ASSIGNMENT

1. What are Natural Resources?

2. What are the two types of natural
resources?
3. What is the difference of renewable
and non-renewable resources?
4. What is the type of energy sources?
 Key Terms
• Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry that
establishes mole and mass relationships
between reactants and/or products in a
chemical reaction to determine desired
quantitative data.
• Excess reagent is a reactant that is not used
up when the reaction is finished.
• Limiting reagent is a reagent that is
completely used up in a chemical reaction.
 Limiting Reactants

+ plus 16 tires
excess

8 car bodies 48 tires 8 cars

C + 4T CT4
 Limiting Reactants
Methane, CH4

plus 16

+ hydrogen
atoms
excess

8 carbon 48 hydrogen 8 methane

atoms molecules molecules

C + 2 H2 CH4
Container 1
Before and After Reaction 1
N2 + 3H2 2 NH3

Before the reaction After the reaction

All the hydrogen and nitrogen atoms combine.
Container 2
Before and After Reaction 2
N2 + 3H2 2 NH3
excess limiting

Before the reaction After the reaction

LIMITING REACTANT DETERMINES AMOUNT OF PRODUCT
Real-World Stoichiometry:
Limiting Reactants
Fe + S FeS

Ideal
Stoichiometry

Limiting
Reactants

S= excess

Fe =
 Grilled Cheese
Sandwich

Bread + Cheese → ‘Cheese Melt’

2B + C → B2C

100 bread 30 slices 30

? sandwiches
Multiple Guess:
130 sandwiches
100 sandwiches
90 sandwiches
60 sandwiches
30 sandwiches
Not enough information given
 Limiting Reactants
• Available Ingredients
– 4 slices of bread
– 1 jar of peanut butter
– 1/2 jar of jelly

• Limiting Reactant
– bread

• Excess Reactants
– peanut butter and jelly
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
 Limiting Reactants
• Limiting Reactant
– used up in a reaction
– determines the amount of product

• Excess Reactant
– added to ensure that the other reactant is
completely used up
– cheaper & easier to recycle

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

 The Limiting Reactant
A balanced equation for making a Big Mac® might be:

3 B + 2 M + EE B3M2EE
…one can
With… …and…
make…
excess B and
30 M 15 B3M2EE
excess EE
excess M and
30 B 10 B3M2EE
excess EE
30 B and
30 M 10 B3M2EE
excess EE
 Limiting Reactants

aluminum + chlorine gas → aluminum chloride

Al(s) + Cl2(g) → AlCl3

2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 AlCl3

100 g 100 g ?g

A. 200 g B. 125 g C. 667 g D. 494 g

 Limiting Reactants
aluminum + chlorine gas → aluminum chloride
2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 AlCl3
100 g 100 g xg
How much product would be made if we begin with 100 g of aluminum?

1 mol Al 2 mol AlCl3 133.5 g AlCl3

x g AlCl3 = 100 g Al = 494 g AlCl3
27 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol AlCl3

How much product would be made if we begin with 100 g of chlorine gas?

1 mol Cl2 2 mol AlCl3 133.5 g AlCl3

x g AlCl3 = 100 g Cl2 = 125 g AlCl3
71 g Cl2 3 mol Cl2 1 mol AlCl3
 Sample Problem
Example 1: Finding the limiting reagent

How many grams of H2O can be produced if

15 grams of C2H6 react with 45 grams of O2?
 Sample Problem
Example 1: Finding the limiting reagent

For the following reaction, what is the

limiting reagent if we start with 2.80g of Al
(Aluminum) and 4.25g of Cl (Chlorine)?
 Percent Yield:
Theoretical yields:
The quantity of product that forms if all
of the limiting reagent reacts is called
the theoretical yield. Usually, we obtain
less than this, which is known as the
actual yield.

Percent yield = actual yield x 100

Theoretical yield
For example, the decomposition of
magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) forms 15
grams of magnesium oxide (MgO) in an
experiment. The theoretical yield is known to
be 19 grams. What is the percent yield of
magnesium oxide (MgO)?
Problem:
What is the percent yield when 5.50 g MgO
are recovered after burning 4.9 g of Mg in
sufficient oxygen?
 Problem:
10.4 g of Ba(OH)2 was reacted with an excess of
Na2SO4 to give a precipitate of BaSO4. If the
reaction actually yielded 11.2 g of BaSO4, what is
a) the theoretical yield of BaSO4 and b) what is
the percentage yield of BaSO4?
The balanced equation for the reaction is:

Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)

 Step 1. Convert to moles:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 2 moles

Moles Ba(OH)2:

Mol. Mass Ba(OH)2 = 137.3 + 2 x (16.0 + 1.0)

= 171.3 g/mol
Moles = 10.4 g x 1 mol = 0.0607 moles
171.3 g
 Step 2. Work out how much BaSO4 will be
formed:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 2 moles
0.0607 moles 0.0607 moles

When it says that one reagent is in excess, that

means we do not have to worry about that reagent,
and the other one is the limiting reagent, in this
case the BaSO4.
We see that 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 will produce 1 mole
of BaSO4. Our factor is thus 0.0607, and we will get
0.0607 moles of BaSO4.
 Convert actual yield to percentage
yield:
Percent yield = actual yield x 100 %
Theoretical yield

= 11.2 g x 100 %
14.29 g

= 78.4 % yield
Limiting Reactants – Method 1
1. Write a balanced equation.
2. For each reactant, calculate the
amount of product formed.
3. Smaller answer indicates:
– limiting reactant
– amount of product

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

 Limiting Reactants – Method 2
• Begin by writing a correctly balanced
chemical equation
• Write down all quantitative values under
equation (include units)
• Convert ALL reactants to units of moles
• Divide by the coefficient in front of each
reactant
• The smallest value is the limiting reactant!
Limiting Reagents
Computation
 QUIZ #5
If you have 20 g of N2 and 5.0 g of
H2, which is the limiting reagent?

N2+ 3H2 2NH3

 Limiting Reactants
aluminum + chlorine gas → aluminum chloride
2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 AlCl3
100 g 100 g xg

How much product would be made if we begin

with 100 g of aluminum?

How much product would be made if we begin

with 100 g of chlorine gas?
Problem:
In one experiment of 0.988 mole of
NO is mixed with 0.607 mole of
O2. Calculate which of the
reactants is the limiting reagent.
Calculate also the number of
moles of NO2 produced.

2NO + O2 2NO2

 Problem:
What is your limiting and excess
reactants if you have 5.43 grams
of H and 17.03 grams of O?

2H2+ O2 2H2O

QUIZ
 Problem 1:
How many g NO are produced if 20
g NH3 burned in 30 g in O2?

4NH3 + 5O5+  6H2O + 4NO

 Problem 2:
How many moles of Cl2 can be
produced if 5 moles of FeCl3 react
with 4 moles of O2?

4FeCl3 + 3OH2 2Fe2O3+ 6Cl2