Smoke Detector Alarm

ABSTRACT

Approximation methods exist to provide estimates of smoke detector response

based on optical density, temperature rise, and gas velocity thresholds. The
objective of this study was to assess the uncertainty associated with three
estimation methods. Experimental data was used to evaluate recommended alarm
thresholds and to quantify the associated error. With few exceptions less than 50
percent of the predicted alarm times occurred within 60 seconds of the
experimental alarms. At best errors of 20 to 60 percent (in underprediction)
occurred for soldering fires using an optical density threshold. For flaming fires,
errors in predicted alarm times on the order of 100 to 1000 percent in over
prediction of the experimental alarms were common. Overall, none of the
approximation methods distinguished themselves as vastly supervisor. Great care
must be exercised when applying these approximation methods to ensure that
uncertainty in the predicted alarm times is appropriately considered.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A smoke detector is a device that sense smoke, typically as an indicator of

fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as a
part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as
smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector
itself or several detectors if there are multiple smoke detectors interlinked.

Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclousers, smoke detectors are typically
shaped like a disk or square about 150 millimeters (6 in) in diameter and 25
millimeters (1 in) thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either
optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization): detectors may use
either, or both, methods. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter,
smoking in areas where it is banned. Smoke detectors in large commercial,
industrial, and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm
system, which is powered by the building power with a battery backup. Domestic
smoke detectors range from individual battery-powered units, to several
interlinked mains-powered units with battery backup; with these interlinked units,
if any unit detects smoke, all trigger even if household power has gone out.

Ionization detectors employ radioactive material—in quantities so tiny they are

believed to pose no significant health hazard—to ionize the air molecules
between a pair of electrodes in the detection chamber. This enables a minute
current to be conducted by the ionized air. When smoke enters the chamber,
particles attach themselves to ions and diminish the flow of current. The
reduction in current sets off the alarm circuit.

Photoelectric detectors respond faster and more effectively to the large smoke
particles generated by a smoldering, slow-burning fire. Ionization detectors
respond faster to the tiny smoke particles released by a fast-burning fire. For this
reason some manufacturers produce combination versions of detectors. Many
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fire-prevention authorities recommend the use of both photoelectric and

ionization types in various locations in a private home. Either type of detector
can be powered by batteries or by house current.

Household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue an

audible or visual alarm from the detector itself or several detectors if there are
multiple devices interlinked. Household smoke detectors range from individual
battery-powered units to several interlinked units with battery backup. With
interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, alarms will trigger at all of the units.
This happens even if household power has gone out.

Commercial smoke detectors issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part
of a fire alarm system. Usually, an individual commercial smoke detector unit
does not issue an alarm; some, however, do have built-in sounders.

The risk of dying in a residential fire is cut in half in houses with working smoke
detectors. The US National Fire Protection Association reports 0.53 deaths per
100 fires in homes with working smoke detectors compared to 1.18 deaths
without (2009–2013). However, some homes do not have smoke alarms, and
some do not have working batteries in their smoke alarms.

1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

The A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke typically as an indicator of

fire or non smoking zone .In order to ensure human safety and safeguard
property against fire in both domestic and commercial settings, different
solutions for smoke detection have been developed. These designs vary
depending on the method of smoke detection..However, the different designs are
derived . the two basic types of smoke detectors, namely: 1.The photoelectric
smoke detector 2. The ionization chamber smoke detector (ICSD) The
photoelectric smoke detector uses an optical beam to search for smoke. When
smoke particles cloud the beam, a photoelectric cell senses the decrease in light
intensity and triggers an alarm. This type of smoke detector reacts most quickly
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to smoldering fires that release relatively large amounts of smoke. On the other
hand, the ionization chamber smoke detector is quicker at sensing flaming fires
that produce little smoke. It employs a radioactive material to ionize the air in a
sensing chamber; the presence of smoke affects the flow of the ions between a
pair of electrodes, which triggers the alarm In a typical system, the radioactive
material emits alpha particles that strip electrons from the air molecules,
creating positive oxygen and nitrogen ions. The electrons attach themselves to
other air molecules, forming negative oxygen and nitrogen ions. Two oppositely
charged electrodes within the sensing chamber attract the positive and negative
ions, setting up a small flow of current in the air space between the electrodes,
but when the smoke particles enter the chamber, they attract some of the ions,
disrupting the current flow.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Safety is a crucial consideration in design of residential and commercial

buildings in order to safeguard against loss of life and damage to property. Fire
is a key element in safety considerations. This project therefore seeks to design a
microcontroller based smoke alarm that will continuously monitor the presence
of significant amount of smoke and activate an alarm to prompt a safety measure
to contain the situation.

