BAT2001 Manual

BATS 2001
Three Dimensional Analysis of Buildings

January 2002
Users Manual
and
Technical Reference
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

ACECOMS
School of Civil Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology AIT
General
Copyright Notice
BATS 2001 Software and it's Manuals are protected by all applicable
international copyright laws. The program or any of it's parts, and it's
manuals, cannot be copied or distributed, transmitted, stored in a
retrieval system or translated into any human, or computer language in
any form, or by any means, without the prior written consent of the
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software (ACECOMS).
© ACECOMS, 2002
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
School of Civil Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology
P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang
Pathumthani 12120, THAILAND
BATS 2001 is a trademark of ACECOMS, AIT

IBM is a registered trade mark of International Business Machines
MS-DOS, WINDOWS 95, Visual Basic are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation, USA
Intel is a trademark of Intel Corporation, USA
Printed in Bangkok, January, 2002
BATS 2001: Software Users Manual ii

General
Disclaimer Notice
BATS 2001 is the enhanced Windows version of the BATS2000 software. BATS 2001 is the
result of extensive research and hard work. Great care has been taken to make the
software and manual as accurate as possible. Special effort have been made to make
the software highly user friendly. However, BATS 2001 is meant to be used by well
qualified engineers with sufficient technical knowledge so that they can interpret the
input and output and decide upon the reliability of the computed results. Before
installing the software, you must accept the responsibility to verify the program’s results
according to your particular need and situation.
The developers reserve the right to revise the package or its manual from time to time
and to make changes in the contents thereof without any prior notice to anyone.
A word of Caution!
The users of this software are assumed to be engineers (or architects), trained in the
subject of basic mechanics, structural analysis, structural design and modeling of
structures. The users are cautioned against blind reliance on the results and numbers
generated by this software (or any software for that matter).
The theory, formulae, procedure and algorithm used in the program are applicable to
reasonable, practical and realistic range of input variables. The cliché "garbage in,
garbage out" is true for this kind of software, and it is the responsibility of the user (who is
a qualified engineer/architect) to make sure that no "garbage" is fed to the program.
The output results should "feel" and "seem" reasonable, logical and realistic, before they
are used in practical problems.
BATS 2001: Software Users Manual iii
General
Table of Content
Chapter 1 Welcome to BATS2001 1-1
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Welcome to BATS
1.3 Why BATS?
1.4 Key Features of BATS

1.4.1 Analysis Features
1.4.2 Design Features
1.5 New Features in BATS2001
Chapter 2 Getting Started 2-1

2.1 What Your BATS2001 Package Includes
2.2 Using this Manual
2.3 System Requirements
2.4 Program Installation
2.5 Using Authorization Disk: License Installation
2.6 Removing BATS2001
2.7 Getting Help
2.8 Upgrading from Previous Version
2.9 Using BATS2001 for The First Time
BATS 2001: Software Users Manual IV

General
Chapter 3 BATS2001 Basics 3-1

3.1 Basic Concepts and Terminology
3.2 Overall Structure of BATS2001
3.2 Graphic Interface
3.2.1 Main Working Area

3.2.2 Main Menu
3.2.3 Main Tool Bar
3.3 Coordinate Systems
3.3.1 Global Coordinate System
3.3.2 Typical Frame Coordinate System
3.3.3 Member Coordinate System
3.4 Basic Operations (How to Do Basic Tasks)
Quick Overview of How to Model, Analyze and Design

Chapter 4 4-1
Building Using BATS2001
4.1 Introduction
Quick Overview of 3D Modeling of Buildings Using
4.2
BATS2001
4.3 Quick Overview of Analyzing Building Using BATS2001
4.4 Quick Overview of Designing Building Using BATS2001
BATS 2001: Software Users Manual V

General
Chapter 5 Typical Frames (Typical Frame Library) 5-1

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Difference Between Typical Frame and Real Frames
5.3 Types of Typical Frames
5.4 Components of a Typical Frame

5.5 Before Creating a Typical Frame
5.6 Defining Typical Frame Geometry
5.7 Applying Gravity Loads on Typical Frames
5.8 Editing Typical Frames
5.9 Base Restraints
5.10 Typical Frame View Options
5.11 Managing Typical Frame Library
Chapter 6 Structural Elements (Member Library) 6-1

6.1 Beam Element
6.1.1 Beam Element Characteristics
6.1.2 Beam Member Library

6.1.3 Special Beam Elements: Dummy and Rigid Beams
6.1.4 Beam End Restraints
6.1.4 Beam Rigid End Zones
BATS 2001: Software Users Manual VI

General
6.1.5 Use of Beam Elements
6.2 Column Element

6.2.1 Column Element Characteristics
6.2.2 Column Member Library
6.2.3 Special Column Elements: Dummy and Rigid Beams

6.2.4 Column End Restraints
6.2.4 Column Rigid End Zones
6.2.5 Use of Column Elements
6.3 Panel Element
6.3.1 Panel Element Characteristics
5.3.2 Panel Member Library
5.3.3 Use of Panel Elements
5.3.3 Special Considerations in Using Panel Elements
6.4 Shear Wall Element
6.4.1 Shear Wall Element Characteristics
6.4.2 Shear Wall Typical Frames
6.4.3 Shear Wall Result Output Options

6.4.3 Special Considerations in Using Panel Elements
6.4.4 Difference Between Panel and Shear Wall Element
6.4.5 Panel or Shear Wall?
BATS 2001: Software Users Manual VII

General
6.5 Managing Typical Member Library
Chapter 7 Overall Building Model 7-1

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Typical Frames to Building Model

7.3 Tools for Creating 3D Model
7.4 Editing 3D Building Model
7.5 Viewing 3D Model
7.6 Exporting 3D Model to AutoCAD
Chapter 8 Loadings, Load Cases and Combinations 8-1

8.1 Terminology
8.2 Types of Loads
8.3 Load Cases and Combinations
8.4 Gravity Loads
8.5 Before Applying Load
8.5 Applying Wind Loads

8.6 Applying Dynamic Loads
Chapter 9 Analysis and Result Interpretation 9-1
BATS 2001: Software Users Manual VIII

General
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Analyzing the Building

9.3 Analysis Outputs
9.4 Basic Concepts and Sign Conventions
9.5 Building Displacement Results

9.6 Frame Results
9.7 Results of Dynamic Analysis
9.7.1 Natural Frequency Analysis
9.7.2 Time History Analysis
9.7.3 Response Spectrum Analysis
9.7.4 Equivalent Static Analysis
Chapter 10 Report 10-1

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Report Basics
10.3 Setting the Report
10.4 Customizing Report

10.5 Using Report Manager
10.6 Previewing and Printing Report
BATS 2001: Software Users Manual IX

General
Chapter 11 Design of RC Members 11-1

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Designing Members in BATS2001
11.3 Introduction to GEAR
11.4 Exporting Analysis Results to GEAR

11.5 Designing RC Beams Using GEAR
11.6 Designing RC Columns Using GEAR
11.7 Designing Footings Using GEAR
Appendix-A References A-1

Appendix-B Solution Algorithm B-1
BATS 2001: Software Users Manual X

Chapter 1
Quick Overview
Chapter
1
Quick Overview 1
Introduction
BATS2001 is a software for the ‘Three Dimensional Analysis
of Building Structures’ developed by Asian Center for Engi-
neering Computations and Software (ACECOMS), Asian In-
stitute of Technology (AIT). This is a Windows based en-
hancement of the popular BAT2000 also developed by ACE-
COMS, AIT. BATS2001 has been developed with special
emphasis on the graphical pre-processor and post processor,
in-built RC design capabilities and also linkage with the other
reinforced concrete and steel design software. It has been
fully integrated with reinforced concrete member design
software GEAR and steel member design software SYS-
Designer. The solution engine of BATS has been used for
more than ten years and hence fully reliable. BATS uses the
concept of ‘rigid floor diaphragm (RFD)’ to model and ana-
lyze the buildings.
Why BATS 2001?

In many Structural Analysis Software, it has been customary
to use data files or commands or text input to define structure
1-1
Welcome to BATS2001
geometry, loads and supports. This approach is quite useful,

especially for experienced users of the program who can cre-
ate a model through proper data generation, and other com-
mands available in this mode. However, for occasional users,
beginners, students and engineers working on complex mod-
els graphical modeling and analysis is much more convenient
and reliable. Graphical modeling has become more popular
because of introduction of the graphical user interface in
Windows and other operating systems. The extensive use of
graphics and graphic objects in word processors, spread
sheets, presentation software and specially the wide spread
use of CAD systems for planning and design has further in-
fluenced the popularity and acceptance of graphical modeling.
Engineers are now more comfortable and familiar with the
use of graphical techniques then a few years ago.
Another important consideration in the modeling and analysis

process these days is the support for direct and integrated de-
sign of members in the analysis software. BATS 2001 has
been developed to fulfill these requirements.
Building Model in BATS

Multistory buildings are a special class of three-dimensional
structures from the analysis point of view. Buildings struc-
tures can be conveniently defined in terms of grids, column
lines and floors. The floor slabs generally tie or connect all
beams, columns and other vertical units at that level in a fairly
rigid manner. The buildings are often laid out in orthogonal
grids that can also be the basis of structural framing. By rec-
ognizing these characteristics that are inherent in the nature of
the building system, significant improvements can be made in
the modeling and analysis techniques to save man-hours,
Building Model in BATS 1 – 2

Welcome to BATS2001
computer time and possibly improve overall accuracy and re-
liability.
The building model considered in BATS is idealized as an as-

semblage of one or several vertical units called Typical Frame
that can be generated in 2D or 3D. Each typical frame contain
of columns, beams and shear wall. All typical frames are in-
terconnected into one model by the horizontal floor dia-
phragms (slabs) which are assumed to be rigid in their own
plane (see more detail in Chapter 3).
1
The Structure of BATS
The overall structure of BATS is based on a fairly open archi-
tecture. The program is design to be integrated and interfaced
with several other programs. The analysis engine used in
BATS is identical to that used in XETAB95, which provides a
common means of compatibility between the two programs.
The classes and objects used in BATS are the same that are
being used in other programs developed at ACECOMS, AIT.
This provides direct integration between these software and
BATS. The overall structure is shown in Fig. 1-1.
The Structure of BATS 1 - 3

Welcome to BATS2001
SYSDesigner
SYSDesigner
Design of Steel Members
BATS
BATS File
BATS GEAR
GEAR
File Design of RC Members
Main user Interface Design of RC Members
FRAME-2DX
FRAME-2DX
Analysis of 2D Structures
Notepad XSolver
XSolver
Notepad OptiBUILD
Any text editor Input
Input File
File OptiBUILD
Optimized Design
Any text editor Optimized Design
of Steel Buildings
of Steel Buildings
XEDIT
XEDIT
Editor for Solver File
Editor for Solver File XSolver XSolver
XSolver XPLOT
XSolver
Analysis Engine
XPLOT
Graphical view
Output
Output Files
Files
Analysis Engine Graphical view
Windows based programs
External programs, not included in BATS Notepad
Notepad
Any text editor
DOS based programs Any text editor
(part of the old XETABS95 system)
Figure. 1.1 Overall Structure of the BATS Software
Graphic interface
Almost all major data definition in the new BATS for Win-
dows is either fully graphical or is highly aided by visual and
graphic tools. Fig 1.2 shows the main graphic interface featur-
ing Project Explorer in left column and Plan View in the mid-
dle of screen. All features can be activated by 3 ways as fol-
lowing.
1. Select from list in main menu
2. Select from Project Explorer list (in left column)

Graphic interface 1 – 4
Welcome to BATS2001
3. Click on buttons in menu bar (name of each button can be
displayed when moving mouse over that button without
clicking)
Project Ex-
plorer Area
Plan View Port
Figure. 1.2 Main Graphical Interface (Workspace) and Start Up Screen of

BATS
Basic Steps
The typical process of modeling, analysis and design of a
building using BATS2001 are summarized here. The details
on each step can be found in the following chapters in this
manual.
Basic Steps 1 - 5
Welcome to BATS2001
Step 1: Define basic building parameters
Project Information, Unit, Number of floor, Degree of Free-

dom and Planning Grid
Step 2: Create typical members library
Beams, Columns, Panels and Thin Walls
Step 3: Create typical frames, define vertical member loads and verti-
cal support settlement
Define column line, locate typical members into frame, assign

vertical member load
Step 4: Combine typical frames into one model
Define typical frame layout in model plan
Step 5: Define floor mass, lateral floor stiffness and lateral floor loads
Add/edit floor mass (required for dynamic analysis only) and

assign lateral floor loads (wind load or equivalent static load
etc.)
Step 6: Analyze the model
Step 7: Interpret results
View displacements, moments, shear, axial and torsion in text

or graphic formatted
Step 8: Generate the report
Prepare report before printing, customized report format, se-

lect items to be added in
Basic Steps 1 – 6
Welcome to BATS2001
Step 9: Design the RC members or export the results to design soft-
ware
Transform results to member design program (see available

design software in Fig. 1.10).
Frame Data
Frame2DX
GRASP
Advanced 2D Analysis Beam, Column, Ties
1
of Structures 2D Analysis of
Structures
Beam, Column
Results
GEAR SYSDesigner
General Utilities and Design of Steel
RC Design Members
2D Frame
Frame Data
Results
Beam, Column
Beam, Column, Ties

MICROFEAR, P1
BATS 2001
2D Analysis of
3D Analysis of Structures
Buildings
Figure. 1.3 Integration of BATS with Other Software

(some of the links may not be active in BATS2001)
What’s New in BATS2001

BATS2001 is the outcome of a significant improvement on
it’s predecessor BATS200. Several known problems of
BATS200 have been fixed. Significant number of new fea-
tures, especially the graphics display and design of RC mem-
bers have been introduced. The graphical processing and
analysis speed has been increased drastically. This section de-
What’s New in BATS2001 1 - 7
Welcome to BATS2001
scribes these improvements briefly. Detailed explanations can

be found in the following chapter of the is manual.
Automatic Calculation of Floor Mass

Floor slab outline of any shape can be drawn/added graphi-
cally (by using mouse clicks). The existing (already drawn)
floor outline can be edited. The node or corner of the floor
outline can lie at other than column line.
Figure. 1.4 Floor Slab Layout Plan
What’s New in BATS2001 1 – 8

Welcome to BATS2001
Floor Mass Properties
Floor mass properties such as Mass Center, Trans. Mass and
Rotation Mass required for dynamic analysis can be calcu-
lated automatically based on the defined Floor outline, thick-
ness, density etc. The mass properties can be copied from one
floor to other(s).
Figure. 1.5 Floor Mass Data Editor
Major Improvement in 3D View

The BAT2001 provides a significantly powerful 3D model
viewer. A complete set of view display and control tools are
available. The dynamic display responds to the mouse
events/movements. Zooming, panning, rotating, camera
(view) point setting can be achieved by mouse movements at
real time. The model components such as beam, column,
bracing etc can be hide or shown independently as required.

Welcome to BATS2001
Figure. 1.6 3D View of Model
Typical Frame Alignment Tools

Now the real frames (created from predefined typical frames)
can be placed and aligned on the plan view quickly, easily and
automatically. Left, right, top, bottom, center etc alignment
tools are available. It is still possible to refine these place-
ments numerically by using the Frame Layout Editor. The
Frame Layout Editor allows us to edit/specify, in a tabular
form, the orientation angle and the first end coordinates of a
frame.

Welcome to BATS2001
Figure. 1.7 Typical Frame Alignment Tools in Main Tool Bar
Automatic Calculation of Wind Pres-

sure
1
The lateral wind loads for one or two directions can be com-
puted automatically based on user specified wind pressure and
the corresponding effective areas. The wind pressure can be
varied for different floors (heights). BATS automatically de-
termines the effective area for each direction based on the ex-
treme column distance (for that direction) and the story
height. However user can modify these automatically com-
puted wind loads.

Welcome to BATS2001
Figure. 1.8 Wind Pressure Editor and Lateral Floor Load Editor
Result Display on 3D View:

The moment, shear etc diagrams can be displayed on the 3D
View of the model. Several view control tools including
zooming, panning, rotating etc are also available here. The
view is a dynamic view, which responds to various mouse
movements.

Welcome to BATS2001
Figure. 1.9 3D Moment Diagram
New Step-by-Step Modeling Wizard

This new wizard guides you step-by-step through all the pro-
cedure (input sequence) required to create a ready-to-run
model and also to view the results after analysis has been
completed. The steps have been reorganized in more logical
and systematic order. For example options related to the type
of analysis and output has been moved from the first step of
earlier version to a step, in the new version, where the model
creation has been completed. Load input, combination defini-
tions etc are now part of the wizard.

Welcome to BATS2001
Analysis Results Detailed Diagram

The analysis results at multiple intermediate points along the
length of any member can be displayed. In the earlier version
only the member end actions were reported.
Drastic Improvement on Speed

The graphical processing, display and analysis time has been
tremendously reduced. Now the user can comfortably work
with automatic 3D rendered graphical refreshing option on. A
complicated model can be rotated, zoomed etc dynamically
using mouse on real time at user desired speed.
Use of 3D Typical Frames

There are no practical limits on number of bays, stories,
members on a 3D typical frame. Because of the significantly
improved graphic speed, now it is possible and very conven-
ient to use a single 3D typical frame to model the entire build-
ing (if there are not shear walls).
Typical Frames Creation, Deletion

etc Enhanced
The minor problems in earlier version related to handling of
typical frames have been fixed. These fixing and improve-
ments include the removal of limit on maximum number of
typical frames, reactivation of deleted frames, systematic
numbering, naming, modification updating etc.

Welcome to BATS2001
Copy and Generation Feature in Many
Editor (Forms)
Several tools for copying from one floor to others are avail-
able in all relevant data entry forms. This minimizes the ef-
forts for duplicated data entry for similar stories.
New Technical Documents and Help

File 1
The users manual and technical reference, step-by-step tuto-
rial example book and the online help have been fully updated
for the new version. The new publication includes compre-
hensive detailed coverage of many new topics, answers to
frequently asked questions, illustrative practical examples etc.
Summary
The development of BATS has provided the structural engi-
neers with an easy and efficient tool for quick and accurate
3D modeling and analysis and design of buildings. The pro-
gram uses a fully graphical interface for model creation,
model verification and result visualization. The program is
fully integrated and unified with member design software for
design of RC beams and columns. The program demonstrates
the case of use and efficiency of graphic modeling analysis
and design tools.

Chapter 2
Getting Started
Chapter
2
Getting Started 2
What Your BATS2001 Package Includes

Your BATS2001 package includes the following;
• Single Compact Disk (CD) containing the Setup Program,

executable files, support files and sample data files. (All
files contain in CD can be downloaded from ACECOMS
website http://www.acecoms.ait.ac.th )
• Single diskette containing the licensed file. See more de-

tails in License Installation
The most recent versions of these manuals are included on the

CD in Adobe Acrobat PDF format for easy access.
Using this Manual

This manual is made for helping user to understand concept
and how to use BATS 2001effectively. It is strongly recom-
mended to read this manual and work the tutorials from tuto-
2-1
Getting Started
rial examples book before working a real project with BATS

2001.
The first chapter of this manual, Welcome to BATS 2001

gives an introduction to overall concepts and features in
BATS 2001
The second chapter of this manual, Getting Started is intended

to guide user for using BATS 2001 for the first time.
2 The third chapter of this manual, BATS 2001 Basics is in-
tended to provide basic concepts of modeling and structure of
BATS 2001
The forth chapter of this manual, Basics Building Parameters

is intended to provide the details of main model parameter for
using BATS 2001.
The fifth chapter of this manual, Member Library is intended

to provide the information and details of all elements avail-
able in BATS 2001.
The sixth chapter of this manual, Typical Frames is intended

to provide details about how to create/edit sub-frames in the
project.
The seventh chapter of this manual, Overall Building Model

is intended to provide details about how to combine sub-
frames into one model.
The eighth chapter of this manual, Loading, Load Case and

Combination is intended to provide concepts and details about
how to apply load to the model.
Using this Manual 2-2

Getting Started
The ninth chapter of this manual, Analysis and Result Inter-
pretation is intended to provide analysis details and result
output understanding.
The tenth chapter of this manual, Report is intended to pro-

vide details about how to generate/customize the report.
The eleventh chapter of this manual, Design RC Members is

intended to provide details about member design by using
Analysis results.
2
System Requirements
BATS2001 will work with the minimum requirement as fol-
low
PC with Pentium-class processor (or

Computer/Processor equivalent) 133 MHz or later proc-
essor
32 MB of RAM for Windows 95 or
Windows 98 (64 MB of RAM rec-
Memory ommended); 64 MB of RAM for
Windows 2000 or Windows NT
Workstation 4.0
At lease 30 MB available hard-disk
Hard Disk
space recommended
Double-speed or faster CD-ROM
Drive
drive
15" Super VGA (17" recommended)
Video card with 2MB RAM recom-
Display
mended (32,768 colours at 800 x
600 resolution)
System Requirements 2 -3
Getting Started
Program Installation
1. Turn on your computer and start windows 98. Close
all other applications before installing BATS 2001.
Make sure that no other application is running during
the installation procedure
2. Insert BATS 2001 CD into your CD-ROM drive
2 3. Run Setup.exe on the CD-ROM
Program Installation 2-4

Getting Started
4. Press OK to continue the setup or Exit setup to cancel
the setup
5. Click on the Button as shown below then BATS 2001

will be installed into default folder
(C:\\programs\bats2001\) or click on change directory
and specify the desired folder as shown below if any
other destination folder is required (example
D:\\…etc.)
Program Installation 2 -5
Getting Started
6. Click on Continue to add BATS 2001 into default

program group (ACECOMS Software) in window
start up menu or specify other program group name
and click on Continue. It is highly recommended to
accept the default here.
Program Installation 2-6

Getting Started
7. Setup Status dialogue will display the setup progress.

