Cellular Energetics UNIT SECTION1- MC $4043 1. Princeton Chapter 6-2) Binding of Inhibitor Y as shown below inhibits a key catalytic enzyme by inducing a structural conformation change. Which of the following accurately describes the role of Inhibitor Y? DB tT (A) Inhibitor ¥ competes with substrates for binding in the active site ‘and functions as a competitive inhibitor. (8) Inhibitor ¥ binds allosterically and functions as a competitive inhibitor. (C) Inhibitor ¥ competes with substrates for binding in the active site ‘and functions as a non-competitive inhibitor (D) Inhibitor ¥ binds allosterically and functions as a non-competitive inhibitor. 2. (Princeton Chapter 6-3) ‘single step chemical reaction is catalyzed by the addition of an enzyme, Which of the reaction coc-dinate diagrams accurately shows the effect of the added enzyme (represented by the dashed line) tothe reaction? 5 “ i Reaction Progress @ & 2 Reaclion Progress Reaction Progress 31UNIT Cellular Energetics 3. (Princeton Chapter 6-8) “The biggest difference between an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and an Uuncatalyzed reaction is (A) the free energy between the reactants and the products (B) the free energy difference between the reactants and the products does not change (C) the catalyzed reaction would not occur without the enzyme (D) the uncatalyzed reaction would be unlikely to occur in a biologically relevant timeframe without the enzyme 4, (Barron Chapter 4-4) Most energy during cell respiration is harvested during (A) the Krebs cycle (8) oxidative phosphorylation (C) glycolysis (0) anaerobic respiration 5, Barron Chapter 4-16) The ATP produced during glycolysis is generated by which of the flowing? (A) tre electron transport chain (8) substrate level phosphorylation (C) oxidative phosphorylation (0) cremiosmosis 6, (Barron Chapter 4-17) In addition to ATP, what is produced during glycolysis? (A) pyruvate and NADH (B) COz and H70 (C) CO2 and ethyl alcohol (D) CO2 and NADH 7. (Barron Chapter 4-20) Which process of cell respiration is most closely associated with intracellular membranes? (A) oxidative phosphorylation (8) the Krebs cycle (C) glycolysis (0) substrate level phosphorylation 52Cellular Energetics UNIT 8, (Barron Chapter 4-22) Glycolysis is the first phase of aerobic cellular respiration. It is a complex, enzyme-controlled set of reactions in which glucose molecules are broken down into pyruvate in the absence of oxygen. Although it does not produce much ATP, glycolysis is important because pyruvate is the raw material for the next phase of collular respiration, which will ultimately produce large amounts of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, One of the enzymes at the beginning of glycolysis is PFK, phosphofructokinase, an allosteric enzyme. When ATP binds to the allosteric site on PFK, the enzyme changes shape and no longer functions. Which of the following statements best explains the importance of the enzyme PFK in glycolysis? {A) PFK inhibits glycolysis when oxygen levels are high. (8) PFK enables glycolysis to continue when no oxygen is present. (C) PRK inhibits the production of ATP when ATP levels are high, (0) PFK enhances the production of ATP when ATP levels are high. 9. (Campbell Chapter 9-1) The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the a. oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. b. flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. ©. affinity of oxygen for electrons, d. H® concentration across the membrane hol e. transfer of phosphate to ADP. ATP synthase. 10, (Campbell Chapter 9-2) Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? the citric acid cycle the electron transport chain glycolysis synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate reduction of pyruvate to lactate pange 11, (Campbell Chapter 9-7) Most CO2 from catabolism is released during. a. glycolysis. . electron transport. b. the citric acid cycle. e. oxidative phosphorylation, . lactate fermentation.UNIT Cellular Energetics 12. (Princeton Chapter 6-1) ‘The mitochondrion is a critical organelle structure involved in cellular respiration. Below is a simple schematic of the structure of a mitochondrion. Which of the structural components labeled below in the mitochondrion is the primary location of the Krebs cycle? tito ‘Outer membrane loner membrane Intrmombrone space (A) Inner membrane (B) Matrix (©) Intermembrane space (D) Outer membrane Question 13-14 Glycoysis (shown below) is a critical metabolic pathway that is utilized by nearly all forms of life. The process of glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm ofthe cell and conve'ts 1 molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid Glucose OSSOO-8T" 6 carbons Evagy \, Investment 1 Phase OOCOOOP ( ie oo eee 1027 yond Wala i ae Soy on | atl fe | cite game moon | atid es mee foes (pyruvic acid) (pyruvic acid 54Cellular Energetics UNIT 13. (Princeton Chapter 6-5) CGlycolysis does not require oxygen to occur in cells. However, under anaerobic conditions, alyoolysis normally requires fermentation pathways to occur to continue to produce ATP. Which best describes why dlycolysis is dependent on fermentation under anaerobic. conditions? (A). Glycolysis requires fermentation to produce more gucase as a substrate. (8). Gilycolysis requires fermentation to synthesize lactic ac that is used as an enzyme cofactor of hexokinase (which catalyzes the first step of lycolysis). (C)_ Giycalysis requires fermentation to generate ATP molecules to Complete the early steps ofthe pathway. (0) Glycalysis requires fermentation to generate pyruvate for a later step inthe pathway. 14, (Princeton Chapter 6-6) Which ofthe following most accurately describes the net reaction of alycolysis? (A)_Itis an endergonic process because it results in a net increase in ‘energy. (B) Itis an exergonic process because it results in a net increase in ‘energy. (C) tis an endergonic process because it results in a net decrease in energy. (D) Itis an exergonic process because it results in a net decrease in ‘energy. 15, (Barron Model Test 1-4) There are two types of enzyme inhibition: competitive and noncompetitive. Competitive inhibitors compete with the substrate for one active site, while noncompetitive inhibitors bind to another part of the enzyme and alter its shape. Malonate is an inhibitor ofthe respiratory enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in the following reaction. Succinate dehydrogenase (enzyme) Succinate. ——————> Fumarate Malonate (inhibitor) 55UNIT Cellular Energetics Which of the following choices best describes the best way to determine whether malonate is a competitive or a oncompetitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase? (A) In the presence of malonate, increase the concentration of succinate, the substrate. if the rate of reaction increases, then malonate is a competitive inhibitor. (8) Inthe presence of malonate, increase the concentration of succinate, the substrate. If the rate of reaction increases, then malonate is a noncompetitive inhibitor. (C) Malonate can alternate between a competitive and oncempetitive inhibitor depending on what is required (0) A coenzyme must be affecting the rate of the reaction, 16. (Barron Model Test 1-13) Here is the final reaction in the citric acid cycle. it shows the regeneration of oxaloacetate Malate dehysrogenase Otte 7 ~ i Naot NADH coo" coo" Malate Oxaloacetate After studying the reaction, determine which of the folowing statements is corect (A) The enzyme malate detycrogenase is allosteric. (6) The reaction is exergonc; the released energy is absorbed by NADY. (C) The reaction isa reduction reaction, (0) NAD" is oxidized into NADH. 17. Princeton Chapter 6-9) “Two groups of cells were grown under identical conditions. ‘Mitochondria from each group was isolated and placed in a low pH (approximately pH 6.8) condition. Both samples were exposed to ‘oxygen bubbles through the growth media. What would you expect to seein terms of ATP production in the sample of cells placed in alow pH, with respect to the control population? (A)_ ATP production decreases. (8) ATP production increases. (C)_ATP production stays the same. (D) ATP initially increases, then decreases. 56Cellular Energetics UNIT 18, (Princeton Chapter 6-11) ‘The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy, or disorder, is ‘constantly increasing in the universe for spontaneous processes Therefore, how is it possible that organisms exist in very ordered states? (A) The second law of thermodynamics does not apply to biological lite (B) Energy can be created or destroyed. (C) The catabolic reactions in metabolism balance the effect of the anabolic reactions. (0) Biotogicar tre creates an increase in entropy through dissemination of heat and waste. 19, (Campbell Chapter 10-1) The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with a. light energy. b. CO2 and ATP. H,0 and NADPH. ATP and NADPH. sugar and O2. 20, (Campbell Chapter 10-2) Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? a. NADPH > 02 > CO» H,0 > NADPH = Calvin cycle NADPH ~ chlorophyll > Calvin cycle |. H,0 photosystem I > photosystem II NADPH — electron transport chain > O» 21. (Campbell Chapter 10-5) Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? carbon fixation oxidation of NADPH release of oxygen regeneration of the CO, acceptor consumption of ATP eaege 37UNIT Cellular Energetics 22. (Campbell Chapter 10-7) Which process is most directly driven by light energy? a. creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane carbon fixation in the stroma reduction of NADP” molecules removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules ATP synthesis 58Cellular Energetics SECTION? - MC FARRS3] 23, (2008-4) ‘The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light- dependent reactions? (A) ATP and NADPH (B) ADP and PO, (©) Hand 0, (©) 0, and CO, ©) H,0 and CO, 24, (2008-6) ATP is produced in all ofthe following EXCEPT (A) glycolysis (B) the Krebs cycle (© the Calvin cycle (D) cyclic and noncyclic light reactions (E) the electron transport system with chemiosmosis 25, (2008-20) ‘Which two cellular organelles in eukaryotes have both electron transport systems and chemiosmotic mechanisms? (A) Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (B) Chloroplasts and endoplasmic reticulum (C) Chloroplasts and mitochondria (D) Mitochondria and nuclei (B) Nuclei and Golgi apparatus 59> ) Cellular Energetics Questions 26-29 ‘To study the actions ofthe enzyme catalase on hydrogen peroxide, students performed the following experiment. Catalase was extracted from potatoes by blending raw potatoes in a blender with cold distilled water. The filtrate ‘was stored on ice. The following hydrogen peroxide solutions were made: 1 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, and 15 percent. Filter paper disks were soaked in the catalase filtrate and dropped into beakers containing the various solutions. The activity of the enzyme was measured by the amount of time it took forthe disks to float to the surface of the solution on the bubbles produced by the reaction. The following data were obtained. Hydrogen Peroxide | Average Time, in Seconds, Solution for Disks to Float 1% 30 see | 5% 25 see 10% "20 see 1% 10 see 26. (2008-97) Which of the following best describes why the disks rose to the surface faster in the more conceatrated hydrogen peroxide solutions? (A) There was more enzyme present in the more concentrated solutions. (B) A greater amount of heat was generated in the more concentrated solutions. (©) The more concentrated solutions lowered the activation energy of the reaction. (D) The higher substrate concentrations in the ore concentrated solutions speeded the reaction. (©) The density of the water was lower in the snore concentrated solutions. 27. (2008-98) Which of the following experimental designs should the students use as a control for the experiment? (A) Place a catalase-soaked disk in a beaker of water, (B) Drop the disks from different heights into the solution. (©) Poke the floating disks back down to the bottom of the beaker and retime the rise of the disks, (D) Shake the beakers during the time the disks are rising. (E) Dip the disks in the 5% solution before Putting them in any other sol 60Cellular Energetics 28. (2008-99) Which of the following best describes why ice ‘was used during this experiment? (A) To increase the activity of the enzyme (B) To retard the breakdown of the catalase (© To purge the solution of excess air trapped during blending (D) To slow the catalase molecules to increase the probability of contact with the hydrogen peroxide molecules (E) To increase the size of the active site on the enzyme 29. (2008-100) If the potato solution was boiled for 10 minutes and cooled for 10 minutes before being tested, the average time for the disks to float to the surface of the hydrogen peroxide solution would be (A) less than 1 second {B) 5 seconds (C) 10 seconds (D) 30 seconds (B) more than 30 seconds 61UNIT Cellular Energetics 30. (2014-13) ‘The diagram below shows energy changes in a specific chemical reaction with and without the addition of an enzyme to the reaction. [Reactans Energy Products Which of the following questions answered by the diagram? (A) Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction” (B) Does the addition of an enzyme result in the formation of covalent bonds? (©) Does the addition of an enzyme produce a greater amount of products? (D) Does the addition of an enzyme change the pathway for the reaction? 