WORLD HISTORY 2 JSMARQUEZ BSED 2C

Lesson 3 : Age of Exploration

a. Europeans Explore the East

God, Gold, and Glory : Sparked by renaissance Spirit of Adventure and curiosity European
exploration encouraged by the following;
 New Trade Routes around Muslim held lands and Italian Merchants
 Nice items (spices, gold, silk and other luxury items)(Gold)
 Spread Christianity (God)
 Expand for Monarchy (Glory)
European New Vessels : In the 1400s , shipbuilders designed a new vessel, the caravel - was
sturdier than earlier vessels. It has a Triangular sail that is stronger against the wind, large cargo
area, shallow draft allowed it to explore close to the shore.
The Tools Of Exploration
 Astrolabe - was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees. Using the
rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could circulate latitude, or how far north or south of the
equator the ship was .
 Sextant - the instrument for measuring the height of the stars above the sky to determine the
latitude and longitude. It replaced the astrolabe.
 Magnetic Compass - shows the cardinal direction used for navigating geographic orientation.
consist of a magnetized needle or other elements, such as a compass card or compass rose,
which can pivot to align itself with magnetic north.
 Mercator Projection - A cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and
cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. and became the standard map of navigation.
 Cartography - Improved map making.
Portuguese Take the Lead
 Prince Henry - He promotes Portuguese exploration, historians call him “the Navigator.”
wanted “to make increase in the faith of our lord.Henry used his fortune to organize 14 voyages
along the western coast of Africa, leading to his death in debt and a 60-year repayment period
for the Portuguese crown.
 Bartolomeu Dias - In 1488, Portuguese captain reopened European path around the cape of
good hope.
 Vasco da Gama - In 1497, Portuguese explorer began exploring the east African coast. In
1498, he reached the port of Calicut, his remarkable voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal
a direct sea route to India.
 Christopher Columbus - In 1492, Spain invest in an Italian to find Asia by sailing west.
Mistaken that he reached the east Indies.
 Treaty Of Tordesillas - establishes lines of Demarcation (Spain west of, Portugal east of line)
Settle dispute over who has the land. (neatly divided the “New World” of the Americas between
the two superpowers which Spain and Portugal)

b. China Limits European Contacts

China Under the Powerful Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

 China had become the dominant power in Asia under the Ming Dynasty.
 In recognition of China’s power, vassal states from Korea to Southeast Asia paid their Ming
overlords regular tribute
The Rise of the Ming
 HONGWU - a peasant’s son and the first Ming emperor who commanded the rebel army that
drove the Mongols out of China in 1368.
 YONGLO (YUNG*LU) - Son of Hongwu who countinued many of his father’s policies and in
1405, he launced the first of seven voyages of exploration.
 Zheng- He (JUNG- HUH) - A chinese Muslim admiral that led all of the seven voyages and His
Expeditions were remarkable for their size (fighting ships, storage vessels, and huge “treasure”
ships measuring more than 400 feet) that ranged from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa and
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sailed from port to port along the Indian Ocean.

The History of Debt

 The Forbidden City - Yonglo moved Chinese capital to Beijing, ordered 14-year palace
complex construction, lasting 1406-1420. Red walls surrounded dozens of buildings, making it
known as the forbidden city because commoners and foreigners were not allowed to enter.
 Hall of Supreme Harmony or “Taihe Hall” - is the largest building in the compound and it
measure 201 by 122 feet and stands about 125 feet high also the hall was used for important
ceremonies.
 Hall of Central Harmony or “Zhonge Hall” - was a smaller square building between the two
main halls, it as a sort of private office where the emperor could stop to rst on his way to
ceremonies.
 Nine- Dragon Wall - This wall, or screen, of glazed tiles shows nine dragons playing with
pearls against a background of sea and sky. From ancient times, the dragon was the symbol of
the imperial family.