Wait until progress complete (100%).
Note: BATS 2001 that has been installed in this process is

unlicensed version. This unlicensed version can be used func-
tionally but it cannot save and print. To use all features in
BATS 2001, license installation is required (more details in
next topic).
Program Installation 2 -7
Getting Started
License Installation
Current version of BATS 2001 can be displayed from
Help and About BATS. If “This Software is not licensed”
shows in screen that means current BATS 2001 program
is unlicensed version. To change from unlicensed version
to full version, the following steps need to be done.
License Installation 2-8

Getting Started
1. Insert Licensed File Diskette (will be attached with
your package) in Diskette driver.
2. Select Project and Update Authorization and double

click on Get From File to install License File.
.
3. Double click on licensed file (extension with .lic) lo-
cated in Licensed File Diskette.
License Installation 2 -9
Getting Started
4. Select Help and About BATS. License status will dis-

play name of user and user number as shown in figure
below.
2-10
Getting Started
Removing BATS2001
1. Turn on your computer and start windows 98. Close
all other applications before installing BATS 2001.
Make sure that no other application is running during
the installation procedure
2. Select Settings and Control Panel from Windows

Start Menu. Double click on Add/Remove Programs
icon.
2
3. Double click on BATS 2001 in scroll box and then
click on Remove.
Removing BATS2001 2 -11

Getting Started
4. Follow the prompts. When asked, it is safety to re-

move all shared components that locate in BATS
2001 folder.
Note: Some files in folder where BATS 2001 installed will

still be exist after Removing BATS 2001 complete. These
files can be removed manually by using windows explorer.
2
Getting Help
If the problems or questions exist during using BATS
2001, please do the following steps;
1. Search the solution from Help. Select Help and Con-

tent from BATS 2001 menu.
2. Consult the BATS 2001 documentation (User man-

ual, Technical Reference and Tutorial Examples) that
will be purchased separately.
3. If the solution cannot be found from above 2 steps

then provide enough problem information as de-
scribed below and contact ACECOMS as following
address.
Problem Information
• The program, current version and user number (can

check from Help and About BATS in menu)
• Model description with screen capture (if possible)
• Description of what happened
Getting Help 2-12

Getting Started
• The exact wording of any error messages that ap-
peared on screen or screen capture of error report (if
possible)
ACECOMS address
The Asian Center for Engineering Computations and

Software (ACECOMS)
School of Civil Engineering, Asian Institute of Technol-
ogy, P.O. Box. 4, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thai-
land
2
Tel: (662) 524-6416, 524-5533, 524-5539
Fax: (662) 524-6059, 524-5509
Email: acecoms@ait.ac.th
Website: http://www.acecoms.ait.ac.th
Upgrading from Previous Version

BATS cannot be upgraded to latest version directly. Pre-
vious version needs to be removed from computer (see
Removing BATS topic) and install the latest version (see
Program Installation topic).
Using BATS2001 for The First Time

BATS2001 can be started by double-click on the
BATS2001 icon on the windows desktop or selecting it
from the start up menu that be specified during program
installation (see figure below).
Upgrading from Previous Version 2 -13

Getting Started
Fig 1-1: BATS2001 icon and menu from Start menu
Using BATS2001 for The First Time 2-14

Chapter 3
BATS Basics
Chapter
3
BATS Basics 3
Basic Concepts and Terminology
structures from the analysis point of view. Buildings struc-
tures can be conveniently defined in terms of grids, column
lines and floors. The floor slabs generally tie or connect all
grids that can also be the basis of structural framing. By rec-
ognizing these characteristics that are inherent in the nature of
the building system, significant improvements can be made in
the modeling and analysis techniques to save man-hours,
computer time and possibly improve overall accuracy and re-
liability.
The building model considered in BATS is idealized as an as-

semblage of vertical units (frames and shear walls) intercon-
nected by the horizontal floor diaphragms (slabs) which are
rigid in their own plane. The vertical units can be plane 2D
frames or can be full 3D frames. In fact, it is also possible to
model the whole building using a single 3D frame, although it
is not the most efficient way.
3-1
BATS Basics
Overall Structure of BATS2001

The overall structure of BATS is based on a fairly open archi-
tecture. The program is design to be integrated and interfaced
with several other programs. The analysis engine used in
BATS is identical to that used in XETAB95, which provides a
common means of compatibility between the two programs.
The classes and objects used in BATS are the same that are
being used in other programs developed at ACECOMS, AIT.
This provides direct integration between these software and
3 BATS. The overall structure is shown in Fig. 3-1.
SYSDesigner
SYSDesigner
BATS
BATS File
BATS GEAR
GEAR
File Design of RC Members
Main user Interface Design of RC Members
FRAME-2DX
FRAME-2DX
Notepad XSolver
XSolver
Notepad OptiBUILD
Any text editor Input
Input File
File OptiBUILD
Optimized Design
Any text editor Optimized Design
of Steel Buildings
of Steel Buildings
XEDIT
XEDIT
Editor for Solver File
Editor for Solver File XSolver XSolver
XSolver XPLOT
XSolver XPLOT
Analysis Engine Output
Output Files
Files Graphical view
Analysis Engine Graphical view
Windows based programs
External programs, not included in BATS Notepad
Notepad
Any text editor
DOS based programs Any text editor
(part of the old XETABS95 system)
Fig. 3.1 Overall Structure of the BATS Software
Overall Structure of BATS2001 3-2

BATS Basics
Basic Operations
How to Start New Project: The new project can be started
by selecting Project + New Project, pressing Ctrl + N or
clicking on New Project button.
How to Open Existing Project: The existing project can be

opened by selecting Project + Open Project File, pressing
Ctrl + O or clicking on Open Project File button.
How to Save Project: The working project can be saved by

selecting Project + Save Project, pressing Ctrl + S or clicking
on Open Project File button
3
How to Save Project to other file: The working project can
be saved to other file by selecting Project + Save Project As
or clicking on Save Project as button and specifying desired
name + folder.
How to Import XETABS File: The XETABS file can be im-

ported by selecting Project + Import from XETABS95 and se-
lecting the existing XETABS file.
How to Export to DXF File: The Model can be export to

DXF formatted file by selecting Project + Export to DXF File
and specifying file name and folder. This feature will be
available soon.
How to Enter the Project Information: The Project can be

specified by selecting Project + Project Information, pressing
Project Info from project explorer or clicking on Project In-
formation button.
How to Define Design Criteria: The Design Criteria can be

defined by selecting Project + Design Criteria.
Basic Operations 3 -3
BATS Basics
How to Install Licensed File: The licensed file can be in-

stalled by selecting Project + Update Authorization (see more
details in Chapter 2).
How to Define Planning Grid: The planning grid can be de-

fined by selecting Building + Define Planning Grid, pressing
Planning Grid from project explorer or clicking Define Plan-
ning Grid button.
How to Specify Main Control Data: The main control data

3 can be specified by selecting Project + Control Data or press-
ing Control Data from project explorer.
How to Specify Story Heights: The Story Heights can be

specified by selecting Project + Open Project File, pressing
Story Heights from project explorer or clicking on Story
Heights button
How to Define Wind Pressures: The wind pressures can be

defined by selecting Project + Define Wind Pressures, press-
ing Wind Pressures from project explorer or clicking on Wind
Pressures data button
How to Define Earthquake Loads: The earthquake loads

can be defined by selecting Project + Define Earthquake
Loads, pressing Earthquake from project explorer or clicking
on Wind Earthquake loads button
How to Specify Load Combinations: The load combination

can be specified by selecting Project + Load Combinations,
pressing Combination from project explorer or clicking on
Load Combinations button
How to Specify Lateral Floor Loads: The Lateral floor

loads can be specified by selecting Project + Lateral Floor
Basic Operations 3-4

BATS Basics
Loads, pressing Lateral Floor Loads from project explorer or
clicking on Lateral Floor Loads button
How to Specify Floor Mass: The floor mass can be specified

by selecting Project + Floor Mass, pressing Floor Mass from
project explorer or clicking on Floor Mass button
How to Compute Floor Mass from Defined Floor Outline:

The floor mass can be computed using defined floor outline
by selecting Project + Compute Floor Mass from Outline or
clicking on Compute Floor Mass from Outline button
3
How to Define Lateral Floor Springs: The load combination
can be specified by selecting Project + Lateral Floor Springs,
pressing Floor Springs from project explorer or clicking on
Lateral Floor Springs button
How to Create Typical Frame Library: The typical frame

library can be created by selecting Project + Typical Frame
Library, pressing Frame Library from project explorer or
clicking on Typical Frames button
How to Create Typical Member Library: The typical

member library can be specified by selecting Project + Typi-
cal Member Library, pressing Member Library from project
explorer or clicking on Typical Member Library button
How to Add Frame in Plan: The frame can be added in plan

by selecting Project + Add Frame in Plan.
How to Edit Frame Layout: The typical frame layout can be

edited by selecting Project + Edit Frame Layout, pressing
Frame Layout from project explorer
How to Edit Typical Frame: The typical frame can be edited

by selecting Project + Open Frame Editor, selecting typical
BATS Basics
frame in list from project explorer or clicking on Open Frame

Editor button
How to Rotate Typical Frames in Plan: The typical frames

can be rotated clock-wise or counter clock-wise by selecting
Project + Rotate Frames + Rotate Left (Right) or clicking on
Rotate Left (Right) button
How to Align/Stack Typical Frames in Plan: The typical

frames can be aligned/stacked by selecting Project + Align
3 and Stack Frames or clicking on appropriate button as fol-
low.
How to Cut Typical Frames in Plan: The typical frames can

be cut by selecting desired typical frame in plan view and se-
lecting Edit + Cut or clicking on Cut button
How to Copy Typical Frames in Plan: The typical frames

can be copied by selecting desired typical frame in plan view
and selecting Edit + Copy + Paste or clicking on Copy button
+ Paste button
How to Paste Typical Frames in Plan: The typical frames

can be pasted after copy or cut the typical frames in plan by
selecting Edit + Paste or clicking on Paste button
How to Draw Floor Outline: The floor outline can be drawn

by selecting Edit + Draw Floor Outline or clicking on Draw
Floor Outline button
How to Define Floor Thickness: The floor thickness can be

defined by selecting desired floor layout in plan view and se-
lecting Edit + Floor Thickness or clicking on Assign Thick-
ness to Outline button

BATS Basics
How to Copy Floor Outline: The floor outline can be copied
from current plan view to other floors by selecting desired
floor layout in plan view and selecting Edit + Copy Floor
Outline or clicking on Copy Slab Outline to Other Floors but-
ton
How to Analysis the model: The model can be analysed by

selecting Results + Analysis the Building, pressing Ctrl + A or
clicking on Analyse Building button
How to View Floor Displacement: The floor displacement

can be viewed after analysis completed by selecting Results + 3
Floor Displacement or clicking on View Floor Displacement
button
How to View Frame Results: The frame results can be

viewed after analysis completed by selecting Results + Frame
Results or clicking on View Frame Results button
How to View Material Quantities: The material quantities

can be viewed by selecting Results + Material Quantities
(will be available soon)
How to View Results Files: The results files (XETABS re-

ports) can be viewed after analysis completed by selecting Re-
sults + View Result Files
How to Start Report Creation Wizard: The report creation

wizard can be started by selecting Results + Report Creation
Wizard or clicking on Report Creation Wizard button
How to Customize the Report: The report can be custom-

ized by selecting Results + Report Manager, pressing Report
in the project explorer or clicking on Report Manager button
BATS Basics
How to Print Current Report: The current report can be

printed by selecting Results + Print Current Report or click-
ing on Print Current Report button
How to Preview Current Report: The current report can be

previewed by selecting Results + Preview Current Report or
clicking on Preview Current Report button
How to Start Automated Modeling Wizard: The structure

can be modeled automatically by selecting Tools + Automated
3 Modeling Wizard, pressing Ctrl + W or clicking on Auto-
mated Modeling of Building button
How to Set Program Options: The program options can be

set by selecting Tools + Options
How to Set Display Options: The display options can be set

by selecting Tools + Display Settings
How to Open 3D Viewer: The 3D viewer can be opened by

selecting Tools + Open 3D Viewer or clicking on Open 3D
Viewer button
How to View Error Report during Analysis: The error re-

port during analysis can be viewed by selecting Tools + Show
Error Log
How to Open Help Contents: The help contents can be

opened by selecting Help + Contents, pressing F1 or clicking
on Help Contents button
How to View BATS Information: The BATS Information

can be viewed by selecting Help + About BATS
How to Send Email to ACECOMS from BATS: The email

can be sent to ACECOMS (acecoms@ait.ac.th) by selecting
BATS Basics
Help + Send Email to ACECOMS. (This operation is required
internet connection.)
How to Access to ACECOMS Website from BATS: The

ACECOMS website (http://www.acecoms.ait.ac.th) can be
accessed by selecting Help + Go to ACECOMS Website. (This
operation is required internet connection.)
Graphic Interface 3
BATS2001graphical user interface window displays as shown
in Fig. 3.2. This window can be moved, resized, minimized,
or closed using standard Windows operations. The details of
each component are as the following;
Graphic Interface 3 -9
BATS Basics
Menu Bar Area
Toolbar Area
3
Project
Explorer Plan View
Area Area
Fig. 3.2 Main Graphical User Interface
Menu Bar
The menus on this area contain all features that can be oper-
ated in BATS2001 as shown in following structure.
Project
Graphic Interface 3-10

BATS Basics
New Project
Open Project
Save Project
Save Project As
Import from XETABS95
Export to DXF File
Project Information
Design Criteria
Update Authorization
Building
3
Define Planning Grid
Control Data
Story Heights
Define Wind Pressure
Load Combinations
Lateral Floor Springs
Typical Frame Library
Typical Members Library
Add Frame in Plan
Edit Frames Layout
Open Frame Editor
Rotate Frames
Rotate Right
Rotate Left
Align and Stack Frames
Align Left
Align Center
Align Right
Align Top
Align Middle
Align Bottom

BATS Basics
Stack Vertically
Stack Horizontally
Edit
Undo
Cut
Paste
Measure Distance
Draw Floor Outline
Floor Thickness
3 Copy Floor Outline
Results
Analyse the Building
Floor Displacement
Frame Results
Material Quantities
View Result Files
Report Creation Wizard
Report Manager
Print Current Report
View Current Report
Tools
Automated Modeling Wizard
Options
Display Settings
Planning Grid
Show Grid
Show Frame Captions
Show Outline
Show Mass Center
Help
Contents
About BATS
BATS Basics
Send Email to ACECOMS
Go to ACECOMS Web Site
Tool Bars, All in One

Tool Bar provides quick access to some commonly used fea-
tures. All features available in Tool Bar can be accessed from
Menu Bar.
Starts a New Project Opens an existing Project
Saves the current Project

Shows Project Information dia- 3
logue
Cuts the selected object
Copys the selected object and
and places it on the clip-
places it on the clipboard
board
Opens dialogue where the verti-
Pastes the copied object cal and horizontal grids can be
edited
Opens the dialogue where the
can be altered using this
user can apply lateral loads and
button.
specify their location.
Opens the dialogue where the
Calculates and assigns Floor
user can specify the stiffness in
Mass to the frame
the x and y direction.
Opens Intensity dialogue
where the user can specify Equivalent loads can be assigned
the wind loads on the struc- using this button
ture.
Opens the where Load
cases and Load Combina- Opens the dialogue box.
tions can be defined

BATS Basics
Opens where the frame and its

Opens the dialogue box
members can be edited.
} Activates the Automated
Runs the of the current model.
Modeling Building wizard.
results can be viewed us-
can be viewed using this option
ing this option.
Activates the Report Crea-
Activates the .
3
tion Wizard
Shows the preview of the
Prints the current report
current report
Sets BATS in selection Draws floor outline on mouse
mode clicks
Edits the currently drawn
Adds dimension lines
slab outline.
Accepts changes and re-
Opens I dialogue
freshes view
Opens the dialogue where
Rotates the selected object right
the typical frames can be
by 90 degrees
edited
Rotates the selected object Aligns the selected objects with
left by 90 degrees respect to their left edge.
Aligns the selected objects
Aligns the selected objects with
with respect to their verti-
respect to their right edge.
cal centerline
Aligns the selected objects Aligns the selected objects with
with respect to their top respect to their horizontal center-
edge. line.

BATS Basics
Aligns the selected objects
Stacks the selected objects verti-
with respect to their bottom
cally on top of the other.
edge.
The user can select
Stacks the selected object the floor to view
horizontally on the main screen
using this option
Copys the selected slab to Assigns thickness to the drawn
other floors floor outline
Computes floor mass from Refreshes view on the main
3
floor outline screen
Zooms the current view in Zooms the current view out
Used to show or hide the Alters horizontal and vertical grid
grid lines size.
Activates/deactivates the
Shows/hides .
snap to grid option.
Shows/hides frame cap- Shows/hides the floor outline of
tions. the drawn floor
Opens the 3D Viewer window
Shows/hides the mass cen-
where the 3 dimensional model
ter of the floor.
of the building can be viewed.
Adds the current view to
Prints the current view
report
Project Explorer
Project Explorer located at left column in main screen to pro-
vide quick access and list of main input information.

