PRJ600 RM Session1a

PEMP PT13
PRJ600 –
Research Methodology
Session Speaker
Dr. Govind Kadambi, Dr. H K Narahari, Dr. Arulanatham,
Dr. Hariharan R., Dr. M. R. Srinivasan,
Dr. P.V.R. Murthy, M. Sivapragasam, D. Varun
 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

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PEMP PT13
Module Summary
• Module introduces the Need of Research to Post

Graduate students
• Module is aimed to offer broad guidelines for the Post

Graduate students to precisely define the research
problem and go for systematic literature survey
• At the end of the module the student would be exposed

to finer aspects of research methodology tools

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PEMP PT13
Module Learning Objectives
On completion of the module, students should be able to:
• Grasp the approach for Precise definition of the

research problem
• Learn the skills of literature survey & data analysis
• Relevance of Ethics, IPR and technical communication
• Able to adopt the research methodology for the defined

research work

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PEMP PT13
Indicative Content
1. Need for Research, Definition, Types of Research & methods
2. Research methods & Research problem identification
3. Literature Survey techniques, Reading and Analyzing a
research paper.
4. Tools such as Out-of-the-box thinking & data analyzes
5. Academic Standards and Ethics
6. Technical writing and Effective presentation
7. IPR issues, Patenting and Copyrights
8. Case studies - How did I carry out my M.Sc. project work?

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PEMP PT13
Resources
1. Willium M.K. “Trochim, Research Methods”, Biztantra Publications, Second
Edition,
2. Jonathan Grix, “The Foundation of Research”, Palgrave Study Guides, 2004.
3. Ranjit Kumar, “Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for
Beginners”, Sage, 2nd Edition, London, 2005.
4. Wisker Gina, “ The Post Graduate Research Handbook: Palgrave”, New York,
2001.
5. Blaxter Loraine, “How to Research”,,Viva Books, 2nd Edition New Delhi, 2002.
6. Kothari C.R., “Research Methodology : Methods and Techniques”, Wishwa
Prakasan, 2nd Edition: New Delhi, 1997.

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PEMP PT13
Engineering Journals Websites
1. www.eevl.ac.uk:
Internet Guide to Engineering, Mathematics and Computing Journals.
2. www.oaister.umdl.umich.edu
is a Search Service for Open Archives initiatives.[Abstracts/ Full-text is
available].
3. www.openj-gate.com
is an Electronic Gateway to Global Journal Literature in Open Access Domain.
Access to Millions of Journal Articles available Online with link to Full – Text
at Publisher Sites.
4. www.freefulltext.com
Links to Various Full-Text Journals.
5. http://tejas.serc.iisc.ernet.in
Deals with current science online.
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PEMP PT13
Engineering Journals Websites
6. http://www.techxtra.ac.uk/ram
Covers recent advances in manufacturing – journals articles.
2. www.avel.edu.au
is a Gateway for High Quality Engineering Information in the area of
engineering.
3. www.journalseek.net
is the largest completely categorized database of freely available journal
information in the internet.
4. http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/5.13
World bank website

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PEMP PT13
Session 1
Need for Research

Session Speaker: Dr. G. Kadambi

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PEMP PT13
Session Objectives
To Understand:
 How Research & Technology can contribute to development
 Definition of Research
 Various Types of Research
Academic Vs Corporate Research
Outcome of Research
 About Innovation
Invention / Innovation

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PEMP PT13
Inspiration
Inspiring Innovation.avi

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PEMP PT13
Global GDP World bank

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PEMP PT13
GDP of major countries

