L2 - Basement地庫

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Definition of Basement地下室

1. A basement can be defined as a storey with a floor

which at some point is more than 1.2 m below the
highest level or ground adjacent to the outside
walls.
2. The structural walls of a basement below ground
level are in fact retaining walls which have to
offer resistance to the soil and ground water
pressures as well as assisting to transmit the
superstructure loads to the foundations.

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Retaining wall擋土牆

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Typical retaining walls

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Typical retaining walls

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Basement construction
l Bottom up excavation:

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Basement construction
Sheet Piles Installation:

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Basement construction
Struts撐桿and walings腰樑

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Sequence of bottom up construction

Fig. Bottom up excavation

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Sequence of bottom up construction

Bottom up excavation:
1. Sheet piles are driven into the ground in predetermined
location to enclose the area to be excavated.
2. The earth inside the cofferdam圍堰is excavated to a
level just below the top bracing frame.
3. The first bracing支撐 framed (struts撐桿and walings橫
撐) is installed to support the cofferdam.
4. The processes of excavation and bracing frame
installation are repeated until the desired depth is
reached.
5. The base slab of the basement is constructed and then
the construction is continued upward.
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Sequence of bottom up construction

5. When the lowest bracing frame is encountered遇到, either
holes are left in the basement walls to accommodate the
struts, or the cofferdam is wedged to the new structure
by short struts, then the original struts are removed.
6. The above process is repeated until the basement is
constructed to the ground level.
7. Finally, the spaces between the structure and the
cofferdam are backfilled and compacted. The struts are
removed progressively and finally the sheet piles are also
removed.

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Top down construction

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Sequence of top down

construction
Fig. Top down excavation
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Sequence of top down construction

It is to construct the basement in the downward direction
to the final levels of the basement:
1. Construct the permanent basement wall using diaphragm
wall or soldier piles wall.
2. Construct bored piles with temporary steel casings as the
foundation of the basement. The cut-off level of the piles is
at the final basement level.
3. Place steel columns inside the steel casings of the bore piles
from the foundation level up to the ground level.
4. Backfill the shafts with granular粒狀的 material to hold the
steel columns.

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Sequence of top down construction

5. Construct the ground floor slab supported on the steel

columns and the diaphragm walls. (This slab provides a
working platform for superstructure construction and acts as
the lateral support for the basement excavation.) Access
opening in this slab shall be provided for further excavation.
6. Excavate beneath the ground floor slab down to next
basement floor soffit.
7. Cut the steel casing, remove the gravel and expose the steel
column.
8. Cast the second basement slab. (The slab is connected to
the columns with shear studs and connected the diaphragm
wall with dowels)
9. Repeat the process for the successive basement floors until
down to the final basement slab.

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Advantages of top down construction

The top-down method provides the following main advantages :
1. Superstructure can be constructed at the same time as the
basement construction takes place and therefore the overall
construction time is reduced.
2. Temporary and permanent works are combined and
therefore there is no need for extensive steel temporary
works.
3. Stiff rigid walls allow an almost watertight construction and
basement construction to great depth. These stiff walls
provide at the same time a limitation to ground movement.

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Limitations of top down construction

The top-down method limitations:
lThe excavation works and substructure construction are slower and
more expensive due to the restrictions on the size of the plant and the
limited access.
lHoles may have to be left in the slabs to provide vertical access for
the subsequent excavation.
l Inability to install external waterproofing.

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Diaphragm wall地下連續牆

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What is Diaphragm Wall?

1. A continuous concrete wall in a deep trench
excavation with bentonite slurry as lateral
support.
2. Acts as a retaining wall as well as the
perimeter wall of a basement structure.
3. Can be cast in-situ or precast.

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Hydraulic Grabber & BC Cutter

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Grabbing for D-wall

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Steel Cage for D-wall

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Silos for Bentonite

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Diaphragm Walls
Advantages of using diaphragm wall:
1. Designed and constructed as the required structural wall.
2. Constructed before the bulk excavation thus eliminating the
temporary works.
3. Relatively quite and have little vibration.
4. Work can be carried out immediately adjacent to an existing
structure.
5. They may be designed to resist vertical and/or horizontal forces.
6. The final wall is watertight when constructed.
7. Virtually any plan shape is possible.
8. Economical for the construction of basement or retaining walls.

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Soldier Pile Wall

1. Soldier pile is a common retaining wall strategy in
which concrete or H-shaped steel beams (“piles”) are
drilled deep into the earth at regular intervals.

2. In between each vertical pile, horizontal supports fill the

gap, helping to spread the load.

3. Known as “lagging walls,” these horizontal supports are

most often made from precast concrete panels, steel
girders or pressure-treated timber.

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l END

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