BATS Basics
Coordinate Systems
Global Coordinate System

Three dimensional building analysis software are primarily
suitable for investigating the overall behavior of building. To
maintain a consistent reference system for right from the first
input to the final result presentation a unique global coordi-
nate system should be adopted and followed through out the
3
process by using right-handed rule. The global reference point
is an arbitrary point in the plan view of the building which is
the origin of the global coordinate system and is the same for
all levels of the structure. The story center of mass, the struc-
tural lateral loads (static and dynamic) and the position of the
various frames are all located with respect to this point and
the reference axes. The loading and geometry are thereby
uniquely defined regardless of the choice of the global refer-
ence point refer to global coordinate system. The reference
point may be chosen to be any dimensionally convenient
point (mainly for convenient layout of frames) in the struc-
tural plan. There is only one global reference point for the
whole building. Figure 3.3 illustrates these points and the sign
convention for global and local coordinate systems used in
BATS.
Building displacements are output for each individual floor at

global reference point. The sign convention and their physical
interpretation for output will be discussed in Chapter 9.
Coordinate Systems 3-16

BATS Basics
Global Axis
Y
Ty
pi A
ca x
l F is
ra
y
m
1
e
e
2
m
ra
lF
Ty
ca
pi
1
pi
ca
e
Ty
is am
lF
Po 1
Ty efe
3
e
Ax Fr
ra
x a l F ce P
t
nc am
p i r en
R
in
m
l
c
ca
re Fr
e
pi
Re ypic x
2
e
Ty
fe al
ra o
y
m int
e
T
2
Global
Reference
Point X
Fig. 3.3 Global Coordinate System and Local Coordinate System
Typical Frame Coordinate System

Each typical frame has its own coordinate system. The origin
of this coordinate system is typical frame reference point that
may be chosen as any dimensionally convenient point on the
structural plan, normally for 2D frames the base of the left-
most side column (Fig. 3.3). If there are no duplicate frames
in the structure is usually convenient to coincide the global
and the typical frame reference point. The global Z-axis and
typical frame Z-axis are always parallel.
Coordinate Systems 3 -17

BATS Basics
Setting Building Control Data for the

Model
Building Control Data is main model data that need to be set
at the first step of modeling. These data can be set by select-
ing Building + Control Data in menu bar or clicking on Con-
trol Data in project explorer column.
Fig. 3.4 Building Control Data Editor
Unit
Unit is the first parameter to be set. This parameter cannot be
changed later after it has been specified. 3 types of unit are
available for BATS2001 as shown in following table.
Unit Load Length Temperature

0
US Kip ft, inch F
Setting Building Control Data for the Model 3-18

BATS Basics
0
Metric ton m, cm C
0
SI kN m, mm C
Total Number of Floors

Total Number of Floors can be specified or changed at any
modeling steps. The top floor of typical frame will be related
to this parameter it is therefore highly recommend to set this
parameter to the total number of floors in the model.
Degree of Freedom for the Build-

3
ing
Degrees of Freedom for the Building are the floor lateral dis-
placements. This parameter can be defined in 2D (X or Y
translation only) or 3D (X, Y translation and Z rotation). In
case the model is only in 2D, setting the correct parameter
will save analysis time.
Setting Building Control Data for the Model 3 -19

Chapter 4
Overview of Modeling, Analysis and Design
of Building using BATS 2001
Chapter
4
Overview of Modeling, Analysis and Design 4
of Building using BATS 2001
From theoretical point of view, BATS uses the concept of
‘Rigid Floor Diaphragm (RFD)’ for modeling and analyzing
the buildings as three dimensional system. Hierarchical as-
sembly process is used to create the overall building model
from typical frames and which are further made up of typical
members. This chapter describes the following three main as-
pects of the building analysis and design using BATS2001.
• Overview of Modeling Using BATS2001
• Overview of Analysis Using BATS2001
• Overview of Design Using BATS2001
Details on each of the above topics can be found in sub-

sequent chapters.
The overall process for modeling a building using BATS2001

can be represented by flow diagram shown in Figure 4-1. Fig-
ure 4-2 illustrate the links to related topics in this manual.
How to access these using Menu, Toolbar or Project Explorer
have been shown in Figure 4-3.
4-1
Overview of Modeling, Analysis and Design of Building
using BATS 2001
Prepare a list of Typical

Members, Typical Frames,
Apply Gravity Loads on
Loads Estimates etc
Typical Frames
Set the Main Control Apply Lateral Loads on
4 Parameters
(Maximum Number of
Building Model
Floors, Working Unit etc)
Analyze the Model

Create Typical Members
(Beams, Columns, Brace ..)
View/Verify the Results

Create Typical Frames
(2D or 3D)
Design the RC Members

Assemble 3D Model Using
Typical Frames
Prepare
Define Loads Cases, the Report
Combinations
Figure 4.1: Overall Process o Modeling, Analysis and Design Using BATS2001
Overview of Modeling Using BATS2001 4-2

using BATS 2001
R elated C h ap ter/
To pic/T ask
R eferen ce
S et the M ain C o ntro l

P aram eters
C hapter 2
(M axim um N u m ber of
Floors, W o rking U n it etc)
C reate T ypical M em bers

C hapter 2
(B eam s, C olum ns, B rac e ..)
C reate Typical F ram es
4
C hapter 2
(2D o r 3D )
A ssem ble 3D M od el U s in g
C hapter 2
T yp ical Fram es
D efine L oads C ases,

C hapter 2
C om bin atio ns
A pp ly G rav ity L oa ds o n
C hapter 2
Typical Fram es
A pp ly Lateral Loads o n
C hapter 2
B uilding M odel
A nalyze the M odel C hapter 2
V iew /V erify the R esu lts C h apter 2
D e sign the R C M em be rs C h apter 2
P repare
the R epo rt C h apter 2
Figure 4.2: Finding More Information on Various Topics in This Manual
Overview of Modeling Using BATS2001 4 -3

using BATS 2001
Topic/Task Menu, Toolbar or Other Access Options
Set the Main Control Menu: Building > Control Data

Parameters Toolbar:
(Maximum Number of Project Explorer:
Floors, Working Unit etc)
Menu: Building > Control Data

Create Typical Members Toolbar:
(Beams, Columns, Brace ..) Project Explorer:
4 Create Typical Frames

(2D or 3D)
Chapter 2
Assemble 3D Model Using

Chapter 2
Typical Frames
Define Loads Cases,

Chapter 2
Combinations
Apply Gravity Loads on

Chapter 2
Typical Frames
Apply Lateral Loads on

Chapter 2
Building Model
Analyze the Model Chapter 2
View/Verify the Results Chapter 2
Design the RC Members Chapter 2
Prepare
the Report Chapter 2
Figure 4.3: How to Access Option or Menu Optiont for Typical Tasks
Overview of Modeling Using BATS2001 4-4

using BATS 2001
Overview of Modeling Using BATS2001
Building model considered in BATS2001 is idealized as an
assemblage of vertical units (frames and shear walls) inter-
connected by horizontal floor diaphragms (slabs), which are
rigid in their own plane. The global (final) model of the entire
building in BATS2001 is always a 3D model. This overall
building model is created from one or more building frames.
3D Building Model 4
Building Frames
Typical Frames
Gravity Loads
Support Settlement
Typical Members
Lateral Loads
Beams
Wind Loads
Columns
Earthquake Loads
Braces
Lateral Springs
Panels
Shear Wall
Figure 4.4: Building Model andn Ites Components in BATS2001
Overview of Modeling Using BATS2001 4 -5

using BATS 2001
Building frames are created from typical frames. Typical

frames can be understood as a master frames, which can be
used to create one or more building frames to assemble the
3D system. Typical frames can be two-dimensional or three-
dimensional. It is possible to model reasonably complex ge-
ometry building model using a single 3D typical frame. A
Typical Frame is created using several typical members.
Typical members can be beam, column, brace, and panel or
4 shear wall. Special structural element or members such as
dummy or rigid members are sometimes used to model spe-
cial situations specially the structural discontinuity.
Loads are applied either to a Typical Frame or to the floors of

the three dimensional model. Gravity loads (from slab, walls,
live load etc) are applied to the Typical Frames as beam loads.
However the lateral loads primarily the wind and/or earth-
quake are applied as lateral floor loads. The lateral loads are
applied as a single resultant floor load for each floor.
Dynamic loads such as time history, response spectrum can be

applied to the model. Earthquake data for typical earthquakes
are available which can be used with or without modification.
Tools are available to compute the dynamic properties which
includes the automatic calculation of floor mass.
Overview of 3D Analysis Using BATS2001

structures from the analysis point of view. Building systems
can be conveniently defined in terms of grids, columns lines
and floors. The floor slabs generally tie or connect all the
Overview of 3D Analysis Using BATS2001 4-6
using BATS 2001
grids that can also be the basis of the structural framing. By
recognizing these special characteristics that are inherent in
the nature of building systems, significant improvements can
be made in the modeling and analysis techniques so save
man-hours, computer time and possible improve the overall
accuracy, reliability and the productivity.
BATS2001 uses the Rigid Floor Diaphragm (RFD) method

with consistent Direct Stiffness Formulation. The assump-
tion on that the floors are rigid in their own plane is a realistic
approximation. Each join in building has six degree of free-
4
dom (displacement in and rotation about each coordinate
axis). Within each frame three of these degrees of freedom
(two translation and the rotation in the floor plane) can be
transformed to the frame degree of freedom at that floor level.
The remaining three joint degrees of freedom at that floor
level are eliminated by static condensation before each frame
stiffness is added to the total structural stiffness matrix. Thus
the final structural stiffness matrix corresponds to three de-
grees of freedom per floor level.
Overview of 3D Analysis Using BATS2001 4 -7

using BATS 2001
Form Stiffness Matrix for

Each Individual Frame and
Shear Walls
4 Static Condensation to
Transform Frame Joint 3
DOFs to Frame DOF at
Each Floor Level
Assemble the Global

Stiffness Matrix By Adding
the Contribution of Each
Individual Frame to 3
Master DOF (Global DOF)
Solve for Global DOFs

(Building Master DOFs)
Solve for Frame Joint DOFs

From Known Global DOF
Compute Member Stresses

from Displacements
Figure 4.5: Summary of the Solution Procedure Used in BATS2001
Overview of 3D Analysis Using BATS2001 4-8

using BATS 2001
Details such as formulation, assumptions, limitations, solu-

tion techniques etc on these two methods have been presented
in Chapter ‘Analysis and Result Interpretation’ and Appendix
of this manual.
The analysis results are presented in two main categories, first

, the building deformations and second ,the frame design ac-
tions. The building deformation result includes the lateral and
torsional deformation of each floor. The frame results in- 4
cludes the moment, shear force, axial force and torsion of
various members.
Overview of Design Using BATS2001

BATS2001 supports two types of design facilities. First type
is the built-in design facility and second one the ‘Export and
Design in GEAR’. Using second method the design members
as whole can be “exported” or transferred to the design pro-
gram. GEAR This transfer can be done completely graphi-
cally between BATS and GEAR 2000 and through files be-
tween BATS and GEAR.
The member transfer takes with it the member cross-section

and the actions information completely, thus eliminating any
manual data transfer or loss of information. Typically, the re-
sults are sent for design by selecting the member in a frame
result view graphically and activating the member export op-
tion or by simply copying it to the clipboard and pasting in the
member design software, such as GEAR for design RC beams
at columns. Similar integration is also possible between the
BATS and SYSDesigner for design of steel members. An ad-
ditional program is being developed within the BATS shell
Overview of Design Using BATS2001 4 -9
using BATS 2001
for the fully optimized design of steel buildings using an op-

timization engine using ‘Genetic Algorithm’.
For more details on Member Design using BATS2001, refer

to Chapter ’Member Design’ in this manual.
Overview of Design Using BATS2001 4-10

Chapter 5
Frame Library
Chapter
5
Frame Library 5
Introduction
Typical frames are heart of the modeling and analysis using
BATS2001. They form the unit components to form the build-
ing model. A three dimensional building model can be made
up of one or more typical frames. It is very important to un-
derstand the difference between a Typical Frame and Real
Frame. This chapter discusses all the issues related to Typical
Frames in detail.
What is a Typical Frame?

A three dimensional building can be considered to be com-
posed of one or more frames. These frames could be of two or
three dimensional frames. Although a building may consists
of several building frames, it is generally possible to group
them into few representative frames. By such grouping, all
frames with identical geometry and loading can be repre-
sented by a single typical frame. Typical frame can be under-
stood as a master frame from which several copies can be cre-
ated. While creating the three dimensional model of the build-
ing, several copies of the same typical frame can be used.
This significantly eliminates the duplicated efforts in data
5-1
Frame Library
preparation, geometry definition and finally the design of the

frame members.
The above figure 6.1 shows a building plan and grouping of

identical frames to form various unique typical frames. In this
figure F1, F2 etc represent the actual frames and the term in
brackets indicate the type of typical frame that particular
frame belong to. The elevations of these typical frames are
given in the figure 6.2. As can be seen clearly that the total of
5 10 individual frames (F1 to F10) are generated by using only

four typical frames (type1 to Type 4).
What is a Typical Frame? 5-2

Frame Library
F10 (TYPE4)
F3 (TYPE2)
F4 (TYPE2)
F1 (TYPE1)
F5 (TYPE2)
F2 (TYPE1)
12.3 m.
F9 (TYPE3)
8 m.
F8 (TYPE3)
5
8 m.
F7 (TYPE3)
8 m.
F6 (TYPE3)
8 m. 8 m. 8 m. 8 m.
Fig. 5.1 Examples Showing 10 Frames Created From 4 Typical

Frames
What is a Typical Frame? 5 -3

Frame Library
Typical Frame –1 (Type 1) Typical Frame – 2 (Type 2)
Typical Frame – 3 (Type 3) Typical Frame – 4 (Type 4)

Fig. 5.2 Examples of Typical Frames for a Building
What is a Typical Frame? 5-4

Frame Library
Difference Between Typical Frame and
Real Frames
Typical frames are the master frames from which as many
number of similar frames as required to create three dimen-
sional model of a building can be created. The frames so cre-
ated from the typical frame are called real frame or building
frame. In Figure 5.1, ten real (building frames) are created
from four typical frames. In the figure, the caption ‘F9
(TYPE3)’ means that out of total ten real frames, the real
frame no 9 was created using typical frame no 3. However it
is possible to model the entire building using single typical 5
frame whose geometry is same as the building.
Types of Typical Frames

Based on the geometry of the frame, typical frames can be
broadly classified as two-dimensional frames (2D frames) and
three-dimensional frames (3D frames). Definitions, differ-
ences, suitability, relative advantages and disadvantages of
these two basic types of frames are described in the following
sections. Shear wall frames are special types of typical
frames.
2D Frame
A 2D frame is a structural frame in two dimensions with two
or more column lines and horizontal beams. They may be
considered as the basic unit of the structure, which can be as-
sembled to generate 3D model of the entire building. They
can also be joined in different planes to form a 3D typical
frame or 3D real frames and in some cases the 3D building it-
self. Most practical building structures can be modeled using
appropriate 2D frames. Some common examples of 2D typi-
cal frames are shown in the following figure.
Difference Between Typical Frame and Real Frames 5 -5

Frame Library
Shear
Wall
Fig. 5.3 Some Examples of Typical 2D Frames
3D Frame
Unlike 2D frame it consists of column lines in more than two planes.
These column lines are linked together with beams or diagonal braces. In
some cases by making proper use of some small 3D units of the building
structures, it is possible to generate 3D buildings of significantly complex
geometry. Thus 3D frames are highly suitable for modeling buildings con-
sisting of a number of identical 3D building blocks connected by rigid
floors at respective vertical levels and also for modeling of shear walls.
Types of Typical Frames 5-6

Frame Library
5
Fig. 5.4 Some Examples of Typical 3D Frames
Comparison of 2D and 3D Typical Frames

Although it is always possible to create the building of almost
any geometric configuration using 3D typical frames, it is not
always the recommended way fro various reasons. Both of 2D
and 3D typical frames offer certain specific advantages and
disadvantage depending primarily upon the geometry of the
building. The following are the important points, which need
to be considered while selecting the basic layout of a typical
frame. The following points will make it clear that, except for
few cases is it always advisable to use 2D frames wherever
possible.
What are the advantages of using 2D frame

over 3D frame?
• Easier to model and edit (3D editing difficult)
• Easier to assign properties, apply loads (No 3D selection,

deletion etc)
Comparison of 2D and 3D Typical Frames 5 -7

Frame Library
• Easier to Interpret results (2D frame wise and easy to link

to design program)
• 2D frames can be changed easily to 3D by adding and

changing column grid lines coordinates
• Much faster display of graphics in plan and in 3D
• Much faster to create, smaller file, faster to save and load
5 When to use 3D Frame?

• Very difficult to create 3D models from 2D frames
• Creation of model in extremely short time
• Availability of high performance computer
• Eliminate the duplication problems of the major and mi-

nor moment of inertia of columns
Need relatively more understanding and experience about 3D

modeling and result interpretation
Components of a Typical Frame

It is common for the buildings to have a number of frames
that are identical in geometry and vertical loading at different
locations in the structural plan. The data for such identical
frames can be prepared once and be represented by a typical
frame. Once data for the typical frame are completed, the
typical frame may then be placed at one or more locations in
the plan. The important frame layout properties are the co-
ordinate of the starting end of the frame (normally base of
Components of a Typical Frame 5-8

Frame Library
leftmost column) and the orientation angle both with respect
to the global reference system/point.
The figure 3.2 illustrates graphically the important parameters

of a typical frame. More detailed definitions of each of these
parameters have been presented in the previous chapter under
the section ”Terminology”.
l3
Floor Leve
Rigid Beam
Dummy Beam
5
h3
l2
Floor Leve
h2
l1
Floor Leve
Panel
ce
s Panel
Bra
ral
bay 1 xu h1
Fle bay 6
ve l
Y1 Ground Le
Dummy Column
bay 5
Pin
bay 2 -en bay 4
ded C7
B rac
es C6
C2
C5
C4
C3
Fig. 5.5 Definition of Typical Frame Parameters
Before Creating a Typical Frame

Before starting to input the typical frame data into the com-
puter, it is necessary to study the architectural or structural
drawings and identify how many typical frames are going to
be there and prepare the geometric and load properties for
each type of typical frame. Two factors to be taken into ac-
count to decide how many typical frames need to be created
are the geometric and the frame member load (beam load)
similarity. A typical frame must represent the frames of both
identical geometry as well as the loads. In situations where
Before Creating a Typical Frame 5 -9
Frame Library
the frames are of identical geometry but subjected to different

loading conditions, they cannot be represented by a single
typical frame. Geometric similarity should include the equal
bays, stories, member sizes and supports condition. The load
similarity must satisfy the identical load values in correspond-
ing frame members.
Therefore the data preparation for typical frame includes the

following:
5 • Identify the similar frame by studying architectural or

structural drawing
Forms of Typical Frames

As mentioned in the previous sections, BATS supports typical
frames of various layout and geometrid configurations. The
configurations may vary from simple rectangular grid type
layout to complicated 3D polygon, arc or irregular shapes.
The following figure shows some basic layouts, which can be
created very easily and quickly by specifying few parameters.
These basis layouts may be combined in a numerous way to
create typical frames of almost any geometry.
The basic typical frame layouts currently available in BATS

are:
• Linear 2D Frame • Shear wall core
• Orthogonal grid lay- • Polygon layout

out
• Circular arc layout
• Inclined grid layout
• General layout
• Cross grid layout
Forms of Typical Frames 5-10

Frame Library
Fig. 5.6 Basic Forms of Typical Frames Supported by BATS
It may be noted that except the first layout all others are lay-
outs for creating of 3D frames or shear wall.
Forms of Typical Frames 5 -11

Frame Library
Fig. 5.7 Quick Parametric Creation of Nonrectangular Types of Typical

Frames
Defining Typical Frame Geometry

The creation of the typical frames is the heart of the modeling
in BATS2001. This process takes major portion of the user
data input time. It is highly recommended to use the Typical
Frame Wizard to create default geometry of the typical
frame. Default geometry is a two or three dimensional grid in
which all the grids are filled with default columns and beams.
Once the default geometry has been created using the Typical
Frame Wizard, Typical Frame Editor can be used to edit or
refine the typical frame. It is not possible to include Bracing
and Panel elements in default typical frame. Bracing and
Panel elements has to be added or edited using Typical Frame
Wizard.
Defining Typical Frame Geometry 5-12
Frame Library
Click on ‘Frame Library’ on the project explorer bar to start
the Typical Fame Editor or press on any of the already de-
fined typical frames name from the list in the project explorer
bar. Typical Frame Wizard is the third step when using the
Typical Modeling Wizard for step-by-step modeling and
analysis of the building.
The key steps involved in the process of creation of a typical

frame can be summarized as below:
• Defining Column Lines (Bays)

5
• Adding (Drawing) Members (Beam, Column etc)
• Specifying Member Type (Properties)
• Special Supports (Hinge base etc)
Steps after defining the geometry are:
• Applying Gravity Loads (Beam Loads)
• Applying Settlements (if any)
The following paragraphs describe how to carry out the

above typical task in BATS2001.
Defining Column Lines (Bays):
There are two ways to create the column lines or column loca-
tion points.
¾ Using Typical Frame Wizard
¾ Using Typical Frame Editor
Defining Typical Frame Geometry 5 -13

Frame Library
Fig. 5.8 Defining Column Lines Using Typical Frame Wizard
In step 2 of total 3 steps in Typical Frame Wizard, user has to

specify the column line locations as grids as shown in Fig 5.6.
The left hand side figure shows grid data and right hand side
picture shows the 3D view of the frame generated based on
these grid data with default columns and beams.
Another way to create the column lines is to use the Typical

Frame Editor. This editor is equally useful for modifying the
existing column line locations. It provides a complete set of
tools required to define the column lines including tools for
addition, deletion, moving, aligning etc. The tools and their
purpose are described briefly here.
Brings BATS in selection

mode
Measures distance between

two mouse clicks.