62Cellular Energetics UNIT Questions 31-33 ‘An experiment to measure the rate of respiration in crickets and mice at 10°C and 25°C was performed using a respirometer, an apparatus that measures changes in gas volume. Respiration was measured in mL of O, consumed per gram of organism over several five-minute tials and the following data were obtained. Organism | Temperature Average respiration CO) (ial. Ov/g/min) Mouse 10 0518 Mouse 0.0321 Cricket 10 0.0013 Cricket 25 0.0038 31. (2012-17) During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is, consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following? (A) A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas (B) A plant to produce oxygen (C) A glucose reserve (D) A valve to release excess water 32, (2012-18) According to the data, the mice at 10°C demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per ‘gram of tissue than did the mice at 25°C. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements? (A) The mice at 10°C had a higher rate of ATP produetion than the mice at 25°C. (B) The mice at 10°C had a lower metabolic rate than the mice at 25°C. (© The mice at 25°C weighed less than the mice at 10°C. (D) The mice at 25°C were more active than the mice at 10°C.UNIT Cellular Energetics 33. (2012-19) ‘According to the data, the crickets at 25°C have ‘greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than do the crickets at 10°C. This trend in oxygen consumption is the opposite of that in the mice. ‘The difference in trends in oxygen consumption among crickets and mice is due to their (A) relative size (B) mode of nutrition (C) mode of internal temperature regulation (D) mode of ATP production 34, (2012-45) Experimental evidence shows thatthe process of glycolysis is present and virtually identical in organisms from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the Following hypotheses could be best supported by this evidence? (A) All organisms carry out glycolysis in mitochondria. (B) Glycolysis is a universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor forall forms of life. (C) Across the three domains, all organisms depend solely on the process of anaerobic respiration for ATP production, (D) The presence of glycolysis as an energy- releasing process in all organisms suggests that convergent evolution occurred, 35, (2012-55) ‘The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6.CO, + 12 H,O + light energy > C,H,,0, +6 0, + 6 Hy If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of ‘oxygen, '80, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with "©. Which of the following is, the most likely explanation?” (A) During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split the hydrogen atoms combine with the CO., and oxygen gas is released. (B) During the ight reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released, (©) During the Calvin eyete, water is split, regenerating NADPH from NADP*, and oxygen gas is released (D) During the Calvin cycle, water is split, the hydrogen atoms are added to intermediates of sugar synth 2 is released. and 64Cellular Energetics UNIT 36. (2020 Sample Exam-9) Different photosynthetic organisms have different types of chlorophyll molecules ‘The distribution of chlorophylls in several different groups of organisms is shown in ‘Table 1. A plus sign (+) in the table indicates the presence of a chlorophyll, while a minus sign (~) indicates its absence. Table 1. The distribution of chlorophylls in several groups of organisms Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll e Chlorophyll d Foweingnans [+ [+ penne Ere Greenalgne i + - 2 Brown algae + - + : Redagee * : : = Cyanobacteria + - : a Based on the data, which of the following most likely describes the evolutionary relationship among the organisms? (A) Because brown algae, red algae, and cyanobacteria lack chlorophyll b, they evolved before green algae and flowering plants did. (B) Because green algae and flowering plants contain chloroplasts, they evolved ‘more recently than brown algae, red algae, and cyanobacteria did, (©) Because increasingly complex forms of chlorophyll are found in red algae, brown algae, green algae, and flowering plants, respectively this reflects the order of their appearance. (D) Because all of the organisms contain chlorophyll a, the organisms share a ‘common ancestor. 65UNIT ) Cellular Energetics (3 37. (2012-62) ‘The figures below illustrate the similarities between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplast. NADH oo HO aa A Wt A 40 4a A ho Ce Q S w Inner Mitochondrial aC | Mente a a 64na ad. apm NADPH ga i e we Se emer “PY Ale) f B ‘© Hydrogen ion [2 Electron The figures can best assist in answering which of the following questions? (A) Dp electron transport chains ereate a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules? (B) What are the sources of energy that drive mitochondrial and chloroplast electron transport systems? (C) What is the optimal temperature at which ATP synthase chemically converts ADP and a phosphate group into one molecule of ATP? (D) What is the evolutionary relationship between the ATP synthase in mitochondria and the ATP synthase in chloroplasts? 38. (2020 Sample Exam-15) Itis estimated that oxygen production first evolved in photosynthetic prokaryotes approximately 2.7 billion years ago. ‘The first photosynthetic prokaryotes are presumed to be similar to today’s cyanobacteria. Which of the following best supports the claim that photosynthetic prokaryotes were responstble for the oxygen in Earth’ atmospher (A) The light reactions of photosynthesis split carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen. (B) ‘The light reactions of photosynthesis split water into hydrogen ions and oxygen. (C) ‘The Calvin cycle splits glucose into carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (D) The Calvin cycle splits water into hydrogen ions and oxygen. 66Cellular Energetics UNIT 39. (2013-5) Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle? (A) How does chlorophyll capture light? (B) How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates? (©) How is NADP* reduced to NADPH? (D) How is ATP produced in chemiosmosis? 40. (2013-17) OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IN THE WATER OF A LAKE Hours of Darkness E & & E 3 5 o & eB 1 6 0. (06,00 08.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 02.00 04.00 ‘Time of Day What most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph above? (A) The water becomes colder at night and thus holds more oxygen. (B) Respiration in most organisms increases at night. (©) More organisms are respiring at night than during the day. (D) Photosynthesis produces more oxygen than is consumed by respiration d 67UNIT Cellular Energetics 41. 2013-37) © Ino 80) 40 Annual Primary Production (g carbon/m Tia as oF sou Number of Months with Open Water In the Arctic Ocean, the predominant primary producers are phytoplankton, Phytoplankton. are consumed by zooplankton, which in tur eaten by codfish. In years when there is more open water (less ice coverage), there are more zooplankton and fish than in years with less open ‘water (more ice coverage). Based on the graph above, the difference is most likely because (A) when there is less open water, light is blocked from the zooplankton, so they cannot produce as much food for the fish (B) when there is more open water, the temperature is warmer, so the zooplankton and fish populations increase in size (C) the ice blocks the light, so in years with more ice coverage, there is less photosynthesis by the phytoplankton (D) the ice inereases the light available for photosynthesis, so primary production increases and zooplankton populations increase in size 68Cellular Energetics UNIT Questions 42-46 Photosynthetic activity can be measured using chloroplasts suspended in a buffered solution containing DCPIP. a dye that can accept electrons from the electron transport chain of photosynthesis, Transfer of electrons to DCPIP decreases the relative absorbance of a specific wavelength of light (605 nm) by a solution that contains the dye. A buffered solution containing chloroplasts and DCPIP was divided equally among six identical samples. The ‘amples were placed at various distances from a lamp, and then all samples were exposed to white light from the lamp for 60 minutes at oom temperature. Sample 3 Was wrapped in foil to prevent any light from reaching the solution, At 20-minute intervals, the photosynthetic activity in each sample was determined by measuring the relative absorbance of 605 nm light. The results of the experiment ate provided below. Rolasve Absorbance oF 60F wn Eig (stbirry eit) sample | Pisaveefomtame | omin | 20min | 40min | 60min 7 5 0x9 [oer | 0% | 00s 2 30 090 | 067 | on | 014 = 30, 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.87 4 5 oss | 069 | 047 | 026 5 @ ox [07 | 039 | om 6 75 oss [07 | on | ose © wrapped infil 42, (2013-41) Which of the following provides the best indication that light is required for the activation of electron transfer reactions in chloroplasts? (A) Calculating the rate of change of the absorbance for sample 1 (B) Comparing the observed results for sample 2 and sample 3 (C) Repeating the entire experimental procedure at night (D) Including multiple trials forall the samples 43, (2013-42) Which of the following can be reasonably concluded from the experimental results? (A) Chloroplasts must be suspended in a buffer solution to function properly. (B) The optimal temperature for activation of electron transfer is 25°C. (©) DCPIP inhibits biochemical reactions in suspended chloroplasts. (D) Light from a lamp can substitute for sunlight in stimulating chloroplast processes. 69UNIT Cellular Energetics 44, (2013-43) If an additional sample containing the chloroplasDCPIP solution was placed at a distance of 90 em from the lamp, which of the following predictions would be most consistent with the experimental results? (A) The concentration of DCPIP in the solution will increase exponentially. (B) The absorbance at 60 minutes will be roughly equal to 1.4. (C) The change in absorbance over time in the solution will be less than that of the other samples. (D) The temperature of the solution will exceed 75°C. 45. (2013-44) Which of the following descriptions of photosynthesis best explains the results of the experiment? (A) Availability of electrons for transfer to DCPIP depends on light energy. (B) Movement of DCPIP across chloroplast membranes occurs in less than 60 minutes. (©) Chlorophyll molecules degrade rapidly in the oresence of DCPIP. (D) DCPIP can only be used to measure shotosynthetic activity at low light levels 46. (2013-45) Which of the following scientific questions could be investigated using a similar experimental setup? (A) How much carbon dioxide is required by a plant cell to produce one molecule of glucose? (B) What wavelength of light best activates ‘electron transfer reactions in chloroplas (©) Which molecule in chloroplasts accepts activated electrons from DCPIP during photosynthesis? (D) Are the same genes that are expressed in chloroplasts also expressed in mitochondria? 70Cellular Energetics UNIT 47, (2013-47) Students in a class measured the mass of various living organisms. They then kept the organisms in the dark for 24 hours before remeasuring them, None of the organisms were provided with nutrients during the 24-hour period. The data are as follows. Organism Starting Mass (g) | Final Mass (2) Elodea (submerged 15.10 1401 aquatic plant) Goldfish 10.10 9.84 ‘Sea anemone 25.60 24.98 Which of the following is the best explanation for the pattern of change in mass of the organisms over time? (A) Water loss due to evaporation (B) Cellular respiration (C) The law of conservation of matter (D) Growth and reproduction 48, (2014-28) ‘Two nutrient solutions are maintained at the same pH. Actively respiring mitochondria are isolated and placed into each of the two solutions. Oxygen gas is bubbled into one solution. The other solution is depleted of available oxygen. Which of the following best explains why ATP production is greater in the tube with oxygen than in the tube without oxygen? (A) The rate of proton pumping across the inner ‘mitochondrial membrane is lower in the sample without oxygen. (B) Electron transport is reduced in the absence of a plasma membrane. (©) Inthe absence of oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation produces more ATP than does fermentation, (D) Inthe presence of oxygen, glycolysis produces more ATP than in the absence of oxygen, nUNIT Cellular Energetics 49. (2015-4) Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells? (A) An increase in blood pH due to the accumulation of lactic acid (B) No ATP production due to the absence of substrate-level phosphorylation (©) A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation (D) A decrease in the oxidation of fatty acids due toa shortage of ATP 50. (2015-38) To test the hypothesis that a particular plant synthesizes storage lipids by using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) from photosynthesis, a researcher plans to use radiolabeled precursors to track the molecules through the biosynthetic pathway. Which of the following radiolabeled precursors is most appropriate for the researcher to use? (A) 'N-labeled Np, because atmospheric nitrogen is fixed to amino acids by photosynthesis, (B) “C-labeled CO,, because atmospheric carbon is fixed to carbohydrates by photosynthesis (C) ¥S-labeled methionine, because amino acids, are incorporated into lipids during photosynthesis (D) ®P-Jabeled phosphate, because lipids are stored in plants as phospholipids 2Cellular Energetics UNIT 51. (2015-51) ‘Trypsinogen is split by the enzyme enterokinase to form an activated molecule of the protease trypsin. Which of the following would confirm that the activation of trypsin is an example of how a positive feedback mechanism can amplify a biological process? (A) The activated trypsin enzyme ean use enterokinase as a substrate (B) The trypsin produced by the reaction is capable of splitting and activating additional irypsinogen molecules. (© I levels of trypsin were to get too high, the trypsin molecules would inhibit the enzyme enterokinase. (D) Each mRNA molecule that codes for trypsinogen can be translated repeatedly to form many peptide molecules. 