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Developmental Stages PDF
Developmental Stages PDF
2ND TERM
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
HAVIGHURST'S DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS DURING THE LIFE SPAN
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
● focuses on human growth and changes across the lifespan, ROBERT J. HAVIGHURST
including
○ physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, ● He elaborated on the Developmental Tasks Theory in the
personality, and emotional growth. most systematic and extensive manner
● The study of human developmental stages is essential to ● His main assertion is that development is continuous
understanding how humans learn, mature and adapt. throughout the entire lifespan, occurring in stages, where the
Throughout their lives, humans go through various stages of individual moves from one stage to the next by means of
development. successful resolution of problems or performance of
● The human being is either in a state of growth or decline, but developmental tasks. These tasks are those that are typically
either condition imparts change. Some aspects of our life encountered by most people in the culture where the individual
change very little over time, are consistent. Other aspects belongs.
change dramatically. By understanding these changes, we can ● If the person successfully accomplishes and masters the
better respond and plan ahead effectively. developmental task, he feels pride and satisfaction, and
consequently earns his community or society's approval. This
Developmental Stage Characteristics success provides a sound foundation which allows the
individual to accomplish tasks to be encountered at later
1. Pre-natal Age when hereditary stages.
(Conception to birth) endowments and sex are fixed ● Conversely; if the individual is not successful at accomplishing
and all body features, both a task, he is unhappy and is not accorded the desired approval
external and internal are by society, resulting in the subsequent experience of difficulty
developed. when faced with succeeding developmental tasks.
● This theory presents the individual as an active learner who
2. Infancy Foundation age when basic continually interacts with a similarly active social environment.
(Birth to 2 years) behavior are organized and many
ontogenetic maturation skills are Havighurst proposed a bio psychosocial model of
developed. development, wherein the developmental tasks at each stage are
influenced by the individual's biology (physiological maturation and
3. Early Childhood Pre-gang age, exploratory, and genetic makeup), his psychology (personal values and goals) and
(2 to 6 years) questioning. sociology (specific culture to which the individual belongs).
Language and Elementary
reasoning are acquired and INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD (0-5)
initial socialization is
experienced.
● Learning to walk
● Learning to take solid foods
4. Late Childhood Gang and creativity age when
● Learning to talk
(6 to 12 years) self-help skills, social skills,
school skills, and play are ● Learning to control the elimination of body wastes
developed. ● Learning sex differences and sexual modesty
● Acquiring concepts and language to describe social and
5. Adolescence Transition age from childhood physical reality
(puberty to 18 years) to adulthood when sex ● Readiness for reading
maturation and rapid physical ● Learning to distinguish right from wrong and developing a
development occur resulting to conscience
changes in ways of feeling,
thinking and acting. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (6-12)
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PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
2ND TERM
● Erikson believed that we are aware of what motivates us ● preschool stage (ages 3–6 years)
throughout life and that the ego has greater importance in ● Children are capable of initiating activities and asserting control
guiding our actions than does the id. over their world through social interactions and play.
● We make conscious choices in life, and these choices focus on ● Preschool children must resolve the task of initiative vs. guilt.
meeting certain social and cultural needs rather than purely By learning to plan and achieve goals while interacting with
biological ones. others, preschool children can master this task.
● Humans are motivated, for instance, by the need to feel that ● Initiative - a sense of ambition and responsibility, occurs when
the world is a trustworthy place, that we are capable parents allow a child to explore within limits and then support
individuals, that we can make a contribution to society, and that the child’s choice. These children will develop self-confidence
we have lived a meaningful life. These are all psychosocial and feel a sense of purpose.
problems. ● Those who are unsuccessful at this stage—with their initiative
● Erikson believed that our personality continues to take shape misfiring or stifled by over-controlling parents—may develop
throughout our life span as we face these challenges feelings of guilt.
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PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
2ND TERM
● Children begin to compare themselves with their peers to see STAGE 8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (WISDOM)
how they measure up.
● They either develop a sense of pride and accomplishment in
● from the mid-60s to the end of life
their schoolwork, sports, social activities, and family life, or they
● Erikson said that people in late adulthood reflect on their lives
feel inferior and inadequate because they feel that they don’t
and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure.
measure up.
● People who feel proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of
● If children do not learn to get along with others or have
integrity, and they can look back on their lives with few regrets.
negative experiences at home or with peers, an inferiority
● However, people who are not successful at this stage may feel
complex might develop into adolescence and adulthood.
as if their life has been wasted. They focus on what “would
have,” “should have,” and “could have” been. They may face
STAGE 5. IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (FIDELITY) the end of their lives with feelings of bitterness, depression, and
despair.
● adolescence (ages 12–18)
● According to Erikson, an adolescent’s main task is developing
a sense of self.
● Adolescents struggle with questions such as “Who am I?” and
“What do I want to do with my life?”
● Along the way, most adolescents try on many different selves
to see which ones fit; they explore various roles and ideas, set
goals, and attempt to discover their adult selves.
● Adolescents who are successful at this stage have a strong
sense of identity and are able to remain true to their beliefs and
values in the face of problems and other people’s perspectives.
● When adolescents are apathetic, do not make a conscious
search for identity, or are pressured to conform to their parents’
ideas for the future, they may develop a weak sense of self and
experience role confusion.
● They will be unsure of their identity and confused about the
future.
● Teenagers who struggle to adopt a positive role will likely
struggle to find themselves as adults.
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