Frame Library
Copies the selected object
Pastes the currently copied or

cut object
Deletes the selected object
Adds a single column line on

the plan 5
Adds a group of column lines
on the plan
Aligns the selected column

line vertically
Aligns the selected column

line horizontally
Distributes column lines verti-

cally with equal spacing
Distributes column lines hori-

zontally with equal spacing
Nudges the selected object in

the shown direction
Modifies coordinates of col-

umn line location in a tabular
form
Switches off/on the snap to
grid option

Frame Library
Shows/Hides grid lines on the

Frame Editor
Alters the horizontal and ver-

tical grids.
Shows/hides frame grid di-

mensions on the Frame Editor
Shows/hides grid lines on the

5 Frame Editor
Shows/hides column line cap-

tion
Refreshes view
Zooms view in or out
Adds current view to report
Prints current view

Frame Library
Fig. 5.9 Working With Column Lines Using Typical Frame

Wizard
Adding and Deleting Members in Typical Frame:
All types of members of a typical frame can be drawn graphi-

cally by using mouse. Several toolbar buttons are provided to
draw different types of members. The first step to draw a
member on a typical frame is to activate an appropriate button
for that type member. Next step is to use the mouse to draw
the member in its desired location.
For example, to draw a beam in a bay, first click on the Draw

Beam button , the click at the one end of the beam and
drag the mouse to the other end and finally realize the mouse.

Frame Library
The beam will be drawn in the bay between the two mouse
click points.
To delete one or more member, first select the member to be

deleted by ‘Windowing’ or Clicking with mouse. The cur-
rently selected members will be hi8ghlighted with different
color. Then press Delete Member button . All currently
selected members will be deleted.
5 Assigning Member Properties
To assign the member properties for beam, column, panel and

bracing elements, first select the desired members and press
the Assign Member Properties button . When Assign
Member Property form is displayed, select the type of mem-
ber for assigning the properties. The form shows all the sec-
tions already defined in the project with small scale figure.
Highlight the new section properties by clicking on the ap-
propriate figure or the box. The form also shows the list of
currently selected members for each type of structural ele-
ments. The member caption are codes named based on the
member type and location (bay and story). User can remove
the member from the selected member list if required. The
following figure shows the window view of the ‘Assign
Member Property’. The form also allows define new type of
section or deleted the existing section.

Frame Library
Fig. 5.10 Assigning Member Properties in Typical Frame

Member (As Activated From Typical Frame Editor)
Editing Typical Frames

Typical frame that has been already been created can be ed-
ited using Typical Frame Editor. Both the geometry and
member loads can be modified here. There are several ways
to open a typical frame using Typical Frame Editor:
By clicking on Member Library on the project explorer bar at

the left hand side of the main screen. This will open a Win-
dow with caption Typical Frame Library, which displays the
overall statistics of the typical frames defined in this file or
project. It provides the information on Typical Frame number,
name, maximum number of stories, whether this frame has
been used in making the building model or not, total number
of column lines, and total number of member in this frame.
Editing Typical Frames 5 -19
Frame Library
The Figure 5.9 shows an example of such Window with four

typical frames. The quick graphic preview of the currently se-
lected typical frame is shown in a picture box on the right
hand side of the form. To edit a frame, highlight the frame on
the list of frames and click ‘Edit’ button.
Fig. 5.11 Viewing Typical Frame Library Statistics
Second way to open a typical frame with Typical Frame Edi-

tor is to click on the name of frame listed on the project ex-
plorer.
Third method is to double click on the typical frame view in

the main window (if divided into three parts).
Once the Typical Frame Editor has been opened, it is still

possible to switch between the Typical Frames. Select the
Typical Frame that you want to work on from ‘Current
Frame’ list.
Editing Typical Frames 5-20

Frame Library
Tools in Typical Frame Editor:
Brings BATS in selection

mode
Measures distance between

two mouse clicks.
5
Copies the selected object
Pastes the currently copied or

cut object
Deletes the selected object
Switches off/on the snap to

grid option
Shows/Hides grid lines on the

Frame Editor
Alters the horizontal and ver-

tical grids.
Refreshes view
Zooms view in or out
Adds current view to report
Prints current view

Frame Library
Undeletes last deletion
Draws beam between two

mouse clicks
Draws column between two

mouse clicks
Draws panel between two
5 mouse clicks
Draws thin wall element be-

tween two mouse clicks
Opens the Assign Member

Properties dialogue
Assigns beam loads on se-

lected beams
Assign support settlement to

selected columns
View and edit member prop-

erties
Copies selected items to other

floors
Shows the name of the cur-

rent floor being viewed
Rotates the frame in the des-

ignated direction

Frame Library
Shows items to view
Shows/hides beam captions
Shows/hides beam
Shows/hides columns
Shows/hides braces
Shows/hides panels 5
Shows/hides thin walled ele-
ments
Fig. 5.12 Editing Typical Frame Using Typical Frame Edi-

tor
Frame Library
To edit a frame in the Typical Frame Editor, typically requires

the following steps:
¾ Set the appropriate view (column line view,

elevation, plan etc)
5 ¾ Select the working from the Current Frame
list
¾ Select the full or a part of the frame by speci-

fying the binding column lines range from the
Column Lines list
¾ Set the correct display mode from the follow-

ing list

Frame Library
¾ Select one of the three four main modes of
input, editing column lines, drawing/deleting
members, editing member properties and ap-
plying member loads/settlement
¾ Select the member to work on and carry out

some one of the operation
For detailed descriptions on each of the tasks

listed above, see the relevant topics in this chap- 5
ter.
Applying Gravity Loads on Typical

Frames
It is very important to note that in BATS2001 the building
loads have been classified under two main types: Floor Lat-
eral Loads and the Frame Gravity Loads. Building lateral
loads such as wind and earthquake are applied as a resultant
force to each floor whereas gravity loads such as live loads,
dead loads etc are applied to the beams as frame loads. Lateral
floor loads need to applied as a part of floor data from the
main project explorer but the gravity loads need to be applied
as beam loads using Typical Frame Editor. This section de-
scribes how to apply the gravity load on beam members in
Typical Frame Editor.
Carry out the following operation to apply gravity loads to

beam:
¾ Start the Typical Frame Editor
¾ Select the Typical Frame that you want to work on
Applying Gravity Loads on Typical Frames 5 -25

Frame Library
¾ Select a comfortable working mode and the view set-

tings in Typical Frame Editor
¾ Select the desired beams by covering with the selec-

tion box or clicking by mouse
¾ Press Beam Load button to open the Beam

Load Editor as shown in the following figure
¾ Press Add New button to define a loading to the

5 frame
¾ Select the load case from the list ‘Vertical 1 to 3’
¾ Highlight the correct loading and verify the member

list to apply the load
¾ Click on Apply button to apply the currently high-

lighted load to the selected beams
Fig. 5.13 Appling Beam Loads
Applying Gravity Loads on Typical Frames 5-26

Frame Library
The Figure 5.12 shows the window view of the Member Load
editor. Select the appropriate type of loading from the list and
input the required parameters to define the load value. Click
on Update button to accept or apply the values currently
shown on the screen. Note that the sign convention here fol-
lows the global reference system i. e. the vertically downward
acting loads need to be have negative value.
Fig. 5.14 Editing Beam Loads
Base Restraints and Support Settlement

Press Support Settlement button on the Typical Frame
Editor to open the form where support settlement values can
be input. It is a simple form in which the settlement values in
the current working unit can be specified for required col-
Base Restraints and Support Settlement 5 -27

Frame Library
umns. Different support settlement values can be applied to

three vertical load l cases, if required.
Fig. 5.15 Applying Support Settlement in Typical Frame

Editor
Unlike in most structural analysis programs, in BATS2001
the support other than the fixed need to be handled in a differ-
ent way. The support condition is specified as a part of Typi-
cal Member property. If it is required to apply a hinged sup-
port at one of the column base, the first step for that is to de-
fined a Typical Column with ‘Hinged Base’ end condition
which can be specified as shown in the following figure. Set
the property of the column with hinge base to be this column.
If there are other columns with same geometry but with fixed
or any other type of bases, separate Typical Column with
same geometry but different end conditions need to be de-
fined.
Base Restraints and Support Settlement 5-28

Frame Library
Fig. 5.16 Applying Special Support Conditions at Column

Joints (Column Base or Other Joints0
Typical Frame View Options

Several tasks can be carried out in Typical Frame Editor. Dif-
ferent task require focus on different aspect of the same Typi-
cal Frame. User can work more comfortably if different cus-
tomized views or working environment are available to suit
different task. To provide this flexibility, BATS2001 provides
a number of hide/show type of view settings as shown in the
following figure. If the user is working on beams, it might be
convenient to hide the rest types of members.
Typical Frame View Options 5 -29

Frame Library
Fig. 5.17 Setting Viewing Options in Typical Frame Edi-

5 tor
Similar it may be too confusing to show the member captions

especially for large frames. To open the above list, click on
the button in the Typical Frame Editor.
User can also select the predefined working mode by pressing
button. Depending upon what the

user is working on at this moment, it is possible to select ei-
ther plan, elevation or three dimensional views. If is conven-
ient to work on elevation mode while working with member
properties and member loads whereas plan view is useful edit-
ing column lines. A special Frame Key View window is
available to display on top a small view of the whole frame all
the time.
Managing Typical Frame Library

During the process of model creation, it is necessary to add
new frame, delete frames or modify the existing frames. All
these operation can be managed easily by using the ‘Typical
Frame Library’ window as shown here. This editor shows the
overall statistic of the Typical Frames defined in the current
Managing Typical Frame Library 5-30

Frame Library
project. It also provides button to add new frames, delete one
or more frames and edit the currently selected frame. The
command button in this editor are self explanatory. This win-
dow can be opened by clicking on ‘Frame Library’ on the
main project explorer.
Fig. 5.18 Managing Typical Frame Library Statistics
Managing Typical Frame Library 5 -31

Chapter 6
Member Library
Chapter
6
Member Library 6
A typical frame is composed of column lines and structural
elements. The elements available in BATS2001 are basically
of two types. The ‘bar’ elements (also called 1D beam ele-
ments) and the ‘surface’ elements (also called 2D plane ele-
ments). Beam, column, braces elements are bar elements.
Shear walls and panels are surface elements. This chapter dis-
cusses the properties, capabilities, limitation and appropriate
use of these elements. A library of typical members can be de-
fined which can be referred to or assigned to any member of
the typical frame in the model. Following are the types of
elements supported by BATS2001. Each type of following
structural elements shall be discussed in details in the follow-
ing section.
• Column Elements
• Beam Elements
• Brace Elements
• Shear Wall Elements
• Panel Elements
6-1
Member Library
Figure 6.1: Structural Elements in BATS
Beam Element
Beam Element Characteristics
Beam elements are the horizontal flexural members spanning
between any two vertical column lines (bay). The following
are the important properties of the beam element.
Beam Element 6-2

Member Library
TORSION
(k)
MOMENT MOMENT
(j)
CI
6
(i) CJ
Figure 6.2: Degrees of Freedom for a Beam Element
• A beam may exist at any floor level in a bay.
• Beam is connected at either end to a rigid joint.
• Beams must be prismatic (variable cross section not supported).
• Beam elements may have rigid end offsets for stiffness correc-
tions.
• Beam element formulation includes the effects of shear and bend-

ing deformations. Any participation of the floor slab in the bend-
ing stiffness of beams must be reflected in the effective properties
of the beams.
• Uniformly distributed loads and other various pattern of loads

(triangular, trapezoidal etc) can be applied over the full or part of
the beam span. In addition to the above loads additional fixed-end
Beam Element 6 -3
Member Library
moments and shears can be applied at one or both the ends. De-
tailed coverage of member loads are given later in this chapter
“Member Loads”.
Beam Element Properties

Similar to the column element as described in the previous
section, a beam element possesses the following material and
6 geometric properties.
Modulus of Elasticity(E)
This is the value of Modulus of Elasticity of the material used
for beam. The typical value for modulus of elasticity for ordi-
nary reinforced concrete may be taken as 2.1E9 kg/cm2 while
that for structural steel may be taken as 2.1E10 kg/cm2. For
beams having same cross section but different material should
be treated as different beams and should be defined separately
with different values of Modulus of Elasticity.
Moment of Inertia (I)

This is the value of the Major Axis Moment of Inertia (flex-
ural moment of Inertia). Program has the ability to calculate
the value of I by itself if the available types of beams are used
by defining the required dimension parameters.
Shear Area (SA)

This is value of the effective Shear Area of the beam cross
section. A non-zero value for the shear area indicates that the
shear deformation of the beam will be included in the analy-
Beam Element 6-4

Member Library
sis. This parameter is especially important for deep beams
modeling.
Torsional Inertia (J)

This is the value of the Torsional Inertia of the beam cross
section. A non-zero value can be used to add the torsional ef-
fect in the analysis of the beam.
Stiffness Factor (KII)

This is the value of the stiffness factor related to the first node 6
of the beam.
Stiffness Factor (KJJ)

This is the value of the stiffness factor related to the second
node of the beam.
Stiffness Factor (KIJ)

This is the value of the stiffness factor, which relates the first
and second node of the beam to each other.
Rigid Zone at End I (WI)

This is the length of the beam at first end which is embedded
into the heavy column or the rigid wall. Within this length the
beam is allowed to have no deformation or it will behave as
rigid zone. Further details on this are given at the end of this
chapter ‘More on Rigid Ends’.
Rigid Zone at End J (WJ)

Similar to the WI as described above, this is the length of the
beam at second end, which is embedded into the heavy col-
Beam Element 6 -5
Member Library
umn or the rigid wall. Within this length the beam is allowed
to have no deformation or it will behave as rigid zone. Further
details on this are given at the end of this chapter ‘More on
Rigid Ends’.
Distance from Neutral Axis (c)

It is the value of the longer distance from neutral axis to an
extreme fiber for stress report. If no stress is required then this
6 value can be entered as zero. The stresses are calculated by
using the combined stress equation for elastic sections.
Fixed End Conditions

It is sometimes necessary that the one or both the ends of the
beam be free from moment interaction (transfer) between the
beam and the connected joints. The beam may be fixed or
hinged to each end. So four types of end conditions are possi-
ble for a beam. These are:
• Fixed at both Ends
• Hinged at both Ends
• Fixed at I End and Hinged at J End
• Hinged at I end and Fixed at J End
Beam Element 6-6

Member Library
Figure 6.3:Beam End Conditions

Beam Element Loads
Beam Element Loads are applied as vertical member load.
There are 3 load cases (I, II and III) available for BATS with
almost all practically possible beam load types as shown be-
low.
• Uniformly distributed loads
• Trapezoidal loads
• Triangular loads
• Partial uniformly distributed load
• Concentrated point load
• Concentrated moment
• End moments
Beam Element 6 -7
Member Library
Figure 6.4:Beam Load Types and Relevant Parameters
One extremely important point to understand regarding the

application of loads less the full span that their magnitude
thought same the fixed end actions (which are computed by
the program internally) will solely depend upon the span of
the member. So one of the method to avoid such errors in
loading is to finalize the geometry of the frame first and then
only apply the loads. Should any modification in the geometry
be made after application of such partially applied loads, the
loading should be reviewed or verified to make sure that that
are applied as intended.
Beam Element 6-8

Member Library
6
Figure 6.5:: List of Loadings Applied to Selected Beams
Beam Member Library

Beam members of any cross-section varying from a rectangu-
lar beam to a circular, hollow or a zee section can be speci-
fied. New beam sections can be added by clicking the Add
New button on the Typical Member Library dialogue box.
Once a new beam section is added it can be edited on the
Typical Beam Library dialogue. New beam sections can also
be added by clicking the Add New button on the Typical
Beam Library dialogue. On this dialogue the dimensions and
shape of the cross-section can be specified. Pressing the
Compute Properties button will update all the section proper-
ties of the beam based on the dimensions provided. If the dia-
logue is closed without pressing the Compute Properties but-
ton the program will assign the default/previous values to the
section irrespective of the changes made in the dimensions.
Beam Member Library 6 -9

Member Library
Figure 6.6:: Typical Beam Library
Figure 6.7:Typical Member Library
Beam Member Library 6-10

Member Library
Special Beam Elements: Dummy
and Rigid Beams
Dummy beams are the beams of zero section properties. In
other words they are the beams with zero depth and width.
Similar rigid beams are the beams of very high stiffness.
These two special types of beams are used to model special
situations. Typical application of these elements is to solve
the continuity and compatibility problems. Some such practi-
cal situations are discussed here.
6
The following figure shows that the cantilever part of the
structure becomes unstable because of the inability of the
panel element to transmit the bending action. This problem
can be solved by embedding rigid beam around the panel as
shown in the subsequent figure. The purpose of the rigid
beam in this case is to provide the continuity or compatibility
to the cantilever portion.
Unstable
No Rotational
Degree of Free-
Figure 6.8:Unstability (incompatibility ) Problem While Connecting
Special Beam Elements: Dummy and Rigid Beams 6 -11

Member Library
Panel With Beam
Rigid Beam
Figure 6.9:Adding Rigid Beams to Solve the Instability (incompatibility )

Problem While Connecting Panel With Beam As Shown in Previous Fig-
ure
Dummy beams are used when defining opening in the model.

Opening can be modeled in two ways, one by not providing
any element in that opening and the other by providing zero
property elements. The advantage of providing dummy ele-
ments is that if the opening needs to be closed the properties
can be changed at any time without drawing the member
again.
Special Beam Elements: Dummy and Rigid Beams 6-12
Member Library
RB Beam
DB DB
DB RB
DB
RB RB
C1 C2 C1
RB
C2
RB RB
C3
6
DB
DB RB RB RB
DB DB RB RB
RB DB RB RB
DB DB RB RB
C1
C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C4
RB = Rigid Beam
DB = Dummy Beam
Figure 6.10: Rigid and Dummy beams.
The above figure shows that dummy beams are used between
panel elements of similar properties where as rigid beams are
used to close the discontinues end of the panel elements. In
other words panel elements need to be modeled using rigid
beams at the ends and dummy beams in between the panels.
Special Beam Elements: Dummy and Rigid Beams 6 -13

Member Library
Beam End Restraints

Special end restraint conditions for beams may be required at
times for modeling a particular structure. The beam may be
fixed or hinged to each end. So four types of end conditions
are possible for a beam. These are:
• Fixed at both Ends
• Hinged at both Ends

6
• Fixed at I End and Hinged at J End
• Hinged at I end and Fixed at J End
Figure 6.11: Beam End Conditions
Beam End Restraints 6-14

Member Library
Beam Rigid End Zones
All structural members in reality have finite dimensions. In
many structures the dimensions of the members are large and
have significant effect on the stiffness of the structure. An
analysis based upon a centerline-to-centerline definition, in
general, overestimates the deflections. Engineers also prefer
to have member forces output at the support faces. The rigid
offsets are the distances from the joints to the face of the sup-
ports. The beam and column stiffness formulation assumes no
member deformations within the rigid offset lengths and all
member forces may be output either at the outer ends of the
6
rigid offsets or at the centerline of the member. The flexible
length of the member is therefore given by
L* = L – (Ri + Rj)
Where,
L* = the flexible element length and L = Actual ele-

ment length
RI , Rj the rigid offset lengths of the element at joints

i and j, respectively.
Beam Rigid End Zones 6 -15

Member Library
Ri Rj
L*
L
6
Figure 6.12: Rigid End Zones (Offsets)
It has also been found that an analysis based upon rigid offset
lengths can underestimate the deflection of the structure. A
rigid zone reduction factor is used to reduce the lengths of the
rigid offsets, thereby compensating for some of the deforma-
tions that do exist in the zone bounded by the finite dimen-
sions of the joint. The flexible element length is then given by
L* = L – z(RI + Rj)
A recommended value for z is 0.5. Irrespective of the values

of z, member forces can always be output either at the center-
line or at the outer faces of the member.
The beam element has two rigid end offsets corresponding to

the two ends of the beam. These offsets are set by the dimen-
sions of the columns that exist at the ends of the beam. A rigid
zone offset can only be present if the beam runs parallel to ei-
ther the major or minor directions. The dimensions of the col-
umns above and below the ends of the beam should be exam-
Beam Rigid End Zones 6-16

Member Library
ined and the maximum is established. The rigid end offset is
then set to one-half of this maximum value.
Use of Beam Elements

