Moral Theories

- It is an explanation of what makes an action right or what makes a person or thing good.

- Mga principles, mga kaisipan, teorya, nagbibigay paliwanag o basis kung paano angiging tama at
mali ang isang bagay.

- A moral theory, then, explains why a certain action is wrong- or why we ought to act in certain
ways.

- In short, it is a theory of how we determine right and wrong conduct.

- “Hindi lahat ng mga ito ay tama kaya naman hindi natin laging ina-apply ang mga ito.”

1. Moral Subjectivism

- Right and wrong is determined by what you – the subject.

- Ang basis ng tama or mali ay ‘yung mismong subject. The agent, the doer of the action kung
anong nararamdaman at naiisip niyang tama at mali. It’s you.

2. Cultural Relativism

- Right and wrong is determined by the particular set of principles or rules the relevant culture
just..

- Ang basehan ay ang culture. Kung ano pinaniniwalan ng kultura, ang basehan ng tama at mali.

- Moral and Cultural. Sense less ang meaning ng right and wrong dahil nakapende sa
kinabibilangan mong kultura ang tama at mali. Hindi mo puwedeng itama ang isang tao at kultura, kung
ano ang paniniwala nila ay iyon na iyon.

3. Ethical Egoism

- Right and wrong is determined by what is in your self-interest.

- Ego, self, pride. Ang basis dito ay ang self-ego and self-interest. Masasabing tama kaapag
makikinabang ka, at kung hindi naman ay tinuturing mo itong mali.

- Aalamin kung ano ang tama at mali na ang basehan ay kung makikinabang sa action na gagawin
mo.

4. Divine Command Theory

- It asserts that the morally right action is the one that God commands.

- Divine Command, utos ng Diyos at kaitas-taasan. Ito ay tama dahil iniutos ng Diyos, at mali ito
kapag sinabi ng Diyos na mali ito.

5. Utilitarianism

- Right and wrong is determined by the overall goodness (utility) of the consequences of action.

- Utility. Ito ay nakabatay sa pangkabuoang kabutihan. Ang result ng action ay generally good ba?
- “Summum bonum” - the highest good/end and the best ending para sa lahat ang gusto ng
utilitarianism.

- No action is intrinsically right or wrong, ang tinitingnan kasi ay ang result na.

- No person’s preferences or interests, pantay-pantay lahat ng tao sa paningin nito.

6. Kantian Theory (Immanuel Kant, Eastern Philosopher)

- Asserts that the morally right action is the one done in accordance with the categorical
imperative.

- Kapag sinunod ang categorical imperative.

- Hypothetical imperative, moral command that is conditional.May bahaging makasarili dahil

sariling desisyon lang ang ginagawa nila.

- Categorical imperative, moral law. Universal moral standards/principle and absolute para sa
lahat.

- Universalizability Principle: “Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will
that it should become a universal law.”

- Kung magiging batas ito sa pangkabuoan.

- Formula of Humanity: ‘Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of
another, always as an end, and never as a means.”

- Huwag gagamiting kasangkapan ang isang tao para lang makuha ang isang bagay.