Social Psychology terms person research
Sociology
- Human society and social behavior
at the group level
- Examines social institution,
society, social processes and
structure of social units
- Social problems, structures &
functions
Psychology
- Study of individual and their
behavior
- Addresses human learning,
perception, memory, intelligence,
emotion, motivation and
personality
Social Psychology
- How people influence each other’s
thoughts, feelings and behavior
Social influence can be:
- Obvious and Subtle
3 main focus of Soc Psych
- Social influence
- Social thinking
- Social behavior
Anthropology
- Study of culture and human
behavior over time
- Societies from past to present
Clinical & Counseling Psychology
- Helps people who have
maladaptive or problematic
thoughts and behaviors
Positive psychology
- How human strengths and virtues
influence feelings, thoughts and
behaviors
- Study of strengths, traits and
cognitive processes that help
people thrive
Kurt Lewin
- Father of social psychology
- Says that behavior is a function of
person and environment
Norman Triplett
- In 1897 he pioneered a soc psych
experiment studying effects of
others on cycling performance
Max Ringelmann
- A french agricultural engineer
- In 1913, he published individual
effort decreases when one works in
a cooperative group rather than
alone (Ringelmann effect)
Interactions
- Combination of several influences
on an outcome, such as the
influence of both personality and
environment on behavior
Nature
- Come from biology or physiology.
Such as, genetics, hormones and
brain differences
Nurture
- Come from life circumstances, how
a person raised, experiences and
environment in general
Social Psychology terms person research
False Dichotomy
- Two opposing and mutually
exclusive options when both
options may work together
Theory
- Set of principles that explain and
predict observed events
Hypothesis
- Testable proposition that describes
the relationship that may exist
between events
NON-EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Archival Studies
- Primary sources held in an
archives, a special collections
library or other repository
- Ex: Diary, Census, Newspaper,
letters, social media platforms,
maps & statistics
Naturalistic Observation
- Observing subjects in their natural
environment without intervention
- Reactivity; subject may behave
differently than usual when they
know they are being observed
- Participant Observation; subject
becomes actively involved in
activities of the people being
studied
Survey
- Researchers collect data by asking
participants to respond to questions
or statements
Social Desirability Bias
- People present themselves in a
generally favorable fashion
Correlational Design
- Determine the relationship of 2 or
more variable
Longitudinal Design
- Type of correlational research;
usually observational, in contrast
with cross-sectional research
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Pre-Experimental Design
- Single group of people is tested to
see treatment has an effect
True Experiments Design
- Gold standard/Best methodology
for most soc psych studies
- Able to make claims about causes
and effects
Quasi-Experimental Design
- Outcomes are compared across
different groups that have not been
formed through random assignment
but instead occur naturally
Laboratory Experiment
- Deliberately introduces some
change into a setting, while holding
all other factors constant, to
examine the consequences of that
change
Field Experiment
- Observes “naturally occurring
behavior” with no attempt to
change or interfere with it
Social Psychology terms person research
Declaration of Helsinki
- Published by World Medical
Association to guide the protection
of human participants in medical
research
- Was adopted in 1964 by the 18th
WMA General assembly at
Helsinki
Belmont Report
- By national commission for
protection of human subjects of
biomedical and behavioral research
APA Guidelines
5 principles
- Beneficence & Non-maleficence,
Fidelity & Responsibility,
Integrity, Justice and Respect for
People’s rights & dignity
Beneficence
- Minimize risk and maximize
possible benefits to individuals
Non-Maleficence
- Do no harm/wrong (physical,
psychological, social, economic
etc.)
Respect for Person
- Recognize the dignity of the
individual
- What is best and can be done
- Honor one’s choices
- Protect vulnerable
Justice
- Give what they deserve; Fairness in
burdens and benefits of research
Informed consent
- Statement that participation is
voluntary, summary of
purpose-duration-procedures,
reasonable risks or discomforts,
expected benefits & alternative
procedures
- Contains process and key elements
Self
- Internal narrative about themselves
Functional fiction
- William Swann & Michael
Buhrmester (2012)
Solitary Self = Social Self because it
involves family, friends, neighborhood &
culture
Self Awareness (Self Recognition)
- Understand that we are separate
entity from other people and
objects in our world
- Testing; mirror self-recognition or
the mark test
Mirror recognition test
- Behavioral
- Developed by Gordon Gallop Jr.
(1970)
- Attempt to determine whether
animal possess human self
recognition
Self concept
- Personal summary of who we
believe we are, positive and
negative qualities, relationship to
others & beliefs in opinions
Social Psychology terms person research
Theories on how we acquire Self
Concept:
Social Comparison Theory
- Idea of individual how they
compare themselves to other
people
- Use of social comparison to
construct self-concept
- Developed by Leon Fasinjur
Upward Social Comparison
- Comparing self to better than them
- To improve
Downward Social Comparison
- Comparing self to lower than them
- To feel better
Social Identity Theory
- Developed by Tajfel Turner 1986
- Categorize each other to form
in&out groups that validate their
perceptions of themselves in
flattering and useful way
Culture crates expectation on how we
actually behave
Self-Schema Theory
- Cognitive and mental structure for
organizing the world around us
- Summarize & organize beliefs
about self-relevant information
- By Hazel markus 1977
Self Perception Theory
- Self concept by observing own
behavior to infer own motivations,
attitudes, values and core traits
- Watch > infer > display
Self Discrepancy Theory
- A mismatch exist between 3 selves
(actual, ideal & ought self)
Actual Self
- How we think we are
Ideal Self
- Person we would like to be
Ought
- Expectation of others towards us
Self Expansion Theory
- All humans have a basic
motivation to grow, improve,
enhance specifically through close
social relationship
Self presentation/Impression management
- Adjust self for varying others to
gain social influence
Ingratiation
- Short term impression management
tactic where people compliment
other and seem to admire them to
increase liking to gain social
influence
Self Promotion
- Uses positive statements about self
to convey self competence
Self enhancement
- Person’s accomplishment is crucial
para mas gumanda yung pangalan
nila
Entitlement
- Person takes credit na hindi siya
part nang process
Social Psychology terms person research

