Strive 4 a five . . . things to know . . .

Alternate Definition of the Derivative: Intermediate Value Theorem

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], and y is a

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = lim number between 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) and 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), then there exists at
𝑥𝑥 →𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐
least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 in the open interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)
such that 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) = 𝑦𝑦.

Basic Derivatives

𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛
(𝑥𝑥 ) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(sin 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(cos 𝑥𝑥) = Mean Value Theorem
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], AND the
(tan 𝑥𝑥) = first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) then there
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
is at least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 in (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that
𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏)− 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)
(cot 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎

𝑑𝑑
(sec 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(csc 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(ln 𝑢𝑢) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 Rolle’s Theorem
(𝑒𝑒 ) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], AND the
Where u is a function of x,
first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) AND
and a is a constant.
𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), then there is at least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐
in (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = 0 .
Differentiation Rules
Chain Rule: Extreme Value Theorem
𝑑𝑑
[𝑓𝑓(𝑢𝑢)] = If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Product Rule: continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏],
𝑑𝑑 then the function is
(𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) = guaranteed to have
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 an absolute maximum
Quotient Rule: and an absolute
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 minimum on the
� �=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 interval.
 Derivative of an Inverse Function: First Derivative:
If f has an inverse function g then:
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0
𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0

derivatives are reciprocal slopes 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 or DNE:

Relative Maximum:
Implicit Differentiation
Remember that in implicit differentiation Relative Minimum:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
you will have a 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for each y in the original
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
function or equation. Isolate the 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . If you
Absolute Max or Min:
𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦
are taking the second derivative 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 , you
will often substitute the expression you The maximum value is
found for the first derivative somewhere
in the process.
Second Derivative:
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0
Average Rate of Change ARoC:
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 and sign of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) changes,
Relative Maximum:
Instantaneous Rate of Change IRoC: Relative Minimum:

𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =

Write the equation of a tangent line

Curve Sketching And Analysis at a point:
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) must be continuous at each: You need

Critical point:
LOOK OUT FOR ENDPOINTS
Local minimum: Horizontal Asymptotes:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
goes 1.

Local maximum:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
goes 2.

Point of inflection:
3.
 ONLY FOUR THINGS YOU CAN DO ON A LOGARITHMS
CALCULATOR THAT NEEDS NO WORK SHOWN: Definition:
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑝𝑝 ↔ 𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑁𝑁
1. Graphing a function within an arbitrary view
window. 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑒 =
2. Finding the zeros of a function.
ln 1 =
3. Computing the derivative of a function numerically.
4. Computing the definite integral of a function ln(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) =
numerically.
𝑀𝑀
ln � � =
𝑁𝑁
Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration
𝑝𝑝 ∙ ln 𝑀𝑀 =
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) =
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = EXPONENTIAL GROWTH and DECAY:
𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡) = When you see these words use: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

The derivative of position (ft) is _____________________ “y is a differentiable function of t such that

𝑦𝑦 > 0 and 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 “
the derivative of velocity is __________________________
“the rate of change of y is proportional to y”
The integral of acceleration is _____________________ When solving a differential equation:
the integral of velocity is __________________________ 1.
Speed is ___________________________________ 2.
If acceleration and velocity have the ______________ 3.
sign, then the speed is _____________________, particle 4.
is moving ___________________.
5.
If the acceleration and velocity have
_________________________ signs, then the speed is
_____________________________, particle is moving
_________________. “PLUS A CONSTANT”
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Displacement

Total Distance

Average Velocity
Corollary to FTC

Accumulation
 Mean Value Theorem for Integrals:
The Average Value
If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and the
first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏), then
there exists a number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 on (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that
Riemann Sums
A Riemann Sum means a rectangular
approximation. Approximation means that
you DO NOT EVALUATE THE INTEGRAL;
you add up the areas of the rectangles.

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = Trapezoidal Rule

For uneven intervals, may need to
calculate area of one trapezoid at a time
This value 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) is the “average value” of the
and total.
function on the interval [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏].
𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 =
For even intervals:
𝑏𝑏

� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝑎𝑎

Values of Trigonometric Functions for Trigonometric Identities

Common Angles
Pythagorean Identities:
𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜃𝜃

𝜋𝜋 Double Angle Formulas:

6
sin 2𝑥𝑥 =
𝜋𝜋
4 cos 2𝑥𝑥 =
𝜋𝜋
Power-Reducing Formulas:
3
𝜋𝜋 cos 2 𝑥𝑥 =
2
sin2 𝑥𝑥 =
𝜋𝜋 Quotient Identities:
tan 𝜃𝜃 = cot 𝜃𝜃 =
Must know both inverse trig and trig values:
𝜋𝜋 1 Reciprocal Identities:
EX. 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = and sin−1 �2� =
4
ODD and EVEN: 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 = or sin 𝑥𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑥 =

sin(−𝑥𝑥) = (odd)
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 = or cos 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑥 =
cos(−𝑥𝑥) = (even)
 Basic Integrals Area and Solids of Revolution:

NOTE: (𝒂𝒂, 𝒃𝒃) are x-coordinates and

� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝒄𝒄, 𝒅𝒅) are y-coordinates

� 𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = Area Between Two Curves:

Slices ⊥ to x-axis:

Slices ⊥ to y-axis:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� = Volume By Disk Method:
𝑢𝑢
About x-axis:
𝑢𝑢
� 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
About y-axis:

� 𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = Volume By Washer Method:

About x-axis:
� sin 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
About y-axis:

Volume By Shell Method:

� cos 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
About x-axis:
� tan 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = About y-axis:

� cot 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
General Equations for Known Cross Sections−
where base is the distance between the two
� sec 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = curves and a and b are the limits of
integration.
� csc 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = SQUARES:
TRIANGLES
� sec 2 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = EQUILATERAL:

ISOSCELES RIGHT:
� csc 2 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
RECTANGLES:

� sec 𝑢𝑢 tan 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =

where h is the height of the rectangles.

� csc 𝑢𝑢 cot 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = SEMI-CIRCLES:

where radius is ½ distance between the two

curves.
 MORE DERIVATIVES: MORE INTEGRALS:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑 � =
�sin−1 � = (𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 ) = √𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑢𝑢2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� =
𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑢𝑢2
[cos−1 𝑥𝑥] =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
[log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥] = � =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢 √𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑎𝑎2
�tan−1 � =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎

−1 1

−1

𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚 = |𝒙𝒙|

𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 = √𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙

𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚 = �𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