When it come to Fire safety , it's best to have a smoke detector in every bedroom
and hall way, as well as on every floor in our home . with so many smoke
detector, we can rest assured our home is protected from the unthinkable. Smoke
detector is one of the easiest and low costly .Most of industries use it, because it
work fatly to protect and most effective This system can be of great in domestic
as well as industrial settings to detect smoke and alert people on an impending
fire since smoke is a precursor for fire, instead of relying on heat/temperature
sensors which sounds alarm when the fire has already started.

This can go a long way in helping to save human life. This system can also be
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used to detect and deter smokers in areas where smoking is prohibited. The cost
of implementing this system is relatively low since the components used are
relatively cheap and are easily available in the market. The single
microcontroller can be used to interface several sensors with alarms located in
different locations as long as more pins are freed for multiple inputs multiple
outputs. This system comes with a power supply that can be directly plugged to
the mains (240V AC)source and give the appropriate operating voltage. Smoke
detectors respond faster to fire in its early, smouldering stage (before it breaks
into flame).

1.3 PRINCIPLE:

The detector must be screwed to your ceiling because that's where smoke heads
for when something starts to burn. Fire generates hot gases and because these are
less dense (thinner—or weigh less per unit of volume) than ordinary air they rise
upward, swirling tiny smoke particles up too. As you can see in the photo up
above, the detector has slits around its case (1), which lead to the main detection
chamber. An invisible, infared light beam, similar to the ones that Tom Cruise
dodged, shoots into the chamber from a light-emitting diode (LED) (2). The
same chamber contains a photocell (3), which is an electronic light detector that
generates electricity when light falls on it. Normally, when there is no smoke
about, the light beam from the LED does not reach the detector. An electronic
circuit (4), monitoring the photocell, detects that all is well, and nothing happens.
The alarm (5) remains silent.

But if a fire breaks out, smoke enters the chamber (6) and scatters some of the
light beam (7) into the photocell (3). This triggers the circuit (8), setting off the
shrill and nasty alarm (9) that wakes you up and saves your life

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CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Simple Smoke Detector Alarm circuit using MQ02 designed with few easily
available components. Main part of this circuit is Gas sensor MQ-02 which is
capable of detecting Smoke, LPG, Propane and Hydrogen. It can be used in
different types of applications where the smoke and other mentioned gas leak
detection required.

SMOKE DETECTOR BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2.1 Smoke Detector Block Diagram

The following prototype is a test circuit and it can be constructed through

breakout board and PCB after calibration of each components. This smoke
detector circuit will produce visible and audible alert when smoke detected.

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2.2 CONSTRUCTION :

Fig: 2.2 Alarm Circuit Diagram

In this Smoke Detector Circuit with Arduino, we have used a MQ2 Gas Sensor to detect preset
smoke in the air. A 16x2 LCD is used for displaying the PPM value of Smoke. And an LM358
IC for converting smoke sensor output into digital form (this function is optional). A buzzer is
placed as an alarm which gets triggered when smoke level goes beyond 1000 PPM.

Circuit connections for this project are very simple, we have a Comparator Circuit for
comparing output voltage of smoke sensor with preset voltage (output connected at pin D7).
Also smoke sensor output is connected at an analog pin of Arduino (A0). Buzzer is connected
at Pin D9. And LCD connections are same as Arduino LCD examples that are available in
Arduino IDE (12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2).
Remaining connections are shown in the circuit diagram.

