FIR FILTER DESIhN

Characeris Hics of FLR Filters:

Basic FIR fi ltev Is
characte ri Zed
by the tollowi ng two euations:
N-
h(k) «(n-k)
-0
N-
H(2) -
where,
hCK)k : o,1. . N -I are the
imPulse
response coeffici ents of the

H(Z)- Trans fer tn of the ilter

N Filer leng th, ie number of
tlter coefhcien ts
kn O is he FLR
diHer ence euation
I+ is a time domain eayn and desi bes
te FIR fHer in s non eursive tor.
torm.
 fayn isthe tanstr
of the
lHer. T+ brovi des a means tor
for analyzing
the
lter, fr
analyzin9
example evaluating the freq
resone.
Since hnlo rnso
N-
hnl<

Hence FIR ilters

always Stable
are

2) Under favourable.
condi Hons, capable
of exhibi t#ing linear phase resbonse.
3) FIR fi lHers do have
not
analog
Couter barts. T+ a
tue digital
Linear phase
respon se and is
A)
implicationa
The abiliy to
have an
linear hase exactlyM
exac tHy
res ponse is one of
moS+ of
imbor tan+ roperies of FIR
fi lHers (w) k
When
signal basses through a
flHer,
i+ is modi fied in
ambli tude andlor
phase The nature and
extent
of the modi ication of the
signa
is depen dent on the
amplitude and

hase chavacteri sHes of tAe filer,

A A we fal mneas
ure of ho Ae
Ater the hane Charackenishis
modifiees
of the
signal is v
gven
en b he
phase delay
delay oroup dela delay of
the EHer
Phase Delay
If we Con ider a. signa that
Consists of several reay uency Components,
the phase delay of the Her is the
amount of time delay each requency
Combonent f the signal sufters 1o going

though the Her. Mathemai cally, phase

delay is the hegatve of the phase angle
divided b fragyu ency

Grou Delay:
Avevoge Hme delay the composite

siqnal Sufers at eoch feq uancy, and

is the negative of the derivative
of the phase freyuanty
Ta - d_plo)
Necessary Condiions r a
digital fA lr o have a reali2able
lineay bhase Char.
The Imbulse Yesbonse of the
filHer must be symmetical.

t-even Symmetry
odd Symmedr y
Norder of the filter or
Length
of the felter
NoTE
In inear phase iHers, all
freay. combonen exper en e the
Same amound of delay tho
the fler, thak isho phase
drstor tion.
 Consider hLn) = hC-1-n]
Take N:7

hto7 h t61
hL7 hl5

-jwn Jwn
Hle) ht»1e": hln)e
N-

o1+h]E"+ +h/a)e 340

hla]1e j2u

+hu]e"+hls]5*hl4)e60

-jw
h(o) +hli) e+hl2) hla) e3
thl2)eJ4 L +hli) ehlo)e +hlo)J64%

-j2w
n+2N0)[, e

+h(2)ete + hl3)

H)-2)jacossw)+h)cos(2)
+Mta)acosta)+ hls)
If we asume alo) h(3)
a (k) 2 hl3-k) , k:,2, 3. ..

a(k) cos (Kw) 3u

He
 Hle)
He)in frm
Compatk tm,
a

-J3tO
H) a(k) cos(ko) e
Ko
For FIR f HS lk
ipl)
He)e wY pha
plw):K

dlo)-3 Delay k:: 3

Tn mre genealised form

-juo( atn) cos(on)

Hle) e
no

here

alo)= h
afn) a -

T -#lo) -44): 3 :

Phae Dalay
T o) t3o) 3 =

Group Delay
NOTE Only tor near hahe Stu ct
phase delay uo
Grreup delay and
b idantcal
Consider N6

hlo hls

N-
jwn
Hle) ») e hln) e
h/3) J 3ho
/a)3
hlo) +h(i)e hla) e
+hla) " hls) e
condition we n
sing the Symmery
tnns whose coeffieients are
goup
numerically eaynal.
-J -j4
Hl):hl)e »]
+ te
j3
Ehlo)l. 1+
jwaj¥|+
+e
-j 1
e

H(e): hl)a Cos() + h{1)a Cos()

thlz) 2 cos)|
 More genalisd for Hl) fr N-even
Lan be ritten as

Hl). iue (r) cos[»tn-)

oheve,
n: , 2 N/2

eneral Shapes of
impalse response h»
had ive linear phe f
N odd N5 N-eve N 6

Ln

-2 o 2 3 4

Delay: 2
:2 pelay
 FIR fiHers
Summary about the +typas of linear phase

Impulse Response | Number o Freuency Response

Symmewy coefficients N Hlei

Positive Symmey odd j é aln) cos (uon)

hn) h(N- I - n) Even

L -%] j aln) sin (wn)

Negaive Symme* odd
hin)-h (N-)-n)
-)Z bn) sin [in-4)]
Even i nE

h[] ; a(n) - ah(-)

a lo)=
bn) h(%-")
Compari Son o4 The puise t
TT
four ps, of
tour
line phas2 il*r
cene o [ymmey

s 4 57
c e n e of stnrttr
N, EvEn, ve symoee 1o

34S 3

' c n t e of Symmeiry E
N,edd,-ve symmey

lli. o 2 3 4

cen SgnnN
N, ¬Yen, -Ye
symoy

ll 3