Guide Questions

Sampling Distributions,
Mean, Variance, and
Standard Deviation
 Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

● find the mean and variance of a sampling

distribution of the sample mean;
● compute the standard error of the mean; and
● solve problems involving the mean and variance of
a sampling distribution.
Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean
 Learn about It!

Mean (Expected Value, 𝝁𝑿ഥ ) of a Sampling

Distribution
the mean of the population from the sampled scores; the sum of the product of
the sample means (𝑋)ത and its corresponding probability(𝑃(𝑋))
ത defined as
𝜇𝑋ത = Σ[𝑋ത ⋅ 𝑃 𝑋ത ]

Example: Sample Mean Frequency Probability

Determine the mean of the 4 1 0.1
6 1 0.1
sampling distribution of the 8 2 0.2
given table. 10 2 0.2
12 2 0.2
14 1 0.1
16 1 0.1
 Learn about It!

Mean (Expected Value, 𝝁𝑿ഥ ) of a Sampling

Distribution
the mean of the population from the sampled scores; the sum of the product of
the sample means (𝑋)ത and its corresponding probability(𝑃(𝑋))
ത defined as
𝜇𝑋ത = Σ[𝑋ത ⋅ 𝑃 𝑋ത ]

Example:
𝜇𝑋ത = Σ 𝑋ത ⋅ 𝑃 𝑋ത
𝜇𝑋ത = 4 0.1 + 6 0.1 + 8 0.2 + 10 0.2 + 12 0.2 +
14 0.1 + 16 0.1
𝜇𝑋ത = 𝟏𝟎
 Learn about It!

Population Mean
the average of all the scores in the population denoted by 𝜇

Example:
Determine the population mean of the following scores:
3, 5, 8, 3, 9

3 + 5 + 8 + 3 + 9 28
𝜇= = = 𝟓. 𝟔
5 5
 Learn about It!

Number of samples
The possible number of samples can be obtained from the population denoted by
𝑁𝐶𝑛 , where 𝑁 is the population size, and 𝑛 is the sample size.
𝑁!
𝐶 𝑁, 𝑛 =
𝑁 − 𝑛 ! 𝑛!

Example:
Determine the number of samples from a set of 8 scores with a
sample size of 3.
𝑁! 8! 8 × 7 × 6 × 5! 336
𝐶 𝑁, 𝑛 = = = = = 𝟓𝟔
𝑁 − 𝑛 ! 𝑛! 8 − 3 ! 3! 5! × 3 × 2 × 1 6
 Try It!

Example 1: A population is consists of five values: 2, 3, 4, 5, and

6. A sample of size 2 is to be taken from the population. How
many samples are possible? Construct the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
 Try It!

Solution: 2. Sample Mean

𝑁!
1. 𝐶 𝑁, 𝑛 = 2, 3 2.5
𝑁−𝑛 !𝑛! 2, 4 3.0
2, 5 3.5
Let 𝑁 = 5 (the population size)
2, 6 4.0
𝑛 = 2 (the sample size) 3, 4 3.5
3, 5 4.0
5! 3, 6 4.5
𝐶 5,2 =
5 − 2 ! 2! 4, 5 4.5
5×4×3×2×1 4, 6 5.0
= 5, 6 5.5
3×2×1×2×1
= 𝟏𝟎
 Try It!
Mean Frequency Probability
3. (𝐗
ഥ) (𝐟) (𝐏(𝐗
ഥ))

2.5 1 1
= 0.1
10
3.0 1 1
= 0.1
10
3.5 2 2
= 0.2
10
4.0 2 2
= 0.2
10
4.5 2 2
= 0.2
10
5.0 1 1
= 0.1
10
5.5 1 1
= 0.1
10
Total 10 1
 Try It!

Example 2: Based on the given in Mean (𝐗

ഥ) Probability (𝐏(𝐗
ഥ))

Example 1, compute for the 2.5 1

population mean (𝜇) and the mean

10
3.0 1
of the sampling distribution of the 10
2
sample means (𝜇𝑋ത ), and compare 3.5
10
the values. 4.0 2
10
4.5 2
10
5.0 1
10
5.5 1
10
Total 1
 Try It!

Probability
Mean (𝐗
ഥ) ഥ ⋅ 𝐏(𝐗
𝐗 ഥ)

Solution: 𝝁 = 𝝁𝑿ഥ = 𝟒 2.5

(𝐏(𝐗
1
ഥ)

0.25
10
3.0 1 0.30
ΣX
1. 𝜇 = 10
𝑁 3.5 2 0.70
10
2+3+4+5+6 4.0 2 0.80
𝜇= 10
5 4.5 2 0.90
𝜇=𝟒 10
5.0 1 0.50
10
5.5 1 0.55
2. 𝜇𝑋ത = Σ 𝑋ത ⋅ 𝑃 𝑋ത
10
Total 1 Σ 𝑋ത ⋅ 𝑃 𝑋ത =4
 Learn about It!

Variance of a Population
describes the dispersion or the variability of the population

Formula:
σ𝑋 2
2
σ𝑋 −
𝜎2 = 𝑁
𝑁
 Learn about It!

Example:
Compute for the population Observations (𝐗) 𝐗𝟐
variance of the scores 2, 4, 6, and 8. 2 4
4 16
2 6 36
2 σ𝑋
σ𝑋 − 8 64
𝜎2 = 𝑁
𝑁 ෍ 𝑋 = 20 ෍ 𝑋 2 = 120
20 2
120 − 4
𝜎2 =
4
𝜎2 = 𝟓
 Learn about It!