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Fig 2.3 Circuit Diagram

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CHAPTER 3

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

* Arduino uno
*Bread Board
*MQ-2 Smoke Sensor
*Jumper Wires
*Red Led
*Green Led
*Resistor

3.1 ARDUINO UNO:

Fig 3.1 Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet).
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an

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ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with
a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI USBto-serial driver chip. Instead, it features
the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.
The hardware structure of Arduino Uno
 Microcontroller
 14 Digital Pin
 6 Analog Pins
 Power Supply
 Power Jack
 USB Port
 Reset Button
Microcontroller: Microcontroller is the central processing unit of Arduino Uno.
Digital Pins: There are 14 digital pins on Arduino Uno which can be connected to
components like LED, LCD, etc.
Analog Pins: There are 6 analog pins on the Uno. These pins are generally used to
connect sensors because all the sensors generally have analog values. Most of the
input components are connected here.
Power Supply: The power supply pins are IOREF, GND, 3.3V, 5V, Vin are used to
connecting sensors because all the sensors generally have analog values. Most of
the input components are connected here.
Power Jack: Uno board can be powered both by external supply and via USB cable.
USB Port: This port function is to program the board or to upload the program. The
program can be uploaded to the board with the help of Arduino IDE and USB cable.
Reset Button: This is used to restart the uploaded program.

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3.2 MQ-2 SMOKE SENSOR: -

Fig: 3.2 Smoke Sensor

Give your next Arduino project a nose for gasses with the MQ2 Gas
Sensor Module. This is a robust Gas sensor suitable for sensing LPG, Smoke,
Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, Methane and Carbon Mono xide concentrations in
the air. If you are planning on creating an indoor air quality monitoring system;
breath checker or early fire detection system, MQ2 Gas Sensor Module is a
great choice.

MQ2 is one of the commonly used gas sensors in MQ sensor series. It is a

Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) type Gas Sensor also known as
Chemiresistors as the detection is based upon change of resistance of the sensing
material when the Gas comes in contact with the material. Using a simple voltage
divider network, concentrations of gas can be detected.

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3.3 MQ-2 SENSOR

Fig: 3.3 MQ2 Sensor

MQ2 Gas sensor works on 5V DC and draws around 800mW. It can detect LPG,
Smoke, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, Methane and Carbon Monoxi de
concentrations anywhere from 200 to 10000ppm.

Here are the complete specifications

Operating Voltage 5v
Load Resistance 20 KΩ

Heater Resistance 33Ω ± 5%

Heating Consumption <800mw

Sensing Resistance 10 KΩ – 60 KΩ
Concentration Scope 200 – 10000ppm
Preheat Time Over 24 hours

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Internal structure of MQ2 Gas Sensor

The sensor is actually enclosed in two layers of fine stainless steel mesh called
Anti-explosion network. It ensures that heater element inside the sensor will not
cause an explosion, as we are sensing flammable gases.

Fig: 3.3 MQ2 Gas sensors

It also provides protection for the sensor and filters out suspended particles so that
only gaseous elements are able to pass inside the chamber. The mesh is bound to
rest of the body via a copper plated clamping ring.

This is how the sensor looks like when outer mesh is removed. The star-
shaped structure is formed by the sensing element and six connecting legs
that extend beyond the Bakelite base. Out of six, two leads (H) are responsible
for heating the sensing element and are connected through Nickel-Chromium
coil, well known conductive alloy.

The remaining four leads (A & B) responsible for output signals are
connected using Platinum Wires. These wires are connected to the body of the
sensing element and convey small changes in the current that passes through the
sensing element.

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The tubular sensing element is made up of Aluminum Oxide (AL2O3) based

ceramic and has a coating of Tin Dioxide (SnO2). The Tin Dioxide is the most
important material being sensitive towards combustible gases. However, the
ceramic substrate merely increases heating efficiency and ensures the sensor area
is heated to a working temperature constantly.

So, the Nickel-Chromium coil and Aluminum Oxide based ceramic forms
a Heating System; while Platinum wires and coating of Tin Dioxide forms a
Sensing System.

How does a gas sensor work?

When tin dioxide (semiconductor particles) is heated in air at high temperature,
oxygen is adsorbed on the surface. In clean air, donor electrons in tin dioxide are
attracted toward oxygen which is adsorbed on the surface of the sensing material.
This prevents electric current flow.