1.8E+13
1.6E+13
AUS
1.4E+13
BRA
CHE
1.2E+13
CHN
DEU
1E+13
FRA
GBR
8E+12
IND
ITA
6E+12 JPN
NLD
4E+12 PAK
USA
2E+12
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
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PEMP PT13
Global Outlook
3.0% 2.2%
1.8% 1.9%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
2011 2012 2013
- 2016
2.0% 1.7%
1.3%
-0.3%
1.0%
0.0%
-1.0% 6.0% 4.3% 4.6%
3.5%
2011 2012 2013 - 4.0%
2016 2.0%
• Asia 6.0% 3.1 4.0
%
4.7
%
0.0%
%
• Australasia 4.0%
2.0%
2011 2012 2013 -
2016
• North Africa and Middle East 0.0%
2011 2012 2013 -
• Sub-Saharan Africa 2016
• Western Europe 4.5% 4.3% 4.2% 6.0% 4.4% 4.8%
3.8%
• and • North America 4.0% 3.6% 4.0%
• and • Latin America 3.5%

3.0%
2.0%
0.0%
2011 2012 2013 - 2011 2012 2013 -
2016 2016
Source: Economic Intelligence Unit, March 2012

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PEMP PT13
Global Outlook
GDP growth by region
8.0
6.0
4.0 4.2
GDP groth (% p.a)
3.0
2.0 2.3
1.6
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
World North America Western Europe Asia & Australasia (incl Japan) Latin America
The global economy is on a narrow path of slow and fragile Oil and commodity prices remain high and will continue to put
recovery. Many countries are struggling with a massive debt further pressure on the global economy
burden and high unemployment persisting to bog down their
economies and hampering growth.

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PEMP PT13
UN Millennium Goals

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PEMP PT13
Role of Research &Technology
• Technologies are a product of science.

• Technologies are materialized reality of science.
• Technologies are socially neutral and all the conflicts
that occur in society does not relate to technologies.
The effect of and role of technologies in life depend on

the way of application and the goals pursued.

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PEMP PT13
Technology: Main drivers of development

• 17th century – scientific revolution – scientific knowledge was
applied and machines were invented.
• 18th century – the beginning of the industrial revolution.
• 19th century - intensive application of science in the material
production.
• 20th century – inventing the computer and its using, replacing
some functions of the machines
• 21th century – expansion and development of the functions of
technology. Technology acquires also some social
characteristics - new technologies can reproduce biological
and mental functions.

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PEMP PT13
Industrial revolution created

the global market
Technological revolution
created the global society and
the global economy

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World development indicators – S&T

R&D Patent applications filed
Researchers Technicians
full-time full-time Scientific and
equivalent per equivalent per Technical Journal Expenditure for
Country million people million people articles R&D, % GDP Residents Nonresidents
2005-10 2005-10 2009 2005-10 2011 2011
Australia 4,294 1,127 18,923 2.37 2,383 23,143
Austria 4,282 1,996 4,832 2.76 2,154 276
Belgium 3,563 1,499 7,218 1.99 636 127
Brazil 704 657 12,306 1.16 2,705 19,981
Canada 4,470 1,814 29,017 1.8 4,754 30,357
China 863 .. 74,019 1.7 415,829 110,583
Hong Kong
2,759 352 .. 0.79 181 13,312
SAR, China
Denmark 6,365 2,057 5,306 3.06 1,574 197
Finland 7,722 .. 4,949 3.88 1,650 124
France 3,751 1,900 31,748 2.25 14,655 2,099
Germany 3,979 1,35 45,003 2.8 46,986 12,458
India 136 93 19,917 0.76 8,841 33,450
Japan 5,180 591 49,627 3.36 287,580 55,030
Korea, Rep. 5,481 987 22,271 3.74 138,034 40,890
Netherlands 3,134 1,279 14,866 1.83 2,585 310
New Zealand 4,951 902 3,188 1.3 1,501 4,708
Pakistan 162 64 1,043 0.46 92 861
Russia Fed. 3,092 476 14,016 1.16 26,495 14,919
Switzerland 3,320 2,874 9,469 2.99 1,597 446
UK 3,794 837 45,649 1.76 15,343 6,91
USA 4,673 .. 208,601 2.9 247,750 255,832
 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore Source: Worldbank

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PEMP PT13
Prof. CNR Rao
Prof CNR Rao.mp4

