beams and tanks and railroad tracks.

Undesirable energy, or noise, generated by human activity,

such as automobile traffic that interferes with seismic
2654 Toss Up
surveying, or electrical power lines or the steel in pipelines
that can adversely affect electromagnetic methods.
 The generation of a theoretical equation to define a given
data set. In contrast, curve matching involves the
2655 Toss Up
comparison of well-understood data to a data set of
interest.

The graphical comparison of well-understood data sets,

called type curves, to another data set. If a certain type
curve closely corresponds to a data set, then an
interpretation of similarity can be made, although, as Sheriff
2656 Toss Up
(1991) points out, there might be other type curves that also
match the data of interest. Curve matching differs from
curve fitting in that curve fitting involves theoretical models
rather than actual examples.

An anomalously high transit time in a log, such as a

continuous velocity log, observable as a spike on the log,
2657 Toss Up commonly caused by the presence of fractures, gas,
unconsolidated formations, aerated drilling mud and
enlarged boreholes.

The opposition, slowing or prevention of oscillation, or

decreasing vibration amplitude, as kinetic energy
dissipates. Frictional damping can be important in the use
of geophones for seismic surveys, since a vibrating
2658 Toss Up
instrument is difficult to read. Eddy currents can produce
electromagnetic damping. The classic example of damping
from physics is the slowing of a swinging pendulum unless
it has a steady supply of energy.

An agreed and known value, such as the elevation of a

benchmark or sea level, to which other measurements are
corrected. In seismic data, the term refers to an arbitrary
2659 Toss Up planar surface to which corrections are made and on which
sources and receivers are assumed to lie to minimize the
effects of topography and near-surface zones of low
velocity.

A value added to reflection times of seismic data to

2660 Toss Up compensate for the location of the geophone and source
relative to the seismic datum.

The unit of measurement to compare the relative intensity

of acoustic or electrical signal, equal to one-tenth of a bel,
named for American inventor Alexander Graham Bell (1847
to 1922). The logarithm of the ratio of the sound or signal to
2661 Toss Up
a standard provides the decibel measurement. The symbol
for the unit is dB. Humans typically hear sounds in the
range of 20 to 50 dB in conversation, and upwards of 90 dB
when exposed to heavy machinery or aircraft.
 A step in seismic signal processing to recover high
frequencies, attenuate multiples, equalize amplitudes,
produce a zero-phase wavelet or for other purposes that
generally affect the waveshape. Deconvolution, or inverse
2662 Toss Up filtering, can improve seismic data that were adversely
affected by filtering, or convolution that occurs naturally as
seismic energy is filtered by the Earth. Deconvolution can
also be performed on other types of data, such as gravity,
magnetic or well log data.

A seismic profile recorded specifically to study the lower

crust, the Mohorovicic discontinuity and the mantle of the
Earth, typically using refraction methods. Most standard
2663 Toss Up
seismic reflection profiles record only a small fraction
(typically, on the order of 10 km [6 miles]) of the Earth's
crust, which is 5 to 75 km [3 to 45 miles] thick.

A method of marine seismic acquisition in which a boat

tows a receiver well below the surface of the water to get
2664 Toss Up closer to features of interest or to reduce noise due to
conditions of the sea. Deep tow devices are used for some
side-scan sonar, gravity and magnetic surveys.

An anisotropy parameter that describes near-vertical P-

2665 Toss Up wave velocity anisotropy and the difference between the
vertical and small-offset moveout velocity of P-waves.

Also called interval transit time, the amount of time for a

wave to travel a certain distance, proportional to the
reciprocal of velocity, typically measured in microseconds
per foot by an acoustic log and symbolized by t or DT. P-
2666 Toss Up wave interval transit times for common sedimentary rock
types range from 43 (dolostone) to 160 (unconsolidated
shales) microseconds per foot, and can be distinguished
from measurements of steel casing, which has a consistent
transit time of 57 microseconds per foot.

The variation in the mass per unit volume of rocks, which

affects the local gravitational field of the Earth. A density
2667 Toss Up
contrast also contributes to an acoustic impedance
contrast, which affects the reflection coefficient.

A series of gravity measurements made along a line or over

an area of a locally high topographic feature to remove or
2668 Toss Up
compensate for the effect of topography on deeper density
readings.

A device used in acquisition of marine seismic data that

2669 Toss Up
keeps streamers at a certain depth in the water.
 The process of transforming seismic data from a scale of
time (the domain in which they are acquired) to a scale of
depth to provide a picture of the structure of the subsurface
independent of velocity. Depth conversion, ideally, is an
iterative process that begins with proper seismic
2670 Toss Up
processing, seismic velocity analysis and study of well data
to refine the conversion. Acoustic logs, check-shot surveys
and vertical seismic profiles can aid depth conversion
efforts and improve correlation of well logs and drilling data
with surface seismic data.

A two-dimensional representation of subsurface structure

2671 Toss Up with contours in depth that have been converted from
seismic traveltimes.

A step in seismic processing in which reflections in seismic

data are moved to their correct locations in space, including
position relative to shotpoints, in areas where there are
2672 Toss Up significant and rapid lateral or vertical changes in velocity
that distort the time image. This requires an accurate
knowledge of vertical and horizontal seismic velocity
variations.

A point on the surface for which the depth to a horizon has

2673 Toss Up been calculated in a refraction seismic survey. The term is
commonly misused as a synonym for common depth point.

A display of seismic data with a scale of units of depth

rather than time along the vertical axis. Careful migration
2674 Toss Up
and depth conversion are essential for creating depth
sections.
The minimum thickness necessary for a layer of rock to be
visible or distinct in reflection seismic data. Generally, the
detectable limit is at least 1/30 of the wavelength.
2675 Toss Up
Acquisition of higher frequency seismic data generally
results in better detection or vertical resolution of thinner
layers.
A sensor or receiver, such as a geophone or hydrophone,
2676 Toss Up
gravimeter or magnetometer.

A type of inverse filtering, or deconvolution, in which the

2677 Toss Up effects of the filter are known by observation or assumed,
as opposed to statistical deconvolution.

To set off an explosive material. Explosive sources are

2678 Toss Up used in seismic acquisition and explosive charges are used
to perforate wells in preparation for production or injection.

A material used in a capacitor to store a charge from an

2679 Toss Up applied electrical field. A pure dielectric does not conduct
electricity.
 A map that represents the change from one map to
another, such as a reservoir map of an area made from two
different seismic surveys separated in production history
2680 Toss Up
(one possible product of 4D seismic data), or an isochron
map that displays the variation in time between two seismic
events or reflections.

A type of static correction that compensates for delays in

seismic reflection or refraction times from one point to
2681 Toss Up another, such as among geophone groups in a survey.
These delays can be induced by low-velocity layers such as
the weathered layer near the Earth's surface.

A type of event produced by the radial scattering of a wave

into new wavefronts after the wave meets a discontinuity
such as a fault surface, an unconformity or an abrupt
2682 Toss Up change in rock type. Diffractions appear as hyperbolic or
umbrella-shaped events on a seismic profile. Proper
migration of seismic data makes use of diffracted energy to
properly position reflections.

Also known as Kirchhoff migration, a method of seismic

migration that uses the integral form (Kirchhoff equation) of
the wave equation. All methods of seismic migration involve
the backpropagation (or continuation) of the seismic
wavefield from the region where it was measured (Earth's
surface or along a borehole) into the region to be imaged.
In Kirchhoff migration, this is done by using the Kirchhoff
integral representation of a field at a given point as a
2683 Toss Up
(weighted) superposition of waves propagating from
adjacent points and times. Continuation of the wavefield
requires a background model of seismic velocity, which is
usually a model of constant or smoothly varying velocity.
Because of the integral form of Kirchhoff migration, its
implementation reduces to stacking the data along curves
that trace the arrival time of energy scattered by image
points in the earth.

The movement of ions or molecules from regions of high

2684 Toss Up
concentration to low concentration within a solution.
 A partial differential equation describing the variation in
space and time of a physical quantity that is governed by
diffusion. The diffusion equation provides a good
mathematical model for the variation of temperature
through conduction of heat and the propagation of
2685 Toss Up electromagnetic waves in a highly conducting medium. The
diffusion equation is a parabolic partial differential equation
whose characteristic form relates the first partial derivative
of a field with respect to time to its second partial
derivatives with respect to spatial coordinates. It is closely
related to the wave equation.

The increase in the volume of rocks as a result of

2686 Toss Up
deformation, such as when fractures develop.

A possible explanation for volume changes in rocks due to

strain, such as microfracturing or cracking, and the
accompanying change in the ratio of P- to S-wave velocity.
2687 Toss Up
Support for dilatancy theory comes in the form of porosity
increases from 20 to 40% that have been measured in
laboratory experiments using rock samples.

The process of changing volume as stress is applied to a

2688 Toss Up
body.
The volumetric strain produced by applying stress to a
2689 Toss Up
body.

A rarefaction, or decrease in pressure and density of a

medium as molecules are displaced by a P-wave. As P-
waves pass through the Earth, the Earth undergoes
2690 Toss Up
compression and expansion. These changes in volume
contribute to the positive and negative amplitudes of a
seismic trace.

An elastic body wave or sound wave in which particles

oscillate in the direction the wave propagates. P-waves are
the waves studied in conventional seismic data. P-waves
2691 Toss Up
incident on an interface at other than normal incidence can
produce reflected and transmitted S-waves, in that case
known as converted waves.

A type of local seismic event that, in contrast to a bright

spot, shows weak rather than strong amplitude. The weak
amplitude might correlate with hydrocarbons that reduce
2692 Toss Up
the contrast in acoustic impedance between the reservoir
and the overlying rock, or might be related to a stratigraphic
change that reduces acoustic impedance.
 The difference in the arrival times or traveltimes of a
reflected wave, measured by receivers at two different
2693 Toss Up
offset locations, that is produced when reflectors dip.
Seismic processing compensates for DMO.

The procedure in seismic processing that compensates for

2694 Toss Up the effects of a dipping reflector. DMO processing was
developed in the early 1980s.

A pair of opposite (and equal) electrical charges. The

strength of the dipole is a vector quantity whose direction
points from the positive to the negative charge and whose
magnitude is the product of the absolute value of the
2695 Toss Up charge times the separation. A point dipole is an idealized
mathematical representation of a dipole in which the
separation of the charges goes to zero while their charge
increases so that the product (dipole strength) remains
constant.

Two poles of opposite polarity that can generate a field,

such as an electric or magnetic field or a dipole source and
2696 Toss Up
dipole receiver used in sonic logging for excitation and
detection of shear waves.

A small antenna used in electromagnetic surveying that can

2697 Toss Up
be represented mathematically as a dipole.

2698 Toss Up The primary contribution to Earth’s main magnetic field.

The property of some seismic sources whereby the

amplitude, frequency, velocity or other property of the
resulting seismic waves varies with direction. A directional
charge, such as a length of primer cord or a linear array of
charges, can be used when directivity is desirable.
Directivity is also a property of geophone arrays, air guns,
explosives or vibrators, which can be positioned to reduce
horizontal traveling noise such as ground roll. Receivers in
2699 Toss Up
the form of groups in which the individual geophones or
hydrophones are separated from each other in linear (1D)
or areal (2D) arrays are directional, and are designed to
suppress signal arriving nearly horizontally and to pass
nearly vertical arrivals with minimum attenuation or
distortion. Directivity is often present, but the difficulty in
accounting for it during seismic processing makes it
undesirable in most cases.
 A subsurface boundary or interface at which a physical
quantity, such as the velocity of transmission of seismic
waves, changes abruptly. The velocity of P-waves
2700 Toss Up
increases dramatically (from about 6.5 to 8.0 km/s) at the
Mohorovicic discontinuity between the Earth's crust and
mantle.

Ánimo hermano, el The calculated flow area provided by perforations across a

equipo tiene tu 3280 Toss Up specific zone of interest. The resulting value is used to
respaldo 💪🏻🙌🏻 calculate pressure drops and fluid-flow performance.

A technique in which several perforating guns are run on a

3281 Toss Up single trip into the well, and then all are fired
simultaneously.

A perforating charge designed to create perforations with a

large-diameter entrance hole. These charges typically are
used in sand control completions, in which efficient
placement of the gravel pack treatment within the
perforation tunnel is crucial. Altering the explosive charge
design and materials creates a larger diameter entrance
3282 Toss Up hole on the perforation while reducing the depth of
penetration. However, gravel-pack treatments generally are
applied in high-permeability formations where perforation
tunnel length is less important. Wells that are to be
hydraulically fractured also can benefit from larger
perforations since the effective penetration is significantly
increased by a high-conductivity fracture.