In the presence of reducing gases, the surface density of adsorbed oxygen

decreases as it reacts with the reducing gases. Electrons are then released into the
tin dioxide, allowing current to flow freely through the sensor

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3.4 HARDWARE OVERVIEW – MQ2 GAS SENSOR MODULE

There are various types of sensors available that can detect light, noise, smoke,
proximity etc… With the advent in technology, these are available as both analog
and digital forms. Besides forming a communication with the outer environment,
sensors are also a crucial part of safety systems. Fire sensors are used to detect the
fire and take appropriate precautions on time. For smooth functioning of control
systems and sensitive electronics, humidity sensors are used for maintaining
humidity in the unit. One of such sensor used in safety systems to detect harmful
gases is MQ2 Gas sensor.
Since MQ2 Gas Sensor is not breadboard compatible, we do recommend this
handy little breakout board. It’s very easy to use and comes with two different
outputs. It not only provides a binary indication of the presence of combustible
gases but also an analog representation of their concentration in air.

Fig: 3.4 MQ2 Gas sensors module

The analog output voltage provided by the sensor changes in proportional to the
concentration of smoke/gas. The greater the gas concentration, the higher is the
output voltage; while lesser gas concentration results in low output voltage. The
following animation illustrates the relationship between gas concentration and

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output voltage.
This sensor contains a sensing element, mainly aluminium-oxide based ceramic,
coated with Tin dioxide, enclosed in a stainless steel mesh. Sensing element has
six connecting legs attached to it. Two leads are responsible for heating the
sensing element, the other four are used for output signals.
Oxygen gets adsorbed on the surface of sensing material when it is heated in air
at high temperature. Then donor electrons present in tin oxide are attracted
towards this oxygen, thus preventing the current flow.
When reducing gases are present, these oxygen atoms react with the reducing
gases thereby decreasing the surface density of the adsorbed oxygen. Now
current can flow through the sensor, which generated analog voltage values.
These voltage values are measured to know the concentration of gas. Voltage
values are higher when the concentration of gas is high.

Fig: 3.5 MQ2 Gas sensors output

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Fig: 3.6 MQ2 Gas sensors module

VCC supplies power for the module. You can connect it to 5V output from your
Arduino.
GND is the Ground Pin and needs to be connected to GND pin on the Arduino.
D0 provides a digital representation of the presence of combustible gases.

A0 provides analog output voltage in proportional to the concentration of

smoke/gas.
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3.4 RESISTOR:

The resistor is a passive electrical component that creates resistance in the flow of
electric current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can
be found. The resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). An ohm is the resistance that
occurs when a current of one ampere (A) passes through a resistor with a one volt
(V) drop across its terminals. The current is proportional to the voltage across the
terminal ends.
The most common type in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-
composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and
hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher
this ratio, the lower the resistance.
Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome or similar wire on an
insulating form. This component, called a wirewound resistor, is able to handle
higher currents than a carbon-composition resistor of the same physical size.
However, because the wire is wound into a coil, the component acts as an inductors
as well as exhibiting resistance.

Fig: 3.6 Resistor

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3.4 BUZZER:

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and
Beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input.

Fig: 3.7 Buzzer

Features
• Black in colour
• With internal drive circuit
• Sealed structure
• Wave solderable and washable
• Housing material: Noryl

Applications
• Computer and peripherals
• Communications equipment
• Portable equipment
• Automobile electronics
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• POS system
• Electronic cash register

3.5 JUMPER WIRES :

The term "jumper wire" simply refers to a conducting wire that establishes an
electrical connection between two points in a circuit. Generally, jumpers are tiny
metal connectors used to close or open a circuit part. They have two or more
connection points, which regulate an electrical circuit board.
Their function is to configure the settings for computer peripherals, like the
motherboard. Suppose your motherboard supported intrusion detection. A
jumper can be set to enable or disable it.
Jumper wires are electrical wires with connector pins at each end. They are used
to connect two points in a circuit without soldering.
You can use jumper wires to modify a circuit or diagnose problems in a circuit.
Further, they are best used to bypass a part of the circuit that does not contain a
resistor and is suspected to be bad.
This includes a stretch of wire or a switch. Suppose all the fuses are good and
the component is not receiving power; find the circuit switch. Then, bypass the
switch with the jumper wire. You can use jumper wires to modify a circuit or to
diagnose problems in a circuit. The following steps outline how you can safely
use jumper wires in different electrical applications.