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PEMP PT13
What is research?
• The systematic investigation into and study of

materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts
and reach new conclusions.
• An endeavour to discover new or collate old facts
etc by the scientific study of a subject or by a
course of critical investigation. [Oxford Concise
Dictionary]

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PEMP PT13
What is research?
• Research is what we do when we
have a question or a problem we
want to resolve
• We may already think we know the
answer to our question already
• We may think the answer is obvious,
common sense even
• But until we have subjected our
problem to rigorous scientific
scrutiny, our 'knowledge' remains
little more than guesswork or at best,
intuition.

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PEMP PT13
What is Research ?
•Research is

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PEMP PT13
What is Research ?
• Research is multifaceted entity with a unique combination
and mix of art, science, systematic view, step by step
approach, Appropriateness of approximations and
assumptions
• Emphasis of research is also on reasonable reasoning and
rational
• Research is a new way thinking, learning and viewing the
concepts
• Is research a : Philosophy?
Culture?
Attitude?
Aptitude?
• More prudent answer it to is that research is a unique mix
of all the above and these can be successfully inculcated
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PEMP PT13
Researching is not bed of

Roses!!

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PEMP PT13
Necessity is the mother of Invention!
Amazing Video - cow operates

handpump to drink water -
YouTube.flv

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PEMP PT13
Why do Research?
• ‘Sustain academic and professional reputation in
knowledge-based economy’
• ‘Align academic activities with economic development of
region’
• ‘Retain and improve position’
• ‘Attract and retain high quality faculty and students’
• ‘Maintain cutting-edge curriculum’ and ‘create stimulating
learning environment’

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PEMP PT13
How to Do Research? Common Misconceptions

1. Think research is only for genius.
2. Think yourself is a genius.
3. Think you need to know everything about the subject in

advance.
4. Think you should wait for the most important problem to

work on.
5. Think a solution is correct just because you cannot find

anything wrong.

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PEMP PT13
How to Do Research?
1. Be both confident and humble
2. Be both critical and collaborative
3. Be both ambitious and realistic
4. Be proactive and willing to take a chance
5. Develop Perseverance!
The only way you can improve yourself is to learn
things that you are the most afraid of!
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PEMP PT13
How does Doing Research Feel Like?
1. An endless cycle between excitement and depression…
2. An endless cycle between sense of success and failure…
3. An endless cycle between over-confidence and self-

doubt…
Research needs faith in there are always interesting new

things for you to discover and by doing so you can make the
world a better place!

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PEMP PT13
What is Research ?
• No unique definition of Research
• All the definitions converge to a singular point
• Research is an original contribution to the existing body of
knowledge for its advancement
• Research is a scientific voyage of discovery
• Research could be an iterative process with definition and
redefinition of problems with Formulations and
Reformulations

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PEMP PT13
Types of Research
Based on Application: 1. Pure Research, 2. Applied Research

Pure Research
 Involves developing and/or testing new theories, models,
designs and correlation that may or may not have immediate
application but of immense importance from the point of view
of development of knowledge base in fundamental aspects -
Knowledge Oriented
Examples:
• New theory annex added to electromagnetic wave theory
• Development of analytical procedure to solve a highly complex
mathematical model,
• Contribution to number theory etc.,
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PEMP PT13
Types of Research: Applied Research