A section of heavy walled tubing that is placed across any

perforated interval through which the production tubing
must pass, such as may be required in multiple zone
3283 Toss Up completions. In addition to being heavier than normal
completion components, the wall of a blast joint is often
treated to resist the jetting action that may result in the
proximity of the perforations.

A small metal tube containing secondary high explosive that

is crimped onto the end of the detonating cord. This
explosive component is designed to provide reliable
3284 Toss Up
detonation transfer between perforating guns or other
explosive devices, and often serves as an auxiliary
explosive charge to ensure detonation.

A downhole tool that is located and set to isolate the lower

part of the wellbore. Bridge plugs may be permanent or
retrievable, enabling the lower wellbore to be permanently
3285 Toss Up
sealed from production or temporarily isolated from a
treatment conducted on an upper zone.
 An early perforating method that used a hardened steel
bullet or projectile, propelled by an explosive charge, to
create a perforation tunnel. This method creates a low-
3286 Toss Up
permeability crushed zone and leaves the bullet and
associated debris jammed at the end of the tunnel. Jet
perforating is now the preferred method.

An exposed gun system used primarily in wireline

operations. This gun system has shaped charges that are
housed in individual pressure-tight capsules mounted on a
3287 Toss Up
metal strip, which is lowered into the well. Each pressure-
tight capsule, along with the entire string, is thus exposed to
well fluids.
A perforating gun, consisting of a loading tube and shaped
charges. The shaped charges are housed inside a metal
3288 Toss Up
tube or pipe known as a carrier. The carrier protects the
charges against well fluids.

A downhole tool used to confirm or correlate treatment

depth using known reference points on the casing string.
The casing collar locator is an electric logging tool that
detects the magnetic anomaly caused by the relatively high
3289 Toss Up mass of the casing collar. A signal is transmitted to surface
equipment that provides a screen display and printed log
enabling the output to be correlated with previous logs and
known casing features such as pup joints installed for
correlation purposes.

A log provided by a casing collar locator tool that generally

incorporates a gamma ray log to correlate the relative
3290 Toss Up
position of casing string features, such as the location of a
pup joint, with the reservoir or formation of interest.

A perforating gun assembly designed to be used in a

wellbore before the production tubulars or completion
equipment have been installed, thus allowing access for a
3291 Toss Up
larger diameter gun assembly. Casing guns are typically 3-
to 5-in. In diameter and carry up to four perforating charges
per foot.

A downhole tool run on wireline to sever tubing at a

predetermined point when the tubing string becomes stuck.
When activated, the chemical cutter use a small explosive
charge to forcefully direct high-pressure jets of highly
3292 Toss Up corrosive material in a circumferential pattern against the
tubular wall. The nearly instantaneous massive corrosion of
the surrounding tubing wall creates a relatively even cut
with minimal distortion of the tubing, aiding subsequent
fishing operations.
 The rubblized or damaged zone surrounding a perforation
tunnel where the action of the perforating charge or bullet
has altered the formation structure and permeability.
Although it is generally damaging to production, the severity
or extent of the crushed zone depend greatly on the
characteristics of the formation, the perforating charge and
the underbalance or overbalance conditions at time of
3293 Toss Up perforating. Measures to reduce the effect of the crushed
zone include underbalanced perforating in which the
crushed zone and perforating debris are flushed from the
perforating tunnel by the reservoir fluid as soon as the
perforation is created. Where overbalanced perforating
techniques are used, it may be necessary to acidize the
crushed zone to achieve maximum productivity from the
perforated interval.

The area surrounding the wellbore that has been harmed

by the drilling process, generally as a result of mud or
cement-filtrate invasion. Near-wellbore damage can
significantly affect productivity and is typically easier to
prevent than it is to cure. Although almost always present, a
lightly damaged zone around the wellbore can be bypassed
3294 Toss Up
by perforation tunnels to create connecting conduits from
the wellbore to the undamaged reservoir formation. More
severe cases of damage may require a matrix-acidizing
treatment to restore the natural permeability, or a hydraulic
fracturing treatment to create a new high-conductivity flow
path to the reservoir.

A perforating charge designed to provide a long perforation

tunnel, such as may be required to bypass any near-
wellbore damage. Specially designed deep-penetrating
3295 Toss Up
charges achieve this additional length while retaining a
medium-sized entrance hole, an important consideration in
high-shot density applications.

To set off an explosive material. Explosive sources are

3296 Toss Up used in seismic acquisition and explosive charges are used
to perforate wells in preparation for production or injection.

A cord containing high-explosive material sheathed in a

flexible outer case, which is used to connect the detonator
3297 Toss Up to the main high explosive. This provides an extremely rapid
initiation sequence that can be used to fire several charges
simultaneously.
 A device containing primary high-explosive material that is
used to initiate an explosive sequence. The two common
types of detonators are electrical detonators (also known as
blasting caps) and percussion detonators. Electrical
detonators have a fuse material that burns when high
voltage is applied to initiate the primary high explosive.
Percussion detonators contain abrasive grit and primary
3298 Toss Up high explosive in a sealed container that is activated by a
firing pin. The impact force of the firing pin is sufficient to
initiate the ballistic sequence that is then transmitted to the
detonating cord. Several safety systems are used in
conjunction with detonators to avoid accidental firing during
rig-up or rig-down. Safety systems also are used to disarm
the gun or ballistic assembly if downhole conditions are
unsafe for firing.

A small, electrically activated explosive charge that

explodes a larger charge. Detonators, also called caps,
3299 Toss Up seismic caps or blasting caps, are used for seismic
acquisition with an explosive source to achieve consistent
timing of detonation.

A safety device used when running and retrieving tools or

drill collars with a flush external surface that may easily
pass through the rotary table slips. The dog collar is
3300 Toss Up temporarily attached to the assembly between the tool joint
and the slips. If the slips fail to hold the tool assembly, the
dog collar will prevent the entire assembly from dropping
through and being lost in the wellbore.

A ball that is dropped or pumped through the wellbore

tubulars to activate a downhole tool or device. When the
3301 Toss Up
ball is located on a landing seat, hydraulic pressure
generally is applied to operate the tool mechanism.

A heavy steel bar that is dropped through the tubing or

running string to fire the percussion detonator on a tubing-
conveyed perforating (TCP) gun assembly. The drop bar
must be capable of falling through the string with sufficient
3302 Toss Up
speed to impart the necessary force for detonation.
Therefore, this method of firing is best suited to vertical or
slightly deviated wellbores where there will be minimal drag
or friction effect.

A device, shaped like a short length of pipe, which is used

to drop TCP guns in the rathole or sump. It is commonly
used to drop guns that are connected to the completion into
3303 Toss Up
the sump, thus providing access to the reservoir for
subsequent intervention work. It may also be used to break
the tool string into fishable sections.
 A perforating gun assembly designed to be detached from
the tubing or running string after firing. The detached
assembly can then drop, or be pushed, to the bottom of the
well depending on deviation and production requirements.
Drop-off gun assemblies often are used in underbalanced
perforating applications, eliminating the need to kill the well
3304 Toss Up to recover the spent gun assembly. In such cases, the
wellbore will be designed to accommodate the spent gun
assembly without compromising productivity, while recovery
of the gun assembly may be planned during subsequent
workover operations. The drop-off mechanism may be
automatic and actuated at time of firing, or be actuated after
firing.

A value that reflects the number of perforations per unit of

length (usually feet) that are producing, or injecting,
efficiently. Perforation efficiency may be compromised by
3305 Toss Up gun failure or charge misfire, perforation debris, excessive
standoff or poor orientation, or by combinations of these.
The effective shot density may be used in treatment design
models or to calculate likely productivity response.

The hole created in the internal surface of the casing or

liner by the perforating charge or bullet. The entrance hole
should be clean, free from burrs and round to create an
efficient flow path between the reservoir and wellbore.
Depending on gun size and standoff, the entrance hole is
3306 Toss Up typically between 3/8" and 1/2" in diameter. The perforation
charge design generally is optimized to provide maximum
penetration while achieving a medium-size entrance hole.
Special charge designs can be used when optimizing the
entrance hole size is important, as in sand-control
applications.

A pipe-shaped housing that protects the firing head of a

tubing-conveyed perforating gun. It is used to
3307 Toss Up accommodate or deflect debris that might fall toward the
firing head while running into the hole or while on depth
before shooting.

A mechanical or electronic device used to detonate

perforating charges conveyed by tubing, drillpipe, coiled
tubing or slickline. This term thus connotes any such device
that is not initiated electrically from surface by wireline. A
3308 Toss Up mechanical firing head consists of a percussion detonator
that is struck by a firing pin. An electronic firing head is
battery powered, to initiate an electric detonator. Electronic
firing head systems are used with slickline, coiled tubing
and TCP.

A specialized perforating-gun system that contains shaped

charges loaded at 0°, 60°, 120°, or 180° phase angles to
3309 Toss Up provide a casing entrance hole of approximately 0.5 in. [1.3
cm], which is intended to be large enough for hydraulic
fracturing operations.
 A perforating-gun system containing big-hole or gravel-pack
charges. A gravel-pack gun usually has a large outside
3310 Toss Up diameter to minimize standoff between the gun and casing.
It is loaded to achieve a high shot density while producing
large holes in the casing.

Abbreviation for air gun or water gun. An air gun is a source

of seismic energy used in acquisition of marine seismic
data. This gun releases highly compressed air into water.
Air guns are also used in water-filled pits on land as an
energy source during acquisition of vertical seismic profiles.
3311 Toss Up A water gun is a source of energy for acquisition of marine
seismic data that shoots water from a chamber in the tool
into a larger body of water, creating cavitation. The cavity is
a vacuum and implodes without creating secondary
bubbles. This provides a short time signature and higher
resolution than an air-gun source.

The distance between the external surface of the gun

assembly and the internal surface of the casing or liner. The
gun clearance depends on the position of the gun within the
tubular and will vary between phases of shots on any gun
unless the gun assembly is centralized. This variation in
3312 Toss Up
clearance contributes to variable performance of the
perforations. The greater the gun clearance, the smaller the
entrance hole-with the effect increasing with depth
(pressure).

The point on a gun assembly or perforating string that is

used when correlating depth. With use of a surface depth
reference or datum point, any convenient point may be
used, providing it is applied accurately and consistently. For
downhole correlation on wireline applications, the gun zero
point will relate to the correlating device, such as the casing
3313 Toss Up
collar locator (CCL) or gamma ray log tool. For nonwireline
applications, the gun zero point will relate to the locating
device, such as the tubing-end locator. The correlation
process is crucial to a successful perforating operation; and
therefore the importance of ensuring correct placement of
the gun assembly prior to firing cannot be overstated.
 Chemical explosive material having an extremely high
reaction rate that creates very high combustion pressures,
unlike low explosives that have a much lower reaction rate
and are commonly used as propellants. High explosives are
further categorized as primary- and secondary-high
explosive. Primary-high explosives are very sensitive, can
3314 Toss Up be detonated easily and are generally used only in
percussion and electrical detonators. Secondary-high
explosives are less sensitive, require a high-energy shock
wave to achieve detonation and are safer to handle.
Secondary-high explosives are used in almost all elements
of a ballistic chain, other than the detonator, such as in
detonating cord and shaped charges.

A perforating gun having more than four shots per foot. In

addition to providing a greater number of perforations, a
3315 Toss Up
high-shot density gun also improves the phasing, or
distribution of perforations, around the wellbore.
A perforating gun, consisting of a loading tube and shaped
charges. The shaped charges are housed inside a metal
3316 Toss Up
tube or pipe known as a carrier. The carrier protects the
charges against well fluids.

The use of shaped explosive charges to create perforation

tunnels. The explosive charge produces an extremely high-
pressure jet that penetrates the casing or liner to shoot into
3317 Toss Up the reservoir formation. The shaped charges are contained
in a perforating gun assembly that can be conveyed on
wireline, tubing or coiled tubing, depending on the
application and the wellbore conditions.

A surface detection system used to ensure that all tubing-

3318 Toss Up conveyed perforating guns have fired, from the top shot to
the bottom shot.

The reduction in permeability in the near-wellbore area

resulting from mechanical factors such as the displacement
3319 Toss Up of debris that plugs the perforations or formation matrix.
Such damage in the near-wellbore area can have a
significant effect on the productivity of a well.