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Fig: 3.8 Jumper wires

Connecting Wires:
Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a circuit
to another because electricity needs a medium through which it can move. Most
of the connecting wires are made up of copper or aluminum. Wires are either
solid or stranded. Most wires are round, occasionally square or rectangular
conductors are used, such as integrated circuit external leads. Metals usually
used in making wires are aluminum, alloy and copper. Insulation is made up of
rubber or non-conductive materials and can come in different sizes and colors.
In this crystal ball project connecting wires are used to connect the circuit.

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Fig: 3.9 Connecting wires

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CHAPTER 4

WORKING
4.1 How does it Work?
The voltage that the sensor outputs changes accordingly to the smoke/gas level
that exists in the atmosphere. The sensor outputs a voltage that is proportional to
the concentration of smoke/gas.
In other words, the relationship between voltage and gas concentration is the
following:
• The greater the gas concentration, the greater the output voltage
• The lower the gas concentration, the lower the output voltage

The output can be an analog signal (A0) that can be read with an analog input of
the Arduino or a digital output (D0) that can be read with a digital input of the
Arduino.

Fig: 4.1 .working of sensor

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4.2 Installation and placement :

The installation of smoke detectors vary depending on the locality. However,
some rules and guidelines for existing homes are relatively consistent
throughout the developed world. For example, Canada and Australia require a
building to have a working smoke detector on every level. The United States
NFPA code cited in the previous paragraph requires smoke detectors on every
habitable level and within the vicinity of all bedrooms. Habitable levels include
attics that are tall enough to allow access. Many other countries have
comparable requirements. In new construction, minimum requirements are
typically more stringent. All smoke detectors must be hooked directly to the
electrical wiring, be interconnected and have a battery backup. In addition,
smoke detectors are required either inside or outside every bedroom, depending
on local codes. Smoke detectors on the outside will detect fires more quickly,
assuming the fire does not begin in the bedroom, but the sound of the alarm will
be reduced and may not wake some people. Some areas also require smoke
detectors in stairways, main hallways and garages. A dozen or more detectors
may be connected via wiring or wirelessly such that if one detects smoke, the
alarms will sound on all the detectors in the network, improving the likelihood
that occupants will be alerted even if smoke is detected far from their location.
Wired interconnection are more practical in new construction than for existing
buildings.

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Fig 4.1 Installation and placement

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CHAPTER 5

CODE

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

#define Sober 200 // Define max value that we consider sober

#define Drunk 400 // Define min value that we consider drunk

#define MQ3 A0

#define ledPin 6

float sensorValue; //variable to store sensor value

void setup()
{

lcd.begin();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Smoke ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Detector System");

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lcd.backlight(); // Turn on the Backlight

delay(1000);
Serial.begin(9600); // sets the serial port to 9600
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
Serial.println("MQ3 Heating Up!");
delay(20000); // allow the MQ3 to warm up

void loop()
{

sensorValue = analogRead(MQ3); // read analog input pin 0

Serial.print("Sensor Value: ");
Serial.print(sensorValue);
lcd.clear(); // Clear the display buffer
lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // Set cursor for "Distance:" (Column, Row)
lcd.print("Smoke Level:"); // print "Distance:" at (0, 0)
lcd.setCursor(0,1); // Set cursor for output value (0, 1)
lcd.print(sensorValue); // print Output in cm at (0, 1)
lcd.setCursor(6, 1); // move cursor to (4, 1)
lcd.print("%"); // print "cm" at (4, 1)
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);

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if (sensorValue > 200)

{
// analogWrite(ledPin, outputValue); // generate PWM signal
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
delay(2000);
}

else{

digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH);
delay(2000);
}
}

OUTPUT: -

Hence the experiment of SMOKE DETECTOR is done by using MQ-2 smoke

detecting sensor successfully and it is is displayed.

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CHAPTER 6

APPLICATION FOR SMOKE DETECTORS

6.1 Public transport

Smoke detectors are nowadays installed on the most common buses, high-speed
trains, or airplanes. Smoke detectors are essential on these public transport vehicles.
They must also be highly sensitive to the smallest particles of smoke and dust and
must respond in time. This is because open fires and smoking are strictly forbidden
on public transport to ensure safe travel and the safety of a large number of
passengers. Smoke detectors can therefore be installed to intelligently monitor such
behavior and ensure that trains are not disturbed.