Applied Research
 Research carried out to derive a methodology, model,
design or analysis for problems that have immediate
application
 Immediate application of anticipated solution dictates the
problem for the research
 Commercial oriented
Examples:
• Improvising the atomizer performance for application in a
combustor,
• Developing a new efficient and compact instrumentation
for wireless communication.
• 3. Developing a new methodology for a manufacturing
process, Inventing new tools of management
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PEMP PT13
Types of Research
Based on Methodology:
1. Experimental, 2. Analytical 3. Numerical
• Experimental Research is associated with experimental
investigation of a process or theme using appropriate tools.
Examples:
1. Investigation of flow behaviour of a magnetic fluid in a
magnetically resonated duct using appropriate instrumentation,
2. Performance evaluation of an internal combustion engine with
different catalytic converters using required instrumentation,
3. Evolution and testing of a new strategy for product design as
applied to specific class of products using the current trends in
the market, etc.,
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PEMP PT13
Types of Research: Analytical Research
Analytical Research
 is associated with the developments of models or solution to the
problems using analytical tools.
Examples:
1. Solution to a set of partial differential equations using error
functions.
2. Development of an analytical tool to collect and analyze data
during adoption of a new management strategy.
3. Evolution of new standards and practices for efficient product
design procedure.

35
PEMP PT13
Types of Research: Numerical Research
Numerical Research
 is associated with the solution obtained for a practical problem
using numerical tools.
 New numerical tools and procedures may be evolved during this
process or the available commercial numerical analysis based
software may be used to solve the problem.
Examples:
1. Numerical investigation of flow of a non-newtonian fluid through
a pin-hole orifice using a commercial software.
2. Development of a numerical tool to predict the fluid flow
behaviour in a hypersonic flow regime.
3. Evolution of a new tool for grading the the customer satisfaction
using mathematical, statistical and numerical methods.
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PEMP PT13
Academic Vs Corporate Research

Academic Corporate
• Pure Research • Applied Research leading to
• Applied Research leading to product improvement or
Technologies & Products New Product development
• Largely funded by the • Funded by industries
Government • Open innovation
• Major entities in India: IISc, • Major entities: GE, GM,
IITs, DRDO labs, ISRO labs Siemens, Bosch, Shell,
etc. Google, Microsoft, Biocon
etc

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PEMP PT13
Global index

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PEMP PT13
Outcome of Research
• Academic qualification – MS / MPhil / Phd
• Inventions or Innovations
• Technologies & Products
• Publications
• Patents
• Recognition & Awards!

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PEMP PT13
Threats in Research
• Chosen research topic may not be unique – change in
problem
• Results may not be on expected lines
• Timelines going haywire – delay in expt. setup, break-
down, change in supervisor etc.
• Loss of interest!
• Not perceived lucrative in India

40
PEMP PT13
Research as Career
• Teaching in academic institutions
• Scientists in Govt. Scientific labs
• Researcher in Corporate Research Labs
• Entrepreneurship

41
PEMP PT13
Dr. A.P.J. Kalam
Innovation for Economic Growth

and GE's Contribution to It,
Address by Dr. Abdul Kalam.mp4

42
PEMP PT13
Some Inspirational Thoughts
“Genius is not Inborn, It comes from 99 %

Perspiration and 1% Inspiration”- Thomas Alva
Edison
“ The Five essential Entrepreneurial skills for

Success are Concentration, Discrimination,
Organization, Innovation and Communication”-
Michael Faraday
“The search for Truth is more precious than its

Possession”- C.V.Raman
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PEMP PT13
What is Innovation?
 Innovation is the profitable
implementation of ideas
 Implementing new ideas that create
value
 The intersection of invention and
insight, leading to creation of social
and economic value
 Innovation is a thing that separates
leader from the follower – Steve Jobs

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PEMP PT13
Innovation / Invention
Invention is different from Innovation at any particular time in
that it does not have commercial value but… it may have it in
future
Think invention as laying of an egg, innovation as laying,
hatching and incubation

45
PEMP PT13
Why is Innovation important

 Innovation creates growth, increases productivity and economic
wealth
 Innovation provides better products and services at a cheaper
price
 Survival for companies

46
PEMP PT13
Where Innovation can be applied

• Product innovation: introduction of a good or service that is new
or significantly improved with respect to its characteristics or
intended uses. This includes significant improvements in technical
specifications, components and materials, incorporated software,
user friendliness or other functional characteristics.
• Process innovation: implementation of a new or significantly
improved production or delivery method. This includes significant
changes in techniques, equipment and/or software.
• Marketing innovation: implementation of a new marketing method
involving significant changes in product design or packaging,
product placement, product promotion or pricing.
• Organisational innovation: implementation of a new
organisational method in the firm’s business practices, workplace
organisation or external relations.