China Under The Qing

 Manchus - Founded the Qing Dynasty who invaded China, leading to the collapse of the Ming
Dynasty and the establishment of the Qing (Ching) Dynasty in China.
Two powerful Manchu rulers contributed greatly to the acceptance of the new dynasty:
 Kangxi Emperor - in 1661 whoruled for 60 years and reduced government expenses, lowered
taxes, and also supported intellectuals by offering them government positions.
 Qiang-long - kangxi’s grandson ruled China from 1736-1795, achieving its greatest size and
prosperity.
Korea Under the Manchus
 In 1636, before they came to power in china, the Manchus conquered nearby Korea and made
it a vassal state.
 Koreans organized their government according to confucian principles.
 In the 1590s, provoked strong feeling of nationalism in the korean people. This sentiment was
most evident in their art.
Life in Ming and Qing China
Families and the Role of women
 Most Chinese families had farmed the land the same way their ancestors had.
 Females were not valued, and many female infants were killed and most women were force to
remain secluded in their homes.
 Men dominated the household and their wives, women had significant responsibilities
Cultural Development
 Cao Zhan - dream of the red chamber examines upper class Manchu society.
 Most artists of the time painted in traditional styles.
 Drama was a popular entertainment, especially in rural china where literacy rates were low.

c. Japan Returns to Isolation

A New Feudalism Under Strong Leader

 LOCAL LORDS RULE - in 1467 to 1568, is known as the Sengoku, or “Warring States”
period.
 Powerful samurai - seized control of old feudal estates.
 Daimyo - warrior chieftain new lords.

New Leaders Restore Order

1) Oda Nobunaga - a daimyō , one of the leading figures of the Sengoku period and he was the
Tenka-bito and regarded as the first "Great Unifier" of Japan.
 He was head of the very powerful Oda clan and emerged as the most powerful
daimyo.
 He defeated his rivals and seized the imperial capital Kyoto in 1568. With his own motto
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“Rule the empire by force”

 He committed seppuku, the ritual suicide of a samurai, in 1582, when one of his own
generals turned on him.

2) Toyotomi Hideyoshi - was a Japanese samurai and daimyō of the late Sengoku period
and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.
 He also known as Kinoshita Tōkichirō and Hashiba Hideyoshi.
 Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga after the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582 and continued
Nobunaga's campaign to unite Japan that led to the closing of the Sengoku period.
 Nobunaga’s best general.
 Hideyoshi did not stop with Japan. With the idea of eventually conquering China. He also
invaded Korea in 1592 and began a long campaign against the Koreans.

3) Tokogawa Leyasu - Born at Matsudaira Takechiyo and later taking other names, was the
founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, which ruled from 1603 until
the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
 He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda
Nobunaga and fellow Oda subordinate Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
 in 1600, Ieyasu defeated his rivals at the Battle of Sekigahara
 Three years later, Ieyasu became the sole ruler, or shogun.
 Leyasu founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, which would hold power until 1867.
 On his deathbed in 1616, Ieyasu advised his son, Hidetada, “Take care of the people.
Strive to be virtuous. Never neglect to protect the the country.”

Life in Tokugawa Japan

 Farmers produced more food, and the population rose.Still, the vast majority of peasants,
weighed down by heavy taxes, led lives filled with misery.
 The people who prospered in Tokugawa society were the merchant class and the wealthy.

Society in Tokugawa Japan

1. The Emperor - had the top rank but was just a figurehead.
2. Shogun - was the actual ruler and the supreme military commander.
3. Daimyo - below the shogun were the powerful landholding samurai.
4. Samurai - warriors came next.
5. Peasants - made up about four-fifths of the population.
6. Merchants - were at the bottom, but they gradually became more
important as the Japanese economy expanded.

 Confucian values influenced ideas about society

 Depended on agriculture, not in commerce.
 Peasant farmers bore the main tax burden and faced more difficulties than any other class.