A column of high-pressure nitrogen typically applied to a

tubing string in preparation for drillstem testing or
perforating operations in which the reservoir formation is to
be opened to the tubing string. The nitrogen cushion allows
3320 Toss Up
a precise pressure differential to be applied before opening
flow from the reservoir. Once flow begins, the nitrogen
cushion pressure can be easily and safely bled down to
flow formation fluids under a high degree of control.
 To create holes in the casing or liner to achieve efficient
communication between the reservoir and the wellbore. The
characteristics and placement of the communication paths
(perforations) can have significant influence on the
productivity of the well. Therefore, a robust design and
3321 Toss Up execution process should be followed to ensure efficient
creation of the appropriate number, size and orientation of
perforations. A perforating gun assembly with the
appropriate configuration of shaped explosive charges and
the means to verify or correlate the correct perforating
depth can be deployed on wireline, tubing or coiled tubing.

To create holes in the liner or casing under conditions in

which the hydrostatic pressure inside the casing or liner is
3322 Toss Up greater than the reservoir pressure. When the perforation is
made, there will be a tendency for the wellbore fluid to flow
into the reservoir formation.
To create holes in the liner or casing under conditions in
which the hydrostatic pressure inside the casing or liner is
3323 Toss Up less than the reservoir pressure. When the perforation is
made, there will be a tendency for the reservoir fluid to flow
into the wellbore.

The section of wellbore that has been prepared for

production by creating channels between the reservoir
formation and the wellbore. In many cases, long reservoir
3324 Toss Up sections will be perforated in several intervals, with short
sections of unperforated casing between each interval to
enable isolation devices, like packers, to be set for
subsequent treatments or remedial operations.

A wellbore tubular in which slots or holes have been made

before the string is assembled and run into the wellbore.
Perforated liners typically are used in small-diameter
3325 Toss Up
wellbores or in sidetracks within the reservoir where there is
no need for the liner to be cemented in place, as is required
for zonal isolation.

An acid treatment placed in the wellbore over the interval to

be perforated. Because of the overbalance conditions at the
time of perforating, the perforating acid is forced into the
3326 Toss Up newly formed perforation tunnel to stimulate the crushed
zone. Formulation of the perforating acid depends on the
characteristics of the formation and the downhole
equipment used.
 1. Explosives designed to affect a certain direction
preferentially.2. An explosive device that utilizes a cavity-
effect explosive reaction to generate a high-pressure, high-
velocity jet that creates a perforation tunnel. The shape of
the explosive material and powdered metal lining determine
3327 Toss Up
the shape of the jet and performance characteristics of the
charge. The extremely high pressure and velocity of the jet
cause materials, such as steel, cement and rock formations,
to flow plastically around the jet path, thereby creating the
perforation tunnel.

A wireline log run to provide a means of depth correlation

by comparing the position of casing collars to the reference
3328 Toss Up log (gamma ray log). A short casing joint generally is run
near the area to be perforated to assist in the correlation
process.

A specially prepared fluid placed in the wellbore over the

interval to be perforated. The ideal fluid is clean and solids-
free (filtered), and will not react to cause damaging by-
3329 Toss Up
products on contact with the reservoir formation. Perforating
in a dirty fluid may result in significant permeability damage
that is difficult to treat and remove.

A device used to perforate oil and gas wells in preparation

for production. Containing several shaped explosive
charges, perforating guns are available in a range of sizes
3330 Toss Up
and configurations. The diameter of the gun used is
typically determined by the presence of wellbore restrictions
or limitations imposed by the surface equipment.

The communication tunnel created from the casing or liner

into the reservoir formation, through which oil or gas is
produced. The most common method uses jet perforating
3331 Toss Up
guns equipped with shaped explosive charges. However,
other perforating methods include bullet perforating,
abrasive jetting or high-pressure fluid jetting.

The number of perforations per linear foot. This term is

used to describe the configuration of perforating guns or the
3332 Toss Up
placement of perforations, and is often abbreviated to spf
(shots per foot). An example would be an 8 spf casing gun.

A measure, or indicator, of the length that a useable

perforation tunnel extends beyond the casing or liner into
the reservoir formation. In most cases, a high penetration is
3333 Toss Up
desirable to enable access to that part of the formation that
has not been damaged by the drilling or completion
processes.
 The radial distribution of successive perforating charges
around the gun axis. Perforating gun assemblies are
commonly available in 0-, 180-, 120-, 90- and 60-degree
3334 Toss Up phasing. The 0-degree phasing is generally used only in
small outside-diameter guns, while 60, 90 and 120 degree
phase guns are generally larger but provide more efficient
flow characteristics near the wellbore.

A cord containing high-explosive material sheathed in a

flexible outer case, which is used to connect the detonator
3335 Toss Up to the main high explosive. This provides an extremely rapid
initiation sequence that can be used to fire several charges
simultaneously.
Electric detonators used in wireline and electronic firing-
head perforating operations, which are immune to radio
3336 Toss Up interference and thus cannot be accidentally triggered by
radio transmissions.

A procedure imposed during perforating operations in which

radios at or near the wellsite are switched off to prevent
accidental detonation of perforating guns. Radio silence is
required for wireline operations when using a non-radio-
safe detonator. It is typically imposed when rigging up
perforating guns and until the guns have been run in the
3337 Toss Up
hole to 200 ft [61 m] below ground level or mud line. Radio
silence is imposed again when retrieving the gun system as
it passes the 200-ft mark. Radio silence must be maintained
until it has been confirmed that all charges have been shot.
This practice is not required when radio-safe detonators are
used, but is common practice at many wellsites.

A perforating gun designed to be retrieved from the

wellbore after firing. Retrievable guns are generally
3338 Toss Up
configured for minimal debris and distortion of the gun body
to help ensure easy retrieval.

A blank gun section or spacer installed between the top

perforating-gun assembly and firing head in a TCP
operation. The safety spacer serves to position the gun
assembly a safe distance below the rig floor during arming
3339 Toss Up and disarming operations. The spacer should be a minimum
of 10 feet [3 m] in length. In some cases, a longer safety
spacer will be required to ensure that the gun assembly is
positioned safely below the living quarters or other occupied
areas of the drilling rig.

A perforating gun with a recess profile in the perforating gun

body adjacent to the shaped charge. The scallop profile
3340 Toss Up reduces the external burrs created as the perforating jet
exits the gun body, thereby reducing the risk of hang-up or
damage as the gun assembly is retrieved.
 The technique of selectively firing successive perforating
guns arranged in a multiple gun assembly. This method is
used when several intervals are to be perforated in one run
3341 Toss Up
and when the gun assembly must be relocated before the
guns are fired. The resulting perforation pattern is known as
selective perforating.

A technique used to fire individual perforating guns when

multiple guns have been run together in a single trip into the
3342 Toss Up
well. Selective firing is used to improve operational
efficiency when several intervals are to be perforated.

Explosives designed to affect a certain direction

preferentially. Shaped charges are most commonly used to
3343 Toss Up
perforate wells, but can be an energy source for seismic
acquisition.

A short piece of brass or steel that is used to retain sliding

components in a fixed position until sufficient force is
3344 Toss Up
applied to break the pin. Once the pin is sheared, the
components can then move to operate or function the tool.

3345 Toss Up To perforate a wellbore in preparation for production.

To acquire a type of borehole seismic data designed to

measure the seismic traveltime from the surface to a known
depth. P-wave velocity of the formations encountered in a
wellbore can be measured directly by lowering a geophone
to each formation of interest, sending out a source of
energy from the surface of the Earth, and recording the
resultant signal. The data can then be correlated to surface
3346 Toss Up seismic data by correcting the sonic log and generating a
synthetic seismogram to confirm or modify seismic
interpretations. It differs from a vertical seismic profile in the
number and density of receiver depths recorded; geophone
positions may be widely and irregularly located in the
wellbore, whereas a vertical seismic profile usually has
numerous geophones positioned at closely and regularly
spaced intervals in the wellbore.

A surface detection technique to verify that perforating guns

have fired. This technique typically employs sensors that
3347 Toss Up
detect vibration or hydraulic shock at surface, and is used
with TCP operations.

The geometric profile around a correctly placed perforation.

With the removal of perforating debris and the crushed
zone by flushing or stimulation treatment, the exposed
formation forms an arch that is capable of withstanding the
3348 Toss Up
differential pressure and the forces created by fluid flow
during production. An unstable formation interface, such as
shattered formation surrounding the perforation tunnel, may
result in plugging or collapse of the perforation tunnel.
 The space between the shaped charge and the internal
surface of the perforating gun body. The standoff is
3349 Toss Up
generally sufficient to allow the shaped charge jet to form
before exiting the gun body.

The distance between the external surface of a logging tool

and the borehole wall. This distance has an important effect
on the response of some logging measurements, notably
induction and neutron porosity logs. For resistivity tools, the
effect of standoff is taken into account in the borehole
3350 Toss Up
correction. In the neutron porosity tool, it is usually
corrected for separately. In a smooth, regular hole, the
standoff is constant and determined by the geometry of the
logging tool string and the borehole. In rugose or irregular
holes, standoff varies with depth.

A piece of material designed to hold a logging tool a certain

distance away from the borehole wall. It is usually made of
3351 Toss Up
hard rubber and consists of four to six fins of the desired
length.
An exposed gun system used primarily in wireline
operations. This gun system has shaped charges that are
housed in individual pressure-tight capsules mounted on a
3352 Toss Up
metal strip, which is lowered into the well. Each pressure-
tight capsule, along with the entire string, is thus exposed to
well fluids.

Abbreviation for tubing-conveyed perforating, the use of

tubing, drillpipe or coiled tubing to convey perforating guns
to the required depth. Initially, the technique was developed
as a means for conveying the gun string on the production
3353 Toss Up tubing, with the guns remaining in the well until they are
removed during the first workover. The subsequent
popularity of highly deviated and horizontal wells increased
the requirement for tubing-conveyed perforating as the only
means of gaining access to the perforating depth.

A perforating gun assembly designed to run through the

restricted clearance of production tubing, then operate
effectively within the larger diameter of the casing or liner
3354 Toss Up
below. A range of small-diameter guns has been developed
for this purpose, although small-diameter casing guns also
may be used when larger production tubing sizes permit.

A special perforating gun, or charge, that is designed for

limited penetration to allow an inner tubing or casing string
to be perforated without damaging a surrounding outer
3355 Toss Up string. These guns often are used in remedial or workover
operations in which downhole communication devices, such
as sliding sleeves, cannot be opened to allow circulation of
well-kill fluids.
is an electric logging tool that detects the magnetic
3356 Toss Up anomaly caused by the relatively high mass of the casing
collar.
 A device used in a hydraulic system to store energy or, in
some applications, dampen pressure fluctuations. Energy is
3357 Toss Up
stored by compressing a precharged gas bladder with
hydraulic fluid from the operating or charging system.

An extension added to a short face-to-face valve to conform

to standard API 6D (or ISO 14313: 1999) face-to-face
dimensions. API 6D specifies requirements and gives
3358 Toss Up
recommendations for the design, manufacturing, testing
and documentation of ball, check, gate and plug valves for
application in pipeline systems.
As it pertains to a valve construction, a valve body that is
3359 Toss Up completely welded and cannot be disassembled and
repaired in the field.
A pin welded to the body of a ball valve. This pin aligns the
3360 Toss Up adapter plate and keeps the plate and gear operator from
moving while the valve is being operated.

A variation of the globe valve in which the end connections

3361 Toss Up
are at right angles to each other, rather than being in line.

A check valve that has a spring-loaded plate (or flapper)

that may be pumped through, generally in the downhole
direction, but closes if the fluid attempts to flow back
through the drillstring to the surface.
A gate valve actuated by means of a set of bevel gears
having the axis of the pinion gear at right angles to that of
the larger ring gear. The reduction ratio of this gear set
determines the multiplication of torque achieved.
API 6D specifies requirements and gives recommendations
for the design, manufacturing, testing and documentation of
3362 Toss Up
ball, check, gate and plug valves for application in pipeline
systems.

Abbreviation for the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, a professional association that was founded in
1880. It "promotes the art, science, and practice of
multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the
globe" via "continuing education, training and professional
3363 Toss Up
development, codes and standards, research, conferences
and publications, government relations, and other forms of
outreach.” The ASME develops codes and standards
associated with the art, science, and practice of mechanical
engineering that are accepted in more than 100 countries.

The pressure within a system caused by fluid friction or an

induced resistance to flow through the system. Most
process facilities require a minimum system pressure to
3364 Toss Up
operate efficiently. The necessary back-pressure is often
created and controlled by a valve that is set to operate
under the desired range of conditions.
A valve using a spherical closure element (ball) which is
3365 Toss Up
rotated through 90° to open and close the valve.
 A gate valve actuated by means of a set of bevel gears
having the axis of the pinion gear at right angles to that of
3366 Toss Up
the larger ring gear. The reduction ratio of this gear set
determines the multiplication of torque achieved.
A valve that isolates or blocks possible leaks in case of an
3367 Toss Up
emergency situation.