As the name suggests, beam elements are used to model the
beam of a building. All types of beams can be modeled using
these elements. However inclined beams should be modeled
using bracing elements. Simply supported beams can be mod-
eled using one or two pin-ended beam. The end conditions of
a beam can be defined using the member definition or modifi- 6
cation form (editor).
Column Element
Column elements are used to model the vertical member of
the building. The column elements are flexural members
which also include the axial shortening. The element specific
characteristics, available section types and properties of this
element are described in the following sections.
Column Element Characteristic

• A column may exist at any story of a column line.
• The bottom end of the column at the first story is
always fixed. The base can be modeled as pin by
using special typical column member with one end
hinge.
• Columns must be prismatic (variable section not
supported currently).
• Column elements may have rigid end offsets for
stiffness corrections.
Use of Beam Elements 6 -17
Member Library
• Column element formulation includes the effects of

axial, shear and bending deformations
AXIAL
TOP MAJOR
SHEAR
MAJOR
MOMENT
6
BOTTOM
Figure 6.13:Typical Column Element DOF and Related Parameters
Column Element Properties

The following are the important material, cross sectional and
stiffness properties of column elements.
Modulus of Elasticity (E)

This is the value of Modulus of Elasticity of the material used
for column. The typical value for modulus of elasticity for or-
dinary reinforced concrete may be taken as 2.1E9 kg/cm2
while that for structural steel may be taken as 2.1E10 kg/cm2.
For columns having same cross section but different material
should be treated as different columns and should be defined
separately with different values of Modulus of Elasticity.
Column Element 6-18

Member Library
Axial Area (A)
This is the value of Cross Sectional Area of the column.
BATS supports a large set of practical sections for column.
This property influences directly the axial stiffness of the col-
umn.
Major Shear Area (SA1)

This is value of the effective Shear Area of the column cross
section along the major axis. This should be used to add the
shear deformation effect in the analysis of the column for the 6
major axis. It should also be entered if shear stresses are re-
quired in the report.
Minor Shear Area (SA2)

Identical to SA1 this is the value of the effective Shear Area
of the column cross section along the minor axis. This should
be used to add the shear deformation effect in the analysis of
the column for the minor axis. A nonzero value of SA2 should
be specified if shear stresses are required.
Torsional Inertia (J)

This is the value of the Torsional Inertia of the column cross
section. This should be used to include the torsional effect in
the analysis. This value is especially important for unsymmet-
rical buildings.
Major Moment of Inertia (IM)

This is the value of the Major Axis Moment of inertia (flex-
ural moment of Inertia). Program provides tools to calculate
the value of IM by itself if the available types of columns are
used and required dimension parameters are specified.
Column Element 6 -19
Member Library
Minor Moment of Inertia (Im)

This is the value of the Minor Axis Moment of Inertia (flex-
ural moment of Inertia). Program has the ability to calculate
the value of I by itself if the available types of columns are
used by defining the required dimension parameters.
Rigid Zone at Top (DT)

This is the portion of the column at top where no or negligible
6 deformation occurs. If column is connected to the heavy rigid
diaphragm then this value should be added. This can be useful
while specifying the column capitals. Further details on this
are given at the end of this chapter ‘More on Rigid Ends’.
Rigid Zone at Bottom (DB)

Similar to the DT, this is the portion of the column at bottom
where no deformation is possible. Further details on this are
given at the end of this chapter ‘More on Rigid Ends’.
Column Hinge Code (HCODE)

These codes are used to specify end fixity conditions for the
column. The column may be fixed or hinged at its ends.
Based on various combinations of hinged and fixed ends, the
following possibilities may be considered.
• Fixed at both ends

• Hinged at both ends
• Fixed at bottom end and hinged at top end
• Hinged at bottom end and fixed at top end
Column Element 6-20

Member Library
Figure 6.14: Column End Conditions 6

Reference Column Line
Sometimes the exact orientation of a column in plan can be
specified by referencing to other column location called the
Reference Column Line. This is especially useful while plac-
ing a column whose principle axes are not aligned with the
Typical Frame Reference Axes. Reference column line can be
assign/modified from View and edit Member Properties.

Member Library
Reference
Column line
C2
y
C1
X
6 Reference
Column line
y
C1 C2
X
Figure 6.15 Columns in difference reference column line
Column Member Library

Column members of any cross-section varying from a rectan-
gular column to a circular, hollow or a zee section can be
specified. New column sections can be added by clicking the
Add New button on the Typical Member Library dialogue
box. Once a new column section is added it can be edited on
the Typical Column Library dialogue. New column sections
can also be added by clicking the Add New button on the
Typical Column Library dialogue. On this dialogue the di-
mensions and shape of the cross-section can be specified.
Pressing the Compute Properties button will update all the
section properties of the column based on the dimensions
Column Element 6-22

Member Library
provided. If the dialogue is closed without pressing the Com-
pute Properties button the program will assign the de-
fault/previous values to the section irrespective of the changes
made in the dimensions.
Figure 6.16: Typical Column Library
Column End Restraints

Column end restraints are used to specify end fixity condi-
tions for the column. The column may be fixed or hinged at
its ends. Based on various combinations of hinged and fixed
ends, the following possibilities may be considered.
• Fixed at both ends

• Hinged at both ends
• Fixed at bottom end and hinged at top end
• Hinged at bottom end and fixed at top end

Member Library
End restrain condition can be specified on the Typical Col-

umn Library dialogue by selecting from the various options
provided.
Figure 6.17 Column End Conditions
Column Rigid End Zones

The column element has two rigid zone offsets, the top and
bottom ends of the column, respectively, for both major and
minor axes. These offsets are set by the depth of the beams
that frame into the columns. Since the dimensions of the
beams that frame into the columns in the major direction and
in the minor direction are often not the same, a judgment on
the part of the engineer is needed to determine the value of the
rigid zone offset to be used. Beams that are skewed with re-
spect to the column major or minor axis do not make any con-
tributions to the column rigid end offsets. For further details
refer to section Beam Rigid End Zones.
Column Element 6-24

Member Library
Use of Column Elements
As the name suggests, column elements are used to model the
vertical columns of a building. All types of columns can be
modeled using these elements. Inclined members should be
modeled using bracing elements. Columns with pinned base
can be modeled using one or two pin-ended column. The end
conditions of a column can be defined using the member defi-
nition or modification form (editor). As the column formula-
tion includes the shear effects, these elements can be used to
model the shear walls with reasonable accuracy. 6
Panel Element
A panel is a vertical bending element. Panel elements in com-
binations with beam elements can be used to model shear
walls and deep beams. It is very important to understand the
formulation of the panel elements for the appropriate use of
the panel elements.
Panel Element 6 -25

Member Library
AXIAL FORCE
SHEAR
MOMENT
6
CI CJ
Figure 6.18: Degrees of Freedom for a Panel Element
Fig 3.1 Panel Element Properties Editor
Panel Element 6-26

Member Library
Panel Element Characteristics
• Panel element can exist between any two-column
lines (consecutive or non-consecutive) and between
any two consecutive floor levels.
Single Column Line C Two Column Lines
O
6
Dummy
Shear Column
Shear Wall
Figure 6.19: Difference in the Behavior of Shear Column and Shear Wall Panel
• Panel in the lowermost story are assumed to be

fixed at the bottom edge
• Panel elements must be prismatic.
• Panel stiffness is based upon a length equal to the
story height, with no rigid zone offsets.
• Formulation includes the effects of axial, shear and
bending deformations. If zero moment of inertia is
used, only the effect of shear deformation is in-
cluded (shear panel).
Panel Element 6 -27
Member Library
• Column lines that define the panel and any column

lines with in the panel area should have dummy col-
umns, i.e. column having null or zero property set
identifications.
• The panel is a vertical bending element. The bend-
ing in the panel is associated with horizontal shears.
Therefore, using the panel to model situations,
which require bending deformations associated with
vertical shears will lead to questionable results. The
6 beam element should be used in such cases. The
columns and panels can be combined in model
shear walls and deep beams.
• Panel element is formulated as a one dimensional
element so is not recommended for modeling of 3D
or complicated shear wall because of no out of plan
DOFs.
• The panel rotational dof (degree of freedom) (repre-
senting bending of shear wall) is converted to a
couple of vertical forces acting at the column lines
that bound the panel. Thus, the four corners of the
panel do not have any rotational dof. To obtain rota-
tional continuity between the panel and any other
elements (columns, beams, or braces) that connect
to the panel, an artificially rigid beam (e.g. major
moment of inertia = 105 of others) needs to be pro-
vided between the column lines bounding the panel
at the level of connection. These rigid beams are
also needed if the panel connects to another panel
(below or above) that is not bounded by the same
pair of column lines.
Panel Element 6-28

Member Library
Panel Member Library
Modulus of Elasticity, Shear Modulus and thickness can be
specified for the Panel member on the Typical Panel Library
dialog. New members can be added by clicking the Add New
button on this dialogue box. To edit an existing panel member
click the Edit button on the Typical Member Library, Panel
tab. This will open the Typical Panel Library dialogue box.
Figure 6.20: Typical Panel Library
Use of Panel Elements

As described in previous subsections, panel is a vertical bend-
ing element. Panel elements in combinations with beam ele-
ments can be used to model shear walls and deep beams. The
following figures will illustrate some practical cases of appli-
cations where panel elements can be used.
Panel Element 6 -29

Member Library
6 Figure 6.21: Some Examples of Use of Panel Elements in Frames
Using the panel to model situations, which require bending

deformations associated with vertical shears will lead to ques-
tionable results. The beam element should be used in such
cases. The columns and panels can be combined to model
shear walls and deep beams. Panels of zero moment of inertia
is used to include the the effect of shear deformation (shear
panel).
Special Considerations in Using

Panel Elements
It is very important that the panel element be embedded with
dummy or rigid beams. These special types of beams are re-
quired to provide the continuity and compatibility. The dis-
continuous end of panel element must be closed by rigid
beam. A dummy beam must exist between two connected
panel element s of same size. The following figures illustrates
some of such situations.
Panel Element 6-30

Member Library
Unstable
No Rotational
6
Degree of Free-
Figure 6.22 Unstability (incompatibility ) Problem While Connecting Panel

With Beam
Rigid Beam
Figure 6.23:Adding Rigid Beams to Solve the Instability (incompatibility )

Problem While Connecting Panel With Beam As Shown in Previous Figure
Panel Element 6 -31

Member Library
RB Beam
DB DB
DB RB
DB
RB RB
6 C1 C2 C1 C2 C3
RB RB RB
DB
DB RB RB RB
DB DB RB RB
RB DB RB RB
DB DB RB RB
C1
C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C4
RB = Rigid Beam
DB = Dummy Beam
Figure 6.24 Rigid and Dummy beams.
For more explanations on these topics, see ‘Special Beam Ele-

ments: Dummy and Rigid Beams’ in this chapter.
Panel Element 6-32

Member Library
Shear Wall Element
Thin-walled elements are available to enable the modeling of
shear walls. It is a relatively new element. The formulation
includes the effects of axial, shear and bending deformations
while the effects of shear lag and warping restraint are also
enforced, thus more accurate results are obtained.
Shear Wall Element Character-

istics 6
CL - J
(k)
CL - I (j)
(i)
MINOR MAJOR
AXIAL MOMENT SHEAR
Mid-height
MAJOR
f St MOMENT
MINOR
SHEAR
Figure 6.25 Degrees of Freedom for a Thin Wall Element (Shear

Wall)
Shear Wall Element 6 -33

Member Library
• Thin-walled element can exist between any two-column

lines (consecutive or non-consecutive) and between any
two consecutive floor levels.
• Thin-walled in the lowermost story are assumed to be

fixed at the bottom edge.
• Thin-walled elements must be prismatic.
•
6
Thin-walled stiffness is based upon a length equal to the
story height, with no rigid zone offsets.
Figure 6.26 Example of Using Thin Wall Element as Shear Wall (Multiple
Sided)
• Thin-walled element is formulated as a two dimensional

element. Formulation includes the effects of axial, shear
and bending deformations incorporated with shear lag and
warping restrained effects. Thus, thin-walled element is
recommended for modeling of complicated shear wall.
Shear Wall Element 6-34

Member Library
• As well as panel element, the four corners of thin –walled
element do not have in-plane rotational DOFs. To obtain
rotational continuity between thin-walled and any other
elements, rigid beams are required.
AXIAL
SX
6
SY MX
MY
X
Y
Frame reference axis
Figure 6.27 Resultant Actions of Multiple Thin Wall Elements
The following figure shows the properties associated with

shear wall element. It can be seen very clearly that very few
Member Library
parameters need to be specified to computer the stiffness of

the shear wall. Assuming standard values for reinforced con-
crete wall, only parameters that needs to be specified is only
the thickness of wall.
Figure 6.28 Editing Thin Wall Element Properties

Member Library
Shear Wall Typical Frames
To define Shear Wall Typical Frame, select the Shear Wall
Core option in the first step of Typical Frame Wizard as
shown in the figure here.
Figure 6.29 Defining Shear Wall Typical Frame
The remaining steps to define a shear wall typical frame and

any other types of typical frames are the same. Shear wall
element can’t be added to other types of frames. In other
words, selecting the Shear Wall Core option here and specify-
ing the required parameter is the only way in BATS to define
a frame of shear wall or with shear walls.

Member Library
Shear Wall Result Output Op-

tions
Unlike panel elements which may form a part of a typical
frame , shear walls are modeled as a separate typical frames.
A shear wall typical frame may contain one or multiple faced
walls. For shear walls with more than one face, it is possible
to generate the results in two forms: moment, shear etc for
each face/side or the resultant actions for the entire shear wall
6 as a whole. This option can be set on ‘Control Data’ form or
‘Analysis Options’. The resultant values will be reported at
the center of gravity of the shear wall.
Difference Between Panel and

Shear Wall Element
To understand the difference between these two elements it is
necessary first to understand the mathematical formulation of
these two elements. The following paragraph describes briefly
the main concepts and limitation of formulation.
Thin-walled (shear wall) element is formulated as a two di-

mensional element. Formulation includes the effects of axial,
shear and bending deformations incorporated with shear lag
and warping restrained effects. Thus, thin-walled element is
recommended for modeling of complicated shear wall. The
panel is a vertical bending element. The bending in the panel
is associated with horizontal shears. Therefore, using the
panel to model situations, which require bending deforma-
tions associated with vertical shears will lead to questionable
results. For both of these elements: the panel rotational dofs
(representing bending of shear wall) is converted to a couple
of vertical forces acting at the column lines that bound the
panel. Thus, the four corners of the panel do not have any ro-
Member Library
tational dofs. To obtain rotational continuity between the
panel and any other elements (columns, beams, or braces) that
connect to the panel, an artificially rigid beam (e.g. major
moment of inertia = 105 of others) needs to be provided be-
tween the column lines bounding the panel at the level of
connection. These rigid beams are also needed if the panel
connects to another panel (below or above) that is not
bounded by the same pair of column lines.
From modeling point of view panel element can be a part of a

typical frame (which contain beam, column etc.) whereas
shear wall element can't be a part of other frame. In other
6
words, shear wal should be modeled as a separate typical
frame. The panel may or may not be continuous from the
building base (lowest floor) whereas the shear wall should be
fixed as the base & must be continuous vertically. Some prac-
tical situations for the use of panels are the transfer girder,
concrete walls and that for shear wall are the shear wall & lift
duct. If a shear wall is added to a frame, BATS ignores the
walls & no result is conducted.
Panel or Shear Wall?

In general Panels can be used to model panels which are not
continuous from the base and also form the part of a frame
whereas shear wall elements can be used to model the shear
walls of one or more faces. It is not possible to use shear wall
elements are part of a Typical Frame. In other words, Shear
Wall is a Typical Frame in itself. So it is recommended to use
Shear Wall Elements to use specially provided shear walls,
lift ducts etc. Panels elements are suitable to model discon-
tinuous RC panel or deep beams.

Member Library
Managing Typical Member Library

Definition, edition, deletion etc of all types of structural
members are managed by a single form called ‘Typical Mem-
ber Editor’. As shown below, the editor has five tabs one tab
for each five type of elements. The three command buttons
are available to add, edit and delete the members.
To add, edit or delete a type of member, click on the tab with
6
that heading. The first default element in each type of member
library is the dummy element of that kind. Dummy elements
are the elements of zero properties. To edit the properties of a
member (e.g. B1), first high light the member by clicking on
it’s the section figure and either click on ‘Edit’ button or dou-
ble click on the currently highlighted figure. This action will
open a Section Property Editor.
Figure 6.30 Managing Members in Member Library
Managing Typical Member Library 6-40

Chapter 7
Overall Building Model
Chapter
7
Overall Building Model 7
Introduction
This chapter covers various topics related to assembling the
overall building model from typical frames. The basic con-
cepts, tools to accomplish related tasks, viewing the model
and exporting to AutoCAD will be discussed here. Details
discussion on Typical Members can be found on Chapter 5
‘Structural Elements (Member Library)’. Similar discussion
on Typical Frames are given in Chapter 4 “Typical Frames
(Frame Library)’ of this manual.
Fig 7.1 3D View of a Typical Building Model in BATS2001

7-1
Typical Members to Building 3D Model

The building model considered by BATS is idealized as an
assemblage of vertical frames and shear walls interconnected,
at different levels, by horizontal floor diaphragms (slabs),
which are assumed rigid in their own plane. The basic frame
geometry is defined with reference to a three-dimensional rec-
tangular grid system. With special modeling techniques, it is
possible to model and analyze a very complex framing sys-
tems including X-braced, K-braced and eccentrically braced
7 systems in a short time. Complex systems consisting of dis-
continuous shear walls and shear walls with arbitrarily located
openings are easily modeled using the shear panels and ficti-
tious rigid beams.
The model of a stepped 7 story building shown in Fig 2.1 is

created using 3 typical frames and one typical shear wall. Al-
though shear walls are not framed structures they are still
treated as typical frames from modeling point of view.
Once the required typical members and typical frames have

been created, typical operations for creating 3D building
model are as follows:
• Selecting a correct typical frame to add in the plan
• Inserting or placing a frame in building plan
• Aligning the frame at it’s final position
• Editing floor layouts and specifying its properties
• Applying building level loads (lateral loads)
Typical Members to Building 3D Model 7-2

Fig 7.2 From Typical Members to 3D Building Model

7 -3
Tools for Creating 3D Model

A complete set of menu options and toolbar buttons are available to assist the creating
of three-dimensional model of a building. Most of the options are available both on
menu and the toolbar. The following paragraphs describe the function and the use of
these tools.
7 Fig 7.3 Toolbar for Creating 3D Model
Most frequently used toolbar button for creating 3D model are shown in the following table.
Accept change and Refresh View
Edit Frame Layout
Insert Frame in Plan
Rotate Left
Rotate Right
Select Current Floor
Open 3D Viewer
Other toolbars which are used less than that are shown in the above table are described
in the following table.
Story Heights
Floor Mass
Automated modeling of building
Edit Slab Outline Points
Tools for Creating 3D Model 7-4

Edit Planning Gird
Lateral Floor Loads
Lateral Floor Springs
Earthquake Loads
Align Center
Align Top
Align Bottom 7
Stack Shape Horizontally
Copy Slab Outline to Other Floor
Compute Mass From Outline
Draw Floor Outline
Add Dimension Lines
Align Left
Align Right
Align Middle
Stack Shape Vertically
Assign Thickness to the Outline
Reset View
Decrease Zoom
Plan Grid Size
Tools for Creating 3D Model 7 -5

Show Planning Grid
Show Floor Outline
Editing 3D Building Model

Editing 3D building model means primarily the change in location of the frames cre-
ated from typical frames. The exact location of a frame can be specified by specifying
the following two parameters
7 • Point of insertion or the position of the frame reference point with respect to
global reference point in plan
• Angle of orientation of the frame in plan with respect to the global positive X-
axis (anticlockwise positive)
The figure … shows an example of the laying out the frame in building plan. In this
example there are two typical frame.
Fig 7.4 Location of Two Typical Frames in Fig 7.5 3D View of the Two Typi-
Plan cal Frames
Editing 3D Building Model 7-6

Chapter 8
Loads, Cases and Combinations
Er
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Introduction
Buildings are generally analyzed for static and in some cases
dynamic loads. Typically building loads can also be classified
as lateral loads (wind, earthquake etc) and vertical loads
(gravity loads). For the purpose of analysis and design, loads
on building need to be divided into several loadings, load
cases and combinations. This chapter describes various as-
pects of loads in relation to BATS2001 including forms and
classification of loads, how to apply them, sign conventions
and their physical or structural interpretation.
Introduction Error! No text of specified style in document. -5

