Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lec 01 Intro
Lec 01 Intro
REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONCRETE, REINFORCED CONCRETE,
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE.
n.a
Reinforcement
FIG. 1.1
Fig.1.1 shows a reinforced concrete beam under the action of bending
moments.
• One important result of the cracking is that, the
tensile zone of the beam can no more contribute
to the resistance of the beam. This part of the
beam is there simply ignored during the design
process. Resisting forces in a beam section after
the cracking is shown in Fig.1.2.
FIG. 1.2
• On the other hand, if a beam is compressed
before any lateral exterior load is applied,
superposition of flexure stresses and initial
compressive stresses will yield either totally
compressive stress on the whole concrete
section or very small tensile stress at a small
area. These are shown in Fig. 1.3.
comp. comp. comp.
Mex
Nin = or
+
FIG. 1.3
• The initial compression applied to the
beam should be fixed in a way that it
would last through the life span of the
beam.
• This process is called “pre-stressed
concrete” and during the pre-stressing
process, steel wires or strands are used.
1.2. HISTORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
– Dead Loads
– Live Loads
– Construction Loads (settlement in supports,
lack of it of element temperature changes
etc).
– Wind Loads
– Earthquake Loads
– etc.
• Dead Loads
150mm
• A typical set of stress-strain curves of
concrete is:
Lightweight concrete
Sand lightweight concrete
High strength concrete
Normal weight concrete
Table 2.1 Concrete Classes and Strength Values
Concrete Fck, Equivalent Fctk, Ec,
class characteristic cubic characteristic modulus of
cylindrical compressive tensile elasticity
compressive strength strength (28-D)
strength (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
BS16 (C16) 16 20 1.4 27 000
BS18 (C18) 18 22 1.5 27 500
BS20 (C20) 20 25 1.6 28 000
BS25 (C25) 25 30 1.8 30 000
BS30 (C30) 0 37 1.9 32 000
BS35 (C35) 35 45 2.1 33 000
BS40 (C40) 40 50 2.2 34 000
BS45 (C45) 45 55 2.3 36 000
BS50 (C50) 50 60 2.5 37 000
C14, C16, C20 and C25 are normal strength concrete and others are
regarded as high strength concrete.
• Elasticity modulus of concrete at the
age of jth day can be calculated as:
When a member is subjected to bending crashing of
concrete is associated with the maximum strain reached
at the extreme fibers (not maximum stress). Maximum
stress will reach to adjoint fiber as strain increases.
Modification Factor Lightweight
Concrete
Strength Reduction Factor
(NSCP Table 421.2.1)
• END
Any question?