RESEARCH LIFE 2
1st SEMESTER/ 1st QUARTER/12 HUMSS 1
QUIZ 1
NATURE OF INQUIRY
Research- A process of thoroughly
studying an analyzing the situational
factors.
 Surrounding a problem
 To seek out solution to it.
Research Methods
 Quantitative Research
 Qualitative Research
1.Quantitative Research- Is research that
uses quantitative data, problems,
phenomena, or variables. In this model, we
will approach various information in
numerical form.
 It is used to quantify the problem.
 It uses measurable data to formulate
facts and uncover patterns in
research.
2. Qualitative Research- is used to gain an
understanding of underlying reasons,
opinions, and motivations. It provides
insights into the problem or helps to
develop ideas or hypotheses for potential
quantitative research.
 include focus groups (group
discussions), individual interviews,
and participation/observation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUNATITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Objective – seek accurate measurement
and analysis of target concept.
2. Clearly defined research questions –
the research questions are well-defined
for which objective answers are sought.
Study carefully designed before data are
gathered.
3. Structure Research Instruments –
Using structured research tools.
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4. Numerical data – organized and
presented using tables.. Graphs. Charts.
5. Large sample size – normal population
distribution cure. Using random
sampling.
6. Replication – repeated to verify or
confirm the correctness .
7. Future outcome – by using complex
mathematical calculations and with the
computers.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
a. Descriptive research – a kind of
quantitative research that describes the
problem or phenomenon that the
researcher or client wants to address or
know.
 It answer the questions who, what,
when, where, why and how in the
statement of the problem.
 The results are presented through
frequency count, percentage, ratio,
rank , and some descriptive
statistic , or mean
(by interpreting the scale, its level
and meaning).
b. Correlational research - kind of
quantitative research that measures the
relationship of variables statistically to
determine its dependence or
interdependence.
 simply done using correlations or t-
test and analysis of variance
(ANOVA)
 This studies, descriptive research
and correlational
research combined for
comprehensive result.
RESEARCH LIFE 2
1st SEMESTER/ 1st QUARTER/12 HUMSS 1
QUIZ 1
d. Surveys research - used to gathered
information from groups of people by
selecting and studying sample chosen
from population.
e. Evaluation research– aims to assess
the effect, impact or outcomes of practices,
policies or programs.
f. Experimental research – utilizes
scientific method to test cause and effect
relationships under condition controlled
by the researcher.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
1.Discrete variables are variables for
which the values it can take
are countable and have a finite number of
possibilities. The values are often (but not
always) integers.
Examples of discrete variables:
Number of children per family
Number of students in a class
Number of citizens of a country
2.Continuous variables are variables for
which the values are not countable and
have an infinite number of possibilities.
For example:
Age
Weight
Height
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3.Nominal variable is a qualitative variable
where no ordering is possible or implied in
the levels.
For example, the variable gender is nominal
because there is no order in the levels (no
matter how many levels you consider for
the gender—only two with female/male, or
more than two with female/male/others,
levels are unordered). Eye color is another
example of a nominal variable because
there is no order among blue, brown or
green eyes.
4.Ordinal variable is a qualitative variable
with an order implied in the levels. For
instance, if the severity of road accidents
has been measured on a scale such as
light, moderate and fatal accidents, this
variable is a qualitative ordinal variable
because there is a clear order in the levels.
Example is health, which can take values
such as poor, reasonable, good, or
excellent. Again, there is clear order in
these levels so health is in this case a
qualitative ordinal variable.
Categorizing variables. Basically, you need
to discriminate between outcomes like
gastric ulcers, on the one hand, and other
variables that may or may not affect that
outcome. So, the ones that are the causal
factors, or that you may manipulate are
called the independent variables. The
outcomes of the treatments or the
responses to changes in the independent
variables are called the dependent
variables, because their values presumably
depend on what happens to the
independent variables
RESEARCH LIFE 2
1st SEMESTER/ 1st QUARTER/12 HUMSS 1
QUIZ 1

Example: If you wanted to look at how

aspirin dosages affect the frequency of
second heart attacks, the aspirin dosage
would be the independent variable, while
the heart attack frequency would be the
dependent variable

Example: In smoking research you might

look at number of cigarettes smoked as an
independent variable and incidence of lung
cancer as a dependent variable.
In research on comparative cancer
treatments, the cancer treatments form the CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TITLE
independent variable(s) while various
measures of progression of the disease 1. A title should give readers information
would make up the dependent variables. about the contents of the research
and is preferable to one that is
CHAPTER I - THE PROBLEM AND ITS unclear or general .
BACKGROUND 2. Titles do not need to be stuffy or
 Background of the Study dull but they should generally give
 Research Questions readers some idea at the outset of
 Scope and Limitation what the research paper will contain.
 Hypothesis Theoretical Framework 3. Choose a title that is a phrase
 Conceptual Framework rather than a complete sentence
 Significance of the Study 4. Select a straightforward title over
 Definition of Terms Chapter other kinds
5. Use no punctuation at the end of a
CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED title
LITERATURE 6. Do not underline the title of
 Related literature research or enclose it in quotation
 Related studies marks, instead, use a word
processing program or printer that
CHAPTER III - METHODOLOGY permits italics. Use them in place of
underlining.
 Research Design
 Sampling
What makes a good research topic?
1.Original
CHAPTER IV –
2.Good Scope
 Presentation,
3.Relevant
 Analysis 4.Manageable
 Interpretation of Data
Chapter V
 Summary
 Conclusions
 Recommendations

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RESEARCH LIFE 2
1st SEMESTER/ 1st QUARTER/12 HUMSS 1
QUIZ 1

Definition of Terms- is usually an annex

to a work (book, research paper,
pamphlet, etc.) either at the beginning or
more likely near the end with a list of
acronyms, jargon, credits, etc.This is an
important part of Research paper or
report is that in which the key or
important terms in the study are clearly

 A theoretical framework consists of

concepts and, together with their
definitions and reference to relevant
scholarly literature, existing theory that is
used for your particular study. The defined.
theoretical framework must demonstrate
an understanding of theories and
concepts that are relevant to the topic of
your research paper and that relate to
the broader areas of knowledge being
considered.

 The theoretical framework is most

often not something readily found within
the literature. You must review course
readings and pertinent research studies
for theories and analytic models that are SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE
relevant to the research problem you are STUDY
investigating. The selection of a theory
should depend on its appropriateness,
ease of application, and explanatory SCOPE describes the coverage
power. of the study.

 It specifies what is covered in

terms of concept, number of
subjects or the population

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RESEARCH LIFE 2
1st SEMESTER/ 1st QUARTER/12 HUMSS 1
QUIZ 1

included in the study as well

as the timeline when the
study was conducted.
DELIMIT by citing factors or
variables that are not to be
included and the boundary in
terms of time frame, number of
subjects, participants or
respondents who excluded.

Discuss the parameters of the

research it answers the basic
questions:

 What- topic of investigation

and variables included

 Where – the venue or setting

of the research

 When – the time frame by

which the study was
conducted

 Why – the general objectives

of the research

 Who – the subject of the

study, the population and
sampling

 How – the methodology of

the research which may
included the research design,
and the research instrument.

ELLEN MAE CATEDRAL 12 HUMSS 1