52, (2020-5Q2-MCQ-21) Pyruvate kinase, a key enzyme in the glycolysis pathway, is inhibited by the amino acid alanine. ‘The ability of alanine to inhibit the enzyme is not affected by increasing the concentration of substrate. ‘Which of the following best explains the mechanism by which alanine inhibits pyruvate Kinase activity? (A) Alanine binds to an allosteric site of the enzyme, changing the shape of the enzyme’s active site. (B) Alanine increases the enzyme-substrate binding until the enzyme becomes saturated. (C) Alanine is a competitive inhibitor that reversibly binds to the active site of the enzyme. (D) Alanine binds to the substrate, preventing the substrate from being able to bind to the active site of the enzyme,( UNIT 3 ) Cellular Energetics 53. (2020-SQ3-MCQ-52) z ., 3 2 ‘Trypsin a Pepsin 13579 0 pH Figure 1. Activity levels of wwo digestive enzymes over arange of pH ‘Trypsin and pepsin are enzymes that function in different areas of the digestive tract. One functions in the stomach, where the pH is between 1.5 and 3.5, while the other functions in the small intestines, where the pH is between 6 and 8. Based on Figure 1, which of the following best describes where each enzyme functions? (A) Pepsin works in the intestines because the optimal pH for pepsin is basic. (B) Trypsin works in the stomach because the optimal pH for trypsin is basic. (©) Pepsin works in the stomach because the optimal pH for pepsin is acidic. (D) Trypsin works in the stomach because the optimal pH for trypsin is aci mCellular Energetics 54, (2020-8Q3-MCQ-37) Newborn babies and hibernating animals contain a large amount of brown adipose (Fat) tissue (BAT). Certain proteins in the BAT cells increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons, the proton gradient. rupting Which of the following best predicts the effect. of disrupting the proton gradient in BAT ? (A) The pH of the matrix will increase, allowing the production of more ATP per gram of substrate. (B) The pH of the intermembrane space will decrease, allowing a steeper proton gradient to form. (©) Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation will be decoupled, generating more heat but less ATP. (D) The number of protons available to pass through ATP synthase will increase, resulting in more ATP. 6UNIT Cellular Energetics Questions 55-59 Certain chemicals, including sodium fluoride (NaF), are capable of inhibiting specific steps of glycolysis. Figure | shows the steps of the glycolysis pathway, indicating where various macromolecules enter the pathway as well asthe specific reaction inhibited by NaF Glucose — | cen > = Membrane Glucose “4 ‘Tramsporte” Glutose “ATP. ‘ADP Glucose-6-P Fructose-6.P | Phosphorrucrokinase iP ATP, ADP: Fraction ‘Two Giyeeraldehyde-3-P 2NAD" 2 NADH Tho 1 iphone pose arp ‘Two 3-Phosphoglyeere 2 ATP To 2 Phone NaF Inhibit =| vo Phosphor Amino Acs Ener Here |e : aatP ‘Amino Acids and P>tuvale Fauy Acs Enter Here} Ace CoA Kast Ce Figure |. Key steps inthe metabolic pathway of glucose 55. (2020-SQ3-MCQ-41) If NaF is added to cells undergoing cellular respiration, which of the following will most likely accumulate in the cells? (A). Glucose Transporter (B) Pyruvate (C)_ Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) (D) 2-phosphoglycerate 16Cellular Energetics 56, (2020-SQ3-MCQ-42) Based on Figure 1, the net number of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis from the metabolism of a single glucose molecule is, closest to which of the following? (A) 0 (B) 2 wa (@) 8 57. (2020-SQ3-MCQ-43) An increase in the concentration of protons in the cytosol will most likely have which of the following effects on glycoly: (A) Glycolytic enzymes will denature as a result of the increased H* concentration. (B) Reaction rate will increase as a result of the increased H* concentration. (C)_ H* will replace phosphorous and inhibit ATP formation from ADP. (D) The water potential will increase, resulting in a decrease in the rate of glycolysis. 58, (2020-5Q3-MCQ-44) Which of the following describes why a glucose transporter is needed to move glucose into the cell? (A). Glucose is nonpolar and requires ATP to move across the membrane, (B) Glucose molecules are polar and need to ‘move from low concentration to high concentration. (C) Glucose molecules are charged, and charged molecules are only ever actively transported. (D) Glucose is large and polar and cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer. nCellular Energetics 59, (2020-8Q3-MCQ-45) “Tarui disease is an inherited disorder that is caused by mutations in PFRM, the gene that encodes a subunit of phosphofruetokinase, an enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. Individuals with Tarui disease produce little or no functional phosphofructokinase in skeletal muscle cells. Based on Figure 1, which of the following best explains why a low carbohydrate diet is recommended for those with Tarui disease? (A) Carbohydrates are capable of undergoing lactic acid fermentation, and amino acids and fatty acids are not (B) Carbohydrate metabolism requires all the reactions of glycolysis, and amino acids and fatty acids do not (C)_ Carbohydrates cannot be used to synthesize important metabolic enzymes like amino acids and fatty acids can be. (D) Carbohydrates cannot be stored, while amino acids and fatty acids can be. 8Cellular Energetics UNIT 60, (2020-SQ3-MCQ-21) Scientists investigated the effect of oxygen levels on the net rate of carbon fixation in two types of plants, The plants were grown in either well-watered soil (control) or dry soil and then exposed to either 21% oF 1% Op. ‘The net rate of CO} fixation for both types of plants was measured. Data are shown in Figure I and Figure 2 [Plant type 1 sy [GPiant type T Plant type 2 [Plant type 2 7 aes + r x st 2 0 Conol Dry Soit Conol Dry Soil Figure 1. Net rate of CO> fixation in two types Figure 2. Net rate of CO> fixation in two types ‘of plants grown in wet (control) or dry soil cf plants grown in wet (control) or dry soil at at 21% Op 1% 07 Which of the following statements about the rate of CO, fixation in the two types of plants is supported by the data shown in the figures? (A) At 21% Op, plant type 2 has a lower rate of CO, fixation than plant type I does in both types of soil, (B) At 1% 03, plant type 2 has a higher rate of COz fixation than plant type I does in the dry soil but not in the control soil. (©) Plant types 1 and 2 have a statistically different rate of CO fixation in both soil types at both oxygen levels (D)_ The rate of CO fixation is the same in both types of plants in the control soil at both oxygen levels, 61, (2020-8Q2-MCQ-41) ‘A researcher is investigating the effects of a chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions (H*). Which of the following is the most likely direct effect of adding the chemical to plant cells? (A). The plant cells will produce less NADPH. (B)_ The chloroplasts will generate less ATP. (C)_ Chlorophyll will require less light energy to excite its electrons. (D)_ The plant cells will split fewer water molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen 19) Cellular Energetics SECTIONS - FRQ FERRERS] 62. (2009-2abe) ATP and GTP are primary sources of energy for biochemical reactions. (a) Deseribe the structure of the ATP or the GTP molecule. (b) Explain how chemiosmosis produces ATP. (©) Deseribe TWO specific cell processes that require ATP and explain how ATP is used in each process. 80Cellular Energetics 63. (2010-2) ‘An experiment was conducted to measure the reaction rate of the human salivary enzyme a-amylase. Ten mL of entrated starch solution and 1.0 mL of ae-amylase solution were placed in atest tube. The test tube was verted several times to mix the solution and then incubated at 25°C. The amount of product (maltose) present Was measured every 10 minutes for an hour. The results are given in the table below, ‘Time (minutes) | __ Maltose Concentration (uM) 0 0 10 Su 20 86 30 104 40. WA 50. 12 60 5 (2) Graph the data on the axes provided and ealeulate the rate of the reaction for the time period 010 30 minutes. (b) Explain why a change in the reaction rate was observed after 30 minutes, (©) Draw and label another line on the graph to predict the results if the concentration of ceamylase was doubled. Explain your predicted results. (@) Identify TWO environmental factors that can change the rate of an enzyme-mediated reaction, Diseuss how each of those two factors would affeet the reaction rate of an enzyme. 31 UNITUNIT ) Cellular Energetics 64. (2012-12) Ina certain prairie community, a dominant prairie grass species has recently been infected with a virus that disrupts one of the electron transport proteins in the chloroplasts of infected cells (a) Deseribe the most likely effects on cellular processes (be specific as to which processes and molecules are most likely to be directly affected), 82Cellular Energetics UNIT 65. (2012-2) An agricultural biologist was evaluating (wo newly developed varieties of wheat as potential crops, In an ‘experiment, seedlings were germinated on moist paper towels at 20°C for 48 hours. Oxygen consumption of the wwo-day-old seedlings was measured at different temperatures. The data are shown in the graph below. CUMULATIVE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION geass 0 Variety A 7° Variety A 17°C © Variety B7°C © Variety B17°C 0 20 40 cy Py Time (min) (a) Cateulate the rates of oxygen consumption in mL/min for each variety of wheat at 7°C and at 17°C. Show your work (including your setup and calculation). (b) Explain the relationship between metabolism and oxygen consumption. Discuss the effect of temperature on metabolism for each variety of seedlings (©) Ina second experiment, vatiety A seedlings at both temperatures were treated with a chemical that prevents NADH from being oxidized to NAD". Prediet the most likely effect of the chemical on metabolism and ‘oxygen consumption of the treated seedlings. Explain your prediction.