Culture Under Tokugawa Shogunate

 Samurai attended ceremonial noh dramas. (tales of ancient warriors)
 Hung paintings that showed scenes from classical literature.
 Haiku (HI•koo) - a 5-7-5-syllable and 3-line verse poetry.
 Kabuki - traditional Japanese popular drama/major theatrical form in japan with singing and
dancing performed in a highly stylized manner. A rich blend of music, dance, mime, and
spectacular staging and costuming.

Contact between Europe and Japan

 Portugal Sends Ships, Merchants and Technology to Japan
• Japanese first encountered Europeans in 1543.
• Portuguese sailors washed up on southern Japan's shores.
• Portuguese merchants followed, aiming to engage in Japan's trade with China and Southeast
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Asia.
• Japanese welcomed strangers, particularly Portuguese muskets and cannons.
• Japanese purchased weapons from Portuguese and began own production.
 Cannon a weapon that had a huge impact on warfare and life in Japan.

Christian Missionaries in Japan

 Christian missionaries - In 1549 they began arriving in Japan.
 Francis Xavier - a Jesuit, led the first mission to Japan.
 Tokugawa Ieyasu, upset by Christian invasion, initially ignored it, but eventually banned
Christianity in 1612. Repression of Christianity continued under his successors for two decades.

The Closed Country Policy - The persecution of Christians was a means to control foreign ideas,
as Europeans arrived without a central authority, and later leaders valued European trade.

Japan Isolation
 Most commercial contacts with Europeans ended. One port, Nagasaki, remained open to
foreign traders.
 The English had left Japan voluntarily; the Spanish and the Portuguese had been expelled.
 For more than 200 years, Japan remained basically closed to Europeans.

Lesson 4 : The Atlantic World

 was a sophisticated web of connections that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas
across the Atlantic Ocean from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century.
 Important historical occurrences including the Age of Exploration, the transatlantic slave trade,
colonialism, and the development of international commerce networks took place during this
time.
Key elements of the Atlantic
 World World Trade - The Atlantic Ocean served as a major conduit for the exchange of goods,
resources, and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
 Colonization European powers, including Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the
Netherlands, established colonies in the Americas, Africa, and the Caribbean islands.
 Cultural Exchange - the interactions between different peoples in the Atlantic World led to the
exchange of ideas, languages, religions, and practices.
 Transatlantic Slave Trade - one of the most significant aspects of the Atlantic World.

