Past Paper Topic 8 9

past_paper_topic_8~9 [103 marks]
1. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.hl.TZ0.26

Which solutions will form a buffer when mixed?
A. 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 HCl and 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 NaOH
B. 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 CH3COOH and 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 NaOH
C. 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 CH3COOH and 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3
NaOH
D. 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 CH3COOH and 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3
NaOH [1]

Which species can act both as a Lewis acid and a Lewis base?
A. H2O
B. NH4+
C. Cu2+
D. CH4 [1]
The standard electrode potentials for three half-cells involving
chromium are shown.
Cr3+ (aq) + e− ⇌ Cr2+ (aq) E⦵ = −0.407 V
Cr3+ (aq) + 3e− ⇌ Cr (s) E⦵ = −0.744 V
Cr2+ (aq) + 2e− ⇌ Cr (s) E⦵ = −0.914 V
Which statement is correct?
A. Cr3+ (aq) can oxidize Cr2+ (aq) but not Cr (s).
B. Cr3+ (aq) can oxidize Cr (s) but not Cr2+ (aq).
C. Cr3+ (aq) can oxidize both Cr2+ (aq) and Cr (s).
D. Cr3+ (aq) can oxidize Cr (s) and reduce Cr2+ (aq). [1]
4. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.hl.TZ1.27

In which set are the salts arranged in order of increasing pH?
A. HCOONH4 < KBr < NH4Br < HCOOK
B. KBr < NH4Br < HCOOK < HCOONH4
C. NH4Br < HCOONH4 < KBr < HCOOK
D. HCOOK < KBr < HCOONH4 < NH4Br [1]

What are the products when dilute aqueous copper (II) nitrate is
electrolysed using platinum electrodes?
E⦵ (Cu | Cu2+) = –0.34 V.
[1]
In the electrolysis apparatus shown, 0.59 g of Ni is deposited on the
cathode of the first cell.
What is the mass of Ag deposited on the cathode of the second cell?
A. 0.54 g
B. 0.59 g
C. 1.08 g
D. 2.16 g [1]
A weak base is titrated with a strong acid. Which value of pKb can be
estimated from this titration curve?
A. 11.3
B. 9.2
C. 4.8
D. 1.8 [1]
Which E⦵ value, in V, for the reaction Mn (s) + Zn2+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) +
Zn (s) can be deduced from the following equations?
Mn (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s) E⦵ = 1.98 V
Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s) E⦵ = 1.10 V
Cu (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s) E⦵ = 0.46 V
A. 0.42
B. 1.34
C. 2.62
D. 3.54 [1]

What is correct for pure hot water?
[1]
Which combination will produce an alkaline buffer in water?
A. 0.10 mol NH3 and 0.05 mol H2SO4
B. 0.50 mol NH3 and 0.10 mol H2SO4
C. 0.10 mol CH3COOH and 0.05 mol NaOH
D. 0.10 mol CH3COOH and 0.50 mol NaOH [1]

Which gives the equation and cell potential of the spontaneous
reaction?
[1]
What happens to the mass of each copper electrode when aqueous
copper(II) sulfate solution is electrolysed?
[1]
Which of these oxides contribute to acid deposition?
I. SO 2 II. NO 2 III. CO 2
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III [1]

Which statement is correct when a zinc spoon is electroplated with
silver?
A. The cathode (negative electrode) is made of silver.
B. The anode (positive electrode) is the zinc spoon.
C. The anode (positive electrode) is made of silver.
D. The electrolyte is zinc sulfate solution. [1]

Three cells with platinum electrodes are connected in series to a DC
power supply.
What is the ratio of moles formed at each cathode (negative

electrode)?
[1]
Which solution is basic at 25 °C?
Kw = 1.0 × 10−14
A. [H+] = 1.0 × 10−3 mol dm−3
B. [OH−] = 1.0 × 10−13 mol dm−3
C. solution of pH = 4.00
D. [H3O+] = 1.0 × 10−13 mol dm−3 [1]

Which is a Lewis acid but not a Brønsted−Lowry acid?
A. AlCl3
B. CH3CO2H
C. HF
D. CCl4 [1]

Which has the strongest conjugate base?
A. HCOOH (Ka = 1.8 × 10−4)
B. HNO2 (Ka = 7.2 × 10−4)
C. HCN (Ka = 6.2 × 10−10)
D. HIO3 (Ka = 1.7 × 10−1) [1]

Where does oxidation occur in a voltaic cell?
A. positive electrode and anode
B. negative electrode and anode
C. positive electrode and cathode
D. negative electrode and cathode [1]