( UNIT 3 ) Cellular Energetics 6.0132) ’ € € 2 2 coma opacoma ona OnacO NaS Graph I Graph IT cea amo Red 620-750 An absorption specirum indicates the relative amount of light absorbed across a range of wavelengths, The ‘graphs above represent the absorption spectra of individual pigments isolated from two different organisms. (One of the pigments is chlorophyll a, commonly found in green plants. The other pigment is bacteriothodopsin, ‘commonly found in purple photosynthetic bacteria, The table above shows the approximate ranges of Wavelengths of different colors in the visible light spectrum, (a) Identity the pigment (chlorophyll a or bacteriorhodopsin) used to generate the absorption spectrum in each of the graphs above. Explain and justify your answer, (b) In an experiment, identical organisms containing the pigment from Graph II as the predominant light- capturing pigment are separated into three groups. The organisms in each group are illuminated with light of a single wavelength (650 nm for the first group, 550 nm for the second group, and 430 nm for the third group). The three light sources are of equal intensity, and all organisms are illuminated for equal lengths of time. Prediet the relative rate of photosynthesis in each of the three groups. Justify your predictions. Bacteriochodopsin has been found in aquatic organisms whose ancestors existed before the ancestors of plants evolved in the same environment. Propose a possible evolutionary history of plants that could have resulted in @ predominant photosynthetic system that uses only some of the colors of the visible light spectrum, © 84Cellular Energetics 67. (2014-7) According to the chemiosmotic model proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961, an electrochemical gradient is linked to the synthesis of ATP in mitochondria. Construct an explanation of the chemiosmotic model by doing each of the following. (a) Make a claim about the role ofthe inner mitochondrial membrane in ATP synthesis. (b) Present ONE piece of evidence that supports the role you proposed in part (a). () Provide reasoning to explain how the evidence you presented in part (b) supports the part (a). im you made in 85 UNITUNIT 3 Cellular Energetics 68. (2015-3) DRY MASS OF CORN SEEDLINGS GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS 7) Diy Mass of | Change in Dry “Treatment Group Treatment Initia Dry Massof | yo Plants After | Mass of 10 Plants ans(s) | one Week (g) | Over One Week (g) T None 138 i Light 32.8 +18 UL Dark 117 BT ‘Thirty com seedlings of equal size were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. At the beginning Of the experiment, the plants in group I were dried and the mass was determined. The plants in group Il were maintained in light for a week. The plants in group III were maintained in the dark for a week. All conditions, ‘other than light, were the same for groups Il and IIL At the end of the week, the plants in groups Il and II were dried and the mass was determined. The experimental results are provided in the table. (9) Toexplain the increase in mass of the light-grown plants, identify ONE inorganic source of new plant mass and conneet it tothe cellular process underlying the increase in mass. (b) To explain the decrease in mass of the dark-grown plants, identify the overall chemical reaction that is ‘occurring in the plant cells and connect itt the cellular process underlying the decrease in m: 86UNIT Cellular Energetics 3 69. (2015-8) Initial Rate of Reaction ‘Substrate Concentration [S} ‘The graph above shows the initial rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction at different substrate concentrations in the presence of a constant concentration of the enzyme. (a) Conneet the primary structure of the enzyme to its overall shape, (b) Predict the effect of adding a noncompetitive inhibitor to the reaction mixture on the rate of reaction at a high substrate concentration. Support your prediction by describing how a noncompetitive inhibitor affects the structure and function of an enzyme. 87( UNIT 3 ) Cellular Energetics 70. (2015-2ab) 2 ADP +2Pi 2ATP 00000 Glucose 000 2 Pyruvate 2NAD' 2NADH 2c0, 2. NADH 2 AcetyCoA CO Figure 1. Glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation NAD* NADH hi ancestor of all living organisms © Glycolysis occurs only in the eytosol 88 ‘© Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle + Nearly all existing organisms perform glycolysis, ‘© Gilycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions. 2Acetyl-CoA OO 2OAA 2TCA 20, 2. NADH 2.NADH 2 FADH; ° 20, 2. NADH 2GTP Figure 2. Krebs cycle H.0 x Bie, Figure 3. Electron transport chain Cellular respiration ineludes the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport n, as represented in the figures. In cellular respiration, carbohydrates and other metabolites are oxidized, and the resulting energy-transfer reactions support the synthesis of ATP. (a) Using the information above, deseribe ONE contribution of each of the following in ATP synthesis. ‘= Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation ‘+ Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain (b) Use each of the following observations to justify the claim that glycolysis first occurred in a common.Cellular Energetics 71. (2019-3ab) ‘The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a substrate for the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. The rate of pyruvate conversion is greatly reduced in individuals with PDC deficiency, a rare disorder, (a) Identify the cellular location where PDC is most active (b) Make a claim about how PDC deficiency affects the amount of NADH produced by glycolysis AND the amount of NADH produced by the Krebs (citric acid) cycle in a cell. Provide reasoning to support your claims based on the position of the PDC-catalyzed reaction in the sequence of the cellular respiration pathway. 89 UNIT( 3 ) Cellular Energetics 0Question LD Question 28 Question 3D Question 4B Question 5B Question 6A Question 7A Question 8C Question 9D Question 10:6 Question 1B Question 128 Question 15: Question 1438 Question 15:4, Question 16B Question 17.B Question 18D Question 19.D Question 208 Question 21:6 Answer Key for AP Biology Practice Book, Unit 3 Question 22D Question 23:4 Question 24:6 Question 25:6 Question 26D Question 27: Question 28:8 Question 29.E Question 30:4 Question 31:0 Question 32:4 Question 33: Question 34:8 Question 35:8 Question 36D Question 37:4, Question 38.8 Question 39.8 Question 40D Question 41: Question 4238 oT Question 43D Question 44:6 Question 45: Question 46.8 Question 47-8 Question 48:4 Question 49:¢ Question 50.8 Question 51:B Question 52:4 Question 53:¢ Question 54:¢ Question 55D Question 56.8 Question 57:A, Question 58D Question 59.8 Question 60:4, Question 61:862. (2009-2abe) ATP and GTP are primary sources of energy for biochemical reactions. (a) Describe the structure of the ATP or the GTP molecule. (1 point each; 2 points maximum) * Adenosine + 3 phosphates or guanosine + 3 phosphates, ‘© Elaborating on the phosphate bonds, e.g., unstable, negatively charged, ‘Mentioning without explaining "high-energy bonds” is insufficient, ‘* Adenosine or guanosine described as adenine or guanine bound to ribose. Note: adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates eams 2 points. (b) Explain how chemiosmosis produces ATP. (1 point each; 3 points maximum) © Electron transport, g,, linked to proton pumps, coenzymes, NADH. © H+ pumped to one side of the membrane, photosynthesis—inside thylakoid, respiration—outside cristae. * Proton gradient established, has potential energy or capacity to do work. * ATP synthases or channel proteins generate ATP. (c) Describe TWO specific cell processes that require ATP and explain how ATP is used in each process (4 points maximum) Description of process How ATP is used (1 point per process; (1 point per process; 2 points maximum) 2 points maximum) Mechanical | Mtscle, siding filament; cilia or flagella, | ATP — ADP + P connocted to process or repulsion; chromosome movement in _| energy coupling, e.g., conformational change mitosis or meiosis in myosin head Transport | Aciive transport or transport against ATP — ADP + P connocted to process, gredient; sodium-potassium pump, e.g., phosphorylating the transport protein endocytosis or exocytosis Chemical | Hyirolysis or synthesis; specific chemical | ATP — ADP +P connoctod to process or reaction, e.g., photosynthesis or glycolysis; | energy coupling, ¢.g., phosphorylating kinase activity glucose in glycalysis or PGA in Calvin cycle 63. (2010-2) ‘An experiment was conducted to measure the reaction rate of the human salivary enzyme a- amylase. Ten ml. of a concentrated starch solution and 1.0 mL of amylase sclution were placed ina test tube. The test tube was inverted several times to mix the solution and then incubated at 25°C. The amount of product (maltose) present was measured every 10 minutes for an hour. The results are given in the table below. ‘Time (minutes) | Maltose Concentration (ui\) 0 0 10 61 20 86 30 104 40 11d 50 112 60 11.6 2Oto 30 minutes. (4 points maximum) as Tein} (@) Graph the data on the axes provided and ealeulate the rate of the reaction for the time period Graph 1 point each (3 points maximum) Calculation (1 point maximum) © Correct orientation of the independent (time) and dependent (maltose) variables, © Correct display ot units and intorvals (scale and labels). © Correct graphing of all data points on a properly scaled and oriented graph (0-60 minutes). © Gorrect setup orate calculation (03-04 pM/min ot, eg., oM/3 min 404 uiM/30 min or 104-00 /30-0 ini/ran), with units. (No points i setup is incorrect ori calculated number is wrong and contradicts a correct setup.) (0) Explain why a change in the reaction rate was chserved after 30 minutes. (2 points maximum) ‘Change Explanation of change (1 point maximum) (1 point maximum) © Reaction rate slows/levels off © Rate slows as substrate ‘concentration declines (substrate ‘used. Enzyme inactive by about 40 ‘minutes — enzyme loses activity ‘vor time (labile enzyme), Product inhibition, (c) Draw and label another line on the grapl to predict the results if the concentration of avamylase was doubled, Explain your predictod results, (2 points maximum) Maltose (uM) 0 20 ‘Time (min) 40. == Original data 0 Drawing and labeling point (@ point maximum) Explanation point (2 point maximum) © Drawing and labeling of new line showing appropriate prediction (increased initial rate) © Draweither line 10R line 2. Line 1: Substrate is consumed more quickly because twice as much enzyme is present, but overall final product concentration remains the same. Line 2: More product is formed at each time point because twice as much enzyme is present; product formation levels off as enzyme loses activity. 8(@) Identify TWO environmental factors that can change the rate of an enzyme-mediated reaction, Discuss how each of those two factors would affect the reaction rate of an enzyme. (4 points maximum including elaboration point) Identification point Discussion points (Q point maximum) (3 points maximum) © Wdentification of TWO. * Temperature factor — environmental factors. e.., temperature , rate ‘; temperature temperature, pH, salinity, inhibitors {rate ; high temperature causes stirting/mixing, pressure, 0, ight) denaturation. ¢ Other factors — how that factor changes the rate of the enzymatic reaction, #Dotailad explanation point — Goceription of tomporature denaturation (improper folding, change of active site, altered ‘netics (temperature alters rate of colisions) or pH inactivation or ionic (salinity) inactivation (active site charge changes). 64, (2012-1a) 10 points maximum; 1 point for each specific prediction. A maximum of 3 points can be earned in any one section. (Part a) 1 point for each reasonable resulting change to a cellular process. Effects may include: + Less ATP produced. + Less NADPH produced. + Inability to fix carbon via Calvin cycle without products of election transport chain, + Decrease in O, production. 65. (2012-2) An agricultural biologist was evaluating two newly developed varieties of wheat as potential crops. In an ‘experiment, seedlings were germinated on moist paper Lowels at 20°C for 48 hours. Oxygen consumption of the two-day-old seedlings was measured at differant temperatures, Tha data are shown in the graph below. CUMULATIVE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION 63 2 s4 Fad © Variety A 7°C Z5 Variety A 17°C 6234 © Variety B7°C B 24 © Variety BITC 6 14 0 0 20 40 0 8b ‘Time (min) 94(a) Calculate the rates of oxygen consumption in mL/min for each variety of wheat at 7°C and at 17°C. Show your work (including your setup and calculation) (3 points maximum) © 1 point for using the rate formula (Dy/Dx) * 1 point for using appropriate data to calculate the slope for at least three treatments * 1 point for giving answers in decimal format of ml/min ‘Note: Setup can choose any pair of points for the rise-over-run calculation of rate. The values used in the calculations can be greater or less than those shown in the examples below. Units of mL/min are implied by the question stem and need not be specifically shown. Variety A at 7°C (0.5 —0 mL}/{80 — 0 min) = 0.0062 mL/min Variety A at 17°C (820 mL)/(80 ~ 0 min) = 0.040 mL/min Variety Bat °C (3.6 - 0 mLY/(80—0 min) = 0.045 ml/min Variety Bat 17°C (6.20 mLY/(80—0 min) = 0.065 mL/min (b) Explain the relationship between metabolism and oxygen consumption, Discuss the effect of temperature on metabolism for each variety of seedings, (4 points maximum) Explanation of relationship (1 point) © As metabolism increases, oxygen consumption increases, OR, © As metabolism decreases, oxygen consumption decreases. Discussion (1 point per bullet; 3 points maximum) Intemretation of graph ‘© General statement that increasing temperature increases metabolic rate/oxycen consumption (no specific mention of variety A or B. OR, ‘Variety A: rate of metabolism/oxygen consumption increases with an increas? in temperature. ‘© Variety B: rate of metabolist/oxygen consumption increases with an inctease in temperature. Comparison of varieties ‘© Variety B has a higher metabolism/oxygen consumption than vatiety A at either temperature, * Variety B has better metabolism/oxygen consumption at lower temperatures than variety A. Elaboration of temperature «Kinetic energy increases with temperature © Enzyme reaction rates increase with temperature, * Effects on electron transport chain (ETC)/system, (¢) In a second experiment, variety A seedlings at both temperatures were treated with a chemical that prevents NADH from being oxidized to NAD*. Predict the most likely effect of the chemical on metabolism and oxygen consumption of the treated seedlings. Explain your prediction. points maximum) Prediction (1 point each; 2 points maximum) * Metabolism/respiration stops/declines/decreases/slows down, * Oxygen consumption stops/declines/decreases/slows down. Explanation (1 point each; 3 points maximum) © Glycolysis/Krebs cycle/ETC wil stop. * ATP levels will drop/decline/decrease. © Oxygen cannot accept elections from ETC. 966. (2013-2) (a) Identify the pigment (chlorophyll a or bacteriorhodopsin) used to generate the absorption spectrum in each of the graphs above. Explain and justify your answer. (3 points maximum) 1 point per box Identify BOTH pigments Graph 1 = bacteriothodopsin AND graph 2 = chlorophyll a Explain that an organism containing bacteriorhodopsin appears purple because the pigment absorbs light in the green range of the light spectrum and/or reflects violet or red and blue light. ‘The reflected red and blue light appears purple. Explain that an organism containing chlorophyll a appears green because the pigment absorbs light in the red and blue ranges of the light spectrum and/or reflects green light. (b) In an experiment, identical organisms containing the pigment from Graph Il as the predominant light-capturing pigment are separated into three groups. The organisms in each group are iluminated with light of a single wavelength (650 nm for the frst group, 550 nm for the second group, and 430 nm for the third group). The three light sources are of equal intensity, and all organisms are illuminated for equal lengths of time. Predict the relative rate of photosynthesis in each of the three groups. Justify your predictions. (5 points maximum) Wavelength | Prediction Justification (Group) _| (1 point each box) | (1 point each box) 650 nm ‘An intermodiato lovel of absorption occurs at 650 nm Invermediate rate _| (Compared to 490 nm and 550 nm); therefore, an (1" Group) intermediate amount of energy is available to drive photosynthesis. 