EXCITATION RESPONSES
(Loads, Settlements (Displacements,

,Vibration, Thermal
Strains, Stresses)
change)
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Error! Figure 8.1: Loads, Structure and Response ( A Typical Struc-

tural System)
No text
Quick Overview of How BATS Han-
dles Loads
For the convenience in analysis and design, the building loads
in BATS2001 has been classified as follows:
Quick Overview of How BATS Handles Loads Error! No text of specified style in
document.-6
Loads in BATS
First Classification Second Classification
Static Loads Dynamic Load Gravity Loads Lateral Loads
Vertical Case -1 Equivalent Static Vertical Case -1

Lateral Case -A
Er
Response Vertical Case -2
Vertical Case -2 Spectrum Lateral Case -B
Vertical Case -3 Time History Vertical Case -3
Example: Vertical Case -1= DL, Vertical Case -2= LL, Vertical Case -3= Settlement, Lateral -A= Wind, Lateral B= EQ
Figure 8.2: Loads Classification in BATS2001
The static loads can be categorized into two main forms as

lateral floor load and vertical member load based on load di-
rection. It is important to note the subtle distinction between a
load condition and a load combination in BATS. The load
conditions are independent loading for which the structure is
internally analyzed. These loading are three vertical static
conditions (Vertical I through III), two lateral static load con-
ditions (Lateral A and B) and two dynamic load conditions as
shown in figure 8.2. Whereas the Load combinations are
combined factored loads that are assembled as linear combi-
nations of the individual load conditions. These are loading
that are output by program.
document. -7
The Number of independent load conditions is fixed at seven

(five for static and two for dynamic). There is no limit to the
number of load combinations that may be formulated as linear
combination of these load conditions. However, a maximum
number of eight (8) load combinations may be run at one
time.
Vertical load data input for load condition I through III are
prepared as part of the typical frame data. Self weight of the
Error! frame may be included.
No text Lateral static load data (for load conditions A and B) include
the magnitude and the point of application of the load for each
story level. Each force acts on the overall floor level. At the
end of the analysis, all forces will be automatically distributed
to individual frames in accordance with the relative stiffness
and location of the frames.
Lateral static Load may be due to wind or earthquake. The

earthquake equivalent static load data can be generated auto-
matically by BATS. based on the Uniform Building Code re-
quirements. If the automatic generation of earthquake equiva-
lent static load option is chosen, its lateral forces will be
placed i. e. the lateral load condition A. In this case, only load
condition B will be available for wind load.
The Dynamic analysis of building may be considered in the

form of either an acceleration response spectrum or an accel-
eration time history input. Time History data and correspond-
ing response spectrum curves of well-known historical earth-
quakes are available for selection in BATS.
document.-8
Basic Concepts and Terminology
Loads are the external excitations applied to the structure.
Loads can be described more appropriately by the term ‘load-
ing’. Structures self weight, floor live loads, snow loads, wind
load in X direction, wind load in Y direction, earth quake
load, machine loads, temperature, shrinkage, settlement etc
are examples of loads or loading. These various sources of
loads are grouped so called ‘load cases’ in such a way that
each group contains loads or loadings of similar nature. For
example the self load of the structure and load from perma-
nent machine installations are of similar nature and grouped
Er
together under the ‘dead load’. Grouping of loadings in this
way may result into standard load cases like live loads, dead
loads, wind loads, snow loads, temperature loads etc.
Basic Concepts and Terminology Error! No text of specified style in document. -9

Fig 8.3 Table Showing Basic Load Cases in BATS2001
The reason for dividing all loads in certain specific load cases
is that in many situations we may need to investigate the be-
havior or performance of the structure for individual load
cases. In some other situations, we may need to study the be-
havior under the influence of more than one load cases which
may the more realistic situation during the service life of the
structure. Moreover different combinations are required to be
Error! checked for structural safety and serviceability. For examples
the permissible deflection limits are checked against the ac-
No text tual deflection of the structure under simple combination of
relevant load cases and not against any factored combination.
However the structures are generally designed for probabilis-
tically combined load cases which are highly code dependent.
Basic Concepts and Terminology Error! No text of specified style in document.-10

Fig 8.4 Table Showing Load Combination Details
Applying Loads
This section describes how to apply gravity loads on frame
beam member, how to apply wind and earth quake loads as
lateral loads to floor and handling dynamic loads in
BATS2001.
Member or Gravity Loads Er

All vertical (gravity) loads like live loads; dead loads are ap-
plied to the beams of the typical frames. So two frames oth-
erwise identical need to be modeled by two typical frames if
subjected to two different loading conditions. The following
figure illustrate various types of member loads that can be ap-
plied to beams. Almost all practical loading configurations are
supported which includes uniformly distributed loads, trian-
gular, trapezoid, point and .end moments. It is possible to ap-
ply multiple loadings to a member.
The sign convention for beam loads follows the global refer-
ence system. According to this system, all vertical gravity
loads should have negative sign as the global Z axis is posi-
tive upward.
Applying Loads Error! No text of specified style in document. -11

Error!
No text
Fig 8.5 Examples of Various Types of Member Loads
Applying Loads Error! No text of specified style in document.-12

Er
Fig 8.6 Member Load Editor
To apply beam loads, follow the following steps:
¾ Double click on ‘Typical Frame Name’ from the pro-

ject explorer list (e. g. Frame) to start Typical Frame
Editor
¾ Display the elevation view of the frame by clicking

on button on the Typical Frame Editor
¾ Set the correct graphic view by specifying active col-

umn lines and the display options
¾ Select the beams by covering with selection window

or by mouse clicks
¾ Click on button to open the Beam Load Editor as

shown in Figure 8.6
¾ Click on Add New button on Assign Beam Load win-

dow to add a new load
Applying Loads Error! No text of specified style in document. -13

¾ Press Edit button to input or change the default values

for the new load. This will open a window Member
Load which provides various types of beam loading
and buttons to add, update and delete the load values.
¾ Select the type by clicking on the appropriate button

on the Member Load window and specify the load
values in the graphic window. Also select the load
case and load directions from the lists available in the
Error! same form.
No text ¾ Finally press Update and OK button to apply the load
¾ Verify the values graphically on the Typical Frame

Editor Screen as shown in Figure 8.6
Lateral Loads
Lateral floor loads are static load that are applied to the floors.
A lateral load case may have a load applied to only one or
both of the global X and Y directions. For example, wind load
acting along a direction other than global X or Y needs to be
resolved into two components and apply as Fx and Fy. De-
pending upon the nature and direction of the load, and geome-
try of the building the point of application of the resultant can
fall within or outside the floor boundary. Eccentrically ap-
plied lateral loads cause the torsional deformation of the
building. The location of the point of application of the resul-
tant force can be specified as a global coordinate value. Up to
2 load cases can be assigned the lateral loads. (Load Case A
and Load Case B).
Lateral Loads Error! No text of specified style in document.-14

Fx
Fy
Y0
x Application
y Point
X0
Er
Fig 8.7 Applying Lateral Floor Load
Fig 8.8 Lateral Loads Editor in BATS2001
Lateral Loads Error! No text of specified style in document. -15

During analysis, these applied lateral loads are automatically

distributed to individual frames in accordance with relative
stiffness and location of the frames. The figure 8.7 shows an
example of applying a lateral load to a floor.
The meaning of the notations in Lateral Load Editor Form:
FL-1, FL-2..= Floor Levels/Story Numbers
Lateral Case –A/B = First/Second Load Case

Error! Fx = Value of lateral load along global X direction
No text Fy = Value of lateral load along global Y direction
Xo = Global X coordinate (in plane view or XY

plane) of the point of application of the resultant of
the lateral load for each floor
Yo = Global Y coordinate (in plane view or XY

plane) of the point of application of the resultant of
the lateral load for each floor
Follow the following steps to apply lateral loads to the build-

ing:
¾ Perform the manual or other calculations and prepare

the data for each floor and each lateral load case
¾ Click on Building > Floor Data > Lateral Floor

Load on project explorer (left side) bar in main
screen or click on button. This action will open
up a window as shown in Fig 8.8. This form has four
areas, first the table to input lateral load values for up
to two cases, second the reference figure for notations
at the right hand side of the window, their the floor to
floor copy tools and buttons to open automatic wind
calculator. If you have only one lateral case, you may
input values for Lateral Load Case–A and leave the
cells empty for case–B.
¾ Use copy tools to copy the load values from one floor
to others
¾ Use Wind Load Calculator to compute lateral wind

pressure loads automatically (see details below) Er
Wind Load Calculator
Wind load is applied a one of the two lateral load cases in
BATS2001. There are two ways to apply the wind loads in
BATS2001.
¾ Tabular input of final wind load values as a resultant

for each floor
¾ Using automatic wind load calculator of BATS which

computes the floor loads based on user specified wind
pressure and the corresponding effective area
For the first case, the user has to compute the wind load val-
ues to be applied to each floor by hand first and then input the
Fx, Fy, Xo and Yo values in the table provided in Lateral
Floor Load editor.

Error!
No text
Fig 8.9 Editing Wind Pressure for Automatic Calculation of Wind

Load in BATS2001
To compute the lateral wind load automatically, follow the

following steps:
¾ Click on Building > Floor Data > Lateral Floor

Load on project explorer (left side) bar in main
screen or press button on main toolbar. This ac-
tion will open up a window as shown in Fig 8.8.
¾ Click on Edit Wind Pressures button to edit the

wind pressure at different vertical levels (see figure
8.9)
¾ Input wind pressure values for X and Y directions dif-

ferent heights of the building and press OK button to
close the editor

¾ Click on Compute From Wind Pressure button to
automatically fill the table with wind load values
How BAT2001 Computes the Wind

Load
Wind pressure on building increases with height (vertically
upward). In addition to the wind pressure, the wind load on a
floor depends upon the effective area in which the wind pres-
sure acts. The effective area for a floor is computed based on
the two half story height, half just above and half just below
the floor under consideration, and the width of the building in
Er
that direction. In computing the effective area, any opening in
this area is ignored by BATS. The width of the effective area
is taken as the distance between the two extreme columns for
that face of the building.
Figure 8.10 illustrates the method used in computation of

wind load in BATS2001. The wind pressures are specified for
different height ranges (P1, P2 etc). The shaded area shows
the effective area for a floor in which the wind pressure acts.
The portion just above the floor and jus below the floor may
not be equal depending upon the story heights. Similarly the
wind pressure for the upper and lower parts of the effective
area may not be uniform. The same logic can be extended to
the two widths. BATS takes into account all these factors to
compute the wind load for a given floor. If the values auto-
matically computed by the BATS are found to be too high or
too low, they can be edited on the tabular form. Although ini-
tially computed automatically, BATS uses the final values
shown in the table for analysis. Therefore the Wind Pressure
Calculator is a tool to assist the engineer to compute the wind
pressure that may not be the final values.

Note: The wind pressure data must start from the base of the
building until up to the required level.
Error!
No text
Fig 8.10 Concept for Automatic Calculation of Wind Load in

BATS2001 (also valid for manual calculation)

Overview of Dynamic Loads
Dynamic loads should be specified if any one of following
analysis is to be carried out.
• Static Load, Free Vibration and Response Spec-

trum
• Static Load, Free Vibration and Time History
• Static Load & EQ Equivalent Load Er

Transition mass is a one of the basic required parameter for
all types of dynamic analysis. The rotation mass moment of
inertia (MMI) of each floor about a vertical axis through the
center of mass is required if rotation is included in the allow-
able story degree of freedom (i.e. the twist). The degree of
freedoms can be specified (only two translations or all three)
as a part of the control parameters (Fig 8.11) or in the analysis
option setting dialogue.

Error!
No text
Fig 8.11 Specifying the Degree of Freedom for the Analysis
Mass Moment of Inertia

The center of mass and mass moment of inertia required for
dynamic analysis, which includes the floor rotation DOF can
be computed manually or automatically. For manual calcula-
tions, the formulae for standard shapes for calculating of MMI
are given in the table 8.1. It should be noted that the MMI has
units of force divided by gravitational acceleration (W/g). The
automatic calculation of Center of Mass (CM) and Mass Mo-
ment of Inertia (MMI) has been explained in the following
sub-section.

Table 8.1: Mass Moment of Inertia (MMI) of Various Shapes
Mass Moment of Inertia about a verti-

Shape in Plan cal axis (normal to paper) through the Formula
center of mass
General diaphragm
y Uniformly distributed mass per unit

area
c.m.
Total mass of diaphragm = M or (W/g) MMIcm
= M(Ix + Iy)/A
Er
X
Area of diaphragm = A
Moment of inertia about XX = Ix
Moment of inertia about XX = Iy

y
Rectangular diaphragm
c.m. Uniformly distributed mass per unit MMIcm
d
X
area = M(b2+ d2)/12
b
Total mass of diaphragm = M or (W/g)
y
Triangular diaphragm
Uniformly distributed mass per unit Use general dia-

c.m. area phragm formula
X
Total mass of diaphragm = M or (W/g)

(Continued) Table 8.1: Mass Moment of Inertia (MMI) of Various Shapes

y
Circular diaphragm
Uniformly distributed
c.m. mass per unit area MMIcm = Md2/8
d
X
Total mass of diaphragm
= M or (W/g)
Error! y
No text Line diaphragm
mass per unit area MMIcm = Md2/12
d
c.m. X
= M or (W/g)
y Axis transformation for

c.m. the mass
D
MMIcm = MMI0+MD2
mass per unit area
X
= M or (W/g)

Automatic Calculation of MC and
MMI
This is the new feature in BATS2001. The Center of Mass
(MC) and Mass Moment of Inertia (MMI) can be calculated
based on user specified slab outline, thickness and density.
Click on Building > Floor Data > Floor Mass on the project
explorer to open the ‘Floor Mass Calculation and Assign-
ment’ window as shown in Fig 8.12.
Er
Fig 8.12 Computing Mass Related Parameters of Dynamic

Analysis

As can be seen in this figure, the window has been divided

into three main functional areas:
¾ Slab Data
¾ Computed or Input Properties
¾ Floor to Floor Copy Options
The slab data includes the material density, default thickness

Error! and gravitational constant for computing the floor mass. The
slab outline is drawn on the plan on main workspace using the
No text following buttons:
To draw floor outline using mouse clicks at column

lines
To edit/move slab outline points, click on the point
to be moved and drag with mouse
To assign thickness to the outline
To compute mass based on slab outline
To show mass CG
Once all the required data has been supplied, click on Com-
pute Mass button to update or fill the Floor Mass Data table
with the computed values. The location of the MC is dis-
played on the plan view as red filled circle in the main screen
as shown in the Figure 8.13.

Er
Fig 8.13 Computing and Displaying Mass Center (MC)
Free Vibration Case

Free vibration or Mode Shapes or Natural Frequency Analysis
is prerequisite for any type of dynamic analysis. The parame-
ters required to perform the free vibration analysis have been
described in the previous section ”Computing CM and MMI”.
Free Vibration analysis is a special load case whose output are
the mode shapes and corresponding frequencies (not any mo-
ment, shear force etc). It is possible to combine this case with
other dynamic analysis cases such as response spectrum or
time history analysis during analysis as explained in the fol-
lowing sections.

Response Spectrum
For response spectrum analysis, the date required in addi-
tional to that for free vibration analysis as explained in previ-
ous section, are the data for response spectrum itself. It is the
plot between spectrum acceleration and period as show in
Figure 8.14. Acceleration spectrum data can be input manu-
ally or selected from a number of real earthquake records that
are stored in BATS 2001 database. The database includes the
Error! TAFT and El Centro earthquake records.
No text
Fig 8.14 Earthquake Acceleration Time History Records Avail-

able in BATS2001
2.5
Er
Acceleration
1.5
0.5
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Period
Fig 8.15 An Example of the Plot of Response Spectrum (El

Centro May 18, 1940, North)
Other parameters to be specified as a part of data for response

spectrum analysis are as follows:
¾ Number of Period Records

¾ Damping Ratio
¾ Number of Mode Shapes
¾ Acceleration
¾ Earthquake Direction
¾ Any Additional Information to Print with RS Results
Error!
No text
Fig 8.16 Additional Parameters Related to Response Spectrum

Analysis
Time History Analysis

In addition to the basic mass properties required for free vi-
bration analysis as explained in previous sections, the data re-
quired for time history analysis are the ground motion re-
cords. These data can be obtained from BATS2001 database
for some famous past earthquakes or user can input manually.
Other parameters required for this analysis are number of time
steps to be used in the analysis, time increments, direction of
earthquake, mode numbers and damping ratio. The figure

8.17 shows an example of a plot of acceleration time history
taken from El Centro May 18, 1940 (North) earthquake.
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
Ground acceleration
0.00
-0.10 Er
-0.20
-0.30
-0.40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Time
Fig 8.17 Example of Earthquake Ground Acceleration (Time History of

El Centro May 18, 1940 North)

Fig 8.18 Other Parameters Related to Acceleration Time History

Analysis
Dynamic Analysis for EQ

Equivalent Load
The earth quake dynamic loads can be converted into equiva-
lent static loads using some code specified equations. The
Error! most popular form of such equation is as follows:
No text • V = CW
• V = base shear
• C = base shear coefficient
• W = total weight of structure
Each of above equation parameter can be specified by the

user. Based on these user specified parameters BATS will dis-
tribute the equivalent static lateral loads into different floors
according to UBS code.
Note:
This option may not be available for latest editions of UBC.
More About Loads

Loads are the external excitations applied to the structure.
Loads can be described more appropriately by the term ‘load-
ing’. Structures self weight, floor live loads, snow loads, wind
load in X direction, wind load in Y direction, earth quake
load, machine loads, temperature, shrinkage, settlement etc
are examples of loads or loading. These various sources of
More About Loads Error! No text of specified style in document.-32
loads are grouped so called ‘load cases’ in such a way that
each group contains loads or loadings of similar nature. For
example the self load of the structure and load from perma-
nent machine installations are of similar nature and grouped
together under the ‘dead load’. Grouping of loadings in this
way may result into standard load cases like live loads, dead
loads, wind loads, snow loads, temperature loads etc.
Er
Fig 5.2 Table Showing Basic Load Cases
The reason for dividing all loads in certain specific load cases
is that in many situations we may need to investigate the be-
havior or performance of the structure for individual load
cases. In some other situations, we may need to study the be-
havior under the influence of more than one load cases, which
may the more realistic situation during the service life of the
structure. Moreover different combinations are required to be
checked for structural safety and serviceability. For examples
More About Loads Error! No text of specified style in document. -33
the permissible deflection limits are checked against the ac-

tual deflection of the structure under simple combination of
relevant load cases and not against any factored combination.
However the structures are generally designed for probabilis-
tically combined load cases which are highly code dependent.
Error!
No text
Fig 5.3 Table Showing Load Combination Details
Error! No text of specified style in document.-34

Chapter 9
Analysis and Result Interpretation

Chapter
9
Analysis and Result Interpretation 9
Introduction
The rigid floor diaphragm method is used by the BATS pro-
gram with a consistent direct stiffness formulation. A brief
understanding of the direct stiffness structural analysis
method from the part of the readers is assumed. Introduction
to direct stiffness method is provided in the appendix of this
technical reference.
An exact three-dimensional structural analysis is required for

only a limited number of buildings. For the majority of build-
ings two approximations can be made which greatly simplify
the preparation of input data and significantly reduce the
computational effort. A typical building and its various com-
ponents are shown in figure below.
9-1
Fig. 6.1 A Typical Building and Its Components
Introduction 9-2
Rigid Diaphragm Assumption

The assumption that the floors are rigid in their own plan is a
realistic approximation (bending deformations in the horizon-
tal beam and floor slabs are included). The horizontal lateral
loads are assumed to act at floor levels. Therefore, the lateral
loads are transferred to the column and shear wall elements
through these rigid floor diaphragms. This results in three
displacement degrees of freedom at each floor level: transla-
tions in the X and Y directions and a rotation about the verti-
cal axis. See figure 6.1 9
Rigid Diaphragm Assumption 9 -3

No Self Deformation
Fig. 6.2 Three Degrees of Freedom Each Floor
Rigid Diaphragm Assumption 9-4