The capability of obtaining a seal across the upstream and

downstream seat rings of a valve when the body pressure
3368 Toss Up is bled off to the atmosphere through blowdown valves or
vent plugs. Useful in testing the integrity of seat seals and
performing minor repairs under pressure.

A valve or system of valves that, when activated, initiates a

blowdown of a pipeline, plant, process or platform; similar to
3369 Toss Up
an emergency shutdown valve (ESDV) that shuts in a
pipeline, the BDV opens a pipeline.

An optional relief valve installed on ball valves used in liquid

3370 Toss Up service to provide for the relief of excess body pressure
caused by thermal expansion.
The top part of a valve, attached to the body that guides the
3371 Toss Up
stem and adapts to extensions or operators.
A phrase describing the sealing ability of a valve. During air
pressure testing of a new valve in the closed position,
3372 Toss Up leakage past the seats is collected and bubbled through
water. To qualify as bubble-tight, no bubbles should be
observed in a prescribed time span.
A short face-to-face valve that has a movable vane in the
3373 Toss Up center of the flow stream, which rotates 90° as the butterfly
valve opens and closes.
A design feature on packers and similar downhole tools that
occupy a large proportion of the drift diameter of the
wellbore. When running and retrieving such tools, the
hydraulic bypass allows the wellbore fluid to flow through
part of the tool assembly to reduce the forces applied to the
tool and reduce any damaging swab or surge effect on the
reservoir formation.
In a spinner flowmeter, the theoretical minimum fluid
velocity required to initiate spinner rotation, assuming the
spinner response is linear.
1.The act of passing the mud around a piece of equipment,
such as passing mud returns around the shale shaker
3374 Toss Up screens or going around a hydrocyclone device. 2. A
system of pipes and valves permitting the diversion of flow
or pressure around a line valve.
The number of gallons of water per minute that will flow
3375 Toss Up through a valve with a pressure drop of 1 psi. Also
expressed as Kv in m3/hr∙bar.

The rapid formation and collapse of vapor pockets in a

flowing liquid in localized regions of very low pressure. It is
3376 Toss Up
often a cause of erosive damage to pumps, throttling type
valves and the piping itself. It can cause excessive noise.
 A mechanical impact test conducted on a precisely
machined coupon of the steel to be tested. The coupon is
clamped in a special machine and subjected to a lateral
hammer blow. This test provides a relative measure of the
3377 Toss Up
toughness of the material and its resistance to shock and
impact loads. Often required for low temperature
applications where testing is done at the expected minimum
service temperature.
A one-directional valve that is opened by the fluid flow in
3378 Toss Up one direction and closes automatically when the flow stops
or reverses direction.
The metering and pressure-reducing station where gas is
transferred from a high-pressure cross-country transmission
3379 Toss Up
line to a low-pressure distribution piping system, usually
within a city.

A U-shaped connector used to loosely join parts by means

3380 Toss Up
of a bolt or pin passing through the ends of the connector.

The process of converting coal to a form of synthetic natural

3381 Toss Up
gas.
A valve that controls a process variable, such as pressure,
3382 Toss Up flow or temperature, by modulating its opening in response
to a signal from a controller.
A device that measures a controlled variable, compares it
with a predetermined setting and signals an actuator to
3383 Toss Up
readjust the opening of a valve in order to re-establish the
original control setting.
A power-piston valve operator that converts hydraulic or
3384 Toss Up pneumatic pressure into linear motion of a valve stem
(piston rod).

A valve or system of valves that, when activated, initiates a

blowdown of a pipeline, plant, process, or platform; similar
to an emergency shutdown valve (ESDV) that shuts in a
pipeline, the BDV opens a pipeline.

Extending a blowdown valve (BDV) on large gate valves

requires a tube that is located inside of the valve. This dip
3385 Toss Up
tube extends through the bonnet to the bottom of the body
cavity.
A valve arrangement that ensures no flow in a line,
although the valve may leak. It consists of two block valves
3386 Toss Up
in the main line with a small bleeder valve draining the line
between the block valves.
A drop in outlet pressure of a regulator or control valve due
to the travel of its valve or poppet as the required flow
3387 Toss Up increases from low to maximum. A slight change in a
control spring length due to valve travel will result in spring
force variations and a change of outlet pressure.

A nondestructive examination (NDE) method for detecting

3388 Toss Up the presence of surface cracks and surface imperfections in
welds or castings through use of a special red dye.
 A sealing element used between parts that have relative
3389 Toss Up
motion, such as stem seals and seat seal O-rings.

A valve or a system of valves that, when activated, initiate a

3390 Toss Up
shutdown of the plant, process or platform they are tied to.

A gate valve comprising a separate gate and segment that

move without touching the seats as the valve operates the
gate and segment. It permits the valve to be opened and
closed without wear. In the closed position, the gate and
3391 Toss Up segment are forced against the seats. Continued downward
movement of the gate causes the gate and segment to
expand against the seats. When the valve reaches its full
open position, the gate and segment seal off against the
seats while the flow is isolated from the valve body.

Any device used for connecting elements in fluid lines,

3392 Toss Up
including elbows, tees, nipples, unions and flanges.
A formed pipe fitting consisting of a projecting radial collar
with bolt holes to provide a means of attachment to piping
3393 Toss Up
components having a similar fitting. The end piece of
flanged-end valves.

The number of gallons of water per minute that will flow

through a valve with a pressure drop of 1 psi, abbreviated
3394 Toss Up
Cv. Kv is the cubic meters of water per hour that cause a
pressure drop of 1 bar. Also expressed as Kv in m3/h∙bar.

The tearing of metal when two elements rub against each

3395 Toss Up other. Usually caused by lack of lubrication or extreme
contact pressure.
The ratio of the gas volumetric flow rate to the total
3396 Toss Up
volumetric flow rate of all fluids.
The ratio of produced gas volume to total produced liquids
3397 Toss Up
(oil and water) volume, often abbreviated GLR.
The ratio of the volume of gas that comes out of solution to
3398 Toss Up
the volume of oil at standard conditions.

A straight-through pattern valve whose closure element is a

wedge or parallel-sided slab, situated between two fixed
3399 Toss Up
seating surfaces with means to move it in or out of the flow
stream in a direction perpendicular to the pipeline axis.

A valve part that retains or compresses the stem packing in

3400 Toss Up a stuffing box (where used) or retains a stem O-ring, lip seal
or stem O-ring bushing.
A valve whose closure element is a flat disc or conical plug
sealing on a seat that is usually parallel to the flow axis.
3401 Toss Up
The tortuous flow path produces a relatively high pressure
loss.

3402 Toss Up A new oil and gas field development.

A means of supporting the weight of a cable or other
3403 Toss Up
connection.
 A metalworking process where harder or tougher material is
applied to a weaker base metal. A surface preparation,
3404 Toss Up such as detonation gun or high-velocity oxygen flow, in
which an alloy is deposited on a metal surface, usually by
weld overlay, to increase abrasion or corrosion resistance.

A device used in a hydraulic system to store energy or, in

some applications, dampen pressure fluctuations. Energy is
stored by compressing a precharged gas bladder with
hydraulic fluid from the operating or charging system.
Depending on the fluid volume and precharge pressure of
3405 Toss Up
the accumulator, a limited amount of hydraulic energy is
then available independent of any other power source. Well
pressure-control systems typically incorporate sufficient
accumulator capacity to enable the blowout preventer to be
operated with all other power shut down.

A device used in a hydraulic system to store energy or, in

some applications, dampen pressure fluctuations. Energy is
stored by compressing a precharged gas bladder with
hydraulic fluid from the operating or charging system.
Depending on the fluid volume and precharge pressure of
3406 Toss Up
the accumulator, a limited amount of hydraulic energy is
then available independent of any other power source. Well
pressure-control systems typically incorporate sufficient
accumulator capacity to enable the blowout preventer to be
operated with all other power shut down.

3407 Toss Up The inner part of a two-piece valve seat assembly.

A pressure test that can be performed only on a trunnion

mounted ball valve with double piston effect seats. By
3408 Toss Up closing the valves and pressurizing the body cavity, all of
the seals in an independent seating ball valve can be
pressure tested.
A method of restricting the travel of a ball valve from fully
3409 Toss Up open to fully closed. The stem key bears against the ends
of an arc machined in the adapter plate.
The flow of a viscous fluid in which the fluid moves in
parallel layers with a fixed velocity gradient from the
centerline to the containing walls of the conduit. Sometimes
3410 Toss Up
referred to as streamline flow. It occurs at a low Reynolds
number, a dimensionless term related to fluid viscosity and
flow rates.
A circular seal ring of U-shaped cross section
encompassing an elastomeric O-ring, which provides
3411 Toss Up
resiliency and ensures a seal at the inner and outer lips of
the U.
A nondestructive inspection procedure for detecting surface
3412 Toss Up cracks in welded areas through the use of fine iron particles
in an electrical field.

3413 Toss Up A common pipe or chamber having several lateral outlets.

 The maximum pressure at which a valve can be operated.
3414 Toss Up The maximum working pressures for various pressure
classes are defined by ASME B16.34 or API 6A.

The seal produced by metal-to-metal contact between the

3415 Toss Up sealing face of the seat ring and the closure elements,
without benefit of a synthetic seal.

3416 Toss Up A pad with multiple wells.

A type of small valve used for flow metering, having a

3417 Toss Up tapered needlepoint plug or closure element and a seat
having a small orifice.
Any short piece of pipe, especially if threaded at both ends
3418 Toss Up
with male threads.
A nondestructive evaluation (NDE) inspection procedure
that uses high-frequency sound waves to detect voids and
imperfections of metal parts.
A nondestructive inspection procedure for detecting surface
cracks in welded areas through the use of fine iron particles
in an electrical field.
A nondestructive evaluation (NDE) procedure that uses X-
rays for locating flaws in welds, casting and fabricated
parts.

A nondestructive examination (NDE) method for detecting

the presence of surface cracks and surface imperfections in
welds or castings through use of a special red dye.

Inspection tests that are not destructive to the valve

3419 Toss Up
structure or function.
A gate valve having its stem threaded into the gate. As the
3420 Toss Up stem turns, the gate moves but the stem does not rise.
Stem threads are exposed to line fluids.

The annular chamber provided around a valve stem in a

sealing system into which deformable packing is introduced.

The deformable sealing material inserted into a valve stem

3421 Toss Up stuffing box, which provides a tight seal about the stem
when compressed by a gland.
A fluid used to initiate hydraulic fracturing that does not
3422 Toss Up
contain proppant.

A temporary drilling site, usually constructed of local

materials such as gravel, shell or even wood. For some
long-drilling-duration, deep wells, such as the ultradeep
3423 Toss Up wells of western Oklahoma, or some regulatory jurisdictions
such as The Netherlands, pads may be paved with asphalt
or concrete. After the drilling operation is over, most of the
pad is usually removed or plowed back into the ground
 When daily usage of natural gas is charted on graphs, high
peaks of usage during the winter and summer months can
3424 Toss Up be detected. These peaks can be averaged out (shaved)
when the daily consumption is augmented with standby
supplies of synthetic natural gas, propane, or methane.

A regulator that is controlled by a second small-volume,

high-accuracy regulator or pilot. This arrangement has the
3425 Toss Up
advantage of improving performance by reducing the
effects of unbalanced pressure and droop.

The external input shaft of certain gear operators, which

3426 Toss Up drives the internal reduction gearing. The pinion shaft can
accept a hand wheel or power operator.
The sealing principle involved in utilizing line pressure to
3427 Toss Up
effect a seal across the floating seats of some valves.
Pertaining to screw threads, the pitch refers to the
measurement between adjacent threads. The lead refers to
the distance the screw advances in one complete
3428 Toss Up
revolution. Worm gears of gear operators also are identified
by pitch and lead. Speed of operation and torque required
are related to pitch and lead.
A quarter-turn valve whose closure element is usually a
3429 Toss Up
tapered plug having a rectangular port.
A Christmas tree that is installed once fracturing has been
completed and the frac tree has been removed. Production
trees tend to have smaller bores and lower pressure ratings
3430 Toss Up
than those of frac trees, which makes them more
economical to use during the less-demanding production
phase.

To initiate flow from a reservoir by removing the column of

kill fluid from the wellbore.

Another term for nitrogen lift, the use of nitrogen gas

circulated into the production conduit to displace liquids and
reduce the hydrostatic pressure created by the fluid column.