550 nm ‘The lowast level of absorption occurs at 550 nm, therefore, (2 Group) Lowest rate the least amount of energy is available to drive » phovosynthesis 430 nm ‘The highest level of absorption ocours at 430 nm; therefore, Ce*croup | Re the greatest amount of anergy is available to drive photosynthesis, NOTE: A student who combines two groups (e.g., “the 650 nm and 430 nm groups have higher rates of photosynthesis compared to the 50 nm group”) can eam a maximum of 4 points: up to 2 points for the prediction and up to 2 points for the justificatior. (c) Bacteriorhodopsin has been found in aquatic organisms whose ancestors existed before the ancestors of plants evolved in the same environment. Propose a possible evolutionary history of plants that could have resulted in a predominant photosynthetic system that uses only some of the colors of the visible light spectrum. (1 point per box; 2 points maximum) ‘Proposal that includes an environmental selective pressure Green light was being absorbed by aquatic organisms using bacteriorhodopsin Unabsorhed wavelengths of light were available resources that organisms could exploit. Absorbing visible light at all wavelengths may provide too much energy to the organism, Absorbing light from ultraviolet wavelengths (shorter wavelengths = higher energy) could cause damage to the organism. ‘© Absorbing light with longer wavelengths may not provide sufficient energy for the organism. “Appropriate reasoning to support the proposal ‘Natural selection favored organisms that rely on pigments that absorb available wavelengths of light, ‘+ Endosymbiosis: chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria with pigments that used only certain wavelengths. Genetic drift eliminated pioments that absorbed certain wavelengths of light. ‘Mutation(s) altered the pigment(s) used by organism. 9667. (2014-7) According to the chemiosmotic model proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961, an electrochemical gradient | linked to the synthesis of ATP in mitochondria. Construct an explanation of the chemiosmotic model by doing each of the following. (a) Make a claim about the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in ATP synthesis, (apoint maximum LO 25, 2.13) (b) Present ONE piece of experimental evidence that supports the role you proposed in part (a (1 point maximum, LO 25,213) (c) Provide reasoning to explain how the evidence you presented in part (b) supports the claim yyou made in part (a). (1 point maximum; 102.5, 2.19) NOTE: Points are earned in a single row only. (@) Claim (Ipoine) (B) Evidence (2 point) (@_ Reasoning (1 point) TMMmaintainsa | * The pHofthe intermembrane space pHis a measure of proton proton gradient is lower than the pH of the ‘concentration; higher proton roquited for ATP. mitochondrial matrix concentration --> lower pH synthesis . ATP can be produced by incubating isolated mitochondria with low pH buffer and ADP + P, ‘Membrane is not permeable to hydrogen ions Protonophores/ancouplers dissipate the proton gradient and prevent ATP. synthesis Proton gradient has sufficient energy to drive ATP synthesis. ‘© Protons move through ATP synthase from intermembrane space to matrix and produce ATE chain isin IMM and creates a proton gradient ‘© Electron transport and leads to ATP "© Blectron transport | « chain isin IMM | « synthesis . NADH/FADEL are oxidized by eloctzon carriers and electrons move through complex finally reducing O; to H.0. ETC results in most ATP in cellular respiration, Proton gradient has sufficient energy to drive ATP synthesis. Protons accumulate across the membrane ATP can be produced by incubating ‘solated mitochondria with low pH ‘© Enotay from oxidizing NADH/FADH; is converted to energy in proton gracient (PME) onergy in gradient can be coupled to ATP synthesis ‘© Protons move through ATP synthase from intermembrane sgpaco to matrix and produce ATP Duff and ADP +P INAH oaREGE fe Presence of AT syhase WIMBZ |» Pota moveUaough ATP Memes | ae Sytags fom nterrrane peel etn Srevtomauic ad peau +I conan ATP ays compan 68, (2015-3) DAY MASS CORN SEEDLINGS GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITONS Diy Masso angen ry Nass Treatment Group | tienen: | Itty Mass | 107tanis | TO ns ve of lants (g) ‘One Week (g) i nw a8 i Tit a8 8 Thirty com seedlings of equal size were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. At the beginning of the experiment, the plants in group 1 were dried and the mase was determined. The plants in group I were maintained in light for a week, The plants in group Ill were maintained in the dark for a week. All conditions, other than light, were the same for groups Il and IIl At the end of the ‘week, the plants in groups Il and Ill were dried and the mass was determined. The experimental results are provided in the table, 9(2) To explain the increase in mass of the light-grown plants, identify ONE inorganic source of new plant mass and eonneet it to the cellular process underlying the increase in mass, Identification (1 point) | Connection (1 point) 0, ‘GO; incorporated into carbohydrates by photosynthesis H,0 1,0 incorporated into carbohydrates by photosynthesis (b) To oxplain the decrease in mass of the dark-grown plants, identify the overall chemical reaction ‘that is occurring in the plant cells and connect it to the cellular process underlying the decrease in mass. Identification (1 point) Connection (1 point) CHO, + 60,9 600, + BHD sugat + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water 0; released by celular respiration 69, (2015-8) (a) Connect the primary structure of the enzyme to its overall shape. Connection (1 point) ‘© The amino acid sequence determines the overall shape (of the polypeptide/protein/enzyme) ‘© Regroups interact and stabilize the structure (b) Predict the effact of adding a noncompetitive inhibitor to the reaction mixture on the rate of reaction at a high substrate concentration. Support your prediction ay describing how @ noncompetitive inhibitor affects the structure and function of an enzyme. Prediction (1 point) ‘© Noncompetitive/allosteric inhibitor will decrease the (initial) rate of reaction (at any substra.e concentration) Support (1 point) ‘© Inhibiter binding to site other than active site (allosteric site) changes shape of enzyme, which elters the interaction of substrate with active sito 70, (2015-2ab) (@) Using the information above, deseribe ONE contribution of each of the following in ATP synthesis + Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation # Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle # Formation of a proton gradient by the election transport chain z Description Process (1 point each box; 3 points maximum) Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and |e Produces NADH for use in ETC pyruvate oxidation © Produces acetyl-CoA for entry into Krebs cycle ‘© Provides energy for (substrate level) phosphorylation of ADP Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs | © Produces NADH or FADH2 for use in BTC cycle ‘© Releases high energy electrons for use in BTC © Provides oneray to pump protons against their ‘concentration gradient ‘© Produces GTP for (substrate level) phosphorylation of ADP Formation ofa proton gradient by the ‘© The flow of protons through membrane-bound ATP election transport chain synthase generates ATP ‘© Provides energy for (oxidative) phosphorylation of ADP ee(b) Use each of the following observations to justify the claim that glycolysis first occurred in a common ancestor of all ving organisms. © Nearly all existing organisms perform glycolysis. © Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions. © Glycolysis occurs only in the cytosol ‘Observation Justification (1 point each box; 3 points maximum) ‘Nearly all existing ‘© Tyait/gene/process originated early and was inherited/passed organisms perform down/highly conserved sglycolys ‘+ Glycolysis provided a selective advantage that was passed on to descendants Giycolysis occurs under | Origin of glycolysis pre-dates free atmospheric anaerobic conditions _| oxygen/photosynthesis Glycolysis ocours only in| Origin of glycolysis pre-dates oall ypes with membrane-bound the cytosol organelles/eukaryotes/endosymbiosis 71. (2019-3ab) (@) Identify the cellular location where PDC is most active, Identification (1 point) ‘© Mitochondria ‘© Mitochondrial matrix (b) Make a claim about how PDC deficiency affects the amount of NADH produced by glycolysis AND the amount of NADH produced by the Krebs (citric acid) cycle in a cell. Provide reasoning to support your claims based on the position of the PDC-catalyzed reaction in the sequence of the cellular respiration pathway. (1 point per row; 2 points max.) Claim Reasoning + Glycolysis continues; PDC is not needed. + Glycolysis occurs before conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. + The Krebs cycle is greatly reduced/slowed down if there is no/less. Krebs eycle | Decrease acetyl-CoA. + The Krebs cycle occurs after conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, Glycolysis | No change 9100AP BIOLOGY UNIT 4 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 10-15% AP EXAM WEIGHTING.A } Cell Communication and Cell Cycle (4 UNIT AT A GLANCE Understanding z 5 &5 topic Suggested Skill 4.1 Cell Communication ED Expiain biological concepts and/or processes. 4.2 Introduction to Signal EEX Describe biological concepts Transduction and/or processes. 2 42 Signal Transduction [0G] Provide reasoning to justify a claim by 5 connecting evidence to biological theories. 4.4 Changes in Signal [521 Predict the causes or effects of a change ‘Transduction Pathways in, or disruption to, one or more components in a biological system based on a visual representation of biological concept, process, or model 9 48 Feedback [52 Predict the causes or effects of a change 2 in or disruption to, one or more components in a z biological system based on a visual representation of a biological concept, process, or model 46 Cell Cycle mesa) Describe data from table or graph, including describing trends andlor patterns inthe data, EEX Perform mathematica calculations, E including percentages. i 6 4.7 Regulation of Cell Cycle XE Predict the causes or effects of a change in or disruption to, one or more components in a biological system based on biological concepts or processes, 102Cell Communication and Cell Cycle UNIT SECTIONI- MC R63) 1. Barton Chapter 4-19) Which is an example of a feedback mechanism? (A) Phosphofructokinase, an allosteric enzyme in glycolysis, is inhibited by ATP. (8) Lactic acid gets converted back to pyruvic acid in the human liver, (C) ATP is produced in mitochondria as protons flow through the ATP-synthase channel {D) Energy is released from glucose as it decomposes into CO and H70. 