a. Spain Builds an American Empire

 World history was profoundly influenced by Spain's exploration and conquering of the
Americas during the Age of Discovery.
 Spanish explorers, conquerors, and settlers began building an expansive empire in the
Americas in the late 15th century, transforming communities, economy, and cultures on both
sides of the Atlantic.
 Spain's initial exploration of the Americas was driven by the quest for wealth, prestige, and
the spread of Christianity.
 The voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492 marked the beginning of Spanish conquest
involvement in the Americas, leading to subsequent expeditions by conquistadors such as
Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro.
 Spanish colonization efforts were supported by the Crown, which granted conquistadors and
settlers the authority to establish colonies and exploit resources in the New World.
 Resistance and Rebellion: Indigenous peoples and enslaved Africans often resisted Spanish
colonization through armed resistance, rebellions, and uprisings.
Administration and Governance:
 Bureaucratic system - Spain established a system to govern its American territories, with
viceroys and audiencias serving as local administrators and judicial bodies.
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 Council of the Indies - established in 1524, oversaw colonial affairs and enacted laws
governing trade, taxation, and social order in the Americas.
 Catholic Church - played a significant role in Spanish colonial administration, converting
indigenous populations to Christianity and establishing missions and schools.
 Royal Control : Spain's American colonies were ultimately controlled by the Spanish Crown.
Viceroyalties - Spain divided its American territories into viceroyalties, each headed by a
viceroy who represented the king.
 Encomienda System - Initially, Spain implemented this system, which granted conquistadors
and settlers the right to extract labor and tribute from indigenous peoples in exchange for
protection.
 The Council of the Indies - was a governing body established in Spain to oversee colonial
administration.
 Colonial Class System : Spanish colonial society was structured hierarchically, with
Spaniards born in Spain (peninsulares) occupying the highest positions of power and privilege.
 Catholic Church - It wielded significant influence over social, cultural, and political affairs in the
colonies
Economic Economic Exploitation
 The introduction of cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, and cacao fueled the growth of
plantation economies in regions like the Caribbean and Central America, relying on African
slave labor.
 The transatlantic trade network - facilitated the exchange of goods between Spain, its
colonies, and other European powers, enriching the Spanish Crown.
 Precious Metals Extraction - One of the primary goals of Spanish colonization was to extract
precious metals, particularly gold and silver, from the colonies.
 Commercial Monopolies : Spain imposed strict regulations on trade within its American
colonies.
 Mercantilism Policies - Spain implemented this policies that aimed to accumulate wealth by
exporting raw materials from the colonies and importing manufactured goods from Spain
 Forced Labor - Spain also utilized other forms of labor, such as the repartimiento system,
which required indigenous communities to provide labor for public works projects or other tasks.
 Tribute and Taxation - Indigenous communities were often subjected to heavy payments by
colonial authorities
Cultural Exchange and Impact:
 Spanish colonization led to the blending of European, indigenous, and African cultures in the
Americas, resulting in the emergence of mestizo and creole identities.
 One of the most notable cultural impacts of Spain's colonization was the spread of Christianity,
particularly Roman Catholicism, throughout the Americas.
 The Spanish language became widespread throughout the colonies and continues to be the
dominant language in many Latin American countries today.
 Cultural Syncretism - The interaction between Spanish and indigenous cultures gave rise to
cultural syncretism, where elements of both cultures merged to create new cultural expressions.
 Disease and Population Decline : The arrival of Spanish conquistadors and settlers brought
diseases, such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, for which indigenous populations had little
immunity.
 CONCLUSION : Spain's Atlantic world era expansion into the Americas reshaped global trade,
politics, and culture, laying the foundation for modern Latin American societies, but also led to
exploitation and oppression.
Notable People in Building the in Building the America Empire
 Christopher Columbus - The Italian explorer who made four voyages across the Atlantic
Ocean, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the
Americas.
 Hernán Cortés - The Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the
Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of
Castile in the early 16th century.
 Francisco Pizarro - The Spanish conquistador known for his conquest of the Inca Empire in
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present-day Peru. He captured and killed the Inca emperor Atahualpa, paving the way for the
Spanish colonization of the Andean region.
 Juan Ponce de León - A Spanish explorer and conquistador known for leading the first official
European expedition to Florida, which he named.
 Francisco Vásquez de Coronado - A Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large
expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States.
 Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca - A Spanish explorer who became one of the first Europeans to
explore the Gulf Coast of what is now the United States, including parts of Florida, Texas, and
Mexico.
 Hernando de Soto - A Spanish explorer and conquistador who participated in the conquests of
Central America and Peru, and later led the first European expedition into the territory of the
modern day United States.
 Jacques Cartier - A French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France, making
three voyages to North America between 1534 and 1542.