Large-capacity self-locking wrenches used to grip drillstring

components and apply torque. The breakout tongs are the
active tongs during breakout (or loosening) operations.
Large-capacity, self-locking wrenches used to grip drillstring
components and apply torque. The makeup tongs are
active during makeup (or tightening) operations.
A completion component fabricated as a short section of
heavy wall tubular with a machined internal surface that
provides a seal area and a locking profile. Landing nipples
are included in most completions at predetermined
intervals to enable the installation of flow-control devices,
such as plugs and chokes. Three basic types of landing
nipple are commonly used:

no-go nipples
selective-landing nipples
ported or safety-valve nipples.
(1) To plug the wellbore around a drillstring. This can
happen for a variety of reasons, the most common being
that either the drilling fluid is not properly transporting
cuttings and cavings out of the annulus or portions of the
wellbore wall collapse around the drillstring. (2) To effect
hydraulic isolation, either with a sealing device, such as a
packer, or with a specialized plastic or fluid, such as a
sealing compound.

A device that can be run into a wellbore with a smaller

initial outside diameter that then expands externally to
seal the wellbore. Packers employ flexible, elastomeric
elements that expand. The two most common forms are
the production or test packer and the inflatable packer.

An abbreviated recovery and replacement of the drillstring

in the wellbore that usually includes the bit and bottomhole
assembly passing by all of the openhole, or at least all of
the openhole that is thought to be potentially
troublesome.This trip varies from the short trip or the round
trip only in its function and length. Wiper trips are commonly
used when a particular zone is troublesome or if hole-
cleaning efficiency is questionable.

A completion device that can be operated to provide a flow

path between the production conduit and the annulus.
Sliding sleeves incorporate a system of ports that can be
opened or closed by a sliding component that is generally
controlled and operated by slickline tool string.
The fraction of the total flow rate produced from a well that
is due to a particular fluid, for example the water cut in the
case of water. The cut is normally quoted at standard
surface conditions.
The movement of water from one aqueous system to
another through a semipermeable membrane.Osmotic
movement is driven by activity differences between the
two systems and can be considered as a vapor-phase
transfer.

A long, rectangular platform about 3 ft [0.9 m] high, usually

made of steel and located perpendicular to the vee-door at
the bottom of the slide. This platform is used as a staging
area for rig and drillstring tools, components that are about
to be picked up and run, or components that have been run
and are being laid down. A catwalk is also the functionally
similar staging area, especially on offshore drilling rigs, that
may not be a separate or raised structure.

The upside down V-shaped opening in one side of the

derrick that enables long pipes and tools to be lifted into
the interior of the derrick. This opening is aligned with the
slide and catwalk of the rig.The open location on a mast-
type rig (nonderrick) that functions like the vee-door. At
least two sides are open on most mast rigs. Hence, the
open side adjacent to the slide and catwalk is considered
the vee-door.

A term initially applied to the assembly of pressure-control

equipment used on slickline operations to house the tool
string in preparation for running into the well or for retrieval
of the tool string on completion of the operation.

The engineering plan for constructing the wellbore. The

plan includes well geometries, casing programs, mud
considerations, well control concerns, initial bit selections,
offset well information, pore pressure estimations,
economics, and special procedures that may be needed
during the course of the well. Although drilling procedures
are carefully developed, they are subject to change if
drilling conditions dictate.

A laboratory test or other assessment utilizing a living

organism, such as mysid shrimp, to determine the effect of
a condition to which the organism is exposed. Such tests
are performed under controlled environmental conditions
and duration. Bioassay tests of drilling fluids are required by
governmental agencies throughout the world prior to
discharge of mud or cuttings.
A test intended to indicate the presence of free oil when
drilling fluid, drilled cuttings, deck drainage, well treatment
fluids, completion and workover fluids, produced water or
sand or excess cement slurry are discharged into offshore
waters. Two types of sheen tests are mandated by EPA
under NPDES permits. The visual sheen test consists of an
observation made when surface and atmospheric
conditions permit watching the ocean water for a sheen
around the point where the discharge entered the water.
One of the layers that constitute the atomic structure of the
clay group of layered silicate minerals. The structure of
these minerals can consist of two, three or four layers. The
octahedral layer is a plane of aluminum hydroxide
octahedra (aluminum at the center and hydroxides at all six
corners).

One of the layers that constitute the atomic structure of

the clay group of layered silicate minerals. The structure of
these minerals can consist of two, three or four layers. The
tetrahedral layer is a plane of silicon dioxide tetrahedra
(silicon at the center and oxygen at all four corners of the
tetrahedron).
Abbreviation for Environmental Protection Agency, a branch
of the US government that administers laws passed by the
US Congress on environmental matters.

The Green or A list consists of products posing relatively

little harm to the environment (specifically the marine
environment). Examples include inert minerals such as
bentonite, inorganic salts that are common constituents of
seawater such as sodium and potassium chloride, and
simple organic products such as starch and
carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The Grey List consists of
products 'requiring strong regulatory control' and includes
heavy metals such as zinc, lead and chromium. The Black
list covers products considered unsuitable for discharge
and includes mercury, cadmium and 'persistent oils and
hydrocarbons of a petroleum origin.' The inclusion of
hydrocarbons in the black list has been the driving force
behind the reduction of oil discharges in the North Sea and
elsewhere and has serious implications for the use of oil
and synthetic fluids.
A volume of 350 cm3. In mud laboratory experiments, 350
cm3 is the volume chosen to represent 42 US gallons (1
oilfield barrel) [0.159 m3], so that 1.0 gram mass represents
1.0 lbm.
.The ion of potassium, K+. There are tests used to monitor
high (>5,000 mg/L) or low (<5,000 mg/L) potassium ion
concentration in water-based muds. The test for high
concentration, as specified by the API, is based on the
insolubility of potassium perchlorate. A volume of mud
filtrate is mixed with an excess of NaClO4 in a centrifuge
tube. White KClO4 is precipitated by the reaction. After the
tube has spun in a centrifuge to settle the white sediment
in the tube, the amount of precipitate is read and
compared to a calibration chart that relates sediment to
concentration of K+ in the filtrate sample. The test to
monitor low potassium ion concentration in water-base
muds, as prescribed by API, is a titration procedure using
quaternary ammonium salt solution (QAS) as reagent.
Potassium ion is first precipitated as the tetraphenylborate
(TPB) salt by adding an excess of sodium
tetraphenylborate. After filtering out the solid, the amount
of TPB not reacted with K+ ion is titrated with a standard
QAS solution. The endpoint is purple-to-light blue color
change.

The test for high potassium ion concentration was first

applied to drilling fluids by Ron Steiger at Exxon and has
proven to be a reliable way to measure K+ ion
concentration in a mud at the wellsite, which allows the
mud engineer to maintain the proper level when drilling
through hydratable shales.

The pumpability or consistency of a slurry, measured in

Bearden units of consistency (Bc), a dimensionless quantity
with no direct conversion factor to more common units of
viscosity.

A term used to specify the quality of a clay according to the

number of barrels of 30-cP viscosity mud that one ton of
the clay would produce. Although seldom used today, clays
were classified as high-, medium- or low-yield bentonites.
A "good" bentonite produced at least 85 bbl of mud per
ton. High-yield clays produced 30 to 50 bbl/tonUS, and
low-yield clays produced 15 to 30 bbl/tonUS. (Note that
yield and yield point are not related terms.)
A laboratory device used to determine the thickening time
of cement slurries under simulated downhole pressure and
temperature conditions.

A glycol that is soluble at low temperatures but starts to

form micelles (molecular agglomerates), thus becoming
cloudy, as the temperature is raised. The temperature at
which this phenomenon occurs the cloud point is affected
by salinity, being generally lower in more saline fluids.
Cloud point glycols are used as shale inhibitors.

The process whereby steel components become less

resistant to breakage and generally much weaker in tensile
strength. While embrittlement has many causes, in the oil
field it is usually the result of exposure to gaseous or liquid
hydrogen sulfide [H2S].
The rate of increase in temperature per unit depth in the
Earth.

In water analysis, the soluble components in a sample or

the residue left after evaporation of a sample. Dissolved
solids are reported as ppm or mg/L.
A type of drilling-fluid solid having a lower density than the
barite or hematite that is used to weight up a drilling fluid,
including drill solids plus the added bentonite clay.

Dense solids, such as barite or hematite, which are added

to a mud to increase its density, also known as weighting
material.

A quantitative analysis of sulfides in the drilling fluid.

Specific test methods have been published by API. The oil-
mud procedure analyzes active sulfides and uses whole
mud samples, whereas the water-base drilling fluid
procedure tests filtrate. The instrument used is called a
Garrett gas train (GGT), a clear, plastic block (2.5 in. x 4
in. x 6 in.) that contains three interconnected chambers.

An alternating or transient electrical current in a

conductive medium in the presence of a time-varying
magnetic field. The eddy current generates its own
electromagnetic field.
A class of borehole seismic measurements used for
correlation with surface seismic data, for obtaining images
of higher resolution than surface seismic images and for
looking ahead of the drill bit; also called a VSP. Purely
defined, VSP refers to measurements made in a vertical
wellbore using geophones inside the wellbore and a source
at the surface near the well.
A seismic line within a 3D survey parallel to the direction in
which the data were acquired.
The mathematical description of refraction, or the physical
change in the direction of a wavefront as it travels from one
medium to another with a change in velocity and partial
conversion and reflection of a P-wave to an S-wave at the
interface of the two media.

What is the general name of those bits which have no

moving parts or bearings? Here, the cutters are
permanently mounted onto blades, which are integral to the
structure of the bit. A drilling tool that uses polycrystalline
diamond compact (PDC) cutters to shear rock with a
continuous scraping motion. These cutters are synthetic
diamond disks about 1/8-in thick and about 1/2 to 1 in in
diameter. PDC bits are effective at drilling shale formations,
especially when used in combination with oil-base muds.

A drill bit, usually polycrystalline diamond compact bit

(PDC) type, designed such that the individual cutting
elements on the bit create a net imbalance force. This
imbalance force pushes the bit against the side of the
borehole, which in turn creates a stable rotating condition
that resists backwards whirling, wobbling and downhole
vibration.

A large valve at the top of a well that may be closed if the

drilling crew loses control of formation fluids. By closing this
valve (usually operated remotely via hydraulic actuators),
the drilling crew usually regains control of the reservoir, and
procedures can then be initiated to increase the mud
density until it is possible to open the BOP and retain
pressure control of the formation.

A large valve used to control wellbore fluids. In this type of

valve, the sealing element resembles a large rubber
doughnut that is mechanically squeezed inward to seal on
either pipe (drill collar, drillpipe, casing, or tubing) or the
openhole.
A type of blowout preventer (BOP) in which each ram set
combines two conventional ram functions, such as
blind/shear and pipe/slip. The principal advantage of the
combi-BOP is the reduced height required for rig up of the
required ram functions.

A device that can be used to quickly seal the top of the well
in the event of a well control event (kick). A ram blowout
preventer (BOP) consists of two halves of a cover for the
well that are split down the middle. Large-diameter
hydraulic cylinders, normally retracted, force the two halves
of the cover together in the middle to seal the wellbore.
A set of two or more BOPs used to ensure pressure control
of a well. A typical stack might consist of one to six ram-
type preventers and, optionally, one or two annular-type
preventers. A typical stack configuration has the ram
preventers on the bottom and the annular preventers at the
top.

A set of high-pressure valves and associated piping that

usually includes at least two adjustable chokes, arranged
such that one adjustable choke may be isolated and taken
out of service for repair and refurbishment while well flow is
directed through the other one

A rounded profile component attached to the downhole end

of a casing string. An integral check valve in the float shoe
prevents reverse flow, or U-tubing, of cement slurry from
the annulus into the casing or flow of wellbore fluids into the
casing string as it is run.

A tapered, often bullet-nosed piece of equipment often

found on the bottom of a casing string. The device guides
the casing toward the center of the hole and minimizes
problems associated with hitting rock ledges or washouts in
the wellbore as the casing is lowered into the well. The
outer portions of the guide shoe are made from steel,
generally matching the casing in size and threads, if not
steel grade. The inside (including the taper) is generally
made of cement or thermoplastic, since this material must
be drilled out if the well is to be deepened beyond the
casing point. It differs from a float shoe in that it lacks a
check valve.

A mechanical device that keeps casing from contacting the

wellbore wall.In cementing operations, how is called the
device placed along critical casing sections to help prevent
the casing from sticking while it is lowered into the well? In
addition, it ensures placement of a uniform cement sheath
in the annulus between the casing and the borehole wall.