Which compound contains sulfur with an oxidation state of +6?
A. SO2
B. H2S
C. H2SO3
D. H2SO4 [1]
Which is correct for a redox reaction where the standard electrode
potential is negative?
ΔGΘ = −nFEΘ and ΔGΘ = −RT ln K
A. ΔGΘ is negative and K is less than 1.
B. ΔGΘ is negative and K is greater than 1.
C. ΔGΘ is positive and K is less than 1.
D. ΔGΘ is positive and K is greater than 1. [1]

Which statements are correct?
I. Lewis bases can act as nucleophiles.
II. Electrophiles are Lewis acids.
III. Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only

Which indicator is appropriate for the acid-base titration shown
below?
A. Thymol blue (pKa = 1.5)

B. Methyl orange (pKa = 3.7)
C. Bromophenol blue (pKa = 4.2)
D. Phenolphthalein (pKa = 9.6) [1]
A buffer is produced by mixing 20.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 ethanoic
acid, CH3COOH(aq), with 0.10 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq).
What is the volume of NaOH required and the pH of the buffer?
[1]

A reaction takes place when a rechargeable battery is used:
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2SO42−(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Which statements are correct?
I. H+ is reduced
II. The oxidation state of Pb metal changes from 0 to +2
III. PbO2 is the oxidising agent
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only

Which type of bond is formed when a Lewis acid reacts with a Lewis
base?
A. Covalent
B. Dipole-dipole
C. Double
D. Hydrogen [1]
Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, is used as a high nitrogen fertilizer.
A 0.20 mol dm−3 solution of ammonium nitrate is prepared.
Cold packs contain ammonium nitrate and water separated by a membrane.
Solid ammonium nitrate can decompose to gaseous dinitrogen monoxide and

liquid water.
(a) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium

nitrate. Use section 6 of the data booklet. [1]
(b) State, with a reason, whether the ammonium ion is a Brønsted-

Lowry acid or base. [1]
(c) Calculate the pH of an ammonium nitrate solution with [H3O+]

= 1.07 × 10−5 mol dm−3. Use section 1 of the data booklet. [1]
(d) Ammonium nitrate is neutralized with sodium hydroxide. Write

the equation for the reaction. [1]
(e) A 20.00 cm3 sample of the 0.20 mol dm−3 solution of

ammonium nitrate is titrated with a 0.20 mol dm−3 solution of
sodium hydroxide. Determine the pH at the equivalence point,
to two decimal places using section 1 and 21 of the data
booklet. [4]
(f ) Sketch the pH curve that would result from the titration of a

0.20 mol dm−3 solution of ammonium nitrate with sodium
hydroxide.
[2]
(g) State, with a reason, if bromothymol blue is an appropriate

indicator for this titration. Use section 22 of the data booklet. [1]
(h) The mass of the contents of the cold pack is 25.32 g and its
initial temperature is 25.2 °C. Once the contents are mixed, the
temperature drops to 0.8 °C.
Calculate the energy, in J, absorbed by the dissolution of

ammonium nitrate in water within the cold pack. Assume the
specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g−1 K−1. Use
section 1 of the data booklet. [1]
(i) Determine the mass of ammonium nitrate in the cold pack

using your answer obtained in (d)(i) and and sections 6 and 19
of the data booklet.
If you did not obtain an answer in (d)(i), use 3.11 × 103 J,

although this is not the correct answer. [2]
(j) The absolute uncertainty in mass of the contents of the cold

pack is ±0.01 g and in each temperature reading is ±0.2 °C.
Using your answer in (d)(ii), calculate the absolute uncertainty
in the mass of ammonium nitrate in the cold pack.
If you did not obtain an answer in (d)(ii), use 6.55 g, although [3]
this is not the correct answer.
(k) The cold pack contains 9.50 g of ammonium nitrate. Calculate

the percentage error in the experimentally determined mass of
ammonium nitrate obtained in (d)(ii).
If you did not obtain an answer in (d)(ii), use 6.55 g, although

this is not the correct answer. [1]
(l) Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS⦵, for the dissolution
of ammonium nitrate.
S⦵NH4NO3 (s) = 151.1 J mol−1 K−1
S⦵NH4NO3 (aq) = 259.8 J mol−1 K−1 [1]
(m) Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, ΔG⦵, in kJ

mol−1, for the dissolution of ammonium nitrate at 298 K. Use
sections 1 and 19 of the data booklet as well as your answer for
question part (d)(v).
If you did not obtain an answer in (d)(v), use 102.3 J mol−1 K−1,
although this is not the correct answer.
[1]
(n) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for the

dissolution of ammonium nitrate at 298 K using the answer to
question part (d)(vi) and section 1 of the data booklet.
NH4NO3 (s) ⇌ NH4NO3 (aq)
If you did not obtain an answer in (d)(vi), use −7.84 kJ/mol,

although this is not the correct answer. [2]
(o) Deduce, with a reason, the position of the equilibrium. [1]
(p) Predict, using the given values, the reaction that would take
place at the anode and cathode for the electrolysis of an
aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate using graphite
electrodes.
[2]
(q) Write the chemical equation for this decomposition. [1]
(r) Calculate the volume of dinitrogen monoxide produced at STP

when a 5.00 g sample of ammonium nitrate decomposes. Use
(s) Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔH , of the reaction.