9
The Complete Structure
The complete buildings considered here are composed of

structural components which can be separated into a series of
rectangular frames of arbitrary plan. Isolated shear walls are
considered to be frames consisting of a continuous column
line (having the associated wall properties) and a dummy col-
umn line to define the principle axis of the wall. Each frame
is treated as an independent substructure. The complete struc-
ture stiffness matrix is then formed under the assumption that
all frames are connected at each floor level by a diaphragm
which is rigid in its own plane.
Each joint has six degrees of freedom (displacement in, and

rotation about each coordinate axis). Within each frame three
of these degrees of freedom (the two translations and the rota-
tion in the floor plane) can be transformed to the frame de-
grees of freedom at that floor level. The remaining three joint

degrees of freedom at that floor level. The remaining three

joint degrees of freedom are eliminated by static condensation
before each frame stiffness is added to the total structural
stiffness matrix. The final structural stiffness matrix corre-
sponds to three degrees of freedom per floor level.
Summary of Rigid Floor Dia-

phragm Assumption
The overall assumptions inherent in this approach are as fol-

lows:
1. Floor slabs are rigid in plan.
2. Contribution of the bending rigidity of floor slabs in the transverse di-

rection to lateral story floors of the building is negligible.
Rigid Diaphragm Assumption 9-6

3. Torsional stiffness of column in all vertical units (frames, shear walls)
are negligible compared to the global torsional stiffness attributed to
the horizontal shears of all vertical units.
4. Contribution of each vertical unit is through the lateral stiffness in its

plan. Stiffness contribution of vertical element across its plan is negli-
gible.
5. Incompatibility of common columns of intersecting plan frames is as-

sumed to contribute to negligible effect.
The Frame Substructure
Typical substructures are shown in figure 6.1. Column center-

lines and floor levels are the basic reference lines used in the
frame descriptions.
The stiffness matrix of the structure is assembled from stiff-

ness matrices of individual elements in the structure, i.e. col-
umns, beams, shear panels or braces. Structural member

group upon which stiffness matrices are formed are shown in

figure 6.1.
The Solution Procedure

The following are the important steps involved in the solution
process.
Step 1: Form stiffness matrix for each individual frame and shear walls:
⎧U L1 ⎫
UL4 ⎪U ⎪
⎪ L2 ⎪
UL = ⎨ ⎬
⎪U L 3 ⎪
UL3 ⎪⎩U L 4 ⎪⎭
UL2 RL = {Loads corresponding to U L }
Uθ = {All vertical and rotational d .o. f '

UL1
Rθ = {Loads corresponding to Uθ }
Fig. 6.3 Degree of Freedoms for a Typical Building
The stiffness of the sub-frames is given by the following

equation in the matrix form.
The Solution Procedure 9-8
⎡[Kθθ ][Kθ L ]⎤ ⎧{Uθ }⎫ ⎧{Rθ }⎫

⎢[K ][K ] ⎥ ⎨{U }⎬ = ⎨{R }⎬
⎣ Lθ LL ⎦ ⎩ L ⎭ ⎩ L ⎭
Note that KLL is the lateral stiffness with {UO} locked.
Step 2: Static condensation of {Uo} by partial Gauss elimina-

9
⎡[K θθ ] [KθL ] ⎤ ⎧{U θ }⎫ ⎧{Rθ } ⎫
⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬=⎨ ⎬
⎢[ 0 ]
⎣ [K LL ] − [K Lθ ][Kθθ−1 ]
[KθL ]⎥⎦ ⎩ L ⎭ ⎩ L Lθ θθ [ ]
⎪{U }⎪ ⎪{R } − [K ] K −1 [R ]⎪
θ ⎭
tion process
or [K ] [U ]
∗
θθ L = [R ]
∗
L
(nxn ) (nx1) (nx1) n = number of floors.
∗
where K LL[ ] [ ]
= [K LL ] − [K Lθ ] K θθ−1 [K θL ]
= lateral stiffness of frame with Uθ unrestrained .
{ } [ ]
and RL∗ = {RL } − [K Lθ ] K θθ−1 {Rθ }
The Solution Procedure 9 -9

K44
K34
K24
K14
Fig. 6.4 Definition of Stiffness Coefficients (K) for a Typical Frame Degree of Freedom
Step 3: Contribution of substructures to building d.o.f’s

(Un)
ryn
rθn
rxn
9
Fi
di
αi
Fig. 6.5 Definition of Building DOFs and Typical Frame’s Contribution to Them
Or
⎧rxn ⎫
⎪ ⎪
{U n }F = < cos ∝i sin ∝i d > ⎨ryn ⎬
⎪ ⎪
i
⎩rθn ⎭
[U n ]F i = < a > Fi {rn }
For all floors
⎧{U 1 } ⎫ ⎡ Or
a ⎤ ⎧{r1 } ⎫
⎪{U }⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪{r }⎪ The Solution Procedure 9 -11
⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎢ a ⎥ ⎪ 2 ⎪
⎨ ⎬ =⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩{U n }⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ a ⎥⎦ F ⎪⎩{rn }⎪⎭
Fi
i
(nx1) (nx3n ) (3nx1)

{U } = [a ]{r}
Since
[K ] {U } = {R }
∗
LL L
∗
L
[a ][K ] [a] {r} = [a ] {R }

T ∗
LL
T ∗
L
[K rr ] F i {r} = {Rr }F i
or
If there are m substructures, the total contribution to building

DOFs will be
⎡ m
[K rr ]F i ⎤⎥ {r} = ⎧⎨i ∑1 {Rr }F i + {R }⎫⎬
m
⎢i ∑1
⎣ = ⎦ ⎩ = ⎭
Where
[REr] is the external applied load vector
or
[K rr ] {r} = {Rr }
(3nx3n ) (3nx1) (3nx1)

Step 4: Solutions of [Krr] {r} = {Rr} from which {r} is ob-
tained.
Step 5: Back transformation for {UL} Fi
{U L }F i = [a ]F i {r}
Lateral forces carried by the frame Fi can also be obtained:

9
{R }
∗
L Fi [ ]
∗
= K LL Fi
{U L }F i
Lateral forces tell how different frames/walls share the lateral

loads.

F1 , 1
rθ
rY
X
rx
F3 , 3
F3 , 2
F2 , 1
Fig. 6.6: Contribution of Frames to Building

UL4 *
RL4
UL3
*
RL3
UL2
*
RL2
UL1
* 9
RL1
F
i
Fig. 6.7: Lateral Forces Carried by the Frames
{R }
∗
Ln F 3 { }
∗
+ RLn F1
= RX
{R }
∗
Ln F 2 = Ry
{R }
∗
Ln F 3
∗ ∗
{ }
d 3 + RLn F2
∗
{ }
∗
d 2 − RLn F1
∗
d1 = Rθ
Distribution of lateral forces:
Step 6: Back substitution for {U0}Fi
{U θ }F i [ ]
= K θθ−1 Fi
{Rθ }F i − [K θL ]F i The
{U LSolution
}F i Procedure 9 -15
Step 7: Stresses can be evaluated once {Uo}F1 and {UL} Fi

are known.
The general procedure for three-dimensional analysis of

building system is the following

BUILDING ANALYSIS
ALL VERTICAL UNITS
FORM STIFFNESS AND GENERALIZED FORCE 9
Ele
ΚΘΘ ΚΘL UΘ = RΘ
Li
KLΘ KLL UL RL where
UL = { lateral displacement at floor level }

CONDENSE SLAVE DOF’S (Partial Gauss Elimina-
tion)
* -1
* -1
KLL = KLL - KLΘ KΘΘ KΘL
SET
RL UP
= TRANSFORMATION
RL - KLΘ KΘΘ RΘ MATRIX
i i i
UiL = a . r ( i=1, no. of floors) where
a = [cos θ sin θ d]
ACCUMULATE CONTRIBUTION OF THIS VERTICAL UNIT TO
BUILDING
T *
T *
K K
Fig. 6.8 Flow Chart for the Analysis of Building Using Rigid Diaphragm Concept – Par
A

MEMBER STRESSES
ALL VERTICAL UNITS

DE-
9
DETERMINE LATERAL DISPLACE-

MENTS
DETERMINE OTHER SLAVE

D.O.F’S -1
ALL ELE-
MENTS
MEMBER GROUP
I.D.
DETERMINE INTER-
NAL STRESSES ELE-
MENT
e e e m
Fig. 6.9 Flow Chart for the Analysis of Building Using Rigid Diaphragm Concept – Par
B

Dynamic Analysis
9
Introduction
Dynamic analysis is usually an essential requirement mainly

in three situations -Firstly when the structure is complex
enough to make static analysis insufficient to predict the re-
quired structural behavior, secondly - when the structure is
functionally (public) important and thirdly the available de-
sign codes and specifications does not explicitly include the
problem to be analyzed. For most types of dynamic analyses,
free vibration analysis if the pre-requisite. The main objective
of a free vibration analysis is to evaluate the naturally oscillat-
ing behavior of a structure in the absence of both external
load and damping. Dynamic analyses of practical interest
normally include the evaluation of the structural performance
under time variant excitation over a period of time (time his-
tory analysis). The net structural response due to such exter-
nally applied excitations at any point in the time domain is the
cumulative (integrated) effect of the structure’s own inherent
Dynamic Analysis 9 -21
response (natural frequency) and effect of the external excita-

tion.
From the mathematical or finite element formulation and their

solution point of view dynamic analyses are considerably
complex than their static counterparts because of the introduc-
tion of new parameters like time, inertial and damping, which
play crucial role in various aspects.
Governing Equations of Dynamic

Analysis
In dynamic problems the displacements, velocities, stresses,

strains and loads are function of space as well as time domain.
The dynamic response of a structure or system is derived by
requiring the work of external forces to be absorbed by the
work of internal, inertial and viscous forces for any small ki-
nematically admissible motion, i.e. any small motion that sat-
isfies both compatibility and essential boundary conditions.
Dynamic Analysis 9-22
This is essentially the variational principle and is known as
Hamilton’s principle. The functional for this equation is La-
grange equation. The` process involved in deriving finite ele-
ment equation of a dynamic problem can be summarized in
the following steps.
Step 1:
Idealization of the body into total number ‘E’ of finite ele-

ments
Step 2: 9
Assumption of a displacement model ‘e’ as
{
u(x,y,z,t
) }
{
u (x,y,z,t) = v(x,y,z,t = [ N(x,y,z)] ue (t)
) }
{
w(x,y,z,
t) }
Where
U = Vector of displacements
[N] = Matrix of shape functions

ue(t) = Vector of nodal displacements which is a function of time
∴ {u} = [N] {ue} (

t
Since [N] is function of space only in equation (1), the veloc-

ity and acceleration can be obtained as given below.
• • (
{u} = [ N ] {u e }t
•• •• (
{u} = [ N ] {u e }t
Step 3:
Derivation of element characteristic matrices namely mass,

damping and stiffness matrices and load vector.
d ⎧⎪ ∂L ⎫⎪ ⎧ ∂L ⎫ ⎧⎪ ∂R ⎫⎪
⎨ ⎬ − ⎨ ⎬ + ⎨ ⎬ = {0}
(
dt ⎪ ∂ u• ⎪ ⎩ ∂u ⎭ ⎪ ∂ u• ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
Where,
L= Lagrange functional = T −Π p
T = Kinetic energy of the system
Π p = Potential Energy
R = Dissipation function

The kinetic energy and potential energy and dissipation func-
tion of an element ‘e’ can be expressed as
•T •
Te =
1
2 ∫ ρ u u dv
v
∫ε σ dv − ∫ u Φds − ∫ u Φdv
1 T T T
Πp
(e)
= 2
v S V
R (e)
=
1
2
•T •
∫ µ u u dv 9
v
Where,
ε = strain
ρ = Mass density
σ = stress
µ = damping coefficient v = volume of the ele-
ment
By substituting equations (1), (2) and (3) into equations (5),

(6) and (7) respectively, the expression for T, Π p , and R can
be written as :
1 •⎡ E ⎤•
u ⎢∑ ∫ ρN Ndv ⎥ u
T
T =
2 ⎣ e =1 V ⎦

1 T⎡ E ⎤ T ⎡
E ⎤
⎢∑ ∫ ⎥ u u ⎢∑ ∫ N Φ (t )ds + ∫ N φ (t )dv ⎥
T T
−
T
u B DBdv (
Πp = 2 ⎣ e =1 V ⎦ ⎣ e =1 S V ⎦
− u PC (t )
T
1 •T ⎡ E ⎤• ( 1
u ⎢∑ ∫ µN Ndv ⎥ u
T
R =
2 ⎣ e =1 V ⎦
Where,
σ = [D][B] u e
ε = [B] u e
PC = Vector of concentrated nodal force
Φ (t ) = Surface traction
φ (t ) = Body force
Now, substituting values of T, Π p and R in equation (4)
yields
[M ] ⎧⎨u ⎫⎬ + [c] ⎧⎨u ⎫⎬ + [K ] {u}t = {P}t

•• •
( 1
⎩ ⎭t ⎩ ⎭t
Where,
∫ρN
T
[M] = N dv = Mass matrix
V

∫ B D B dv
T
[K] = = Stiffness matrix
V
T
[C] = ∫µ N
V
N dv = Damping matrix
∫ N Φ(t ) ds + ∫ N φ (t ) dv + P (t )
T T = Total external Load vec-
{P}t = C
S V
tor
9
Equation (11) is the governing equation of motion of a dy-
namic problems. Also it is a system of coupled, second order
ordinary differential equation in space and time domain. The
method of dynamic analysis focuses on solution techniques of
this equation of motion.

Free Vibration Analysis
A structure is said to be undergoing free vibration when it is

disturbed from its initial static equilibrium position and then
allowed to vibrate without any external dynamic excitation.
Thus, by setting damping and external force vector to zero,

the governing equation of motion (equation 11) reduces to
equation of motion under free vibration as:
[M ] ⎧⎨u ⎫⎬ + [K ] {u} = {0}

••
1
⎩ ⎭
The time history nodal displacement can be obtained by solv-

ing equation (12) with appropriate techniques.
The free vibration analysis is one of the most basic require-

ments of all structures as it is very important in finding dy-
namic response of the structure. When an elastic structure,
initially at rest (t=0), is disturbed by imposing properly se-
lected initial displacements and then released, it can be made
to oscillate in harmonic motion. This oscillatory motion is the
characteristic property of the structure, which depends on the
distribution of mass and stiffness. In the absence of damping,
the oscillatory motion will continue indefinitely with ampli-
tude of oscillation depending on initially imposed displace-
ment. The oscillatory motion occurs at certain frequencies
known as fundamental natural frequencies and it follows well-
defined deformation patterns called mode shapes. The main
objective of free vibration analysis is to investigate the natural
frequencies and mode shapes of the structure.
Since the motion is harmonic, it can be well represented by

the displacement equation
{u} = {u} Sinωt
Substituting equation (13) into equation (12), the following 9

characteristic equation is obtained.
([K ] − λ [M ]) {u} = {0}

Where, λ = ω2
ω = Natural circular frequencies of the system
This is the basic mathematical statement of free vibration

problems. The primary objective of the analysis is to solve
equation (14) to generate values of ω . Equation (14) is called
an Eigen Problem.
To determine the eigen values (λ ) from equation (14), “ λ ”

must satisfy the following condition.
det [K ] − λ [M ] = 0

There are “n” eigen values and “n” corresponding eigen vec-
tors associated with “n” possible mode shapes of vibration of
the system.
Brief concepts of solution of eigen

value problems are introduced in Appen-
dix of this Technical Reference.Natural
Frequency Analysis
Time History Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Equivalent Static Analysis
Brief concepts of solution of eigen value problems are introduced in Appendix of this
Technical Reference.Natural Frequency Analysis 9-30
Equivalent Static Analysis 9 -31

Equivalent Static Analysis 9-32

Chapter 10
Report
Chapter
10
Report 10
Introduction
After a successful analysis or design, we normally like to pre-
pare a report. Reports are required for several purposes in-
cluding the analysis and design calculation report to be sub-
mitted to the concerned authorities for design or contraction
approval. BATS2001 provides several tools to setup, format,
preview and print the professional look report. BATS2001 re-
port can contain both text and graphics. This chapter explains
in details about how to setup a report, working with it’s con-
tent, formatting its’ various items and finally getting the
printed copy.
Report Basics
Before going into the details about various aspects of a report,
the user must be aware of the basic concepts on how
BATS2001 handles a report. The following are the basic con-
cepts about report:
• How to print a item which is currently being dis-

played on the screen one at a time
10 - 1
Report
• How to generate a single full fledge report which con-

tains all the items that the user is interested in
• How to format the header, footer, titles, body, graph-

ics etc of the report
• How to use ‘Report Wizard’ to create a report with in

a automated ways with minimum efforts
10
Toolbars related to the report are summarized here:
Press this button to add the currently displayed graphic item to the
main report, which can be formatted and printed later. This button is
available in almost all graphic displaying or viewing windows. The
order of the items in the report follows the sequence of the adding of
the items in the report.
Pressing this button, send the current view to the printer. The default
setting and default printer will be used for printing.
Use this button to start the Automated Report Creation Wizard. The
wizard guides the user step-by-step through the entire process of
the report generation, preview and finally the printing.
Displays the preview of the current main reports. The preview win-
dow contains a complete set of standard tools to select the pages,
zoom in and out, and print the report.
Activates the Report Manager where user can change the content,
apply format and change the layout (order) of the main report.
This button is available to add the currently dis-
played text item to the report. The item will be
appended at the end of the current report. The
order of the items can be changed using the re-
port manager.
Print Current Report
Report Basics 10-2

Report
Figure : Report Manager Toolbar
10
Figure : Print Preview Window Toolbar
Customizing the Report (Report Manager)

Various items of the report can be formatted using Report
Manager. Click on or menu Results > Report Manager
to activate the report manager. Report manager allows the use
to carry out the following tasks:
• Change the content of the report
• Format the report
• Modify the layout of the report
Customizing the Report (Report Manager) 10 -3

Report
10
Figure : Managing the content of the report using Report Manager
Changing the Content of the Report:
The report has been organized into the following main head-
ings:
• Cover Page
• Content Page
• General Items
• Input Data
• Results (Output Data0
Customizing the Report (Report Manager) 10-4

Report
Except the first two items in the above list, each heading may
contain more than one item. To provide the complete control
over the content of the report, several options are available.
Use the following tools to control the content of the report:
Deletes the currently selected item from the report.
Undelete all deleted items. This button works like a Undo option for
delete operation.
Hides the currently selected item from the list. Hidden items are not
included in the printout.
10
Unhides all the hidden item in the report. This works like a Undo for
the hiding operation.
Formatting the Report:
The content of the report has been divided into various style
groups or components as follows:
• Titles • Heading 4
• Subtitle • Body Text
• Heading 1 • Header
• Heading 2 • Footer
• Heading 3 • Table
• Caption
Customizing the Report (Report Manager) 10 -5

Report
Different style can be applied to each group. The style in-

cludes the font type and size, font effects (bold, italics etc)
and the alignment. Figure ..shows the window where all these
options can be set. To apply a style to an item, select the item
from the list (e.g. header) and select the options to apply to
that item. Preview of the currently selected style is shown in a
Sample Text box at the bottom part of the window.
10
Figure : Formatting the report using Report Manager
Customizing the Report (Report Manager) 10-6

Report
Setting the Page Layout:
Click on Page Layout tab on the Report Manager to set op-
tions related to printing such as printer, page size, margins,
header etc. The Figure .. shows an example of a window to set
these options.
10
Figure : Setting the Repot Layout using Report Manager
10 -7
Report
Previewing and Printing the Report

The preview window can be activated from several places.
Click menu Results > Preview Current Report or Click on
button on the main toolbar or click on button

on the Report Manager window.
10
Figure.. Previewing the Report
Various navigation and print command buttons are available

on the preview window. The preview window responds to
mouse events. Click on the preview page to zoom in and out,
use the mouse to drag the page up and down etc. The current
preview can be sent to the printer directly from here by click-
ing on the Print button or a relevant button on the main tool
bar.
Previewing and Printing the Report 10-8

Report
Automatic Generation of Report Report
Wizard)
In BATS2001 the high quality report can be generated with
least efforts using the Report Wizard. It guides the user step-
by-step through the entire process of report generation. The
wizard can be activated from menu Results > Report Crea-
tion Wizard or clicking on button on the main toolbar.