6.2 Dangerous goods warehouses

Large warehouses are also an area where smoke detectors are used, especially
where flammable or explosive substances and gases are stored. These warehouses
are prone to fire accidents due to the specific nature of the items stored, the severity
of which can be unimaginable. But 24/7 manned guarding is time-consuming and
ineffective. With the introduction of smoke detectors, however, even inconspicuous
gas leaks or smoldering can be detected by the smoke detectors and an alarm can be
raised.

6.3 Domestic kitchens

Many homes now have smoke detectors in their kitchens because they are now
commonly fuelled by natural gas and require extra attention. This is because it is
common to use gas fuel in kitchens nowadays, which requires extra attention. Also,
when cooking dishes such as porridge or soup, people leave the kitchen for a while
or lose track of time, allowing pots to boil dry and cause open fires or soup to spill

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over and cause accidents. With the installation of smoke detectors, these situations
can be detected and remedied as soon as they occur.
6.4 Fire fighting
Smoke detectors are used in civil and industrial buildings where there is a lot of
smoke in the event of a fire, but no smoke under normal circumstances, such as
homes, office buildings, school buildings, hotels and shops, computer rooms, etc.
Once the smoke detector detects a fire, it will sound a high-decibel alarm and send
the fire information to the monitoring host, which will then upload the fire
information to the cloud platform, which will notify the manager of the fire in the
form of a platform alarm or SMS alarm, so that timely measures can be taken to
avoid a major fire.

The four areas described are the areas where smoke detectors are most used and
most in-demand today. Of course, smoke detectors are also essential in many other
areas, such as large department stores. The advent of smoke detectors has brought
fire prevention to a new level and is worthy of promotion and continuous
development. It is therefore advisable to install a smoke detector in all areas where
fire prevention is required, as the cost is not high but the value is huge.

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6.5 ADVANTAGES: -

 User friendly: we can edit the code whenever we want to change tone of
the button.
 Efficiency: it uses less power of only 5v.
 Portable: it is very small to carry wherever you go

6.6 FUTURE SCOPE:

This technology could be further modified and more upgraded as per individual
need and interest. We have discussed some basic ideas of this technology. And
depending on innovative applications user can upgrade as per requirement.
• detection of low energy fires
• detection that is faster than heat detectors for most fires
• are preferred in life safety applications

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

When it come to Fire safety, it's best to have a smoke detector in every bedroom
and hall way, as well as on every floor in our home . with so many smoke
detector ,we can rest assured our home is protected from the unthinkable.
Smoke detector is one of the easiest and low costly. Most of industries use it,
because it work fatly to protect and most effective .This system can be of great
in domestic as well as industrial settings to detect smoke and alert people on an
impending fire since smoke is a precursor for fire, instead of relying on
heat/temperature sensors which sounds alarm when the fire has already started.
This can go a long way in helping to save human life. This system can also be
used to detect and deter smokers in areas where smoking is prohibited .The cost
of implementing this system is relatively low since the components used are
relatively cheap and are easily available in the market. The single
microcontroller can be used to interface several sensors with alarms located in
different locations as long as more pins are freed for multiple inputs multiple
outputs.
Smoke detector is one of the cheaper and easiest one.
• Most of industries use it, because it works fatly to protect, and it is most
effective.
• Using this we can easily detect the smoke.
• LDS provide the location of leakages without any persons a different place.

SVPM’s ITE Malegaon Bk. Page 32

 Smoke Detector Alarm

REFERENCES

 "Smoke Alarms in U.S. Home Fires". nfpa.org. September 2015. Archived

from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
 "Smoke Alarm Myths Explained". The World Fire Safety Foundation.
Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-09-03.
 Residential Smoke Alarm Performance, Thomas Cleary, Building and Fire
Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, UL
Smoke and Fire Dynamics Seminar. November, 2007.
 "SMOKE ALARM SAFETY TIPS". Safety Information. National Fire
Protection Association. Archived from the original on 2009-08-21. Retrieved
2009-05-17.
 ―Smoke Alarms". Hansard - Mr Christopher Gulaptis MP, Private Member's
Statements, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly,
New South Wales, Australia 20 June 2013, pp.22218. Archived from the
original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-26 .

SVPM’s ITE Malegaon Bk. Page 33