A fluid, generally water-based, to thin and disperse mud in

preparation for cementing.In cementing operations, what is
the name of those fluids that have added benefit of cleaning
the casing and formation surfaces, which helps achieve
good cement bonding?
A rubber plug used to separate the cement slurry from other
fluids, reducing contamination and maintaining predictable
slurry performance. T
A downhole tool used with a jar to increase the impact force
imparted as the jar is fired.

A downhole tool used in conjunction with a jar to store

energy that is suddenly released when the jar is activated.

The unit of acceleration commonly used in gravity

surveying. 1 Gal (1,000 milliGal or 106 microGal) = 1
cm/s/s.
One of the principal equipment components of a coiled
tubing unit. The injector head incorporates special profiled
chain assemblies to grip the coiled tubing string and a
hydraulic drive system that provides the tractive effort for
running and retrieving the string from the wellbore.

The sealing element used in coiled tubing or snubbing

stripper systems.
A ram-type blowout preventer used to provide primary
pressure control in high-pressure snubbing operations.
Stripping rams are used when the wellhead pressure is
higher than the limitations of a stripper bowl.
The point at which the forces acting on a tubing string
suspended in a live wellbore are equal.

An artificial-lift pumping system using a surface power

source to drive a downhole pump assembly. A beam and
crank assembly creates reciprocating motion in a sucker-
rod string that connects to the downhole pump assembly.
The pump contains a plunger and valve assembly to
convert the reciprocating motion to vertical fluid movement.

A fixed choke or a choke with an adjustable needle, sleeve

or plate that can be changed to adjust the flow rate.

A quantitative analysis of sulfides in the drilling fluid.

Specific test methods have been published by API.
Test in which the pore fluid in the sample is able to flow and
equilibrate to imposed pore pressure conditions; the fluid
mass and volume will vary but its pressure will be constant.
A drained test could be on a dry sample.
In this method, the sample is held in a chamber and
connected to two reservoirs, all of which are filled with a
fluid at high pressure.

A system that has reached equilibrium for the measurement

or phenomenon concerned. In the case of permeability
measurements on core samples, a steady state is reached
when the flow rate, the upstream and the downstream
pressures no longer change with time.

The resistivity of a formation measured by flowing current in

a horizontal plane. In anisotropic formations the horizontal
and vertical resistivities are different.
A zone of the upper mantle in which earthquakes occur
when a lithospheric plate is subducted, named in honor of
seismologists Kiyoo Wadati and Hugo Benioff.
A near-wellbore formation zone, a few inches thick, whose
acoustic velocity has been affected by impregnation with
drilling fluids, stress relief, or both.
The volume close to the borehole wall in which all of the
moveable fluids have been displaced by mud filtrate. The
flushed zone contains filtrate and the remaining
hydrocarbons, the percentage of the former being the
flushed-zone water saturation, Sxo. In simple models, the
flushed zone and the invaded zone are synonymous.

The rubblized or damaged zone surrounding a perforation

tunnel where the action of the perforating charge or bullet
has altered the formation structure and permeability. The
rubblized rock just below the tooth of a rock bit. Rock in the
crushed zone fails due to the high compressive stress
placed on it by the bit tooth (in the case of a roller-cone bit).

With reference to invasion, the volume between the flushed

zone and the undisturbed zone in which the mud filtrate has
only partially displaced the moveable formation fluids. An
area in which water is too shallow for acquisition of marine
seismic data with towed streamers, such as near the
shoreline, marshes and lagoons. In some cases, source
explosives can be rammed into the unconsolidated
sediments of transition zone environments rather than
drilling more costly shot holes.

A shadow zone, or a zone through which waves do not

pass, or cannot be recorded, or in which reflections do not
occur. A layer or body of rock that cannot be detected by
seismic refraction, typically because its velocity is lower
than that of the overlying rocks; also known as a hidden
layer.

The ratio Rt / Ro is called

The resistive signal, or that part of the alternating signal at

the receiver of an induction-logging tool that is in phase with
the transmitter current. This signal depends on the
formation conductivity and is the main or, in older tools, the
only source of the induction log. It must be separated from
the out-of-phase, or reactive (X) signal, which depends in a
different way on formation conductivity and may contain a
large component from direct coupling between transmitter
and receiver.

The study of the relative or absolute age of rocks, minerals

and fossils. Absolute age is the measurement of age in
years, but "absolute" ages typically have some amount of
error and are inexact. Relative age, in contrast, is the
approximate age of rocks, fossils or minerals made by
determining the age of the material relative to other
surrounding material.
The approximate age determination of rocks, fossils or
minerals made by comparing whether the material is
younger or older than other surrounding material.
Global sea level variations. Changes in sea level can result
from movement of tectonic plates altering the volume of
ocean basins, or when changes in climate affect the volume
of water stored in glaciers and in polar icecaps.

The relative sinking of the Earth's surface.

Directionally uniform, such that the physical properties of
the material do not vary in different directions.
A quality of directional uniformity in material such that
physical properties do not vary in different directions. In
rocks, changes in physical properties in different directions,
such as the alignment of mineral grains or the seismic
velocity measured parallel or perpendicular to bedding
surfaces, are forms of anisotropy.

A type of minor fault whose sense of displacement is similar

to its associated major fault. Antithetic-synthetic fault sets
are typical in areas of normal faulting.

The technology focused on maintaining pressure on open

formations (that is, exposed to the wellbore) to prevent or
direct the flow of formation fluids into the wellbore. This
technology encompasses the estimation of formation fluid
pressures, the strength of the subsurface formations and
the use of casing and mud density to offset those pressures
in a predictable fashion.

Pertaining to materials, particularly rock masses, that

formed somewhere other than their present location, and
were transported by fault movements, large-scale gravity
sliding, or similar processes.
Water in the subsurface below the water table.
Groundwater is held in the pores of rocks, and can be
connate, from meteoric sources, or associated with igneous
intrusions.
Water that occurs naturally within the pores of rock. Water
from fluids introduced to a formation through drilling or other
interference, such as mud and seawater, does not
constitute formation water. Water in the undisturbed zone
around a borehole.
Fraction of pore volume occupied by oil at the end of oil
displacement that used a specific fluid. Residual oil
saturation is the ratio of the immobile residual oil volume
divided by the effective porosity.

Fraction of pore volume occupied by oil at any location in a

reservoir at any time during its life. Remaining oil saturation
(ROS) may be calculated from 1 − Sxo, where Sxo is the
invaded zone, or flushed zone, water saturation.
A record of the presence of tracer material placed in or
around the borehole to measure fluid movement in injection
wells. There are two traditional techniques for recording
radioactive-tracer logs: the tracer-loss measurement, in
which a tracer material is added to the completion fluid and
its progress monitored with a gamma ray tool; and the
velocity-shot measurement, in which the tracer is ejected
from one part of a production logging tool and its progress
monitored by one or more gamma ray detectors farther
down the tool. Radioactive-tracer logs are used to
determine injection-flow profiles and detect channels or
leaks.

A test, or series of tests, performed to check that no

undesirable reactions occur with a specific fluid. The testing
process may include checks for compatibility with other
treating fluids, wellbore fluids, reservoir fluids and the
reservoir formation. In extreme cases, the mixing of
seemingly benign fluids can create significant reactions that
may damage the reservoir permeability permanently.

A technique in which a tracer is injected into the flow stream

of a production or injection well to determine fluid paths and
velocities. Radioactive tracers have been used from the
1940s and are still common for determining flow profiles in
injection wells.

A procedure conducted to establish the rate and pressure

at which fluids can be pumped into the treatment target
without fracturing the formation. Most stimulation treatments
and remedial repairs, such as squeeze cementing, are
performed following an injection test to help determine the
key treatment parameters and operating limits. Likewise,
injection tests are also conducted when pumping secondary
recovery fluids such as water, nitrogen [N2], carbon dioxide
[CO2], natural gas and steam.

The second stage of hydrocarbon production during which

an external fluid such as water or gas is injected into the
reservoir through injection wells located in rock that has
fluid communication with production wells. The purpose of
secondary recovery is to maintain reservoir pressure and to
displace hydrocarbons toward the wellbore. The most
common secondary recovery techniques are gas injection
and waterflooding.
An oil recovery enhancement method using sophisticated
techniques that alter the original properties of oil. Once
ranked as a third stage of oil recovery that was carried out
after secondary recovery, the techniques employed during
enhanced oil recovery can actually be initiated at any time
during the productive life of an oil reservoir. Its purpose is
not only to restore formation pressure, but also to improve
oil displacement or fluid flow in the reservoir. The three
major types of enhanced oil recovery operations are
chemical flooding (alkaline flooding or micellar-polymer
flooding), miscible displacement (carbon dioxide [CO2]
injection or hydrocarbon injection), and thermal recovery
(steamflood or in-situ combustion).

A general term for injection processes that introduce heat

into a reservoir. Thermal recovery is used to produce
viscous, thick oils with API gravities less than 20. These oils
cannot flow unless they are heated and their viscosity is
reduced enough to allow flow toward producing wells.
Thermal recovery is a major branch of enhanced oil
recovery processes and can be subdivided in two types: hot
fluid injection such as steam injection (steamflood or cyclic
steam injection) and hot waterflooding and in-situ
combustion processes.

A general term for injection processes that introduce

miscible gases into the reservoir. A miscible displacement
process maintains reservoir pressure and improves oil
displacement because the interfacial tension between oil
and water is reduced.
The interface between an injectant and the fluid it is
displacing.

A method of thermal recovery in which a well is injected

with steam and then subsequently put back on production.
A cyclic steam-injection process includes three stages. The
first stage is injection, during which a slug of steam is
introduced into the reservoir. The second stage, or soak
phase, requires that the well be shut in for several days to
allow uniform heat distribution to thin the oil.

A two-phase mixture of liquid water and steam produced

from a generator. The latent heat of vaporization for steam
is very high, and when the steam condenses in the
reservoir a significant amount of heat is transferred from the
steam to the formation rock and fluids. Since steam is
lighter and more mobile than oil, gravity differences and
channeling of the steam through the most permeable parts
of the reservoir can create sweep efficiency problems
during steam-injection processes.
The mobility of an injectant divided by that of the fluid it is
displacing, such as oil. The mobility of the oil is defined
ahead of the displacement front while that of the injectant is
defined behind the displacement front, so the respective
effective permeability values are evaluated at different
saturations.
The fraction of oil that has been recovered from a zone
swept by a waterflood or other displacement process.
equation:

E = (Voi − Vor) / Voi,

In matrix stimulation, a characteristic of rock that indicates
formation permeability is not reduced when treating fluids
and their additives contact the formation minerals or fluids
inside the reservoir.
The volume of mud filtrate measured after 30 minutes in
API static filtration tests. The volume and cake thickness
are the two data points in the test.
The sealing principle involved in utilizing line pressure to
effect a seal across the floating seats of some valves.