The wizard steps are as follows:
1) Page Title Block: Here we can set the options for the title 10
block to be printed at the top of each page of the report. Items
such as company logo, project name, engineer/designer, date
can be edited in this window. Click on the Company Logo
picture to edit or change it. Similar the remaining text in the
title block can be edited here itself.
Automatic Generation of Report Report Wizard) 10 -9

Report
2) Main Report Item: This window displays the list of items

that can be added to the report. See figure …Click once or
twice the item to select or deselect the item. All the items se-
lected in this list will be included in the report. Deselect All or
Select All buttons are available for the quick selection or de-
selection of all the items on the list. Press Previous or Next to
go to the previous or the next step from this step.
10
3) Input Data: This is the third step of the wizard where we

can select various input items. If your project has more than
one typical frame, it is possible to include only the user speci-
fied typical frames in the report. For each typical frame, the
input item has been grouped into four sub-items: Grid Data,
Member Data, Beam Loads and Support Settlement. For each
Typical Frame, any one or more of these sub-items can be se-
lected independently. This provides full user control on the
content of the report.
Automatic Generation of Report Report Wizard) 10-10

Report
10
4) Generating the Final Report and Previewing It: Press

Generate Report command button to generate the final re-
port based on the options specified on the previous and cur-
rent steps. At the end of the report generation, BATS2001 will
ask the user whether he would like to preview the report. If
the user presses Yes in this the preview of the current report
will be shown.
Automatic Generation of Report Report Wizard) 10 -11

Report
10
Automatic Generation of Report Report Wizard) 10-12

Chapter 11
Design of R C Members
Chapter
11
Design of R C Members 11
Introduction
Originally BATS was developed as a software for three di-
mensional analysis of building systems and very limited de-
sign features or links to other design software were available.
Now the latest version of BATS, BATS2001, has built-in fea-
ture which allows the user to design the reinforced concrete
members in the BATS itself. ACI and BS codes are supported
in this version. It still supports the export link to GEAR. Rein-
force concrete beams, columns and braces can be designed in
BATS2001. This chapter covers the design related features of
BATS2001.
Overview of the RC Design in BATS2001

BATS2001 handles the design of reinforced members in the
following two ways:
¾ Using BATS2001’s built-in features
¾ Exporting results to GEAR and designing in

GEAR
11 - 1
Members that can be designed in BATS2001:
¾ RC Beam
¾ RC Column
¾ RC Brace
Design Codes supported:
11 ¾ ACI
¾ BS
¾ AASHTO
Rebar sets available
¾ Metric
¾ ASTM
¾ Imperial
¾ User defined
The member design results are reported at three sections per

member, the left end, midpoint and the right end. Program de-
signs all selected members for all defined load combinations,
selects and reports the design output for the most critical case.
Overview of the RC Design in BATS2001 11-2

Column Design Results for 2D Typical Frames:
It is very important to note that the member design is done

frame by frame. If the building has been modeled using two
dimensional frames, the column axial loads may not be the
final column design values. However if the entire building
has been modeled as a single 3D frame the column design
output reported by BATS can be taken as final design. The
main reason for invalidity of the column results when 2D
typical frames is are used is that BATS does not combine the
loads coming into a column at common location (column
11
which is a part of more than one real frame). In such situa-
tion, the load from all the frames sharing that column need
to be combined before designing the column at that location.
However the beam design results are the final values irre-
spective of whether two or three dimensional typical frames
are used.
Designing Members in BATS2001

After the analysis has been completed, the members can be
designed using the ‘View Results’ window. This can be acti-
vated from Results > Frame Results menu or clicking on
button. Follow the following steps to design the RC
members using BATS2001.
¾ Carry out the analysis
¾ Activate the ‘Frame Results’ window
¾ Select the frame to view the results and design the

member from the ‘Current Frame’ dropdown list
Designing Members in BATS2001 11 -3

¾ Select the members to be designed by mouse covering

clicking
¾ Click on button to design the currently selected

members. If no members has been selected,
BATS2001 will ask for design of all beams and col-
umns in the current frame as shown in this dialogue
11
Figure 11.1 ‘No Member Selected’ Information Dialogue

If the members have been selected properly the following
window will open up which gives the list of currently selected
members and also allows to specify the material properties for
design.
Designing Members in BATS2001 11-4

11
Figure 11.2 Designing Members in BATS2001

When BATS completed the design the user will be informed
with the following message.
Figure 11.3 ‘Design Completion’ Message Dialogue
Designing Members in BATS2001 11 -5

To view the RC design results, switch to the ‘Text View’ op-

tion in ‘Frame Result’ window and click on ‘RC Beam Re-
sults’ or ‘RC Column Results’ command button located at the
bottom of the screen. The tabular formatted reinforcement re-
sults at three section per member will be shown.
Exporting Analysis Results to GEAR

The final design moments, shear etc in addition to the geome-
try of the section can be exported from BATS2001 to GEAR.
11 Those exported files are treated by GEAR as if they were cre-
ated in GEAR itself. To export the results follow the follow-
ing steps:
Analyze the building
Display the frame Results
Select the members to be exported using Mouse
Open the Export Member to GEAR window (as shown in

Fig 12.3)
Set the file name, member list and other option in this win-
dow and finally press OK to finish the operation.
Start GEAR and open the exported files and design the
members
Exporting Analysis Results to GEAR 11-6

11
Figure 11.4 Exporting Results from BATS2001 to GEAR
Exporting Analysis Results to GEAR 11 -7

Designing RC Beams Using GEAR

Please refer to GEAR User Manual: RC Beam Sec-
tion
11
Figure 11.5 Designing RC Beam in GEAR
Designing RC Beams Using GEAR 11-8

Designing RC Columns Using GEAR

Please refer to GEAR User Manual: RC Beam Sec-
tion
11
Figure 11.6 Designing RC Column in GEAR
Designing RC Columns Using GEAR 11 -9

Chapter 12
Customizing BATS
Chapter
12
Customizing BATS 12
Introduction
It is anticipated that BATS2001 will be used on machine of
varying hardware and software configurations, by users of
different levels, and to fulfill various requirements for analy-
sis and design of a building project. An example of customi-
zation is the setting of the option to display the model as lines
or as rectangular solid sections or rendered actual shape with
multiple colors for different type of members. In ordinary ma-
chines, displaying of the rendered three dimensional model
with actual shape of the members and different member with
different color shades may slow down the system perform-
ance and hence difficult to work. However in high perform-
ance machines, user can work comfortably setting all options
that require heavy resources.
During program installation, the default layout and start-up

options are set automatically. You can however override these
setting to suit your requirement or preferences. Most common
settings are those related to working units, graphic display and
file saving. This chapter describes how to set your preferences
in BATS2001.
12 - 1
Customizing BATS
Overview of Customizing BATS2001

It is the user, the available hardware/software and the model
size that primarily dictate the best setting for a given situation.
Some users prefer to work with three-dimensional typical
frames though working with such frames might be slower
than that using 2D typical frames. The features that can be
customized in BAT2001 has been grouped into the following
categories.
12 • General
• Project
• Building
• Reports
• Graphics
Each of the above settings has been explained in the following
subsections. Use Tools > Options menu to access and set
your preferences.
Figure 12.1: Setting User Preferences in BATS2001

Overview of Customizing BATS2001 12-2
Customizing BATS
General Options
These are the general options. The following four options can
be enabled (activated) or disabled by the user.
Refresh Graphic Views Automatically:

Switching on this option will automatically refresh the
graphic views after any modification in the geometry. If this
option is not on, user need to click the button to update
the graphic view. The choice depends upon the speed of the 12
computer and the size of the model. For faster machines and
relatively not large models, user can work comfortably keep-
ing this option on. If user feels that the speed is very slow
they he can deactivate this option and refresh the graphic view
as required.
Show Xsolver Window During Analysis
Selecting Results > Analyze menu or clicking on button

will start the analysis process. During the analysis a window
will open up which shows the status of the analysis and also
display any error or warning. Check this option on if you want
to view this analysis status window during the run.
Show Splash Screen at Start-up

Switching this option will display the splash or the welcome
screen of BATS2001 at the start-up.
Automatically Save Project After Closing Every Dialogue

You can set option on to save the project file when you open
some dialogue, edit something and close it. This will mini-
mize the loss of time and effort incase the system goes wrong
due to some reason.
12 -3
Customizing BATS
Building Options
In this version of BATS there are only two option under this
category. These options are related to defining column line
locations in creating the Typical Frame. Depending upon the
setting here, the column locations can be specified as coordi-
nate values with reference to the leftmost column line of the
typical frame or the bay distances.
For example, the typical frame shown in Fig 12.2 can be gen-
12 erated by inputting grid spacing of 5,5, 5 or column line loca-
tion of 0,5,10 and 15. Both will generate the frame of the
same geometry.
Figure 12.2: Setting User Building Options in BATS2001
Building Options 12-4

Customizing BATS
12
Fig 12.3: Example Typical Frame
Graphic View Options

These options are related to various forms of displaying of the
model on the screen. There are two set of options, the first set
related to color and second set related to section display types.
The tables explains the setting and their effects on the model
or the graphic display.
Graphic View Options 12 -5

Customizing BATS
12
Figure 12.4: Setting User Graphic View Options in BATS2001
Graphic View Options 12-6

Customizing BATS
Option Purpose
Setting this option on will change the
display in which different members
types are displayed with different color.
Member Type (Beam, Column etc) All the columns will be displayed in one
color and all the beams will have an-
other color and so on. This may slow
down the speed.
If this option is selected, different typi-
cal members will be shown with differ-
ent color. The list of typical members 12
Member Section Type can be seen in the project explorer under
‘Typical Member Library’. This option
may also slow down the speed due more
resource required for graphic processing
and displaying.
All the member will be displayed in a
single color irrespective of the member
Single Color types, section type etc. This significantly
improves the graphic display and update
speeds.
The members of the model will be
Single Line shown as single thin line. This generally
consumes less computer resources and
hence speed up the graphic displaying.
Different typical members have different
cross section shapes and dimensions. It
is possible to display the actual shape
Actual Section and scaled size of the member on the 3D
view of the model. Displaying the actual
section may slow down performance of
the computer.
Graphic View Options 12 -7

Appendix A
References
Appendix
A
References A
1) R. W. Clough, I. P. King and E. L. Wilson, Structural analysis of
Multistory Building, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol.
90, No.ST3, 1964, pp. 19-34
2) F. R. Khan AND J. A. Sbarounis, Interaction of Shear Walls and

Frames, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 90, No
ST3, 1964, pp. 285-335
3) A Coudll and N. K. Subedin, Framed-Tube Structures for High-

Rise Buildings, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 97,
No. ST8, AP79, pp. 2097-2105
4) P. F. Ast and J. Schwaighofer, Economical Analysis of Large

Framed Tube Structures, Building Science, Vol. 9, 1974, pp. 73-74
A-1
References
5) J. Shwaighofer and P.F. Ast, Tables for the Analysis of Framed

Tube Structures, Department of Civil Engineering, University of To-
ronto, Publication No. 72-01, 1972
6) F.R. Khan and N. R. Amin, Analysis and Design of Framed Tube

Structures for Tall Concrete Buildings, Structural Engineering, Vol.
51, No. 3, 1973, pp.85-92
A
7) E. L. Wilson, J. P. Hollings and H. H. Dovey, Three Dimensional
Analysis of Building Systems (Ex-tended Version), EERC Report
No. 75-13, University of California, Berkely 1975
8) A. Winokur and J. Gluck, Lateral Loads in Asmmetric Multi-story

Stuctures, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 94 No.
ST3, 1968, pp. 654-656
9) L. S. Jacobsen, Natural Periods of Uniform Cantilever Beams,

Trans ASCE 104, 1939, pp. 402-431
10) W. Kanok-Nukulchai, S. Y. Lee and P. Karasudhi, A Versatile Finite

Strip Model for Three-dimensional Tall Building Analysis, Earth-
quake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 11, 1983, pp. 149-
166
11) Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI-318-

95), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1995
References A-2
References
12) Department of Civil Engineering, MIT, SIMQKE: A Program for
Artificial Motion Generation, User’s Manual and Documentation,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1976
13) International Conference of Balancing Officials, “Uniform Building

Code”, Whittier, California, 1982
14) Newmark, Nathan M. Consulting Engineering Services, “A Study of

Vertical and Horizontal Earthquake Spectra”, US Government A
Printing Press Office, Washington, D. C., April 1973
15) Dorick, D. J., Earthquake Resistant Design, John Wiley and Sons,
1977
16) XETABS95: A Software for the 3D Analysis of Building Systems,

User’s Manual and Documentation, School of Civil Engineering,
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software (ACE-
COMS), Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), 1995
References A -3
Appendix B
Solution Algorithm
Appendix
B
Solution Algorithm B
The following are the important steps involved in the solution process.
Step 1: Form stiffness matrix for each individual frame and shear walls:
⎧U L1 ⎫
UL ⎪U ⎪
⎪ L2 ⎪
UL = ⎨ ⎬
⎪U L 3 ⎪
UL ⎪⎩U L 4 ⎪⎭
UL
RL = {Loads corresponding to U L }
U Uθ = {All vertical and rotational d .o. f ' s}
Rθ = {Loads corresponding to Uθ }
Fig. B.1 Degree of Freedoms for a Typical Building
B-1
Solution Algorithm
The stiffness of the sub-frames is given by the following

equation in the matrix form.
⎡[Kθθ ][Kθ L ]⎤ ⎧{Uθ }⎫ ⎧{Rθ }⎫

⎢[K ][K ] ⎥ ⎨{U }⎬ = ⎨{R }⎬
⎣ Lθ LL ⎦ ⎩ L ⎭ ⎩ L ⎭
B Note that KLL is the lateral stiffness with {UO} locked.
Step 2: Static condensation of {Uo} by partial Gauss elimina-

tion process
⎡[K θθ ] [KθL ] ⎤ ⎧{U θ }⎫ ⎧{Rθ } ⎫
⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬=⎨ ⎬
⎢[ 0 ]
⎣ [K LL ] − [K Lθ ][Kθθ−1 ]
[KθL ]⎥⎦ ⎩ L ⎭ ⎩ L Lθ θθ [ ]
⎪{U }⎪ ⎪{R } − [K ] K −1 [R ]⎪
θ ⎭
or [K ] [U ]
∗
θθ L = [R ]
∗
L
(nxn ) (nx1) (nx1) n = number of floors.
∗
where K LL [ ] [ ]
= [K LL ] − [K Lθ ] K θθ−1 [K θL ]
= lateral stiffness of frame with Uθ unrestrained .
{ } [ ]
and RL∗ = {RL } − [K Lθ ] K θθ−1 {Rθ }
Solution Algorithm B-2

Solution Algorithm
K44
K34
K24
B
K14
Fig. B.2 Definition of Stiffness Coefficients (K) for a Typical Frame De-
gree of Freedom
Solution Algorithm B -3
Solution Algorithm
Step 3: Contribution of substructures to building d.o.f’s
(Un)
ryn
rθn
B rxn
Fi
di
αi
Fig. B.3 Definition of Building DOFs and Typical Frame’s Contribu-

tion to Them
Or
⎧rxn ⎫
⎪ ⎪
{U n }F = < cos ∝i sin ∝i d > ⎨ryn ⎬
⎪ ⎪
i
[U n ]F i = < a > Fi {rn } ⎩rθn ⎭

Solution Algorithm
For all floors
⎧{U 1 } ⎫ ⎡a ⎤ ⎧{r1 } ⎫
⎪{U }⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪{r }⎪
⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎢ a ⎥ ⎪ 2 ⎪
⎨ ⎬ =⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩{U n }⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ a ⎥⎦ F ⎪⎩{rn }⎪⎭
Fi
i
(nx1) (nx3n ) (3nx1) B

{U L }F i = [a F i ]{r}
[K ] {U
∗
LL L } = {RL∗ }
Or
Since
[a ][K ] [a] {r} = [a ] {R }

T ∗
LL
T ∗
L
Solution Algorithm
[K rr ] F i {r} = {Rr }F i
or
If there are m substructures, the total contribution to building

DOFs will be
B ⎡ m
[K rr ]F i ⎤⎥ {r} = ⎧⎨i ∑1 {Rr }F i + {R }⎫⎬
m
⎢i ∑1
⎣ = ⎦ ⎩ = ⎭
Where
[REr] is the external applied load vector
or
[K rr ] {r} = {Rr }
(3nx3n ) (3nx1) (3nx1)
Step 4: Solutions of [Krr] {r} = {Rr} from which {r} is ob-

tained.

Solution Algorithm
Step 5: Back transformation for {UL} Fi
{U L }F i = [a ]F i {r}
Lateral forces carried by the frame Fi can also be obtained:
{R }
∗
L Fi [ ]
∗
= K LL Fi
{U L }F i B
Lateral forces tell how different frames/walls share the lateral
loads.
Y
F1 1
rθ
rY
X
r
F3 3
F3 , 2
F2 , 1
Fig. B.4: Contribution of Frames to Building
Solution Algorithm
UL4 *
RL4
UL3
*
RL3
UL2
*
RL2
UL1
B *
RL1
Fi
Fig. B.5: Lateral Forces Carried by the Frames
{R }
∗
Ln F 3 { }
∗
+ RLn F1
= RX
{R }
∗
Ln F 2 = Ry
{R }
∗
Ln F 3
∗ ∗
{ }
d 3 + RLn F2
∗
{ }
∗
d 2 − RLn F1
∗
d1 = Rθ
Distribution of lateral forces:

Solution Algorithm
Step 6: Back substitution for {U0}Fi
{Uθ }F i [ ]
= K θθ−1 Fi
{Rθ }F i − [K θL ]F i {U L }F i
Step 7: Stresses can be evaluated once {Uo}F1 and {UL} Fi

are known.
The general procedure for three-dimensional analysis of B

building system is the following

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BATS 2001

Three Dimensional Analysis of Buildings

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

BATS 2001 is a trademark of ACECOMS, AIT

Printed in Bangkok, January, 2002

BATS 2001: Software Users Manual ii

1.4 Key Features of BATS

Chapter 2 Getting Started 2-1

BATS 2001: Software Users Manual IV

Chapter 3 BATS2001 Basics 3-1

3.2.1 Main Working Area

Quick Overview of How to Model, Analyze and Design

4.4 Quick Overview of Designing Building Using BATS2001

BATS 2001: Software Users Manual V

Chapter 5 Typical Frames (Typical Frame Library) 5-1

5.4 Components of a Typical Frame

Chapter 6 Structural Elements (Member Library) 6-1

6.1.2 Beam Member Library

BATS 2001: Software Users Manual VI

6.1.5 Use of Beam Elements

6.2 Column Element

6.2.3 Special Column Elements: Dummy and Rigid Beams

6.4.3 Shear Wall Result Output Options

BATS 2001: Software Users Manual VII

6.5 Managing Typical Member Library

Chapter 7 Overall Building Model 7-1

7.2 Typical Frames to Building Model

Chapter 8 Loadings, Load Cases and Combinations 8-1

8.5 Applying Wind Loads

Chapter 9 Analysis and Result Interpretation 9-1

BATS 2001: Software Users Manual VIII

9.2 Analyzing the Building

9.5 Building Displacement Results

Chapter 10 Report 10-1

10.4 Customizing Report

BATS 2001: Software Users Manual IX

Chapter 11 Design of RC Members 11-1

11.4 Exporting Analysis Results to GEAR

Appendix-A References A-1

BATS 2001: Software Users Manual X

Why BATS 2001?

geometry, loads and supports. This approach is quite useful,

Another important consideration in the modeling and analysis

Building Model in BATS

Building Model in BATS 1 – 2

The building model considered in BATS is idealized as an as-

The Structure of BATS 1 - 3

Figure. 1.1 Overall Structure of the BATS Software

1. Select from list in main menu

2. Select from Project Explorer list (in left column)

Figure. 1.2 Main Graphical Interface (Workspace) and Start Up Screen of

Step 1: Define basic building parameters

Project Information, Unit, Number of floor, Degree of Free-

Step 2: Create typical members library

Beams, Columns, Panels and Thin Walls

Define column line, locate typical members into frame, assign

Step 4: Combine typical frames into one model

Define typical frame layout in model plan

Add/edit floor mass (required for dynamic analysis only) and

Step 6: Analyze the model

Step 7: Interpret results

View displacements, moments, shear, axial and torsion in text

Step 8: Generate the report

Prepare report before printing, customized report format, se-