Conspicuous Consumption Self Esteem

- Publicly displaying the use of - Subjective, personal evaluation of
expensive products to impress their self including judgements
others made about self worth
Brain Damage Self Esteem is not the same as:
- Can limit self presentation ability Self compassion
Self insight - Care for oneself
- Self observe and evaluate own Narcissism
behavior - Excessive self love based on
Low Self Monitor unwarranted belief
- Act the same way whenever they Self Efficacy
are and who is around them - Believe that they are capable of
High Self Monitor completing task or achieve goal
- Change how they act all the time Social Cognition
depending on the situation - Combination of intuition and logic
Optimal Margin to process social info
- Proposes a slight to moderate range Intuition
of healthy distortions of reality - To know quickly and automatically
improves psycho and physio - Gut feeling
wellbeing Logic
Positive illusion - Use reason, think systematically
- Beliefs that depart from reality to and consider evidence about
remain optimistic possible futures
- Form of self deception to have Individualism
favorable attitude - Giving priority to one’s goal,
Self Serving Cognitive Biases identity over group goals, identities
- Cognitive distortions that enhance - Western cultures tend to be
people’s self concept by perceiving individualistic
they are a little better than they are Collectivism
- Biased views of our own traits, - Giving priority to one’s group
behaviors, feedback about self identity; goals over individual’s
Subjective age own identity
- How old feel compared to their
chronological age
Social Psychology terms person research

Memory Structures Downward Counterfactual

- Form the mind and organize and - Worse than reality
helps to understand social info Upward Counterfactual
Script - Better than reality
- Type of schema that guides Optimistic Bias
common social behaviors and - Unrealistic expectations
expectations Planning Fallacy
- Provides with an order of events - Unjustified confidence
Stereotype Principle of Parsimony
- Oversimplified & overgeneralized - Prefer for simplest answer (straight
schema that occurs when to the point)
individual assumes everyone has Mental Accessibility
same traits - Ease with an idea comes to mind
Outgroup Homogeneity Mental Availability
- Members of outgroup are identical - Information already salient in mind
to each other Semantic Network
Maximizer - Collection of mental concepts and
- Person take heavier cognitive load connected by common
Cognitive Miser characteristics
- Take mental shortcuts to minimize Priming
cognitive load - Allows related ideas to come more
Satisficing easily to mind
- Practical solution to problem of Heuristic
information overload when takes - Makes it easier to solve difficult
mental shortcuts problems
Magical Thinking Algorithm
- Beliefs based on assumptions that - Systematic & logical that search
do not hold up to reality for a solution
If Only Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic
- Wishes - Makes a decision within a problem
Counterfactual Thinking that unduly influence final answer
- Imagine alternative facts that lead Availability Heuristic
to a different future - Overestimate the frequency or
importance of information
Social Psychology terms person research

Representative Heuristic
- Makes a decision that resembles
“typical” case
Confirmation Bias
- Search evidence that confirms their
beliefs
Hindsight Bias
- Believes that they could have
predicted the outcome of past event
False Belief
- “I knew it all along”
Negativity Bias
- Automatic tendency to remember
negative info than positive info