2. (Barron Chapter 3-24) Which of the following is correct about signal transduction pathways? (A) Signal transduction pathways are found only in the cells of the most complex animals. (6) Signal transduction pathways have evolved recently along with the development of enlarged brain size in mammals. (C) In the signal transduction pathway, a single molecule can stimulate the release of thousands of molecules of product within a cell (0) Signal transduction pathways are unique in that receptors that stimulate the pathway are located only on the surface of a plasma membrane, 3. (Barron Chapter 3-25) Which of the following initiates a signal transduction pathway that leads to a response in a cell? (A) Cyclic AMP is formed in the cytoplasm (8) A transmembrane receptor changes its conformation (C) A kinase transfors a phosphate group from ATP to another ‘molecule inside the cell (0) An ion channel opens. toeUNIT Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 4, (Barron Chapter 3-27) Which of the following is correct about receptors that are located in the cytoplasm? (A) They require a second messenger. (8) One example is the ion channel receptor. (C) They bind to hydrophilic substances. (D) They bind to a signal molecule in the cytoplasm which ‘causes a response in the nucleus. 5. (Barron Chapter 3-28) Which of the following most accurately describes the advaniage of a signal transduction pathway? (A) Transduction can occur in a cascade effect (B) The binding of the signaling molecule causes the receptor protein to change its conformation, (C) The binding of the signaling molecule with the receptor can hagpen either on the surface of the cell or in the cytoplasm (©) Ore binding molecule can trigger the release of thousands ‘of molecules. 6, (Barron Chapter 3-29) Which of the following correctly describes the role of cyclic, AMP? (A) Itacts as a second messenger for signaling molecules that Cannot pass through the cell membrane. (8) It assists in the activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor. (C) itactivates the G-protein-coupled receptor. (0) Itis an allosteric receptor in an ion channel receptor. 14Cell Communication and Cell Cycle UNIT Questions 7-8 The following two questions refer to the sketch below of a cell containing chromosomes. 7. (Barron Chapter 6-2) How many chromosomes are in this cell? wz (B) 4 (cys (0) 16 8. (Barron Chapter 6-3) How many chromatids are in this cell? (2 (B)4 8 (0) 16 9. (Barron Chapter 6-5) In which stage of the life of a cell is the nucleolus always visible? (A) anaphase (6) telophase (C) cytokinesis (0) interphase 105UNIT Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 10. (Barron Model Test 2-27) Apoptosis, which is programmed cell death, is a necessary process in living organisms. Which of the following is NOT correct about apoptosis? (A) It occurs randomly. (6) A particular cell dies when itis no longer needed by the ‘organism. {C) A cell carries out apoptosis when too many mutations have ‘accumulated {D) Plant cells carry out apoptosis as a defense measure in cells that have been infected by parasites. 11, (Barron Model Test 2-54) ‘Which of the following statements is correct about the DNA content of a particular diploid cell ust prior to mitosis if the DNA content of the same diploid collin G1 is X? (A) The ONA content of the cell in metaphase | is 0.5X (8) The DNA content of the cell in metaphase lis X. (C) The DNA content of the cell in metaphase | is 2X {D) The DNA content of the cell in metaphase lis 4x. 12, (Barron Chapter 6-19) Whien is TRUE of the cell cycle? (A) The timing of cell division is controlled by cyclins and Coks. (8) A characteristic of cancer cells is density-dependent inhbition, (C) The cell cycle is controlled solely by signals external to the cel (0) The cell cycle is controlled solely by internal signals. 106Cell Communication and Cell Cycle UNIT 13, Princeton Chapter 10-1) A scientist is testing new chemicals designed to stop the cell cycle at various stages of mitosis. Upon applying one of the chemicals, she ‘notices that all of the cells appear as shown below. Which of the following best explains how the chemical is likely acting on the cells? (A). The chemical has arrested the cells in prophase and has prevented attachment ofthe spindle fibers to the kinetochore, (8) The chemical has arrested the cells in metaphase and has Prevented dissociation of the spindle fibers from the kinetochore, (C) The chemical has arrested the cells in metaphase and is Preventing the shortening of the spindle fibers. (D) The chemical has arrested the cells in anaphase andiis preventing the formation of a cleavage furrow. 14, (Princeton Chapter 10-8) ‘A researcher treated dividing cells with colchicine, which disrupts the mitotic spindle. When he then observed the cells, what phase of the cell cycle were the cells stalled in? (A) Interphase (8) Telophase (C) Metaphase (D) Anaphase 107) Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Questions 15-16 A A 0 40 80 120 “Time (nin) ‘An experiment is performed to evaluate the amount of DNA present during a complete cell cycle. All of the cells were synced prior to the start of the experiment. During the experiment, a fluorescent chemical was applied to cells, which would only fluoresce ‘when bound to DNA, The results of the experiment are shown above. Differences in cell appearance by microscopy or changes in detected DNA were determined to be phases of the cell cycle and are labeled with the leters A-D. 15, (Princeton Chapter 10-4) ‘Apprcximately how long does S phase take to occur in these cells? (A) 15min (B) 20min (C) 20min (0) 40min 16. (Princeton Chapter 10-5) ‘During which ofthe labeled phases of the experiment would the cell undergo anaphase? (A) Phase A (B) Phase B (C) PhaseC (D) Phase D 17. (Campbell Chapter 11-1) Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases, are useful for cellular signal transduction because they are species specific. they always lead to the same cellular response. they amplify the original signal manyfold. they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases. the number of molecules used is small and fixed, 108Cell Communication and Cell Cycle UNIT 18, (Campbell Chapter 11-2) Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane? a. receptor tyrosine kinase b. G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer ligand-gated ion channel intracellular receptor 19, (Campbell Chapter 11-3) ‘The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is character- ized by a. dimerization and phosphorylation. b. dimerization and IP, binding, ©. a phosphorylation cascade 4. GTP hydrolysi €. channel protein shape change. 20, (Campbell Chapter 11-5) Consider this pathway: epinephrine > G protein-coupled receptor ~* G protein ~+ adenylyl cyclase -> cAMP. Identify the second messenger. a. cAMP. b. G protein Grp adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor 21. (Campbell Chapter 11-8) Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except a. regulation of transcription by extracellular signaling, molecules. enzyme activation, activation of G protein-coupled receptors. activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. activation of protein kinase molecules. 108UNIT Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 22. (Campbell Chapter 12-3) One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells a. are unable to synthesize DNA. b. are arrested at the S phase of the cell cycle. ©. continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together. 4d. cannot function properly because they are affected by density-dependent inhibition. e. are always in the M phase of the cell cycle. 23. (Campbell Chapter 12-4) ‘The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to a. the destruction of the protein kinase Cdk. . decreased synthesis of Cdk. c. the degradation of cyclin. d. the accumulation of cyclin. fe. synthesis of DNA. 24, (Campbell Chapter 12-5) In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytoki- nesis. This will result in a. cells with more than one nucleus. cells that are unusually small. cells lacking nuclei. destruction of chromosomes. b, « a. e. cell cycles lacking an S phase. 25. (Campbell Chapter 12-8) ‘A particular cell has half as much DNA as some other cells in a mitotcally active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in a. Gy c. prophase. e. anaphase. Db. Gx d. metaphase. 26. (Campbell Chapter 12-9) ‘The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which. of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? a. spindle formation b. spindle attachment to kinetochores . DNA synthesis 4. cell elongation during anaphase ¢. cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis 10Cell Communication and Cell Cycle UNIT SECTION? - MC FARRS3] 27, (2014-2) Cell communication is critical for the function of, both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling? (A) Cell signaling uses the highest molecular weight molecules found in living cells, (B) Cell signaling has largely been replaced by other cell functions in higher mammals. (C) Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes. (D) Cell signaling functions mi developmental stages. ly during early 28, (201 The mechanism of action of many common ‘medications involves interfering with the normal pathways that cells use to respond to hormone signals. Which of the following best describes a drug interaction that directly interferes with a signal transduction pathway? (A) A medication causes the cell to absorb more of particular mineral, eventually poisoning the cell. (B) A medication enters the target cell and inhibits an enzyme that normally synthesizes a second messenger. (C) A medication enters the target cell’s nucleus and acts as a mutagen, (D) A medication interrupts the transcription of ribosomal RNA genes. amUNIT Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 29. (2012-49) Aatrioe Posterior Anterior Posterior Daughice Daughter Catlors Cellos Wat give rise) [Wil give ase musele and ‘alt ‘ponads intestine ‘The diagram above shows a developing worm embryo at the four-cell stage. Experiments have shown that when cell 3 divides, the anterior daughter cell gives rise to muscle and gonads and the posterior daughter cell gives rise to the intestine. However, ifthe cells of the embryo are separated from one another early during the four-cell stage, no intestine will form, Other experiments have shown that if cell 3 and cell 4 are recombined after the initial separation, the posterior daughter cell of cell 3 will once again szive rise to normal intestine, Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for these findings? (A) A cell surface protein on cell 4 signals cell 3 to induce formation of the worm’s intestine, (B) The plasma membrane of cell 4 interacts with the plasma membrane of the posterior portion of cell 3, causing invaginations that become microvilli. (©) Cell passes an electrical signal to cell 4, which induces differentiation in cell 4 (D) Cell 4 transfers genetic material to cell 3, which directs the development of intestinal cells a2Cell Communication and Cell Cycle ( a 30, (2012-63) ‘The Hedgehog protein (Hh) plays critical role during a certain period of embryo development, but it normally thas no role in adults except for the maintenance of adult stem cells. However, the Hedgehog protein has been detected in 70 percent of pancreatic cancer cell samples. As illustrated in the figures below, the Hedgehog protein binds to an integral membrane protein receptor known as Patched (Pte), thus initiating a pathway of zene expression. When Hedgehog is absent, Ptc inhibits another protein known as Smoothened (Smo), which, in turn, blocks the activation of a group of proteins collectively known as the Hedgehog signaling complex (HSC). The inactivation is the result of proteolytic cleavage of one component of the HSC complex, a transcription factor Known as Cubitus interruptus (Ci). When Hedgehog is present, it binds to Ptc, which prevents the inhibition of ‘Smo by Pte. The result is that Ci remains intact and ean enter the nucleus, where it binds to and activates certain genes. Hedgehog Absent Hedgehog Present One approach to treating patients with pancreatic cancer and other cancers in which the Hedgehog protein is detected is to modify the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Which of the following is the most useful approach’ (A) Treating patients with a molecule that is structurally similar to Hedgehog and that will bind to and interact with Puc in the same fashion as Hedgehog (B) Injecting patients with embryonic cells so that Hedgehog will bind to those cells instead of the cancer cells (C) Treating patients with a membrane-soluble compound that can bind to Smo and block its activity (D) Injecting patients with a preparation of purified membrane-soluble Ci that will enter the nuclei of the cancer cells and induce gene transcription 31. (2013-35) If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G, with a cell in carly M phase would most likely result in the (A) replication of chromosomes only in the Gy cell (B) exiting of both cells from the cell eycle and into the Gg phase (C) condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells (D) transfer of organelles from the G, cell to the cell in the M phase ueUNIT Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 32. (2020 Sample Exam-1) Insulin isa protein hormone that is secreted in response to elevated blood slucose levels. When insulin binds to its receptors on liver cells, the activated receptors stimulate phosphorylation cascades that cause the translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane, Based on the