47
PEMP PT13
Global Innovative Companies 2013

Rank Company Country
1 Salesforce.com United States
2 Alexion Pharmaceuticals United States
3 VMware United States Indian Companies

4 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals United States
5 United Kingdom
40: TCS
ARM Holdings
53: Infosys
6 Baidu China
7 Amazon.com United States
8 Intuitive Surgical United States
9 Rakuten Japan
10 Natura Cosmeticos Brazil

http://www.forbes.com/innovative-companies/list/

48
PEMP PT13
Power of Intellectual Property (IP)

Intellectual property (IP) rights are valuable assets for your
business - possibly among the most important it possesses.
IP can:
 Set businesses apart from competitors
 be sold or licensed, providing an important revenue stream
 offer customers something new and different
 form an essential part of your marketing or branding
What all can be patented: Name and logo, designs, inventions,

works of creative or intellectual effort or trade marks

49
PEMP PT13
Patent Filing
1. IBM (4707.2)
2. Samsung Electronics (3976.5)
3. Google (3538.5)
4. SanDisk (3168.9)
5. Qualcomm (2745.8)
6. Abbott Laboratories (2377.2)
7. Johnson & Johnson (2343.0)
8. General Electric (2210.1)
9. DexCom (2200.6)
10. Microsoft (2086.7)

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PEMP PT13
Some Cool Innovations
Indian Innovators.avi

51
PEMP PT13
Inspiring Research
http://www.exeter.ac.uk/research/inspiring/directory/atoz/rtor/

52
PEMP PT13
Renewable Energy Resources

Wind, Tidal and Hydro Power
Solar Photovoltaic Solar Thermal

Agricultural and Forestry Wastes
Municipal Solid Wastes
Landfill Gas Geothermal

53
PEMP PT13
Forms of Renewable Energy
Tidal Off shore Wind
Solar PV
Biomass

54
PEMP PT13
Session Summary
 There is no unique definition of Research

 But all the definitions of research warrant an explicit,
unambiguous and nontrivial contributions to the field of study
 Passion, determination and perseverance are essential
ingredients of a successful researcher
 To pursue research one need not be a genius!
 Research is a lifelong learning exercise
 Innovation is a thing that separates leader from the follower

55
PEMP PT13
Innovator
_I am Innovation_ (© IFPMA
2012).avi

56

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PEMP PT13

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

• Module introduces the Need of Research to Post

• Module is aimed to offer broad guidelines for the Post

• At the end of the module the student would be exposed

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

Module Learning Objectives

On completion of the module, students should be able to:

• Grasp the approach for Precise definition of the

• Learn the skills of literature survey & data analysis

• Relevance of Ethics, IPR and technical communication

• Able to adopt the research methodology for the defined

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

Need for Research

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

Global GDP World bank

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

GDP of major countries

• and • Latin America 3.5%

Source: Economic Intelligence Unit, March 2012

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

Role of Research &Technology

• Technologies are a product of science.

The effect of and role of technologies in life depend on

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

Technology: Main drivers of development

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

Industrial revolution created

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

World development indicators – S&T

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore Source: Worldbank

Prof. CNR Rao

Prof CNR Rao.mp4

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

• The systematic investigation into and study of

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

Researching is not bed of

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

Necessity is the mother of Invention!

Amazing Video - cow operates

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

How to Do Research? Common Misconceptions

2. Think yourself is a genius.

3. Think you need to know everything about the subject in

4. Think you should wait for the most important problem to

5. Think a solution is correct just because you cannot find

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

1. Be both confident and humble

2. Be both critical and collaborative

3. Be both ambitious and realistic

4. Be proactive and willing to take a chance

How does Doing Research Feel Like?

1. An endless cycle between excitement and depression…