Gen Bio

NATURAL VARIATION:

• Even within a species individuals vary from each other

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION:

Artificial selection: the process of selection conducted under human direction

Natural Variation and Artificial Selection:

Key Concept:

In Artificial Selection, Nature Provided The Variation Among Different Organisms, And Humans Selected Those Variations That They Found Useful

Origin of Species:

Evolution By Natural Selection Concepts

■The Struggle for Existence (compete for food, mates, space, water, etc.)

■ Survival of the Fittest (strongest able to survive and reproduce)

■ Descent with Modification (new species arise from common ancestor replacing less fit species)

Survival of the Fittest:

Fitness:

-Ability of an Individual To Survive & Reproduce

Adaptation:

-Inherited Characteristic That Increases an Organisms Chance for Survival

■ Adaptations Can Be:

-Physical

>>>Speed, Camouflage, Claws, Quills, etc.

- Behavioral

>>>Solitary, Herds, Packs, Activity, etc.

Survival of the Fittest:

Key Concept:

Over Time, Natural Selection Results In Changes In The Inherited Characteristics Of A Population. These Changes Increase A Species Fitness In Its
Environment

Descent With Modification:

■Takes Place Over Long Periods of Time

■ Natural Selection Can Be Observed As Changes In

-Body Structures

-Ecological Niches

-Habitats

Niche:

• Each species occupies a niche in the community. A niche is the role the species plays, and includes the type of food it eats, where it lives, where it
reproduces, and its relationships with other species.

Geographic Distribution of Living Species:

■ Different Animals On Different Continents But Similar Adaptations To Shared Environments

Homologous Body Structures:

■ Scientists Noticed Animals With Backbones (Vertebrates) Had Similar Bone Structure

■ May Differ In Form or Function

■ Limb Bones Develop In Similar Patterns

>>>>Arms, Wings, Legs, Flippers

■Structures That Have Different Mature Forms But Develop From The Same Embryonic Tissues

■ Strong Evidence That All Four- Limbed Animals With Backbones Descended, With Modification, From A Common Ancestor

■Help Scientist Group Animals

Similarities In Early Development:

■ Embryonic Structures Of Different Species Show Significant Similarities

■ Embryo - early stages of vertebrate development

Darwin's Theory:

1. Individual Organisms In Nature Differ From One Another. Some Of This Variation Is Inherited

2. Organisms In Nature Produce More Offspring Than Can Survive, And Many Of These Offspring Do No Reproduce

3. Because More Organisms Are Produced Than Can Survive, Members Of Each Species Must Compete For Limited Resources

4. Because Each Organism Is Unique, Each Has Different Advantages & Disadvantages In The Struggle For Existence

5. Individuals Best Suited To Their Environment Survive & Reproduce Successfully - Passing Their Traits To Their Offspring.

6. Species Change Over Time. Over Long Periods, Natural Selection Causes Changes That May Eventually Lead To New Species

EVOLUTIONARY TIME SCALES:

•Macroevolution

•Microevolution

Macroevolution:

Long time scale events that create and destroy species.

Microevolution:

Short time scale events (generation- to-generation) that change the genotypes and phenotypes of populations

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION:

• KEY CONCEPT

Darwin argued that living things have been evolving in Earth for Millions of Years. Evidence for this process could be found in:
- The Fossil Record

- The Geographical Distribution of living species

-Homologous Structures of living organisms

- Similarities in Early Development

Descent with Modification:

•All organisms are descended from a common ancestor

•Many generations must pass on traits with slight modification to create new species

■ Species Today Look Different From Their Ancestors

■ Each Living Species Has:

-Descended

-With Changes

-From Other Species

-Over Time

Major Problem in Darwin's Theory:

-No mechanism to explain natural selection

-How could favorable variations be transmitted to later generations?

-With the rediscovery of Mendel's work in the first half of the 20th century. the missing link in evolutionary theory was found

Opposition to Evolution:

• The upheaval surrounding evolution began with Darwin's publication of On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection

• The debate continues nearly 150 years late

THEORY OF EVOLUTION TODAY:

Supporting Evidence

-Homologous structure

-Similarities in embryo development

- similarities in DNA sequence

CARL VON LINNE CAROLUS LINNAEUS

• Father of "Taxonomy"

• first proposed organizing the known species of organisms into a hierarchical taxonomy.

Taxonomy;

• "arrangement law"

• It the branch of biology that deals with the naming and classifying organisms to construct internationally shared classification systems with each
organism placed into more and more inclusive groupings.

• The current taxonomic system now has eight levels in its hierarchy, from lowest to highest: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and
domain.

• Scientists commonly use the Three Domain System to depict the evolutionary history of living things based on the idea that all cells share a least
universal common ancestor (LUCA) that evolved into three umbrella domains: the prokaryotic Archaea, prokaryotic Bacteria, and eukaryotic Eukarya.
Domains are divided further into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

Note that only genus and species names are italicized:

• Domain: Eukarya

• Kingdom: Animalia

• Phylum: Chordata

• Class: Mammalia

•Order: Primates

• Family: Hominidae

• Genus: Homo

• Species: sapiens

• Scientific name: Homo sapiens

Taxonomy:

Taxonomy: Science of classifying life according to shared characteristics

• Taxon: individual levels used to classify organisms.

•Domain (broadest)

•Kingdom

•Phylum

•Class

•Order

•Family

•Genus

•Species (specific)

Importance of Taxonomy in Biology:

• Identifying taxonomic groups shows how living things relate to one another. Scientists use behavior, genetics, embryology, comparative anatomy, and
fossil records to classify a group of organisms with shared characteristics. A universal nomenclature system facilitates communication between
researchers conducting similar studies.

Advances in Taxonomy:

• According to the Linnean Society of London, Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus is known as the "father of taxonomy" and is considered a pioneer in the field of
ecology. Linnaeus authored the well known Systema Naturae, the first edition of which was published in 1735. Linnaeus established the uniform naming
hierarchy still used today with that two-word system of binomial nomenclature

• The Linnaean (also written as Linnean) system divided life into two kingdoms: Animalia and Vegetabilia, largely based on morphology.

• Charles Darwin's famous work On the Origin of Species

expanded the 18th century Linnaean classification system to include phyla (singular: phylum) and evolutionary relationships.

• French zoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck made the distinction between vertebrates and invertebrates.