information provided, which of the following best describes the role of insulin inthis liver cell signal transduction pathway? (A) Itactsasa ligand. (B) Itactsasa receptor. (©) Itacts asa secondary messenger. (D) Itacts asa protein kinase, 33. (2015-26) \ ‘Lungs, hb Cage. and Diaphragm Hest Sour signals tothe bin ‘The brain coordinates the cieulatory and respiratory systems of the human body. The conta of breathing, for «example, involves neural pathways among the structures represented in the figure above. One important stimulus in the control of breathing isan increase in blood CO, concentration, which is detected as a decrease in blood ‘pH. Which of the following best descrtes the physiological response to an overall increase in cellular respiration inthe body? (A) In response to depleted blood CO; levels, the pH sensors send signals directly to the rib muscles, resulting in an increase in the rate of CO, uptake by the lungs and a decrease in CO, utilization by the brain, {B) In response to low blood pH, the pH sensors send a signal tothe brain, which then sends a signal to the diaphragm, resulting in an inereased rate of breathing to help eliminate excess blood CO, (©) In response to high blood pH, the pH sensors senda signal dreetly to the lungs, resulting ina slower rate of breathing, and the lungs send signal hack tothe heart once CO, availability has been restored (D) In response to an increased rate of breathing, the rib muscles senda signal to the brain, which then sends signal tothe hear, resulting ina decrease in heart activity and slower flow of blood through the body.UNIT Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 4 34, (2014-41) HORMONAL CONTROL OF MY §E REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Testosterone toni TLeyaie Cells Precise regulation of specific hormone levels is required for optimal sperm production in mammals, as summarized in the figure above, Anabolic-androgenie steroids (AAS) are synthetic variants of testosterone that are sometimes abused by persons who desire to enhance their athletic performance or alter their physique. Assuming that AAS function in the same way as naturally occurring testosterone, it is most likely that long-term abuse of AAS would (A) stimulate FSH secretion (B) stimulate testosterone production (© stimulate LH secretion (D) reduce sperm production 15a ) Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 35. (2014-48) 20 4.000) 3.200 2.400 § 1,600 ¢ 800 Insulin Secretion ‘ng/20 min 0-3 6 9 121518212427 Glucose (mov) + Glucagon seeretion © Insulin secretion The graph above shows changes in glucagon and insulin secretions at different concentrations of blood glucose. Which of the following feedback ‘mechanisms is best supported by the data? (A) A falling glucagon level causes a rise in the nsulin level, which maintains equal amounts of both hormones in the blood. (B) Abigh glucagon level eauses a rise in the nsulin level, which maintains high levels, of both hormones in the blood. (C) A low glucose level causes the release of lucagon, which stimulates the release of more glucose from tissues, which in tam lowers the amount of glucagon being released, (D) Allow glucose level causes the release of insulin, which stimulates the release of more glucose from tissues, which in turn increases the amount of insulin being released 116Cell Communication and Cell Cycle UNIT 36, (2013-39) -+[ypotiatams 1 “Thyrotopin-Relessing Hormone (TRH) inion | Anterior Pitty J ‘Thyroid-Simalating Hormone (TSH “Thyroid Gland + Thyroxine ‘The diagram above illustrates feedback control as ‘exerted by the hormone thyroxine. Folloving surgical removal of the thyroid gland, thelevel of ‘TSH in the blood will increase. Which ofthe following best explains this increase? (A) Residual blood thyroxine, from priorto thyroid gland removal, will bind tocells in the anterior pituitary, signaling more TSH secretion. (B) Thyroxine will remain bound to thyroxine receptors on various body cells ané these body cells will secrete additional hermones that stimulate the anterior pituitary 0 secrete TSH. (©) Thyroxine that was stored in the anterior pituitary prior to thyroid gland removal will signal more TSH secretion. (D) A decrease in thyroxine levels means a loss of inhibition to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, leading to increased TSH secretion, WUNIT Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 37. (Sample Exam-17) ‘The endocrine system incorporates feedback mechanisms that ‘maintain homeostasis. Which of the following demonstrates negative feedback by the endocrine system? (a) (B) «© (0) During labor, the fetus exerts pressure on the uterine wall, inducing the production of oxytocin, which stimulates uterine wall contraction. The contractions cause the fetus to further push on the wall, increasing the production of oxytocin. After a meal, blood glucose levels become elevated, stimulating beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin into the blood, Excess glucose is then converted to glycogen in the liver, reducing blood glucose levels. At high elevation, atmospheric oxygen is more scarce. In response to signals that oxygen is low, the brain decreases an individual's rate of respiration to compensate for the difference. A transcription factor binds to the regulatory region of a gene, blocking the binding of another transcription factor required for expression. 18Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Questions 38-40 Insulin, a hormone secreted by pancreatic cells, stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells by mobilizing glucose transporter proteins (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. As depicted in Figure 1, binding of insulin to the {insulin receptor triggers an intracellular signaling caseade in whieh certain molecules activate other molecules in & ‘of the hormone signal to cell targets. One outcome of the signaling cascade is mobilization of GLUT4 from vesicle storage sites in the cytoplasm to sites at the cell surface, where GLUTS allows glucose to enter the cell. Plast ‘Membrane UTS Insulin Receptor Insulin CS es 1 Ps Kimns VE : Figure 1. Insulin signaling in muscle cells In type 2 diabetes, the cellular response o insulin is disrupted, and individuals with type 2 diahetes cannot properly regulate their blood glucose levels. In an investigation of the insulin signaling pathway, samples of skeletal muscle were isolated from individuals who have type 2 diabetes and from individuals who do not, The results of several experiments that were performed on the muscle samples are shown in Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4 10 9 e8 » 27 2 26 3 §3 2 ai ye? 7 Aye? Es diabetic 3 diabetic : --e~ Consol 2 [+ comot a — es 006 1224 err) Insulin (0M) Insulin (aM) Figure 2 Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake Figure 3. Insulin receptor activation a [Type 3 dlabetc p= Control Rel oo O06 12 24 Insulin (nM) Figure 4.1RS-1 activation ae UNITUNIT Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 38. (2015-48) Which of the following isa valid interpretation of the experimental results that explains how individuals with type 2 diabetes differ from individuals without diabetes? (A) The relatively low levels of glucose uptake in individuals with type 2 diabetes indicate that mobilization of GLUT to the cell surface is reduced in muscle cells of those individuals (B) The relatively low levels of glucose uptake in individuals with type 2 diabetes indicate that no functional GLUT4 protein is produced in the muscle cells of those individuals (C) The absence of activated insulin receptors in individuals with type 2 diabetes indicates that no insulin is secreted by the pancreatic cells of those individuals (D) The absence of activated IRS-1 in individuals with type 2 diabetes indicates that no functional insulin receptor protein is produced in the muscle cells of those individuals 39, (2015-49) Based on the experimental results, which of the following describes the most likely defect in musck cells of patients with type 2 diabetes? (A) Insulin receptor proteins do not reach the cell surface, (B) Insulin does not activate its receptor. (C) IRS-1 activation is reduced at high insulin concentrations. (D) GLUTS blocks glucose from entering cells. 120Cell Communication and Cell Cycle UNIT 40. (2015-50) Based on the information presented, which of the following genetic changes in an individual without diabetes is most likely to result in a disrupted cellular response to insulin signaling similar to that of an individual with type 2 diabetes? (A) A deletion in the gene encoding the insulin receptor that removes only the cytoplasmic domain of the protein (B) Duplication of the gene encoding a PI-3 kinase that results in synthesis of a muscle specific variant of the enzyme in skin cells as well as in muscle cells (C) A mutation in the gene encoding IRS-1 that causes the protein to be active in muscle cells even in the absence of insulin signaling (D) Insertion of a small segment of DNA into the promoter of the Glutd gene that results in increased synthesis of GLUTS proteins in muscle cells 41, (2013-35) If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G, with a cell in carly M phase would most likely result in the (A) replication of chromosomes only in the Gy cell (B) exiting of both cells from the cell ¢ into the Gy phase (©) condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells (D) transfer of organelles from the G, cell to the cell in the M phase cle and a2Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Questions 42- 44 Melanocytes are skin cells that can become cancerous and develop into a cancer known as melanoma. Some cancerous melanocytes have developed resistance to the drugs currently used to treat melanoma, As a result, researchers are investigating the effects of a new compound (drug X) on four different melanoma celll lines. Researchers analyzed cell survival in two cell lines (Figure 1) and oxygen consumption in the presence of drug Xin all four cell lines (Figure 2) Figure 3 shows the proposed mechanism by which drug X affects cells. 100 90: 80, 70: 60 50: 40 30: 20 10: 0 * Cell line 1 Cell line 2 2 Normal melanocytes Percent Cell Survival oO 50 100 150 200 Concentration of Drug X (uM) sure 1, Percent survival of normal melanocytes and cancerous melanocyte (melanoma) ines | and 2 after treatment with different concentrations of drug X 06 O Solvent alone Solvent with drug’ 04 02 pmol 0, Consumed/Cell After Treatment © & 1 2 3 4 Cell Line Figure 2. Oxygen consumption per cell in four melanoma lines after treatment with either solvent alone or solvent containing drug X. Error bars represent 22SE , 122Cell Communication and Cell Cycle UNIT Compl ae CG —-BP-QD— EEE Drug X leads to activation of complex B Figure 3. Pathway leading to cell survival, growth, and proliferation and the likely effect of drug X 42, 2020-5Q3-MCQ-16) Which of the following best describes the data in Figure 1? (A)_ As the concentration of drug X increases, there is an increase in melanoma cell survival (B) Ata concentration above 10uM, drug X reduces melanoma cell survival. (C) Ata concentration below 25 uM, drug X increases survival in all melanoma cell lines. (D) Ataconcentration of 25M, drug X has a ‘greater effect on melanoma line 1 than on ‘melanoma line 2. 