b. European Nations Settle in North America

 The Treaty of Tordesillas - treaty signed in 1494, had divided the newly discovered lands
between Spain and Portugal. However, other European countries ignored the treaty. They set
out to build their own empires in the Americas. This resulted in a struggle for North America.
Competing Claims in North America
 The English viewed the Dutch territory separating its Northern and Southern territory as a
problem and tried to kick them out.
 New York - The Dutch surrendered the land without a fight and the territory that is known today
as ny.
 The fur trade - New France’s main economic activity,
The English Arrive in North America
 The first permanent English colony in America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
 Captain John Smith - The founder of the Jamestown settlement was an English soldier and
explorer.
 The Settlement at Jamestown : The colony’s start was disastrous . The London company
settled Jamestown in 1607, despite initial difficulties due to settlers' focus on gold over crops.
The Dutch Found New Netherland
 Dutch - Following the English and French into North America
 Henry Hudson - In 1609 an Englishman in the service of the Netherlands, sailed west.
 Dutch West India Company - formed by the dutch merchants which granted the company
permission to colonize the region and expand the fur trade.
 New Netherland - Became known as The Dutch holdings in North America
The English Oust the Dutch
 Charles II - In 1664, the English king granted his brother, the Duke of York, permission to drive
out the Dutch.
 The Duke of York claimed the colony for England and renamed it New York.
 By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers lived in 13 colonies from Maine to Georgia.
England Battles France
 French and Indian War -The war became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years’
War.
Native Americans Respond : European colonization brought mostly disaster for the lands ’ original
inhabitants.
Settlers and Native Americans Battle : The hostility between the English settlers and Native
Americans led to warfare.
 King Philip’s War (also known as King Philip) led an attack on colonial villages throughout
Massachusetts. After a year of fierce fighting, the colonists defeated the natives.
Natives Fall to Disease
 More destructive than the Europeans’ weapons were their diseases. The population of one
tribe, the Massachusetts, dropped.
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c. The Atlantic Slave Trade(1770-1807) - The slave trade became known as the Triangular
trade. This is because of the three stages that the slave journey involved:

Stage 1: Trade goods such as guns, were taken to Africa.

Stage 2: Slaves were taken to the Americas.
Stage 3: Good produced and slaves were taken to Europe to be sold.

Stage 1: Slave Ships to Africa

• Slave ships carried items for trade or sale.
• Africans were collected by Europeans for transportation to the Americas.
• Kidnapped Africans were kept in poor conditions on the coast.

Stage 2: African were transported across Atlantic.

•This journey was know as MIDDLE PASSAGE.
• Africans were transported across the Atlantic in poor conditions.
• Upon arrival in America, they were sold into slavery.
• Slave preparation included cleaning and covering up scars or grey hair.
• Africans worked on plantations, growing products like cotton, coffee, sugar, and tobacco.

Stage 3: Slave Products

• Slave products were transported back to Europe for sale in Europe and globally.

d. The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

 Global trade - also known as international trade, is simply the import and export of goods and
services across international boundaries.
 Goods and services that enter into a country for sale are called imports. Goods and services
that leave a country for sale in another country are called exports.
 The Columbian Exchange - the Great Exchange, was one of the most immensive global trade
goods with each other. Also known as "one of the most significant events concerning ecology,
agriculture, and culture in all of human history " .

Columbian Exchange: A Global Trade Event

• Sparked by Christopher Columbus' voyages, facilitating contact between New World and Old
World.
• Set in motion the process of colonization and global communication.
• Increased immigration and development of societies in Americas, bringing wealth to the colonies
and Europe.
• Newfound settlement in America stimulated trade between distant places, leading to the
Colombian Exchange.
• Global trade of goods, animals, diseases, and plants between America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.
IMPACT OF COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
1) MERCANTILISM - During the Columbian Exchange, Europe adopted a new economic policy
based on wealth. Countries could achieve wealth through acquiring gold and silver through
favorable trade balances. The main goal was self-sufficiency, acquiring everything they needed
from their own country.
2) CAPITALISM - The concept grew, governments are no longer the only owner of great
wealth.Economic system based on private ownership and investment of resources.
3) COLONIES TRADE - Colonies exported raw materials, such as woods and furs.European
nations were able to make goods out of raw materials.Colonies then bought finished goods
from Europe.
4) ECONOMIC REVOLUTION - Spurred growth of towns.Many merchants became wealthy. Most
people still lived in rural areas. Mainly only traders and merchants gained social mobility.
WORLD HISTORY 2 JSMARQUEZ BSED 2C