Use section 12 of the data booklet.
ΔH
f
ammonium nitrate = −366 kJ mol−1
ΔH
f
dinitrogen monoxide = 82 kJ mol−1 [2]
(t) Predict, with a reason, the signs for the entropy change, ΔS⦵, and
Gibbs free energy change, ΔG⦵, of the reaction.
[2]
(u) Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure, including formal

charges, and shape for dinitrogen monoxide showing nitrogen
as the central atom.
[3]
Consider the following reaction:
Cu2+ (aq) + Fe (s) → Fe2+ (aq) + Cu (s)
The diagram shows an unlabelled voltaic cell for the reaction:
Cu2+ (aq) + Fe (s) → Fe2+ (aq) + Cu (s)
(a) State the ground-state electron configuration for Fe2+. [1]
(b) The mass spectrum for copper is shown:

Source: WebElements, n.d. Copper: isotope data [online] Available at:
https://www.webelements.com/copper/isotopes.html [Accessed 6 October 2021].
Show how a relative atomic mass of copper of 63.62 can be [1]

obtained from this mass spectrum.
(c) Predict, with a reason, whether Cu or Cu2+ has the greater

ionization energy. [1]
(d) Determine the frequency, in s−1, of a photon that will cause the
first ionization of copper. Use sections 1, 2 and 8 of the data
booklet. [2]
(e) Outline the magnetic properties of iron by referring to its

electron configuration. [2]
(f ) Label the diagram with the species from the equation and the
direction of electron flow. [2]
(g) Write the half-equation for the reaction occurring at the anode
(negative electrode). [1]
(h) The diagram includes a salt bridge that is filled with a saturated
solution of KNO3. Outline the function of the salt bridge. [1]
(i) Predict the movement of all ionic species through the salt
bridge. [2]
(j) Calculate the standard cell potential, in V, for this cell. Use
(k) Calculate the standard free energy change, in kJ, for the cell.
Use your answer in (f )(v) and sections 1 and 2 of the data
booklet.
If you did not obtain an answer in (f )(v), use 0.68 V, although

this is not the correct answer. [1]
Ammonia is soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution:
NH3 (g) + H2O (l) ⇌ NH4+ (aq) + HO– (aq)
(a) State the relationship between NH4+ and NH3 in terms of the
Brønsted–Lowry theory. [1]
(b) Determine the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the solution

formed when 900.0 dm3 of NH3 (g) at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa, is
dissolved in water to form 2.00 dm3 of solution. Use sections 1
and 2 of the data booklet. [2]
(c) Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an ammonia

solution with pH = 9.3. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. [1]
(d) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of ammonia

molecules in the solution with pH = 9.3. Use section 21 of the
data booklet. [2]
(e) An aqueous solution containing high concentrations of both

NH3 and NH4+ acts as an acid-base buffer solution as a result of
the equilibrium:
NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) ⇌ NH4+ (aq)
Referring to this equilibrium, outline why adding a small

volume of strong acid would leave the pH of the buffer solution
almost unchanged. [2]
(f ) Magnesium salts form slightly acidic solutions owing to

equilibria such as:
Mg2+ (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ Mg(OH)+ (aq) + H+ (aq)
Comment on the role of Mg2+ in forming the Mg(OH)+ ion, in

acid-base terms. [2]
(g) Mg(OH)+ is a complex ion, but Mg is not regarded as a transition
metal. Contrast Mg with manganese, Mn, in terms of one
characteristic chemical property of transition metals, other than
complex ion formation.
[2]
Standard electrode potential values, E⦵, can be used to predict spontaneity.
(a) Iron(II) is oxidized by bromine.
2Fe2+ (aq) + Br2 (l) ⇌ 2Fe3+ (aq) + 2Br− (aq)
Calculate the E⦵cell, in V, for the reaction using section 24 of the

data booklet. [1]
(b) Determine, giving a reason, if iodine will also oxidize iron(II). [1]
(c) Molten zinc chloride undergoes electrolysis in an electrolytic