43, (2020-SQ3-MCQ-17) Based on Figure 2, which of the following best supports the claim that drug X inhibits oxygen consumption? (A) Inthe absence of drug X, melanoma lines 1 and 4 consume similar amounts of oxygen. (B) In the presence of drug X, melanoma line 2 consumes statistically more oxygen per cell than does melanoma line 3. (©) Melanoma line 3 consumes statistically Jess oxygen per cell in the presence of «drug X than it does in the presence of the solvent alone, (D) Melanoma line 2 in the presence of drug X consumes stati ically less oxygen than does melanoma line 4 in the absence of drug X. 122) Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 44, (2020-8Q3-MCQ-19) ‘A researcher has identified a compound that reverses the effect of drug X. Based on Figure 3, which of the following best explains how the compound acts in the pathway to reverse the effects of drug X ? “ Cell survival, — GRD ESTED) = rath and s eientin Zs Drv X eas Pee] (eatin oFompien ®) 1 Cell survival, —~ (Comp cae) — rowah, and GEE roast s Drug X leads to activation ‘of complex B Drug © Cell survival, Ce > growth, a proliferation Drug X leads ue 10 activation of complex B an Cell survival, —+ growth, and proliferation rs 7” Dy X leads | te.activation ‘of complex B 124Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 45, (2020-SQ3-MCQ-35) Epinephrine 4 S Beta atl [Giucgon insulin \ | Glucose Released Glucose Absorbed from the Liver into from the Bloodstream the Bloodstream and Stored in the Liver Figure 1. A model of epinephrine signaling ‘Two types of cells, alpha and beta cells, produce signaling molecules that affect blood sugar levels in opposite ways (Figure 1). Epinephrine is a chemical, often released during periods of exercise, that ultimately causes an increase in blood sugar levels inthe body. Based on Figure 1, which of the following best explains how exercise causes blood glucase levels to rise? (A) Epinephrine inhibits alpha cells, causing the release of glucagon, and activates beta cells, blocking the release of insulin, (B) Epinephrine activates alpha cells, blocking the release of glucagon, and inhibits beta cells, causing the release of insul (©) Epinephrine release of insulin, (D) Epinephrine inhibits alpha cells, blocking the release of glucagon, and activates beta cells, causing the release of insulin, tes alpha cells, causing the release of glucagor, and inhibits beta cells, locking the 125 UNIT( UNIT 4 ) Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 46, (2020-8Q3-MCQ-12) fe Concentration of Each Component of MPF Relat Vv Figure 1. The relative concentrations of both the cyclin and CDK components of MPF ‘Maturation promoting factor, MPF, is a cyelin-CDK complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of other protcins to start mitosis. The activity level of MPF is dependent on the relative concentrations of the eyelin and CDK components of MPF (Figure 1). Based on Figure 1, which of the following describes the role of cyclin in the regulation of the cell cycle? (A)_ During G, phase, the eycln level decreases to signal the start ofthe esting phase of the cell eyele (B) During M phase, the cyclin level peaks, resulting in an increased binding frequency with CDK. (C)_ During S phase, the cyclin level remains the sume because DNA replication is occurring (D) During G, phase, the cyclin level remains low, causing MPF activity to decrease, which leads cells to initiate mitosis 126UNIT Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 47. (2020-SQ3-MCQ-22) ‘A researcher is conducting an experiment in which cells in different phases of the cell cycle are fused together, ‘The researcher then records what happens to the nuclei of the resulting cell (Table 1). ‘TABLE 1. COMBINATIONS OF CELLS THAT WERE FUSED AND THE PHASE OF NUCLEI IN THE RESULTING CELL. Phase of Cell! ] Phase of Cell 2] Phase of Nuclei in Resulting Cell 'S phase G; phase | Two S-phase nuclei ‘One S-phase S phase Gy phase nucleus and one Gyephase nucleus One Gy-phase G, phase G, phase nnucleus and one Ge-phase nucleus Interphase M phase oe ‘Which of the following research questions is best addressed by the experiment? (A) How do chemical messengers affect a cell's transition between the phases of the cell cycle? (B) How does the number of chromosomes affect when a cell transitions to the next phase ofthe cell cycle? (©) How does the amount of genetic information change throughout the cell cycle? ‘of mutations? (D) How does the checkpoint at Gy serve to prevent the transmis 48, (2020-8Q3-MCQ-49) Which of the following describes a mutation that would lead to an inerease in the frequency of n (A) A mut (B) A mutation affecting checkpoint 2 proteins that allows cells to divide with DNA damage jon affecting checkpoint proteins that forces cells to enter Go (©)_ A mutation affecting checkpoint 3 proteins that prevents attachment of spindle fibers ©) Aut 1 that prevents duplication of the chromosomes jon affecting checkpoint 2 prot a2?UNIT Cell Communication and Cell Cycle SECTIONS - FRQ FERRERS] 49, (2015-2abe) LL CYCLE PHA: Cytokinesis Mitosis Interphase Human cells divide every day for normal growth, replacement of cells, and tissue repair. The dividing proceed through the three phases of the cell cycle as shown in the figure. When a person experiences a cut, ‘damaged skin cells secrete a protein called epidermal growth factor (EGF). Epidermal (skin) cells in the vi Of the injury possess proteins in their cell membranes called epidermal growth factor receptors (EGER) nity (a) Identify the THREE major stages of interphase, and deseribe the sequence in which they occur, (b) Deseribe the most likely role of EGF and the role of EGFR in a cell signaling pathway. Describe how the cellular response to EGF results in tissue repair. (©) Cancer can result from disruptions in cell cycle control. Mutations that increase the production of EGFR have been associated with skin cancer of the head and neck. Deseribe how a mutation outside of the coding region of a gene that encodes EGFR could lead to the overproduction of EGER protein in a skin cell, 128Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 50. (2013-8) Extracellular Cytoplasm Nucleus Fluid Sep ‘Step? ‘Sep Plasma Membrane The figure above represents a generalized hormone-signaling pathway. Briefly explain the role of each numbered step in regulating target gene expression. 128 UNIT( 4 ) Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 130Question LA Question 2C Question 3B Question 4D Question SD Question 6A Question 7B Question 8:C Question 9D Question 10:4, Question IC Question 12:4, Question 13: Question 14:6 Question 15: Question 16D Question 17:C Question 18D Question 19:4, Question 20:4 Answer Key for AP Biology Practice Book, Unit 4 Question 2: Question 22: Question 23: Question 2A Question 25:4 Question 26 Question 27: Question 28.8 Question 29:4, Question 30: Question 31:6 Question 32:4 Question 33:8 Question 34D Question 35:¢ Question 36D Question 37:8 Question 38:4 Question 39: Question 40:4, Question 41: Question 42:8 Question 43:C Question 44:C Question 45:¢ Question 6B Question 47:4 Question 48:C49. (2015-2abe) (a) Identify the THREE major stages of interphase, and describe the sequence in which they occur. Identification (3 points maximum) © Growth/G1 © DNA Synthesis/S ‘* Preparation for mitosis/G2 Description (1 point) ‘© Growth, DNA synthesis, preparation for mitosis/G1, $, G2 (b) Describe the most likely role of EGF and the role of EGFR in a cell signaling pathway. Describe how the cellular response to EGF results in tissue repair. Description (3 points maximum) © EGF isa ligand/binds to EGFR/activates the receptor ‘* Activated receptor (EGFR) initiates cell signaling pathway/internal signaling cascade ‘* Cellular response initiates cell cycle progression/cell division () Cancer can result from disruptions in cell cycle control. Mutations that increase the production of EGFR have been associated with skin cancer of the head and neck. Deseribe how 2 mutation outside of the coding region of a gene that encodes EGFR could lead to the overproduction of EGFR protein in a skin cell Description (1 point) ‘* Mutation in regulatory sequence (promoter or enhancer) could increase rate of transcription of BGER gene ¢ Mutation in transcription factor could increase production of mRNA, which would lead to production of more polypeptide © Gene duptication may increase production of EGFR Gene ‘ranslocation may inactivate repressor ‘Mutation in repressor gene may remove controls on cell division ‘* Change in mRNA sequence may increase translation efficiency or mRNA stability 50. (2013-8) ‘The figure above represents a generalized hormone-signaling pathway. Briefly explain the role of each numbered step in regulating target gene expression. (3 points maximum) ‘¢ Step 1 = hormone/ligand binding to receptor to initiate/trigger/induce signaling OR signal reception * Step 2 = an intracellular cascade that transcuces/amplifies/transfers the signal from plasma membrane to nucleus (or other cellular effectors) ‘© Step 3 = transcription/expression of target genes is stimulated/repressed 12AP BIOLOGY UNIT 5 Heredity AP EXAM WEIGHTING( E } Heredity 5 UNIT AT A GLANCE gz of F 3 - &5 Topic Suggested Skill 5.1 Meiosis HI Explain biological concepts andlor processes. = 2 5.2 Meiosis and EX Identity or pose a testable question based on Genetic Diversity {an observation, data, or a model. «; 5.3 Mendelian Genetics [EG Select and perform appropriate statistical hypothesis testing. g [EE Predict the causes or effects of a change $ in,or disruption to, one or more components in a biological system based on data. 5.4 Non-Mendelian Genetics CEE) Perform mathematical calculations, including & a [3 Select and perform appropriate statistical hypothesis testing, 5.5 Environmental Effects EI Explain biological concepts, processes, andlor on Phenotype models in applied contexts 5.6 Chromosomal [02 Predict the causes or effects of a change Inheritance in,or disruption to, one or more components ina biological system based on a visual representation of abiological concept, process, or model 18Heredity UNIT SECTION1- MC $4043 1. (Barron Chapter 6-10) All of the following are true of meiosis EXCEPT (A) cross-over occurs during prophase | (8) there is no replication of chromosomes between meiosis | and meiosis 1! {C) in plants, spindle fibers are attached to the centriole (D) synapsis occurs during prophase | 2. (Barron Chapter 6-15) Homologous chromosomes separate during (A) prophase | (8) prophase I (C) anaphase I (©) anaphase | 3. (Barron Chapter 6-16) Chiasmata are most closely related to which of the following? (A) crossing-over (8) fertiization (C) oytokinesis (2) mitotic cel! division 4, (Barron Chapter 6-17) Which is NOT a source of genetic variation? (A) independent assortment of chromosomes (8) cross-over (©) random fertilization (0) mitosis 135UNIT ) Heredity 5. (Princeton Chapter 10-2) ‘A.unique lineage of cells was identified which undergoes one round of meiosis, but it results in four daughter cells without exchange of alleles. Itis suspected that there is a defect during the crossing-over event During which phase of meiosis is the defect likely occurring? (A) Prophase | (B) Metaphase | (C) Telophase (D) Prophase Il 6. (Campbell Chapter 13-3) Homelogous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during a. miosis. 4. fertilization b. meiosis I e. binary fission. ¢. meiosis IL 7. Campbell Chapter 13-4) ‘Meiosis Il is similar to mitosis in that a. sister chromatids separate during anaphase. DNA replicates before the division. ‘the daughter cells are diploid. homologous chromosomes synapse. the chromosome number is reduced. 8. (Campbell Chapter 13-7) How many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organ- ism with a diploid number of 8 (2 = 8)? a2 d. 16 b.4 e382 8 9, (Barron Chapter 7-1) Which is TRUE about a testcross? (A) It is a mating between two hybrid individuals (©) It is a mating between a hybrid individual and @ homozygous recessive individual (C) It is a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual. (0) It is a mating to determine which individual is homozygous recessive. 136Heredity UNIT 10, (Barron Chapter 7-3) ‘A round watermeton is crossed with a long watermelon and all the offspring are oval. if two oval watermelons are crossed, what is the percent of watermelons that will be round? wo (6) 25% (C) 50% (0) 75% 1, (Barron Chapter 7-4) Ina certain species of plant, the trait for tall is dominant (T) and the trait for short is recessive (t). The trait for yellow seeds is dominant (Y) and the trait for green seeds is recessive (y). A cross between two plants results in 292 tall yellow plants and 103 short green plants. Which of the following are most likely to be the genotypes of the parents? (a) THY « Tryy, (8) TTYy x TTYy (C) TTyy x TTYy (D) Thy x Thy 12, (Barron Model Test 2-5) Which of the following statements is correct about a man who has hemophilia and whose wife does not have the disease and ‘who does not have any relatives with the disease? (A) All his daughters will have the disease. (8) All his sons will have the disease. (C) Allhis sons will be carriers. (0) All his daughters will be carriers, 13, (Barron Chapter 7-9) How many autosomes does the human male normally have? 2 (8) 22 (©) 23 (0) 44 137UNIT ) Heredity 14, (Baron Chapter 7-10) A couple has 6 children, all gis. I the mother gives bith to a seventh child, what is the probability that the seventh child will be a girl? (A) 8, (8) ‘hz ©) "2 (0)1 15, Barron Chapter 7-11) ‘Assume that two genes, A and B, are not linked. If the probability of allele A being in a gamete is % and the probability of allele B being in a gamete is %, then the probability of BOTH ‘A and B being in the same gamete is ayn @)% (1 (0) % 16, (Barron Chapter 7-15) Two traits, A and B, are linked, but they are usually not inherited together. The most likely reason is (A) they are not on the same chromosome (8) they are not sex-linked (C) they are on the same chromosome but are far apart (D) they are close together on the same chromosome 138Heredity UNIT 17, Barron Chapter 7-18) The figure below shows a pedigree for a family that carries the gene for Huntington's disease. Individuals who express @ particular trait are shown shaded in. t HO @ @ alia 5% e What is the genotype of the daughter in the F2 generation who does not have the disease? (A) HH () Hin (C) hvh (0) x-x 18, (Princeton Chapter 8-1) Two expecting parents wish to determine all possible blood types of their unborn child. if both parents have an AB blood type, which ofthe following blood types will their child NOT possess? (A) A (8) B (C) AB (D) Oo 19. (Princeton Chapter 8-2) ‘Anew species of tulip was recently discovered. A population of pure red tulips was crossed witha population of pure blue tulips. The resuiting F1 generation was all purple. This result is an example of which of the following? (A) Complete dominance (8) Incomplete dominance (C) Codominance (D) Linkage 139