Chapter 3

Health Promotion- any combination of health education and related organizational, economic and
environmental supports for behavior of individuals, groups, or communities conducive to health.
Example: exercise, healthy diet, healthy lifestyle

Health Protection- specific intent to prevent disease, to detect disease in early stages or to maximize
health within the constraints of disease.;
Example: immunization, cervical cancer screening for patient with family history of cervical cancer

Risk- the probability that a specific event will occur in a given time frame

Risk Factor- exposure that is associated with a disease

-must precede the onset of a disease

Risk Assessment- a systematic way of distinguishing the risks posed by potentially harmful exposures
*In order to determine health risks to individuals, groups, and populations, a risk assessment may be
conducted.

4 Main Steps of Risk Assessment-

1)Hazard Identification
2) Risk Description
3) Exposure Assessment
4) Risk Estimation

Modifiable Risk Factor- Health risk over which an individual has some control
-Lifestyle, smoking, diet

Non Modifiable Risk Factor- risk over which one has little or no control
-genetic make up, gender, environment, age

Risk Reduction- proactive process in which individuals participate in behaviors that enable them to
reach to actual or potential threats to health.

Risk Communication- process through which the public receives information regarding possible or
actual threats to health; example: radio, internet
-affected by the way individuals and communities perceive, process and act on their
undertaking of risk

Obesity- android or apple-shaped

-abdominal fat is measure using Waist-to-Hip Ratio

WHR Criterion- recommended by WHO; sensitive measure for risk to cardiovascular disease
*If WHR is equal to or more than 1.0 in men or equal to or more than 0.85 in women-considered
android or apple-shaped obese.

To improve nutritional status- 10 Nutritional Guidelines-facilitate disseminating simple and practical

messages to encourage healthy diet and lifestyle.
The Daily Nutritional Guide Pyramid- provides Filipinos an eating plan for healthy living
-tool that helps users translate the recommended energy and nutrient intake
for Filipinos into the kinds and amount of food to eat daily.

Portion Distortion- portions served in restaurants are larger than portions served at home.
-occurs frequently when dining out

Portion Control- important aspect of weight management

-portion distortion makes this difficult task harder

*The physical activity of Filipinos adult aged 20 & above is low

*Filipino adults are generally inactive

*74% of adults report having sleeping problem on one or more nights per week

Need for sleep is regulated by 2 process: number of hours and circadian biological clock

Sleep Assessment- if aptient reports snoring, apnea, restlessness or insomnia, they may have sleep
disorder

Oral substitutes for Smoking- sugarless gum, hard candy, fruit and carrot sticks

*4-7% of smokers are able to quit smoking on any attempts without pharmaceutical or other
interventions to help them, so nurses must provide information and referrals to help clients access
resources to help them to get off and stay off tobacco

WHO Tobacco Free Initiative- MPOWER Strategy

M-onitor tobacco use and prevention policies

P-rotect people from tobacco smoke
O-ffer help to quit tobacco use
W-arn about the dangers of tobacco use
E-nforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
R-aise taxes on tobacco

May 31- World No Tobacco Day

RA 9211 or Tobacco Regualtion Act of 2003 – No smoking in public places, no selling of tobacco products
to minors, no tobacco advertising, printed warning on cigarette packages is required

Drinking Moderation- not more than 2 drinks a day for the average-sized man and not more than 1
drink a day for the average-sized woman
*Exact amount of moderate alcohol intake per day can not be defined because people have more
different tolerance to alcohol.

Heavy Drinking- more than 2 drinks per day on average men or more than 1 drink per day for women

Binge Drinking- drinking 5 or more drinks on a single occasion for men or 4 or more drinks on women

Excessive Drinking- can take the form of heavy drinking. binge drinking or both
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion- commitment to health promotion to achieve the goal of health
for all by year 2000 and beyond
-defines health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to
improve their health, which requires that an individual or group must be able to identify and realize
aspirations, to satisfy needs and to change or cope with the environment

3 Basic Strategies for Health Promotion

1) Advocacy for health to provide for the comditions and resources essential for health
2) Enabling all people to attain their full health potential
3) Mediating among different sectors of society in efforts to achieve health

Priority Action Areas that provide support to these 3 strategies:

1) Build Health Public Policy- health promotion policy is a coordinated action that combines diverse but
complementary action approach including legislation, fiscal measures, taxation and organizational
change

2) Create Supportive Environment- health can not be separated from other goals
-take care of each other, our communities, and our natural environment

3) Strengthen Community Actions- heart of this process-> empowerment of communities

4) Develop Personal Skills- health promotion increases the options available to people to exercise more
control over health

5) Reorient Health Services- requires stronger attention to health research

-must lead to change of attitude and organization of health services that refocuses on
the total needs of the individual as a whole person

6) Moving into the future

Health Education- process of changing the people’s knowledge, skills and attitudes for health promotion
and risk reduction to achieve optimum health and prevent disease
-includes risk communication

Patient Education- series of planned teaching-learning activities designed for individuals, families or
groups with an identified alteration in health
-to prevent complications or deterioration of client’s condition

Basic Principles that guide Effective Nurse Educator

1) Message- send a clear message to the learner

2) Format- select the most appropriate learning format or strategy
3) Environment- create the best possible learning environment
-nurse must create, therapeutic and supportive relationship with the learner
4) Experience- organize positive and meaningful learning experience
5) Participation- Engage the learner in participatory learning
6) Evaluation- evaluate and give objective feedback to the learner
Training community health workers- important aspect of the community in capacity building for health

CHW- a.k.a BHW ; training does not constitute tertiary education

-supported by the health system but not necessarily a part of its organization and have shorter
training than professional workers
-must possess knowledge about community, health issues such as common illnesses and
communicable diseases and available resources including referral system
-trained in providing basic health assessment and simple remedies for common health concerns;
training also includes evidence-based home remedies
PHN participates in training volunteers who can work as BHW

Goal of the training program- volunteers development of competencies that will enable them to provide
primary care services to their own community or neighborhood

When there is No Doctor: A Village Health Care Handbook- book that provides a practical guide for
BHW’s and BHW training