cell at 450 °C.
Deduce the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode.
[2]
(d) Deduce the overall cell reaction including state symbols. Use
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) can be determined by the Winkler Method.
A 25.00 cm3 sample of water was treated according to the Winkler Method.
Step I: 2Mn2+ (aq) + O2 (g) + 4OH− (aq) → 2MnO2 (s) + 2H2O (l)
Step II: MnO2 (s) + 2I− (aq) + 4H+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) + I2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Step III: 2S2O32− (aq) + I2 (aq) → 2I− (aq) + S4O62− (aq)
The iodine produced was titrated with 37.50 cm3 of 5.000 × 10−4 mol dm−3
Na2S2O3.
(a) Outline what is measured by BOD. [1]
(b) A student dissolved 0.1240 ± 0.0001 g of Na2S2O3 to make

1000.0 ± 0.4 cm3 of solution to use in the Winkler Method.
Determine the percentage uncertainty in the molar

concentration. [2]
(c) Calculate the amount, in moles of Na2S2O3 used in the titration. [1]
(d) Deduce the mole ratio of O2 consumed in step I to S2O32− used

in step III. [1]
(e) Calculate the concentration of dissolved oxygen, in mol dm−3,

in the sample. [2]
(f ) The three steps of the Winkler Method are redox reactions.
Deduce the reduction half-equation for step II. [1]
(g) Suggest a reason that the Winkler Method used to measure

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) must be done at constant
temperature. [1]
© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2024

Past Paper Topic 8 9

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past_paper_topic_8~9 [103 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.hl.TZ0.26

2. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.hl.TZ0.27

Cr3+ (aq) + e− ⇌ Cr2+ (aq) E⦵ = −0.407 V

Cr3+ (aq) + 3e− ⇌ Cr (s) E⦵ = −0.744 V

Cr2+ (aq) + 2e− ⇌ Cr (s) E⦵ = −0.914 V

Which statement is correct?

A. Cr3+ (aq) can oxidize Cr2+ (aq) but not Cr (s).

B. Cr3+ (aq) can oxidize Cr (s) but not Cr2+ (aq).

C. Cr3+ (aq) can oxidize both Cr2+ (aq) and Cr (s).

4. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.hl.TZ1.27

A. HCOONH4 < KBr < NH4Br < HCOOK

B. KBr < NH4Br < HCOOK < HCOONH4

C. NH4Br < HCOONH4 < KBr < HCOOK

D. HCOOK < KBr < HCOONH4 < NH4Br [1]

E⦵ (Cu | Cu2+) = –0.34 V.

What is the mass of Ag deposited on the cathode of the second cell?

Mn (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s) E⦵ = 1.98 V

Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s) E⦵ = 1.10 V

Cu (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s) E⦵ = 0.46 V

9. [Maximum mark: 1] 21N.1.hl.TZ0.27

A. 0.10 mol NH3 and 0.05 mol H2SO4

B. 0.50 mol NH3 and 0.10 mol H2SO4

C. 0.10 mol CH3COOH and 0.05 mol NaOH

D. 0.10 mol CH3COOH and 0.50 mol NaOH [1]

11. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1.hl.TZ1.30

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

14. [Maximum mark: 1] 20N.1.hl.TZ0.31

A. The cathode (negative electrode) is made of silver.

B. The anode (positive electrode) is the zinc spoon.

C. The anode (positive electrode) is made of silver.

D. The electrolyte is zinc sulfate solution. [1]

What is the ratio of moles formed at each cathode (negative

A. [H+] = 1.0 × 10−3 mol dm−3

B. [OH−] = 1.0 × 10−13 mol dm−3

D. [H3O+] = 1.0 × 10−13 mol dm−3 [1]

17. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1.hl.TZ1.26

18. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1.hl.TZ1.27

A. HCOOH (Ka = 1.8 × 10−4)

B. HNO2 (Ka = 7.2 × 10−4)

C. HCN (Ka = 6.2 × 10−10)

D. HIO3 (Ka = 1.7 × 10−1) [1]

A. positive electrode and anode

B. negative electrode and anode

C. positive electrode and cathode

D. negative electrode and cathode [1]

20. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1.hl.TZ2.28

ΔGΘ = −nFEΘ and ΔGΘ = −RT ln K

A. ΔGΘ is negative and K is less than 1.

B. ΔGΘ is negative and K is greater than 1.

C. ΔGΘ is positive and K is less than 1.

D. ΔGΘ is positive and K is greater than 1. [1]

22. [Maximum mark: 1] 18M.1.hl.TZ1.26

I. Lewis bases can act as nucleophiles.

II. Electrophiles are Lewis acids.

III. Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors.

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

A. Thymol blue (pKa = 1.5)

What is the volume of NaOH required and the pH of the buffer?