Quantity that is double the filtrate volume collected from a

filtration test between 7.5 to 30 minutes. This ignores the
spurt of filtrate that comes out of the filter press before a
cake is established. Relative filtrate volume is used to
evaluate certain mud materials.
 Answer Source Chapter Category

Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Cable Tool Drilling Bits Completion &
Defining Series
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
1859 Bits Completion &
Defining Series
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Titusville, Pennsylvania Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Fishtail Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Howard Hughes Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
1909 Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
PDC bit Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Roller cone bits Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Milled-Tooth bits Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Offset or Skew angle Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Nozzles Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Tungsten Carbide Inserts Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Fixed cutter bits Bits Completion &
Defining Series
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Compact Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Diamond Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Diamond grit Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Brazing Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Diamond Impregnated Bits Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Coring bit Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Percussion hammer bit Bits Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Harry Cameron and Jim Schlumberger. The
Blowout Preventers Completion &
Abercrombie Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
BOPs Blowout Preventers Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
BOPs Blowout Preventers Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Granville Sloan Knox Blowout Preventers Completion &
Defining Series
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 Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Annular BOP Blowout Preventers Completion &
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Ram BOPs Blowout Preventers Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Shear Rams Blowout Preventers Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Accumulators Blowout Preventers Completion &
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Choke Manifold Blowout Preventers Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Lower Marine Riser Schlumberger. The
Blowout Preventers Completion &
Package Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Flex joints Blowout Preventers Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Electrohydraulic multiplex Schlumberger. The
Blowout Preventers Completion &
(MUX) Defining Series
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Drilling,
Managed Pressure Drilling Schlumberger. The
Blowout Preventers Completion &
(MPD) Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Primary Cementing Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Remedial Cementing Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Float Shoe or Guide Shoe Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Guide Shoe Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Float Shoe Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Centralizers Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Chemical Washes Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Bottom Plug Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Top Plug Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Waiting on Cement (WOC) Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Accelerators Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Retarders Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Extenders Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Weighting agents Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Fluid loss control agents Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
Workover

Drilling,
Lost Circulation Control Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Completion &
Agents Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Dispersants Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Conductor Casing Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Surface Casing Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Intermediate Casing Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Production casing or Liner Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Squeeze Cementing Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Well Cementing
Plug Cementing Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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 Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Introduction to
Coiled Tubing Completion &
Defining Series Coiled Tubing
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Introduction to
Gooseneck Completion &
Defining Series Coiled Tubing
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Introduction to
Stripper Assembly Completion &
Defining Series Coiled Tubing
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Introduction to
2 in. Completion &
Defining Series Coiled Tubing
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Introduction to
Fill removal Completion &
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Introduction to
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Defining Series Coiled Tubing
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Extended-Reach Well Completion &
Defining Series Practices
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
In Sakhalin Island, Russia Completion &
Defining Series Practices
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Multilateral Drilling Completion &
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Bashkiria field, Russia Completion &
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Short-radius drilling Completion &
Defining Series Practices
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
KOP Completion &
Defining Series Practices
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 Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Fulcrum Completion &
Defining Series Practices
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Packed BHA Completion &
Defining Series Practices
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Pendulum Completion &
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Jetting technique Completion &
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Jetting Bits Completion &
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Nudging Completion &
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Sidetracking Completion &
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Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Whipstock Completion &
Defining Series Practices
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Geosteering Completion &
Defining Series Practices
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 Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Directional Drilling
Mud motors Completion &
Defining Series Practices
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Drill Collars Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Stabilizers Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Reamers Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Heavy Weight Completion &
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Kelly Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Kelly Bushing Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Spudding in Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Drilling fluids, mud Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Trip out Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Circulating Bottoms Up Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Stand Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Round trip Completion &
Defining Series Operations
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Overview of Drilling
Leakoff Test Completion &
Defining Series Operations
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Synthetic Based Fluids Drilling Fluid Basics Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Cuttings Drilling Fluid Basics Completion &
Defining Series
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Schlumberger. The
Carrying Capacity Drilling Fluid Basics Completion &
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Drilling,
Equivalent Circulating Schlumberger. The
Drilling Fluid Basics Completion &
Density Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Mud Pulse Telemetry Drilling Fluid Basics Completion &
Defining Series
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Well Intervention- Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Light Interventions Maintenance and Completion &
Defining Series
Repair Workover

Well Intervention- Drilling,

Schlumberger. The
Heavy Interventions Maintenance and Completion &
Defining Series
Repair Workover

Well Intervention- Drilling,

Schlumberger. The
Slickline Maintenance and Completion &
Defining Series
Repair Workover

Well Intervention- Drilling,

Schlumberger. The
Wireline Maintenance and Completion &
Defining Series
Repair Workover

Well Intervention- Drilling,

Schlumberger. The
Recompletion Maintenance and Completion &
Defining Series
Repair Workover

Well Intervention- Drilling,

Schlumberger. The
Snubbing operations Maintenance and Completion &
Defining Series
Repair Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Multilateral Wells Multilateral Wells Completion &
Defining Series
Workover
 TAML (Technology Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Advancement of Multilateral Wells Completion &
Defining Series
Multilaterals) Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
TAML level 1 Multilateral Wells Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
TAML level 2 Multilateral Wells Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
TAML level 3 Multilateral Wells Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
TAML level 4 Multilateral Wells Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
TAML level 5 Multilateral Wells Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
TAML level 6 Multilateral Wells Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The
Commingled Production Multilateral Wells Completion &
Defining Series
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Perforating Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Bullet gun perforating Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Shaped Charges Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Shaped Charges Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Primer Igniter/Primer Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Liner Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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 Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Secondary explosives Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Blasting Cap Detonator Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Hollow-carrier guns Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Phase Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Shot density Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Through-tubing guns Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Expendable guns Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Perforating
Retrievable guns Completion &
Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Tubing-conveyed Schlumberger. The Perforating
Completion &
Perforating (TCP) Defining Series Fundamentals
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Introduction to Well
Jewelry Completion &
Defining Series Completions
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Introduction to Well
Tubing Completion &
Defining Series Completions
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Drilling,
Schlumberger. The Introduction to Well
Packer Completion &
Defining Series Completions
Workover
Schlumberger. The Production &
pumping and gas lift Artificial Lift
Defining Series Facilities

electric submersible pumps Schlumberger. The Production &

Artificial Lift
(ESPs) Defining Series Facilities
electric submersible pumps Schlumberger. The Production &
Artificial Lift
(ESPs) Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

traveling ball valve Artificial Lift
Defining Series Facilities
traveling and standing Schlumberger. The Production &
Artificial Lift
valves Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

progressing cavity pumps Artificial Lift
Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

plunger lift Artificial Lift
Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

plunger lift Artificial Lift
Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

power fluid Artificial Lift
Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

gas lift system Gas Lift
Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

density Gas Lift
Defining Series Facilities

gas availability and Schlumberger. The Production &

Gas Lift
compression costs Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

gas lift valves Gas Lift
Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

check valves Gas Lift
Defining Series Facilities

well kickoff or well Schlumberger. The Production &

Gas Lift
unloading Defining Series Facilities

production pressure- Schlumberger. The Production &

Gas Lift
operated gas lift valves Defining Series Facilities
 Schlumberger. The Production &
side pocket mandrels Gas Lift
Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

critical velocity Gas Lift
Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

continuous flow gas lift Gas Lift
Defining Series Facilities

intermittent flow gas lift Schlumberger. The Production &

Gas Lift
systems Defining Series Facilities

Schlumberger. The Production &

auto gas lift systems Gas Lift
Defining Series Facilities

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Kick off Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Kill Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Kill line Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Lag gas Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
LCM (lost circulation Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
materials) Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Leakoff test or pressure Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
integrity test Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Leakoff Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Liner Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Log Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Logging while drilling Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Lost circulation (Lost Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
returns) Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Lubricator Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Magnetic Toolface Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Make a connection Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Make hole Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Make up Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Makeup cathead Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Makeup tongs Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Managed pressure drilling Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Marine drilling riser Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mast Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
MD (measured depth) Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Measurements while Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
drilling (MWD) Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Mechanical Specific Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
Energy Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mechanical sticking Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mill Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mill out Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Milling Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mist drilling Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Mobile Offshore Drilling Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
Units Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Monkey-board Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Moon Pool Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Morning tour Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Motorman Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mousehole Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud motor Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud pulse telemetry Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Multilateral Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Neat cement Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Nipple Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Nipple down Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Nipple up Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
OD (outside diameter) Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Offset well Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Open hole Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Operator Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Overbalance Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
P rate Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Plug and abandon Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pack off Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Packer Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pad Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pill Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pin Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pipe rack Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pipe ram Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pipe trip Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
POOH Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pore pressure Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Positive displacement Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
motor Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Positive displacement Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
pump Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pressure hunt Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Prime mover Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pusher Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Racking back pipe Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Ram blowout preventer Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rathole Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rotating control device Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Ream Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Reciprocate Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Recycled gas Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Reserve pit Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Reverse circulation or Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
Reversing out Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rig down Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rig up Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Run in hole (RIH) Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Roller cone bit Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rotary drilling Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rotary Steerable System Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rotary table Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Roughneck Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Round trip Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Roustabout Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Safety joint Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Saver sub Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Scratcher Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Semisubmersible Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Settling pit or Settling tank Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shale Shaker Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
shear ram Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sheave Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shoe or Casing shoe Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Shoe joint or Float joint or Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
Shoe track Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Short trip Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Show Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Shut in Bottomhole Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
pressure Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shut in pressure Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sidetrack Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Skid Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slant rig Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slide Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slim hole well Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slip and cut Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slip joint or Travel joint Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slips Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Snubbing or Stripping Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Soft line Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Spacer fluid Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Spinning chain Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Spud Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Stab Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Stand Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Stand pipe Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Steerable motor Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Structural steering Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Stuck pipe Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Stuck Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sub Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Submersible drilling rig Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Suction pit Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Supply vessel Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Surface casing (Surface Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Completion &
pipe) Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Survey Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Swab Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Swellable packer Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Swivel Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tapered string Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Total depth Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Texas deck Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Trip gas Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Thief zone Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Thread protector Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Threadform Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
tight hole Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tongs Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tool joint Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Toolface Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Toolpusher Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Top drive Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tortuosity Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tour Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Traveling block Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Trip or tripping pipe Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Trip out Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
True vertical depth Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tubulars Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Turnkey Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Twist off Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Underbalance Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Underground Blowout Drilling Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud house Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud in Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud in sample Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud out Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud out sample Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud oven Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud pit Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud program Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud report Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud retort Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud scale Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud still Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud tracers Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud up Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud weight Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mud cake, filter cake Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mudding ofs Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mudding up Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
mysid shrimp Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Naphtenic hydrocarbon Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Native clay Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Native solids mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Neutralization Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Neutralize Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Newtonian fluid Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Nonconductive drilling fluid Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Non-newtonian fluid Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Normality Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
NPDES Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
OCMA Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Octahedral layer Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Octanol Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Octyl alcohol Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Oil based mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Oil content Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Oil emulsion mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Oil in water emulsion Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Oil mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Oil on cuttings Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Oil water interface Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Oil mud emulsifier Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Olefinic hydrocarbon Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Oligomer Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Organophilic Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Organophilic clay Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Organophilic lignite Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
OSHA Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Osmosis Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Osmotic pressure Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
OSPAR Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Oxygen scavenger Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pf Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pm Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
PAC polyanionic cellulose Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Packer fluid Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Paddle blender Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Paddle mixer Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
PAG polyalkalene glycol Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Paraffinic hydrocarbon Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Paraformaldehyde Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Particle plugging Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
apparatus Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Particle plugging test Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Particle size distribution Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Parts per million Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pascal Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Peptization Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Peptize Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Peptized clay Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Peptizing agent Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Permafrost Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
pH Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
pH test Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
phenolphthalein Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Phosphate salt Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
PHPA Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pill Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pilot test Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Plastic fluid Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Plastic viscosity Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Plugging material Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Point of departure Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Poise Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polar Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polar compound Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polyacrylate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
polyalkalene glycol Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polyalphaolefin Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polyanionic cellulose Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polyanionic lignin Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polyelectrolyte Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polyglycerol Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polymer Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polyol Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polyolefin Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Polyphosphates Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Pore pressure Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
transmission Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Portland cement Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Portland cement clinker Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Potassium ion Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Potassium mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pounds per barrel Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pour point Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Powe law fluid Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pozzolan Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pozzolanic Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Precipitate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Precipitation Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pregelatinized starch Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Prehydrate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Prehydrated bentonite Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Prehydration Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Preservative Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pressurized mud balance Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Primary cementing Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Progressive gels Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
propylene glycol normal Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
propyl ether Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pseudoplastic Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pumpability Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pumping time Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Poryphosphate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Pyrrhotite Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Quality assurance Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Quat Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Quart amine Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Quaternary amine Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Quebracho Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Quick lime Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rate of shear Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
RCRA Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Red mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Redox Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Reduced water slurry Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Relative filtrate volume Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Relative humidity Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
relaxed filtrate oil mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Reverse mud pit Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Resin Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Retort Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Retort solids Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Returns Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rheological Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rheological property Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rheology Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rheology modifier Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Right angle set Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Rolling aging test Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
RP Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sack Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sacrificial anode Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sag Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Salt Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Saltwater flow Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Saltwater mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sand Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sand test Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sand trap Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Saturated solution Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Scale Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Scavenger Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Seawater mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Seimentation Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sepiolite Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sequestering agent Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shale Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shear rate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shear strenght Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Shear strenght Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
measurement test Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sheen Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sheen test Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shrimp test Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Siderite Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Silica layer Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Silicate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Silicate anion Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Silicate mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Silicic acid Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Silt Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Silver nitrate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sintered Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sized calcium carbonate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sized salt Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slaked lime Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shale Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slug Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slugging pill Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slurry Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slurry density Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slurry stability Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Slurry yield Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Smectite clay Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Soap Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Soda ash Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Sodium acid Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
pyrophosphate Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Spurt loss Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Squezze cementing Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
SSMA copolymer Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Stability meter Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Starch Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Static aging test Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Static filter press Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Static filtration Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Stearate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Strength retrogression Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Stress corrosion cracking Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Styrene Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sulfate reducing bacteria Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sulfate resistance Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sulfate resistant cement Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sulfide Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sulfide scavenger Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sulfide stress cracking Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Sulfonated asphalt Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

sulfonated polystyrene- Drilling,

Schlumberger Oilfield
maleic anhydride Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
copolymer Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Surface tension Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Surfactant Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Suspended solids Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Syn Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Syntetic base fluids Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Syntetic base mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
synthetic/brine ratio Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
synthetic/water ratio Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tail cement Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tall oil Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tannic acid Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tannin Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Temperature gradient or Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
thermal gradient Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Temperature stability Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Ten minute gel strength Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Ten second gel stregnth Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tensile strength Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tetrahedral layer Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
thermally activated mud Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
emulsion Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Thickening time Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Thinner Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Thixotropic Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Thixotropy Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Titrate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Titration Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Total hardness test Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Total solids Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tracer Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Trip pill Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Turbulent flow Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Ultrafine Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Undersaturated fluid Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Unweighted mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
U tube effect Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Vapor pressure Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Versenate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
V G meter Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
VAMA vinyl acetate-maleic Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
anhydride copolymer Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Vinyl polymer Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Vis Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Viscosity Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Viscosity and gel strenght Schlumberger Oilfield
Drilling Fluids Completion &
test Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Wall cake Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Wall sticking Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Wastewater clean up Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Water base drilling fluid Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Waterbase mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Water clarification Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Water in oil emulsion Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Water loss Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Water loss Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Waterbase mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Water mud emulsifier Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Water to cement ratio Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Water , oil and solids test Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Weight Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Weight material or agent Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Weighted mud Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
weighting material Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Whole mud dilution Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Xanthan gum Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
XC polymer Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Xylene Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Yield Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Yield Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Yield point Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Yield stress Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Zero zero gels Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Zinc basic carbonate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Zinc bromide Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Zinc carbonate Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Zinc chloride Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Zinc oxide Drilling Fluids Completion &
Glossary
Workover
Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &
Sor
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

a
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

m
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

n
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Sw
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