Variance of the Sampling Distribution

the variability of the sample means

Formula:
σ ത
𝑋 2
σ 𝑋ത −
2
𝜎𝑋ത 2 = 𝑁
𝑁

𝜎2
𝜎𝑋ത 2 =
𝑛
 Learn about It!

Variance of the Sampling Distribution

the variability of the sample means

Example:
A set of scores has a population variance of 5. What is the
variance of the sampling distribution if the sample size is 2?

2 𝜎2 5
𝜎𝑋ത = = = 2.5
𝑛 2
 Try It!

Example 1: A population consists of five values: 2, 3, 4, 5, and

6. Compute for the variance of the sampling distribution of
the sample mean if the sample of size 2 is to be taken from
the population.
 Try It!

Solution:
σ𝑋 2
2
σ𝑋 −
Observation (𝑿)
1. 𝑿𝟐 2
𝜎 = 𝑁
2 4
3 9
𝑁
4 16 20 2
90 −
5 25
𝜎2 = 5
6 36 5
෍ 𝑋 = 20 ෍ 𝑋 2 = 90
𝜎2 = 𝟐

𝜎2 2
2. 𝜎𝑋ത =
2 = =𝟏
𝑛 2
 Try It!

Example 2: From the given in Example 1, construct the

sampling distribution of the samples of size 2 and compute
for the variance of the sampling distribution.
 Try It!

Solution:

1. Possible Samples of Size 2 Mean 2. Mean (𝑿

ഥ) Probability (𝑷(𝑿
ഥ ))
2, 3 2.5 2.5 1
10
2, 4 3.0 1
3.0 10
2, 5 3.5 2
2,6 4.0 3.5 10
2
3, 4 3.5 4.0 10
3, 5 4.0 4.5 2
10
3, 6 4.5 1
5.0 10
4, 5 4.5 1
4, 6 5.0 5.5 10

5, 6 5.5 Total 1
 Try It!

3. Mean (𝑿
ഥ) ഥ𝟐
𝑿
2.5 6.25
3.0 9.00
3.5 12.25
4.0 16.00
4.5 20.25
5.0 25.00
5.5 30.25

෍ 𝑋ത = 28 ෍ 𝑋ത 2 = 119

σ ത
𝑋 2 28 2
σ 𝑋ത −
2 119 −
𝜎𝑋ത 2 = 𝑁 = 7 =𝟏
𝑁 7
 Let’s Practice!

Practice:
1. The following table shows the monthly sales (in millions) of
big franchising companies. Suppose that random samples
of size 4 are taken from this population of six franchising
companies.
a. How many samples are possible? List
them and compute the mean of each
sample.

b. Construct the sampling distribution of

the sample means.
 Let’s Practice!

2. Compute for the mean of

Probability
the sampling distribution Mean (𝑿
ഥ)
of the sample means (𝑷(𝑿
ഥ)

given on the right and 18 1

10
compare the value to the 21 2
10
population mean 24 4

computed as 24. 10
27 2
10
30 1
10
Total 1
 Let’s Practice!

3. The following table gives the Company Sales (in Millions)

monthly sales (in millions) of big X 8
franchising companies. Suppose
Y 12
that random samples of size 4 are
Z 16
taken from this population of six
S 20
franchising companies. Compute
T 24
for the population variance.
U 28
 Let’s Practice!

Mean (𝐗
ഥ) Probability (𝐏(𝐗
4. Compute for the variance of ഥ))
1
the sampling distribution of the 18
10
sample mean of size 4 from the 21 2
given data at the right. 10
4
24
10
27 2
10
30 1
10
Total 1
 Learn about It!

Standard Error of the Mean

is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.

Formula:
𝜎
𝜎𝑚 =
𝑛

or

𝜎𝑚 =
 Learn about It!

Standard Error of the Mean

is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.

Example 1: The variance of a sampling distribution of the sample mean

is 16. What is the standard error of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean?

Solution:
 Learn about It!

Standard Error of the Mean

is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.

Example 2: A population consists of 3, 7, 8, and 10. If a sampling

distribution of the sample mean is made out of this population with a
sample size of 2, what is the standard error of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean?
Learn about It!

Standard Error of the Mean

is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.
Key Points

Mean (Expected Value, 𝝁𝑿ഥ ) of a Sampling

1
Distribution
the mean of the population from the sampled scores; the sum of the product of
the sample means (𝑋)ത and its corresponding probability(𝑃(𝑋))
ത defined as
𝜇𝑋ത = Σ[𝑋ത ⋅ 𝑃 𝑋ത ]

Population Mean
2 the average of all the scores in the population denoted by 𝜇
Key Points

Number of samples
3 The possible number of samples can be obtained from the population denoted by
𝑁𝐶𝑛 , where 𝑁 is the population size, and 𝑛 is the sample size.

𝑁!
𝐶 𝑁, 𝑛 = 𝑁−𝑛 !𝑛!
Key Points

4 Variance of a Population
describes the dispersion or the variability of the population
It can be computed using the formula

σ𝑋 2
2
σ𝑋 −
𝜎2 = 𝑁
𝑁
Key Points

5 Variance of the Sampling Distribution

the variability of the sample means
It can be computed using the formula
ത 2 σ 𝑋ത 2
σ𝑋 −
𝜎𝑋ത 2 = 𝑁
𝑁

6 Standard Error of the Mean

is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.
Synthesis