6FF40
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &
a
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Neutron generators or Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Accelerator source Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Accuracy
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Acid effect
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &
Acoustic log
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Acoustic mode
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Undrained test
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Unsteady state
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &
Uranium
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Variable-density log
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Verification
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Verification listing
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Vertical resistivity
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Vertical resolution
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Vertical response
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &
virgin zone
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Volumetric cross section, U
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Wait time or Polarization Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

time Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Water filled resistivity
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Water Saturation
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Water-wet
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Weak point
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Well Log
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Wet-clay porosity (WCLP)
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Wettability
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Whole core
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Wireline
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &
Wireline
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

Wireline log
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

X signal
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

X-radiography
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

X-ray diffraction
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

X-ray fluorescence XRF
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &

X-signal
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Formation Geology &
Z/A effect
Glossary Evaluation Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

API General Terms
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

GIIP General Terms
Glossary Geophysics

International Nautical Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

General Terms
Mile Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
knot General Terms
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

moment General Terms
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

NACE General Terms
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

pyrolisis General Terms
Glossary Geophysics

Standard temperature and Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

General Terms
pressure [STP] Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

geochemistry Geochemistry
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
kerogen Geochemistry
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

pyrolisis Geochemistry
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

source rock Geochemistry
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Abnormal pressure Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

absolute age Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

absolute permeability Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
absolute pressure Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

abyss Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

abyssal Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

accommodation Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

accumulation Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

accumulation Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

active margin Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

aeolian Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

aeolotropy//anisotropy Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
aerated layer Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

aggradation//agradational Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

alidade Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

allochthonous Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

allochton Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

allochtonus Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

allogenic Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

alluvial Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
alluvium Geology
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Anaerobic Geology
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
anaerobic//anoxic Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

angular unconformity Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

anhydrite Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

anisotropic Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

anisotropy// aelotropy Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

anomalus Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

anomaly Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
anticlinal //anticline Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

anticlinal trap Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

antithetic fault Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

apparent dip Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

appraisal Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

aquifer Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

aquifer Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

arenaceous Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

argillaceous Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

asphalt Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
asthenosphere Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

attitude Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

aulacogen Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

authigenic Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

autochthon Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

axial surface Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

azimuth Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
azimuthal Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

barite [BaSO4] Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

base map Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

basement Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
basin Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

bathyal Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

bed Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

bed thickness Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

bedrock Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Benioff zone Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

benthic Geology
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
benthos Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
bentonite Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

biostratigrapy Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Bitumen Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

bouma sequence Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

brine Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

calcite (CaC03) Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Caliche Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
cap rock Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

carbonate Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

cataclasite Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

catagenesis Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

CBM Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

cement Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

cementation Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

chalk Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

channel Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

chert Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
chlorite Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

chronostratigraphic chart Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

chronostratigraphy Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

CI [countor interval] Geology
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Clastic intrusion Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

clastic sediment Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

clathrate //hydrate Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

clay Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

clean Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

clear brine // brine Geology
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
closure Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

coal Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

coal bed methane Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

coal seam gas Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

collision Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

compaction Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
compaction Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

competent Geology
Glossary Geophysics

concentric fold // parallel Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Geology
fold Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

condensate Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Condensed section Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

conformable Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

conformable Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Conformity Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

connate water Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

consolidated Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

consolidation Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

contact Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

continental shelf Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

contour Geology
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
contour interval Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

contour map Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

convection Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

conventional reservoir Geology
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Aperture Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Aperture Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Aparent anisotropy Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Apparent velocity Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Apparent wavelenght Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Applied potential method Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Array Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Array Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Arrival Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Arrival time Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Autocorrelation Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Attenuation Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Attenuate Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Attribute Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Autotrack Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

amplitude variation with Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Geophysics
angle of incidence. Glossary Geophysics
Amplitude variation with Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Geophysics
azimuth Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Average velocity Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
axis of rotational symmetry Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Back propagation Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Back stripping Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Back scatter Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Band Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Band limited function Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Band pass Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Band reject Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Base of weathering Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Base station Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Base line Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Base line Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Base line Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Basic wavelet or Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Geophysics
Embbeded wavelet Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Beaufort scale Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Bel Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Benchmark Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Benchmark Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Bias Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Bin Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Bin Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

bird Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Birefringence or Double Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Geophysics
refraction Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Blasting cap Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Blasting cap Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Blind zone Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Blind zone Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Body wave Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Borehole Seismic Data Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Bouguer anomaly Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Bouguer correction Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Bow tie Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

brachistochrone/ least-time Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Geophysics
path Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Break Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Brute stack Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Bubble effect Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Buggy vibro Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Bulk Modulus or Modulus Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Geophysics
of compression Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Cable Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Calibration Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Cap, blasting cap Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Cap rock effect Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Cavitation Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

CDP (common depth point) Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Channel Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Channel wave Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Character Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
Check shot survey or Well Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Geophysics
shoot Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Circle shooting Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

CMP (common midpoint) Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Coherence Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Coherence Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Coherence Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Coherence Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Coherence filtering Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Coherent Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Coherent noise Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Common midpoint method Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

common offset Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Common receiver Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Common receiver gather Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Common reflection point Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Common source Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Common source gather Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Compaction correction Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Complex trace analysis Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Conductance Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Conductance Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Convergence Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Converted wave Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Convolution Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Convolve Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Correlation Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Coupling Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Coupling Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Critical angle Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Critical damping Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Critical reflection Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Crosscorrelate Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Crossline Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Crosswell reflection Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Geophysics
tomography Glossary Geophysics

Crosswell seismic
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
tomography or Interwell Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
seismic tomography

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Crosswell tomography Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Crustal magnetic field Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Cultural anomaly Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Cultural noise Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Curve fitting Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Curve matching Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Cycle skip Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Damping Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Datum Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Datum correction Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

dB Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Deconvolution Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Deep seismic sounding Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Deep tow Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Delta Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Delta t Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Density contrast Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Density profile Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Depth controller Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Depth conversion Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Depth map Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Depth migration Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Depth point Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Depth section Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Detectable limit Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Detector Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Deterministic Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Geophysics
deconvolution Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Detonate Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dielectric Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Difference map Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

differential weathering Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Geophysics
correction Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Diffraction Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Diffraction stack Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Diffusion Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Diffusion equation Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dilatancy Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dilatancy theory Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dilatation Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Dilatation Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dilatation Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Dilatational wave / p wave/

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
acoustinc wave Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
/compressional

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dim spot Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Dip moveout Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dip moveout Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dipole Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dipole Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dipole Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Dipole field Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &

Directivity Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics
 Schlumberger Oilfield Geology &
Discontinuity Geophysics
Glossary Geophysics

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Area open to flow Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Bank firing Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Big hole charge Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Blast joint Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Booster Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Bridge plug Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Bullet perforating Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Capsule gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
carrier gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Casing Collar Locator Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforating Completion &
(CCL) Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Casign Collar Log Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Casing gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Chemical cutter Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Crushed Zone Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Damaged Zone Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Deep penetrating charge Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Detonate Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Detonating cord Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Detonator Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Detonator Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Dog Collar Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Drop Ball Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Drop Bar Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Drop Sub Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Dropoff gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Effective Shot density Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Entrance Hole Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Fill sub Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Firing head Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Frac gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Gravel pack gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Gun clearance Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Gun Zero Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
High explosive Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
High shot density gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Hollow carrier gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Jet perforating Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Last shot detection Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Mechanical Skin Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Nitrogen Cushion Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforate Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforate overbalanced Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforate underbalanced Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforated interval Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforated liner Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforating acid Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Perforating charge or Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforating Completion &
Shaped Charge Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Perforating depth control Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforating Completion &
log Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforating fluid Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforating gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforation Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforation density Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforation penetration Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Perforation phasing Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Primer cord Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Radio Safe detonator Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Radio Silence Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Retrievable gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Safety spacer Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Scallop gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Selective firing Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Selective perforating Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shaped charge Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shear pin Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shoot a well Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Check shoot survey Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Shot detection Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Stable arch Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Standoff Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Standoff Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Standoff Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Strip gun/capsule gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
TCP Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Through tubing gun Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
Tubing puncher Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover

Drilling,
Schlumberger Oilfield
CCL Perforating Completion &
Glossary
Workover
 Schlumberger Oilfield Production &
accumulator Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

adapter spool Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

all-welded construction Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

anchor pin Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

angle valve Production
Glossary Facilities

Flapper valve

bevel-gear-operated
(BGO) valve

API 6D: Specification for Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Production
Pipeline Valves Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

ASME Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Back pressure Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

ball valve Production
Glossary Facilities
bevel gear operated (BGO) Schlumberger Oilfield Production &
Production
valve Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

block valve Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

block-and-bleed Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

blowdown valve (BDV) Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Body relief valve (BRV) Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Bonnet Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

bubble-tight shutoff Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Butterfly valve Production
Glossary Facilities

hydraulic bypass

bypass velocity

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Bypass Production
Glossary Facilities

capacity factor (of a valve), Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Production
Cv, Kv Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

cavitation Production
Glossary Facilities
 Schlumberger Oilfield Production &
Charpy test Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

check valve Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

city gate Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

clevis Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

coal gasification Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

control valve Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

controller Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

cylinder operator Production
Glossary Facilities

blowdown valve (BDV)

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

dip tube Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

double block-and-bleed Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

droop Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

dye penetrant inspection Production
Glossary Facilities
 Schlumberger Oilfield Production &
dynamic seal Production
Glossary Facilities

emergency shutdown valve Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Production
(ESDV) Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

expanding gate valve Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

fitting Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

flange Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

flow coefficient, Cv Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Galling Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

gas volume fraction (GVF) Production
Glossary Facilities
Schlumberger Oilfield Production &
gas/liquid ratio (GLR) Production
Glossary Facilities
Schlumberger Oilfield Production &
gas/oil ratio (GOR) Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

gate valve Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

gland bushing Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

globe valve Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

greenfield Production
Glossary Facilities
Schlumberger Oilfield Production &
hangoff Production
Glossary Facilities
 Schlumberger Oilfield Production &
hardfacing Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

HPU (hydraulic power unit) Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Hydraulic power unit Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

inner seat ring Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

inside-out air seat test Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

key stop Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

laminar flow Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

lip seal Production
Glossary Facilities

magnetic particle Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Production
inspection (MPI) Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

manifold Production
Glossary Facilities
 maximum working Schlumberger Oilfield Production &
Production
pressure (MWP) Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

metal-to-metal seal Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

multiwell pad Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

needle valve Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

nipple Production
Glossary Facilities

ultrasonic inspection

magnetic particle
inspection (MPI)

radiographic inspection

dye penetrant inspection

nondestructive Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Production
examination (NDE) Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

nonrising stem Production
Glossary Facilities

Stuffing box

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

packing Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Pad Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

Pad Production
Glossary Facilities
 Schlumberger Oilfield Production &
peak shaving Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

pilot-operated regulator Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

pinion shaft Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

piston effect Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

pitch-and-lead Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

plug valve Production
Glossary Facilities

Schlumberger Oilfield Production &

production tree Production
Glossary Facilities

unload

Nitrogen kickoff/nitrogen
lift

Breakout tongs

Makeup tongs
 Nipple

Pack off

Packer

Wipper trip

Sliding sleeve

Cut
 Osmosis

Catwalk

Vee-door

Lubricator

Drilling program

Shrimp test
 Sheen test

Octahedral layer

Tetrahedral layer/silica
layer

EPA
Barrel equivalent

Bearden units of
consistency

Yield
 Consistometer

Cloud point glycol

Embrittlement

Geothermal gradient

Dissolved solids

Low gravity solids

High gravity solids

Sulfide test

Eddy Current

Vertical seismic profile

(VSP)
 In-line

Snell´s law

Fixed cutter bits/PDC bits

Antiwhirl bit

BOPs

Annular BOP

Combi BOP

Ram BOPs
 BOP stack

Choke Manifold

Float shoe

guide shoe

Centralizers

Chemical Washes

Cementing plug

Intensifier

accelerator (well workover

and intervention)

Gal
 Injector head

Stripper rubber

Stripping ram

balance point

Sucker rod pump/beam

pump/rod pump

Beam

Sulfide test

Drained test

Pulse decay method

Steady state

Horizontal resistivity

Benioff zone

Altered zone
Flushed zone/invaded
zone

Crushed zone

Transition zone

Blind zone

Resistivity index

R-signal

Geochronology

Relative age
 Eustasy

Subsidence

Isotropic

Isotropy

Synthetic fault

Well control

allochthon

groundwater

Formation water

Residual oil
saturation/SOR

Remaining oil
saturation/ROS
 Radioactive tracer log

Fluid compatibility test

Tracer measurement

injectivity test/injection test

Secondary recovery
Enhanced oil recovery
(EOR)/Improved oil
recovery/tertiary
recovery

Thermal recovery

miscible displacement

displacement front

cyclic steam
injection/huff and
puff/steam soak

Steam
 mobility ratio

Displacement efficiency

Compatibility

filtrate volume

Piston effect

relative filtrate volume

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